Incahuasi: Difference between revisions

Incahuasi
Incahuasi
	Incahuasi volcano as seen from route 60, Fiambala, Argentina
Highest point
Elevation	6,621 or 6,638 m (21,722 or 21,778 ft)
Prominence	1,518 m (4,980 ft)
Listing	Ultra
Coordinates	27°01′59″S 68°17′46″W / 27.033°S 68.296°W
Geography
	Incahuasi Location in Argentina, on the border with Chile
Location	Catamarca, Argentina -; Atacama, Chile
Parent range	Andes
Geology
Mountain type(s)	stratovolcanoes and caldera
Last eruption	Unknown
Climbing
First ascent	1913 by Walther Penck

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Incahuasi (Spanish pronunciation: [iŋkaˈwasi]; possibly from Quechua: inka Inca, wasi house)^[3]^[4] is a volcanic mountain in the Andes of South America. It lies on the border of the Catamarca Province of Argentina and the Atacama Region of Chile. Incahuasi has a summit elevation of 6,621 metres (21,722 ft) above sea level.

The volcano consists of a 3.5-kilometre-wide (2.2 mi) caldera and two stratovolcanoes. Four pyroclastic cones located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to the northeast have produced basalt-andesite lava flows that cover an area of 10 square kilometres (4 sq mi).^[5]

Geography and geology

Incahuasi lies on the border between Argentina and Chile,^[2] close to Paso San Francisco.^[6] A major road crosses the border there.^[7]

Regional

Incahuasi is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, together with about 110 other Quaternary volcanoes, and lies in the southern sector of this zone;^[8] other volcanic zones in the Andes are the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Southern Volcanic Zone, and the Austral Volcanic Zone.^[9] The history of volcanic activity of most of these volcanoes is poorly understood owing to the lack of dating; only a few historical eruptions have been recorded, such as an eruption at Ojos del Salado in 1993.^[8]

Incahuasi is located northeast of Ojos del Salado,^[2] the highest volcano in the world.^[10] Both volcanoes are found at the southern end of the Central Volcanic Zone.^[11] Together with El Fraile, Cerro El Muerto, Nevado Tres Cruces, and El Solo, they form a 50-kilometre-long (31 mi) volcanic chain.^[12]

The area is dominated by volcanoes that were active after 1.5 million years ago.^[13] Also located close to Incahuasi are Falso Azufre and Nevado San Francisco,^[6] as well as the Miocene Cerro Morocho and Cerro Ojo de Las Lozas volcanoes.^[14] It has been suggested that a perpendicular chain of volcanoes including Ojos del Salado may be the consequence of the Juan Fernández Ridge subducting in the Peru–Chile Trench.^[15]

Geological evidence suggests that volcanism in the area dates back to the Oligocene and Miocene, when the main volcanic arc was located 40 kilometres (25 mi) west in the Maricunga Belt. Between 9 and 6 million years ago, volcanic activity in the Maricunga Belt decreased and eventually ceased. Simultaneously, the back-arc experienced increased volcanic activity.^[11] Beginning 8.3 million years ago, there was a change in tectonic regime from an east-west compression to a north-south stretching, which led to a change in the alignments of the volcanoes.^[16]

Local

Incahuasi is formed by a caldera 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) wide. Two coalesced stratovolcanoes formed within the caldera^[2] and have a diameter of 15 kilometres (9.3 mi).^[17] A 6-by-4-kilometre-wide (3.7 mi × 2.5 mi) lava dome is located on the eastern flank.^[17] The volcano has a volume of about 231 cubic kilometres (55 cu mi)^[18] and covers a surface area of about 207 square kilometres (80 sq mi).^[19] With a height of 6,621 metres (21,722 ft), Incahuasi is the 12th-highest mountain in South America^[20] and one of the world's highest volcanoes.^[19]

Incahuasi has two craters, a summit crater and an arcuate crater on the eastern slope that contains a lava dome.^[2] The summit crater has dimensions of 750 by 900 metres (2,460 ft × 2,950 ft)^[17] and is embedded within a 2-kilometre-high (1.2 mi) summit plateau.^[14] Subsidiary vents conversely are associated with fissure vents.^[21] The edifice appears to consist of two overlapping volcanoes.^[22]

The western and southwestern slopes of Incahuasi are dotted with lava domes,^[2] which are more subdued than on other volcanoes in the region.^[23] Lava flows less than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide and 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) long^[17] extend down the volcano.^[2] They reach the Las Coladas salar east of Incahuasi.^[24] Two 2-kilometre-long (1.2 mi) coulees extend north and east of the main crater.^[17]

7 kilometres (4.3 mi) northeast of Incahuasi, four pyroclastic cones can be found. They have covered 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) with lava^[2] but they are probably an independent volcanic system, similar to other regional mafic volcanoes.^[25] On Incahuasi's eastern flank lies a major lava dome and a field of lava flows.^[14] Incahuasi rises over a surface with elevations of 4,300–4,700 metres (14,100–15,400 ft).^[26] The volcano is surrounded by a field of small volcanoes that is known as the Incahuasi field;^[27] it contains 19 small volcanoes with a total rock volume of 4.4 cubic kilometres (1.1 cu mi),^[28] which were active during the last 1 million years.^[29]

Incahuasi is the volcano at the left and El Fraile immediately right. The green lake is Laguna Verde
Incahuasi from Las Grutas. The eastern lava domes and the northeastern monogenetic volcanoes are clearly visible.

Composition

Like many Andean volcanoes, Incahuasi has erupted andesite containing hornblende and pyroxene,^[6] but also trachyandesite and trachydacite.^[30] Lava flows on the main stratovolcano are dacitic.^[2]

The four cones northeast of the principal volcano have erupted basaltic andesite.^[2] Likewise, parasitic cones have erupted magnesium-rich basaltic andesite.^[31] Minerals contained in these rocks include clinopyroxene and olivine.^[6]

The occurrence of such basic magmas in a volcanic setting dominated by dacites appears to be a consequence of local tectonics, which involve the extension of the crust compared to the compressional regime farther west.^[13] Originating in the mantle, the magmas quickly ascended in faults and were contaminated by crustal material.^[6] The mantle itself had been modified before by crustal material added by delamination of the lower crust and subduction erosion.^[32]

Climate

Incahuasi does not have glaciers,^[26] but it does have at least temporary snowpack.^[2] Even the crater does not support the development of glaciers.^[33]

Average precipitation at Incahuasi is about 300–500 millimetres per year (12–20 in/year). The volcano lies south of the so-called "Arid Diagonal", and most precipitation falls during winter.^[26] This aridity is caused by the rain shadow effect of the Subandean Ranges, which block moisture from the Atlantic Ocean.^[34]

Eruption history

One andesitic lava flow on the northwestern slope of Incahuasi has yielded two ages, one of 1.15 ± 0.5 million years ago and another of 710,000 ± 80,000 years ago.^[35] Based on their preservations, the lava flows appear to be of roughly comparable ages.^[17] Additional ages were obtained on the main edifice, 1.57 ± 0.1 million years ago, 1.14 ± 0.37 million years ago, and 1.00 ± 0.13 million years ago.^[36]

Parasitic cones were active over 500,000 years ago.^[31] These include the lava dome and lava flow fields (760,000 ± 90,000 and 740,000 ± 50,000 years ago, respectively) and a lava flow from the pyroclastic cones, which has been dated to 350,000 ± 30,000 years ago.^[36]

Volcanic activity at Incahuasi may have continued into the Holocene, considering the young appearance of its eruption products^[2] such as lava flows in the summit region and on the southern slopes; the old ages obtained by radiometric dating indicate an extinct volcano, although activity at Andean volcanoes is known to occur with long rest phases between eruptions (reaching one million years).^[25] There are reports of fumarolic activity. The volcano is considered a potential geological hazard to Argentina^[37] and Chile, where the SERNAGEOMIN hazard maps identify it as a potential threat.^[38] The remoteness of the volcano means that future eruptions are unlikely to impact populated areas, however,^[39] other than International Route CH-31 [es].^[22] It was rated 27th out of 38 Argentine-Chilean volcanoes in dangerousness.^[40]

View from Las Grutas

Climbing history

The mountain was first climbed by Inca people. In 1912, Walter Penck climbed the mountain. Legend has it that a railway engineer named Edward Flint ascended the mountain between 1854 and 1859.^[41]

Archaeology

In 1913, an Inca ceremonial structure was found on the summit of Incahuasi.^[20] Another archaeological site, "Fiambalá-1", lies at its foot.^[42] Other Inca archaeological sites in the region appear to have had functions correlated to that of the Incahuasi site.^[43]

References

^ ^a ^b "Argentina and Chile North: Ultra-Prominences" Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m "Nevado de Incahuasi". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
^ Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
^ Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
^ "Nevado de Incahuasi Volcano, Chile/Argentina | John Seach".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kay, Coira & Mpodozis 2008, p. 163.
^ Gspurning, Lazar & Sulzer 2006, p. 60.
^ ^a ^b Grosse et al. 2018, p. 2.
^ Grosse et al. 2018, p. 3.
^ Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985, p. 434.
^ ^a ^b Kay, Coira & Mpodozis 2008, p. 160.
^ Kay, Mpodozis & Gardeweg 2014, p. 310.
^ ^a ^b Kay, Coira & Mpodozis 2008, p. 162.
^ ^a ^b ^c Grosse et al. 2018, p. 11.
^ Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985, p. 425.
^ Grosse et al. 2020, p. 2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Grosse, P.; Orihashi, Y.; Guzman, S.; Petrinovic, I. (2014). "Volcanismo Cuaternario en la Zona del Paso San Francisco, Catamarca". conicet.gov.ar (in Spanish).
^ Aravena, Diego; Villalón, Ignacio; Sánchez, Pablo (April 2015). "Igneous Related Geothermal Resources in the Chilean Andes" (PDF). pangea.stanford.edu. p. 5.
^ ^a ^b Grosse et al. 2018, p. 10.
^ ^a ^b Rundel & Kleier 2014, p. 3.
^ Seggiaro, R. E.; Hongn, F. D. (1999-01-01). "Influencia tectónica en el volcanismo Cenozoico del Noroeste argentino". Acta Geológica Hispánica. 34 (2): 229. ISSN 2173-6537.
^ ^a ^b Amigo, Álvaro R.; Bertin, Daniel U.; Orozco, Gabriel L. (2012). Peligros volcánicos de la Zona Norte de Chile (PDF) (Report). Carta geológica de Chile: Serie Geología Ambiental (in Spanish). Vol. 17. SERVICIO NACIONAL DE GEOLOGÍA Y MINERÍA. p. 22. ISSN 0717-7305. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
^ Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985, p. 436.
^ Valero-Garcés et al. 2000, p. 345.
^ ^a ^b Grosse et al. 2018, p. 18.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gspurning, Lazar & Sulzer 2006, p. 61.
^ Grosse et al. 2020, p. 4.
^ Grosse et al. 2020, p. 8.
^ Grosse et al. 2020, p. 16.
^ Grosse et al. 2018, p. 7.
^ ^a ^b Mpodozis, Constantino; Cornejo, Paula; Kay, Suzanne M.; Tittler, Andrew (1995-12-01). "La Franja de Maricunga: sintesis de la evolucion del Frente Volcanico Oligoceno-Mioceno de la zona sur de los Andes Centrales". Andean Geology (in Spanish). 22 (2): 308. ISSN 0718-7106.
^ Kay, Mpodozis & Gardeweg 2014, p. 324.
^ Gspurning, Lazar & Sulzer 2006, p. 63.
^ Valero-Garcés et al. 2000, p. 344.
^ Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985, p. 435.
^ ^a ^b Grosse et al. 2018, p. 12.
^ Perucca, Laura P.; Moreiras, Stella M. (2009-01-01). "Seismic and Volcanic Hazards in Argentina". In Latrubesse, Edgardo M. (ed.). Developments in Earth Surface Processes. Natural Hazards and Human-Exacerbated Disasters in Latin America. Vol. 13. Elsevier. p. 292. doi:10.1016/S0928-2025(08)10014-1. ISBN 9780444531179.
^ "Peligros Volcanicos" (PDF). sernageomin.cl. 2011. ISSN 0717-7305. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-02. Retrieved 2017-04-01.
^ Grosse et al. 2018, p. 19.
^ Garcia, Sebastian; Badi, Gabriela (1 November 2021). "Towards the development of the first permanent volcano observatory in Argentina". Volcanica. 4 (S1): 26. doi:10.30909/vol.04.S1.2148. ISSN 2610-3540.
^ Echevarria, Evelio (1987). "Early British Ascents in the Andes (1831-1946)" (PDF). Alpine Journal: 64–65.
^ Orgaz, Martín; Ratto, Norma (3 July 2015). "Estrategias De Ocupacion Incaica Al Sur Del Tawantinsuyu (Tinogasta, Catamarca, Argentina): La Apropiacion De Paisajes Sagrados Y La Memoria Social". Ñawpa Pacha. 35 (2): 233. doi:10.1080/00776297.2015.1108125. ISSN 0077-6297. S2CID 163533551.
^ Miyano, Juan Pablo; Lantos, Irene; Ratto, Norma; Orgaz, Martín (March 2017). "ANIMALES E INCAS EN EL OESTE TINOGASTEÑO (CATAMARCA, ARGENTINA)". Latin American Antiquity. 28 (1): 28–45. doi:10.1017/laq.2016.7. hdl:11336/63573. ISSN 1045-6635.

Sources

Gonzalez-Ferran, O.; Baker, P.E.; Rex, D.C. (March 1985). "Tectonic-volcanic discontinuity at latitude 27° south Andean Range, associated with Nazca Plate Subduction". Tectonophysics. 112 (1–4): 423–441. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(85)90189-1.
Grosse, Pablo; Orihashi, Yuji; Guzmán, Silvina R.; Sumino, Hirochika; Nagao, Keisuke (1 May 2018). "Eruptive history of Incahuasi, Falso Azufre and El Cóndor Quaternary composite volcanoes, southern Central Andes". Bulletin of Volcanology. 80 (5): 44. doi:10.1007/s00445-018-1221-5. hdl:10261/163641. ISSN 0258-8900. S2CID 134869390.
Grosse, Pablo; Ochi Ramacciotti, María Luisa; Escalante Fochi, Florencia; Guzmán, Silvina; Orihashi, Yuji; Sumino, Hirochika (1 September 2020). "Geomorphology, morphometry, spatial distribution and ages of mafic monogenetic volcanoes of the Peinado and Incahuasi fields, southernmost Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 401: 106966. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106966. ISSN 0377-0273. S2CID 225294953.
Gspurning, Josef; Lazar, Reinhold; Sulzer, Wolfgang (2006). "Regional Climate and Snow/Glacier Distribution in Southern Upper Atacama (Ojos del Salado) - an integrated statistical, GIS and RS based approach" (PDF). Grazer Schriften der Geographie und Raumforschung. 41: 59–70.
Kay, Suzanne Mahlburg; Coira, Beatriz; Mpodozis, Constantino (2008-01-01). Field trip guide: Neogene evolution of the central Andean Puna plateau and southern Central Volcanic Zone. Vol. 13. pp. 117–181. doi:10.1130/2008.0013(05). ISBN 978-0-8137-0013-7. ISSN 2333-0937 – via ResearchGate. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Kay, Suzanne Mahlburg; Mpodozis, Constantino; Gardeweg, Moyra (2014-01-01). "Magma sources and tectonic setting of Central Andean andesites (25.5–28°S) related to crustal thickening, forearc subduction erosion and delamination". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 385 (1): 303–334. doi:10.1144/SP385.11. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 129489335.
Rundel, Philip W.; Kleier, Catherine C. (2014). "Parque Nacional Nevado de Tres Cruces, Chile: A Significant Coldspot of Biodiversity in a High Andean Ecosystem" (PDF). fs.fed.us.
Valero-Garcés, Blas; Delgado-Huertas, Antonio; Ratto, Norma; Navas, Ana; Edwards, Larry (2000-09-01). "Paleohydrology of Andean saline lakes from sedimentological and isotopic records, Northwestern Argentina". Journal of Paleolimnology. 24 (3): 343–359. doi:10.1023/A:1008146122074. hdl:10261/100304. ISSN 0921-2728. S2CID 129052389.

External links

"Incahuasi". SummitPost.org.
Incahuasi (in Spanish)
"Cerro de Incahuasi, Argentina/Chile" on Peakbagger

[peaklist-1] "Argentina and Chile North: Ultra-Prominences" Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2013-02-25.

[GVP-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m "Nevado de Incahuasi". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.

[3] Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)

[4] Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)

[5] "Nevado de Incahuasi Volcano, Chile/Argentina | John Seach".

[FOOTNOTEKayCoiraMpodozis2008163-6] Kay, Coira & Mpodozis 2008, p. 163.

[FOOTNOTEGspurningLazarSulzer200660-7] Gspurning, Lazar & Sulzer 2006, p. 60.

[FOOTNOTEGrosseOrihashiGuzmánSumino20182-8] Grosse et al. 2018, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEGrosseOrihashiGuzmánSumino20183-9] Grosse et al. 2018, p. 3.

[FOOTNOTEGonzalez-FerranBakerRex1985434-10] Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985, p. 434.

[FOOTNOTEKayCoiraMpodozis2008160-11] Kay, Coira & Mpodozis 2008, p. 160.

[FOOTNOTEKayMpodozisGardeweg2014310-12] Kay, Mpodozis & Gardeweg 2014, p. 310.

[FOOTNOTEKayCoiraMpodozis2008162-13] Kay, Coira & Mpodozis 2008, p. 162.

[FOOTNOTEGrosseOrihashiGuzmánSumino201811-14] Grosse et al. 2018, p. 11.

[FOOTNOTEGonzalez-FerranBakerRex1985425-15] Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985, p. 425.

[FOOTNOTEGrosseOchi_RamacciottiEscalante_FochiGuzmán20202-16] Grosse et al. 2020, p. 2.

[GrosseOrihashi2014-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Grosse, P.; Orihashi, Y.; Guzman, S.; Petrinovic, I. (2014). "Volcanismo Cuaternario en la Zona del Paso San Francisco, Catamarca". conicet.gov.ar (in Spanish).

[Aravena2015-18] Aravena, Diego; Villalón, Ignacio; Sánchez, Pablo (April 2015). "Igneous Related Geothermal Resources in the Chilean Andes" (PDF). pangea.stanford.edu. p. 5.

[FOOTNOTEGrosseOrihashiGuzmánSumino201810-19] Grosse et al. 2018, p. 10.

[FOOTNOTERundelKleier20143-20] Rundel & Kleier 2014, p. 3.

[SeggiaroHongn1999-21] Seggiaro, R. E.; Hongn, F. D. (1999-01-01). "Influencia tectónica en el volcanismo Cenozoico del Noroeste argentino". Acta Geológica Hispánica. 34 (2): 229. ISSN 2173-6537.

[AmigoOrozco2012-22] Amigo, Álvaro R.; Bertin, Daniel U.; Orozco, Gabriel L. (2012). Peligros volcánicos de la Zona Norte de Chile (PDF) (Report). Carta geológica de Chile: Serie Geología Ambiental (in Spanish). Vol. 17. SERVICIO NACIONAL DE GEOLOGÍA Y MINERÍA. p. 22. ISSN 0717-7305. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.

[FOOTNOTEGonzalez-FerranBakerRex1985436-23] Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985, p. 436.

[FOOTNOTEValero-GarcésDelgado-HuertasRattoNavas2000345-24] Valero-Garcés et al. 2000, p. 345.

[FOOTNOTEGrosseOrihashiGuzmánSumino201818-25] Grosse et al. 2018, p. 18.

[FOOTNOTEGspurningLazarSulzer200661-26] Gspurning, Lazar & Sulzer 2006, p. 61.

[FOOTNOTEGrosseOchi_RamacciottiEscalante_FochiGuzmán20204-27] Grosse et al. 2020, p. 4.

[FOOTNOTEGrosseOchi_RamacciottiEscalante_FochiGuzmán20208-28] Grosse et al. 2020, p. 8.

[FOOTNOTEGrosseOchi_RamacciottiEscalante_FochiGuzmán202016-29] Grosse et al. 2020, p. 16.

[FOOTNOTEGrosseOrihashiGuzmánSumino20187-30] Grosse et al. 2018, p. 7.

[MpodozisCornejo1995-31] Mpodozis, Constantino; Cornejo, Paula; Kay, Suzanne M.; Tittler, Andrew (1995-12-01). "La Franja de Maricunga: sintesis de la evolucion del Frente Volcanico Oligoceno-Mioceno de la zona sur de los Andes Centrales". Andean Geology (in Spanish). 22 (2): 308. ISSN 0718-7106.

[FOOTNOTEKayMpodozisGardeweg2014324-32] Kay, Mpodozis & Gardeweg 2014, p. 324.

[FOOTNOTEGspurningLazarSulzer200663-33] Gspurning, Lazar & Sulzer 2006, p. 63.

[FOOTNOTEValero-GarcésDelgado-HuertasRattoNavas2000344-34] Valero-Garcés et al. 2000, p. 344.

[FOOTNOTEGonzalez-FerranBakerRex1985435-35] Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985, p. 435.

[FOOTNOTEGrosseOrihashiGuzmánSumino201812-36] Grosse et al. 2018, p. 12.

[PeruccaMoreias2009-37] Perucca, Laura P.; Moreiras, Stella M. (2009-01-01). "Seismic and Volcanic Hazards in Argentina". In Latrubesse, Edgardo M. (ed.). Developments in Earth Surface Processes. Natural Hazards and Human-Exacerbated Disasters in Latin America. Vol. 13. Elsevier. p. 292. doi:10.1016/S0928-2025(08)10014-1. ISBN 9780444531179.

[SERNAGEOMIN-38] "Peligros Volcanicos" (PDF). sernageomin.cl. 2011. ISSN 0717-7305. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-02. Retrieved 2017-04-01.

[FOOTNOTEGrosseOrihashiGuzmánSumino201819-39] Grosse et al. 2018, p. 19.

[GarciaBadi2021-40] Garcia, Sebastian; Badi, Gabriela (1 November 2021). "Towards the development of the first permanent volcano observatory in Argentina". Volcanica. 4 (S1): 26. doi:10.30909/vol.04.S1.2148. ISSN 2610-3540.

[Echevarria1987-41] Echevarria, Evelio (1987). "Early British Ascents in the Andes (1831-1946)" (PDF). Alpine Journal: 64–65.

[OrgazRatto2015-42] Orgaz, Martín; Ratto, Norma (3 July 2015). "Estrategias De Ocupacion Incaica Al Sur Del Tawantinsuyu (Tinogasta, Catamarca, Argentina): La Apropiacion De Paisajes Sagrados Y La Memoria Social". Ñawpa Pacha. 35 (2): 233. doi:10.1080/00776297.2015.1108125. ISSN 0077-6297. S2CID 163533551.

[MiyanoLantos2017-43] Miyano, Juan Pablo; Lantos, Irene; Ratto, Norma; Orgaz, Martín (March 2017). "ANIMALES E INCAS EN EL OESTE TINOGASTEÑO (CATAMARCA, ARGENTINA)". Latin American Antiquity. 28 (1): 28–45. doi:10.1017/laq.2016.7. hdl:11336/63573. ISSN 1045-6635.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{About|a volcano on the border between Argentina and Chile|other uses|Inka Wasi (disambiguation){{!}}Inka Wasi}}{{Infobox mountain
+{{short description|Mountain in Argentina}}
+{{about|the volcano on the border between Argentina and Chile|other uses|Inka Wasi (disambiguation){{!}}Inka Wasi}}
+{{Infobox mountain
 | name = Incahuasi
 | photo = Volcan Incahuasi.jpg
@@ Line 21: / Line 24: @@
 | map_size = 200
 }}
-'''Incahuasi''' ({{IPA-es|iŋkaˈwasi}}; possibly from [[Quechua language|Quechua]]: ''inka'' [[Inca Empire|Inca]], ''wasi'' house)<ref>Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)</ref><ref>Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)</ref> is a [[volcano|volcanic]] mountain in the [[Andes]] of [[South America]]. It lies on the border of the [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[provinces of Argentina|province]] of [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]], and the [[Atacama Region]] of [[Chile]]. Incahuasi has a summit elevation of {{convert|6621|m|ft|0}} above sea level.
+'''Incahuasi''' ({{IPA|es|iŋkaˈwasi}}; possibly from [[Quechua language|Quechua]]: ''inka'' [[Inca Empire|Inca]], ''wasi'' house)<ref>Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)</ref><ref>Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)</ref> is a [[volcano|volcanic]] mountain in the [[Andes]] of [[South America]]. It lies on the border of the [[Catamarca Province]] of [[Argentina]] and the [[Atacama Region]] of [[Chile]]. Incahuasi has a summit elevation of {{convert|6621|m|ft|0}} above sea level.
-The volcano consists of a {{convert|3.5|km|mi|adj=mid|-wide}} [[caldera]] and two [[stratovolcano|stratovolcanoes]]. Four [[volcanic cone|pyroclastic cone]]s are located {{convert|7|km|mi|1}} to the north-east and produced [[basalt]]-[[andesite]] [[lava]] flows that cover an area of {{convert|10|km2|sqmi|0}}.<ref>http://www.volcanolive.com/incahuasi.html</ref>
+The volcano consists of a {{convert|3.5|km|mi|adj=mid|-wide}} [[caldera]] and two [[stratovolcano]]es. Four [[volcanic cone|pyroclastic cone]]s located {{convert|7|km|mi|1}} to the northeast have produced [[basalt]]-[[andesite]] [[lava]] flows that cover an area of {{convert|10|km2|sqmi|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.volcanolive.com/incahuasi.html | title=Nevado de Incahuasi Volcano, Chile/Argentina &#124; John Seach}}</ref>
-== Geography and geology ==
+==Geography and geology==
+Incahuasi lies on the border between [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]],<ref name="GVP" /> close to [[San Francisco Pass|Paso San Francisco]].{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=163}} A major road crosses the border there.{{sfn|Gspurning|Lazar|Sulzer|2006|p=60}}
+===Regional===
-Incahuasi lies on the border between [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]],<ref name="GVP" /> close to [[San Francisco Pass|Paso San Francisco]].{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=163}} A major road crosses the border there.{{sfn|Gspurning|Lazar|Sulzer|2006|p=60}}
+Incahuasi is part of the [[Central Volcanic Zone]] of the [[Andes]], together with about 110 other [[Quaternary]] volcanoes, and lies in the southern sector of this zone;{{sfn|Grosse|Orihashi|Guzmán|Sumino|2018|p=2}} other volcanic zones in the Andes are the [[Northern Volcanic Zone]], the [[Southern Volcanic Zone]], and the [[Austral Volcanic Zone]].{{sfn|Grosse|Orihashi|Guzmán|Sumino|2018|p=3}} The history of volcanic activity of most of these volcanoes is poorly understood owing to the lack of dating; only a few historical eruptions have been recorded, such as an eruption at [[Ojos del Salado]] in 1993.{{sfn|Grosse|Orihashi|Guzmán|Sumino|2018|p=2}}
+Incahuasi is located northeast of [[Ojos del Salado]],<ref name="GVP" /> the highest volcano in the world.{{sfn|Gonzalez-Ferran|Baker|Rex|1985|p=434}} Both volcanoes are found at the southern end of the Central Volcanic Zone.{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=160}} Together with [[Nevado El Fraile|El Fraile]], [[Cerro El Muerto]], [[Nevado Tres Cruces]], and [[El Solo]], they form a {{convert|50|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} volcanic chain.{{sfn|Kay|Mpodozis|Gardeweg|2014|p=310}}
-=== Regional ===
+The area is dominated by volcanoes that were active after 1.5 million years ago.{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=162}} Also located close to Incahuasi are [[Falso Azufre]] and [[Nevado San Francisco]],{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=163}} as well as the [[Miocene]] Cerro Morocho and Cerro Ojo de Las Lozas volcanoes.{{sfn|Grosse|Orihashi|Guzmán|Sumino|2018|p=11}} It has been suggested that a perpendicular chain of volcanoes including Ojos del Salado may be the consequence of the [[Juan Fernández Ridge]] subducting in the [[Peru–Chile Trench]].{{sfn|Gonzalez-Ferran|Baker|Rex|1985|p=425}}
-Incahuasi is located northeast of [[Ojos del Salado]],<ref name="GVP" /> the highest volcano in the world.{{sfn|Gonzalez-Ferran|Baker|Rex|1985|p=434}} Both volcanoes are found at the southern end of the [[Central Volcanic Zone]].{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=160}} They together with [[El Fraile (Chile)|El Fraile]], [[El Muerto]], [[Nevado Tres Cruces]] and [[El Solo]] form a {{convert|50|km}} long volcanic chain.{{sfn|Kay|Mpodozis|Gardeweg|2014|p=310}}
+Geological evidence suggests that volcanism in the area dates back to the [[Oligocene]] and [[Miocene]], when the main [[volcanic arc]] was located {{convert|40|km}} west in the [[Maricunga Belt]]. Between 9 and 6 million years ago, volcanic activity in the Maricunga Belt decreased and eventually ceased. Simultaneously, the [[back-arc]] experienced increased volcanic activity.{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=160}} Beginning 8.3 million years ago, there was a change in tectonic regime from an east-west compression to a north-south stretching, which led to a change in the alignments of the volcanoes.{{sfn|Grosse|Ochi Ramacciotti|Escalante Fochi|Guzmán|2020|p=2}}
-The area is dominated by volcanoes that were active after 1.5 million years ago.{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=162}} Also located close to Incahuasi are [[Falso Azufre]] and [[Nevado San Francisco]].{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=163}} It has been suggested that a perpendicular chain of volcanoes including Ojos del Salado may be the consequence of the [[Juan Fernandez Ridge]] subducting in the [[Peru-Chile Trench]].{{sfn|Gonzalez-Ferran|Baker|Rex|1985|p=425}}
+===Local===
-Volcanism in the area goes back to the [[Oligocene]] and [[Miocene]], when the main [[volcanic arc]] was located {{convert|40|km}} west in the [[Maricunga Belt]]. Between 9 and 6 million years ago volcanic activity in the Maricunga Belt decreased and eventually ceased. Simultaneously, the [[back-arc]] experienced increased volcanic activity.{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=160}}
+Incahuasi is formed by a [[caldera]] {{convert|3.5|km}} wide. Two coalesced [[stratovolcano]]es formed within the caldera<ref name="GVP" /> and have a diameter of {{convert|15|km}}.<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" /> A {{convert|6|x|4|km|mi|adj=mid|-wide}} [[lava dome]] is located on the eastern flank.<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" /> The volcano has a volume of about {{convert|231|km3}}<ref name="Aravena2015" /> and covers a surface area of about {{convert|207|km2}}.{{sfn|Grosse|Orihashi|Guzmán|Sumino|2018|p=10}} With a height of {{convert|6621|m}}, Incahuasi is the 12th-highest mountain in [[South America]]{{sfn|Rundel|Kleier|2014|p=3}} and one of the world's highest volcanoes.{{sfn|Grosse|Orihashi|Guzmán|Sumino|2018|p=10}}
+Incahuasi has two [[Volcanic crater|crater]]s, a summit crater and an arcuate crater on the eastern slope that contains a lava dome.<ref name="GVP" /> The summit crater has dimensions of {{convert|750|x|900|m}}<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" /> and is embedded within a {{convert|2|km|mi|adj=mid|-high}} summit plateau.{{sfn|Grosse|Orihashi|Guzmán|Sumino|2018|p=11}} Subsidiary vents conversely are associated with [[fissure vent]]s.<ref name="SeggiaroHongn1999" /> The edifice appears to consist of two overlapping volcanoes.<ref name="AmigoOrozco2012" />
-=== Local ===
+The western and southwestern slopes of Incahuasi are dotted with lava domes,<ref name="GVP" /> which are more subdued than on other volcanoes in the region.{{sfn|Gonzalez-Ferran|Baker|Rex|1985|p=436}} [[Lava flow]]s less than {{convert|1|km}} wide and {{convert|5|km}} long<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" /> extend down the volcano.<ref name="GVP" /> They reach the Las Coladas [[salt pan (geology)|salar]] east of Incahuasi.{{sfn|Valero-Garcés|Delgado-Huertas|Ratto|Navas|2000|p=345}} Two {{convert|2|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} [[Lava dome#Lava coulées|coulees]] extend north and east of the main crater.<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" />
-Incahuasi is formed by a [[caldera]] {{convert|3.5|km}} wide. Two coalesced [[stratovolcano]]es formed within the caldera<ref name="GVP" /> and have a diameter of {{convert|15|km}}.<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" /> A {{convert|6|x|4|km}} wide [[lava dome]] is located on the eastern flank.<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" /> The volcano has a volume of about {{convert|231|km3}}.<ref name="Aravena2015" /> With a height of {{convert|6621|m}} Incahuasi is the 12th highest mountain in [[South America]].{{sfn|Rundel|Kleier|2014|p=3}}
+{{convert|7|km}} northeast of Incahuasi, four [[pyroclastic cone]]s can be found. They have covered {{convert|10|km2}} with lava<ref name="GVP" /> but they are probably an independent volcanic system, similar to other regional [[mafic]] volcanoes.{{sfn|Grosse|Orihashi|Guzmán|Sumino|2018|p=18}} On Incahuasi's eastern flank lies a major lava dome and a field of lava flows.{{sfn|Grosse|Orihashi|Guzmán|Sumino|2018|p=11}} Incahuasi rises over a surface with elevations of {{convert|4300|–|4700|m}}.{{sfn|Gspurning|Lazar|Sulzer|2006|p=61}} The volcano is surrounded by a field of small volcanoes that is known as the Incahuasi field;{{sfn|Grosse|Ochi Ramacciotti|Escalante Fochi|Guzmán|2020|p=4}} it contains 19 small volcanoes with a total rock volume of {{convert|4.4|km3}},{{sfn|Grosse|Ochi Ramacciotti|Escalante Fochi|Guzmán|2020|p=8}} which were active during the last 1 million years.{{sfn|Grosse|Ochi Ramacciotti|Escalante Fochi|Guzmán|2020|p=16}}
-Incahuasi has two [[Volcanic crater|crater]]s, a summit crater and an arcuate crater on the eastern slope that contains a [[lava dome]].<ref name="GVP" /> The summit crater has dimensions of {{convert|750|x|900|m}}.<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" /> Subsidiary vents conversely are associated with [[fissure vent]]s.<ref name="SeggiaroHongn1999" />
+<gallery>
-The western and southwestern slopes of Incahuasi are dotted with [[lava dome]]s,<ref name="GVP" /> which are more subdued than on other volcanoes in the region.{{sfn|Gonzalez-Ferran|Baker|Rex|1985|p=436}} Less than {{convert|1|km}} wide and {{convert|5|km}} long<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" /> [[lava flow]]s extend down the volcano.<ref name="GVP" /> They reach the Las Coladas [[salt pan (geology)|salar]] east of Incahuasi.{{sfn|Valero-Garcés|Delgado-Huertas|Ratto|Navas|2000|p=345}} Two {{convert|2|km}} long [[coulee]]s extend north and east of the main crater.<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" />
-{{convert|7|km}} northeast of Incahuasi four [[pyroclastic cone]]s can be found. They have covered {{convert|10|km2}} with lava.<ref name="GVP" /> Incahuasi volcano rises over a surface with elevations of {{convert|4300|-|4700|m}}.{{sfn|Gspurning|Lazar|Sulzer|2006|p=61}}<gallery>
 File:Incahuasi and el fraile plus laguna verde chile.jpg|Incahuasi is the volcano at the left and El Fraile immediately right. The green lake is [[Laguna Verde (lake of Chile)|Laguna Verde]]
 File:Volcán Incahuasi edit.jpg|Incahuasi from Las Grutas. The eastern lava domes and the northeastern [[monogenetic volcanic field|monogenetic]] volcanoes are clearly visible.
 </gallery>
-=== Composition ===
+===Composition===
+Like many Andean volcanoes, Incahuasi has erupted [[andesite]] containing [[hornblende]] and [[pyroxene]],{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=163}} but also [[trachyandesite]] and [[trachydacite]].{{sfn|Grosse|Orihashi|Guzmán|Sumino|2018|p=7}} Lava flows on the main stratovolcano are [[dacitic]].<ref name="GVP" />
-Like many Andean volcanoes, Incahuasi has erupted [[andesite]] containing [[hornblende]] and [[pyroxene]].{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=163}} [[Lava flow]]s on the main stratovolcano are [[dacitic]].<ref name="GVP" />
-The four cones northeast of the principal volcano have erupted [[basaltic andesite]].<ref name="GVP" /> Likewise, [[parasitic cone]]s have erupted magnesium-rich [[basaltic andesite]].<ref name="MpodozisCornejo1995" /> Minerals contained in these rocks include [[clinopyroxene]] and [[olivine]].{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=163}}
+The four cones northeast of the principal volcano have erupted [[basaltic andesite]].<ref name="GVP" /> Likewise, [[parasitic cone]]s have erupted magnesium-rich basaltic andesite.<ref name="MpodozisCornejo1995" /> Minerals contained in these rocks include [[clinopyroxene]] and [[olivine]].{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=163}}
-The occurrence of such basic magmas in a volcanic setting dominated by dacites appears to be a consequence of local tectonics, which involve the extension of the crust compared to the compressional regime farther west.{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=162}} Originating in the [[mantle (geology)|mantle]], the magmas quickly ascended in [[fault (geology)|fault]]s and were contaminated by [[crust (geology)|crust]]al material.{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=163}} The mantle itself had been modified before by crustal material added by [[delamination]] of the lower crust and [[subduction erosion]].{{sfn|Kay|Mpodozis|Gardeweg|2014|p=324}}
+The occurrence of such basic magmas in a volcanic setting dominated by dacites appears to be a consequence of local tectonics, which involve the extension of the crust compared to the compressional regime farther west.{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=162}} Originating in the [[mantle (geology)|mantle]], the magmas quickly ascended in [[fault (geology)|fault]]s and were contaminated by [[crust (geology)|crustal]] material.{{sfn|Kay|Coira|Mpodozis|2008|p=163}} The mantle itself had been modified before by crustal material added by [[delamination]] of the lower crust and [[subduction erosion]].{{sfn|Kay|Mpodozis|Gardeweg|2014|p=324}}
-== Climate ==
+==Climate==
 Incahuasi does not have [[glacier]]s,{{sfn|Gspurning|Lazar|Sulzer|2006|p=61}} but it does have at least temporary [[snowpack]].<ref name="GVP" /> Even the crater does not support the development of glaciers.{{sfn|Gspurning|Lazar|Sulzer|2006|p=63}}
-Average precipitation at Incahuasi is about {{convert|300|-|500|mm/year|in/year}}. The volcano lies south of the so-called "Arid Diagonal", and most precipitation falls during winter.{{sfn|Gspurning|Lazar|Sulzer|2006|p=61}} This aridity is caused by the [[rain shadow]] effect of the Subandean Ranges, which block moisture from the [[Atlantic Ocean]].{{sfn|Valero-Garcés|Delgado-Huertas|Ratto|Navas|2000|p=344}}
+Average precipitation at Incahuasi is about {{convert|300|–|500|mm/year|in/year}}. The volcano lies south of the so-called "Arid Diagonal", and most precipitation falls during winter.{{sfn|Gspurning|Lazar|Sulzer|2006|p=61}} This aridity is caused by the [[rain shadow]] effect of the Subandean Ranges, which block moisture from the [[Atlantic Ocean]].{{sfn|Valero-Garcés|Delgado-Huertas|Ratto|Navas|2000|p=344}}
-== Eruptive history ==
+==Eruption history==
+One andesitic lava flow on the northwestern slope of Incahuasi has yielded two ages, one of 1.15 ± 0.5 million years ago and another of 710,000 ± 80,000 years ago.{{sfn|Gonzalez-Ferran|Baker|Rex|1985|p=435}} Based on their preservations, the lava flows appear to be of roughly comparable ages.<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" /> Additional ages were obtained on the main edifice, 1.57 ± 0.1 million years ago, 1.14 ± 0.37 million years ago, and 1.00 ± 0.13 million years ago.{{sfn|Grosse|Orihashi|Guzmán|Sumino|2018|p=12}}
+Parasitic cones were active over 500,000 years ago.<ref name="MpodozisCornejo1995" /> These include the lava dome and lava flow fields (760,000 ± 90,000 and 740,000 ± 50,000 years ago, respectively) and a lava flow from the pyroclastic cones, which has been dated to 350,000 ± 30,000 years ago.{{sfn|Grosse|Orihashi|Guzmán|Sumino|2018|p=12}}
-One andesitic lava flow on the northwestern slope of Incahuasi has yielded two ages, one of 1.15 ± 0.5 million years ago and another of 710,000 ± 80,000 years ago.{{sfn|Gonzalez-Ferran|Baker|Rex|1985|p=435}} Based on their preservations, the lava flows appear to be of roughly comparable ages.<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" />
+Volcanic activity at Incahuasi may have continued into the [[Holocene]], considering the young appearance of its eruption products<ref name="GVP" /> such as lava flows in the summit region and on the southern slopes; the old ages obtained by [[radiometric dating]] indicate an [[extinct volcano]], although activity at Andean volcanoes is known to occur with long rest phases between eruptions (reaching one million years).{{sfn|Grosse|Orihashi|Guzmán|Sumino|2018|p=18}} There are reports of [[fumarolic]] activity. The volcano is considered a potential geological hazard to Argentina<ref name="PeruccaMoreias2009" /> and Chile, where the [[SERNAGEOMIN]] hazard maps identify it as a potential threat.<ref name="SERNAGEOMIN" /> The remoteness of the volcano means that future eruptions are unlikely to impact populated areas, however,{{sfn|Grosse|Orihashi|Guzmán|Sumino|2018|p=19}} other than {{Interlanguage link|International Route CH-31|lt=|es|Ruta 31-CH}}.<ref name="AmigoOrozco2012" /> It was rated 27th out of 38 Argentine-Chilean volcanoes in dangerousness.<ref name="GarciaBadi2021" />
-[[Parasitic cone]]s were active over 500,000 years ago.<ref name="MpodozisCornejo1995" />
+<gallery>
-Volcanic activity at Incahuasi may have continued into the [[Holocene]], considering the young appearance of its eruption products.<ref name="GVP" /> There are reports of [[fumarolic]] activity. The volcano is considered a potential geological hazard to Argentina<ref name="PeruccaMoreias2009" /> and Chile, where the [[SERNAGEOMIN]] hazard maps identify it as a potential threat.<ref name="SERNAGEOMIN" /><gallery>
 File:Volcán Incahuasi.jpg|View from Las Grutas
 File:Incahuasi, -18 Jan. 2010 a.jpg|
 </gallery>
-== Climbing history ==
+==Climbing history==
+The mountain was first climbed by [[Inca civilization|Inca]] people. In 1912, [[Walter Penck]] climbed the mountain. Legend has it that a railway engineer named Edward Flint ascended the mountain between 1854 and 1859.<ref name="Echevarria1987" />
+==Archaeology==
-The mountain was first climbed by [[Inca civilization|Inca]] people. In 1912 [[Walter Penck]] climbed the mountain. Legend has it that a railway engineer named Edward Flint between 1854-1859 ascended the mountain.<ref name="Echevarria1987" />
+In 1913, an Inca ceremonial structure was found on the summit of Incahuasi.{{sfn|Rundel|Kleier|2014|p=3}} Another archaeological site, "Fiambalá-1", lies at its foot.<ref name="OrgazRatto2015" /> Other Inca archaeological sites in the region appear to have had functions correlated to that of the Incahuasi site.<ref name="MiyanoLantos2017" />
-== Archeology ==
-In 1913, an [[Inca civilization|Inca]] ceremonial structure was found on the summit of Incahuasi.{{sfn|Rundel|Kleier|2014|p=3}}
 ==See also==
-* [[List of volcanoes in Chile]]
+*[[List of volcanoes in Chile]]
-* [[List of volcanoes in Argentina]]
+*[[List of volcanoes in Argentina]]
-* [[List of Ultras of South America]]
+*[[List of Ultras of South America]]
-* [[Ojos del Salado]]
+*[[Ojos del Salado]]
-* [[Nevado Tres Cruces]]
+*[[Nevado Tres Cruces]]
-* [[Cerro El Muerto]]
+*[[Cerro El Muerto]]
 ==References==
 {{reflist|30em|refs=
+<ref name="GarciaBadi2021">{{cite journal |last1=Garcia |first1=Sebastian |last2=Badi |first2=Gabriela |title=Towards the development of the first permanent volcano observatory in Argentina |journal=Volcanica |date=1 November 2021 |volume=4 |issue=S1 |page=26 |doi=10.30909/vol.04.S1.2148 |url=http://www.jvolcanica.org/ojs/index.php/volcanica/article/view/74 |language=en |issn=2610-3540|doi-access=free }}</ref>
-<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&id=22622&inst=yes&congresos=yes&detalles=yes&congr_id=3421078#|title=Volcanismo Cuaternario en la Zona del Paso San Francisco, Catamarca|last=Grosse|first=P.|last2=Orihashi|first2=Y.|date=2014|website=conicet.gov.ar|last3=Guzman|first3=S.|last4=Petrinovic|first4=I.|language=es}}</ref>
+<ref name="MiyanoLantos2017">{{cite journal |last1=Miyano |first1=Juan Pablo |last2=Lantos |first2=Irene |last3=Ratto |first3=Norma |last4=Orgaz |first4=Martín |title=ANIMALES E INCAS EN EL OESTE TINOGASTEÑO (CATAMARCA, ARGENTINA) |journal=Latin American Antiquity |date=March 2017 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=28–45 |doi=10.1017/laq.2016.7 |language=en |issn=1045-6635|doi-access=free |hdl=11336/63573 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
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+<ref name="AmigoOrozco2012">{{cite report|language=es|url=https://biblioteca.sernageomin.cl/opac/datafiles/CGCH_GAMB_17_TextoyMapa.pdf|access-date=20 August 2021|issn=0717-7305|publisher=[[SERVICIO NACIONAL DE GEOLOGÍA Y MINERÍA]]|title=Peligros volcánicos de la Zona Norte de Chile|first1=Álvaro R.|last1=Amigo|first2=Daniel U.|last2=Bertin|first3=Gabriel L.|last3=Orozco|year=2012|series=Carta geológica de Chile: Serie Geología Ambiental|volume=17|page=22|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830214254/https://biblioteca.sernageomin.cl/opac/datafiles/CGCH_GAMB_17_TextoyMapa.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-<ref name="SeggiaroHongn1999">{{Cite journal|last=Seggiaro|first=R. E.|last2=Hongn|first2=F. D.|date=1999-01-01|title=Influencia tectónica en el volcanismo Cenozoico del Noroeste argentino|url=http://www.raco.cat/index.php/ActaGeologica/article/view/75568|journal=Acta geológica hispánica|volume=34|issue=2|page=229|issn=2173-6537}}</ref>
+<ref name="OrgazRatto2015">{{cite journal |last1=Orgaz |first1=Martín |last2=Ratto |first2=Norma |title=Estrategias De Ocupacion Incaica Al Sur Del Tawantinsuyu (Tinogasta, Catamarca, Argentina): La Apropiacion De Paisajes Sagrados Y La Memoria Social |journal=Ñawpa Pacha |date=3 July 2015 |volume=35 |issue=2 |page=233 |doi=10.1080/00776297.2015.1108125 |s2cid=163533551 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00776297.2015.1108125 |issn=0077-6297}}</ref>
-<ref name="Aravena2015">{{Cite web|page=5|url=https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/WGC/papers/WGC/2015/16050.pdf|title=Igneous Related Geothermal Resources in the Chilean Andes|last=Aravena|first=Diego|last2=Villalón|first2=Ignacio|date=April 2015|website=pangea.stanford.edu|last3=Sánchez|first3=Pablo}}</ref>
+<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&id=22622&inst=yes&congresos=yes&detalles=yes&congr_id=3421078#|title=Volcanismo Cuaternario en la Zona del Paso San Francisco, Catamarca|last1=Grosse|first1=P.|last2=Orihashi|first2=Y.|date=2014|website=conicet.gov.ar|last3=Guzman|first3=S.|last4=Petrinovic|first4=I.|language=es}}</ref>
-<ref name="Echevarria1987">{{Cite journal|last=Echevarria|first=Evelio|year=1987|title=Early British Ascents in the Andes (1831-1946)|url=http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1987_files/AJ%201987%2061-66%20Echevarria%20Andes.pdf|journal=Alpine Journal|pages=64-65}}</ref>
+<ref name="SERNAGEOMIN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sernageomin.gov.cl/archivos/PeligrosVolcanicosdeChile.pdf|title=Peligros Volcanicos|date=2011|website=sernageomin.cl|issn=0717-7305|access-date=2017-04-01|archive-date=2017-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402082636/http://www.sernageomin.gov.cl/archivos/PeligrosVolcanicosdeChile.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-<ref name="PeruccaMoreias2009">{{Cite book|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0928202508100141|title=Developments in Earth Surface Processes|last=Perucca|first=Laura P.|last2=Moreiras|first2=Stella M.|date=2009-01-01|publisher=Elsevier|editor-last=Latrubesse|editor-first=Edgardo M.|series=Natural Hazards and Human-Exacerbated Disasters in Latin America|volume=13|page=292}}</ref>
+<ref name="SeggiaroHongn1999">{{Cite journal|last1=Seggiaro|first1=R. E.|last2=Hongn|first2=F. D.|date=1999-01-01|title=Influencia tectónica en el volcanismo Cenozoico del Noroeste argentino|url=http://www.raco.cat/index.php/ActaGeologica/article/view/75568|journal=Acta Geológica Hispánica|volume=34|issue=2|page=229|issn=2173-6537}}</ref>
+<ref name="Aravena2015">{{Cite web|page=5|url=https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/WGC/papers/WGC/2015/16050.pdf|title=Igneous Related Geothermal Resources in the Chilean Andes|last1=Aravena|first1=Diego|last2=Villalón|first2=Ignacio|date=April 2015|website=pangea.stanford.edu|last3=Sánchez|first3=Pablo}}</ref>
+<ref name="Echevarria1987">{{Cite journal|last=Echevarria|first=Evelio|year=1987|title=Early British Ascents in the Andes (1831-1946)|url=http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1987_files/AJ%201987%2061-66%20Echevarria%20Andes.pdf|journal=Alpine Journal|pages=64–65}}</ref>
+<ref name="PeruccaMoreias2009">{{Cite book|title=Developments in Earth Surface Processes|last1=Perucca|first1=Laura P.|last2=Moreiras|first2=Stella M.|date=2009-01-01|publisher=Elsevier|editor-last=Latrubesse|editor-first=Edgardo M.|series=Natural Hazards and Human-Exacerbated Disasters in Latin America|volume=13|page=292|doi=10.1016/S0928-2025(08)10014-1|chapter=Seismic and Volcanic Hazards in Argentina|isbn=9780444531179}}</ref>
 <ref name="GVP">{{Cite GVP|vn=355125|name=Nevado de Incahuasi}}</ref>
-<ref name="MpodozisCornejo1995">{{Cite journal|last=Mpodozis|first=Constantino|last2=Cornejo|first2=Paula|last3=Kay|first3=Suzanne M.|last4=Tittler|first4=Andrew|date=1995-12-01|title=La Franja de Maricunga: sintesis de la evolucion del Frente Volcanico Oligoceno-Mioceno de la zona sur de los Andes Centrales|url=http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V22n2-a10|journal=Andean Geology|volume=22|issue=2|page=308|doi=10.5027/andgeoV22n2-a10|issn=0718-7106|language=es}}</ref>
+<ref name="MpodozisCornejo1995">{{Cite journal|last1=Mpodozis|first1=Constantino|last2=Cornejo|first2=Paula|last3=Kay|first3=Suzanne M.|last4=Tittler|first4=Andrew|date=1995-12-01|title=La Franja de Maricunga: sintesis de la evolucion del Frente Volcanico Oligoceno-Mioceno de la zona sur de los Andes Centrales|url=http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V22n2-a10|journal=Andean Geology|volume=22|issue=2|page=308|issn=0718-7106|language=es}}</ref>
 }}
-=== Sources ===
+===Sources===
 {{refbegin}}
-* {{Cite journal|last=Gonzalez-Ferran|first=O.|last2=Baker|first2=P.E.|last3=Rex|first3=D.C.|title=Tectonic-volcanic discontinuity at latitude 27° south Andean Range, associated with Nazca Plate Subduction|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0040195185901891|date=March 1985|journal=Tectonophysics|ref=harv|volume=112|issue=1-4|pages=423–441|doi=10.1016/0040-1951(85)90189-1}}
+*{{Cite journal|last1=Gonzalez-Ferran|first1=O.|last2=Baker|first2=P.E.|last3=Rex|first3=D.C.|title=Tectonic-volcanic discontinuity at latitude 27° south Andean Range, associated with Nazca Plate Subduction|date=March 1985|journal=Tectonophysics|volume=112|issue=1–4|pages=423–441|doi=10.1016/0040-1951(85)90189-1}}
+*{{cite journal|last1=Grosse|first1=Pablo|last2=Orihashi|first2=Yuji|last3=Guzmán|first3=Silvina R.|last4=Sumino|first4=Hirochika|last5=Nagao|first5=Keisuke|title=Eruptive history of Incahuasi, Falso Azufre and El Cóndor Quaternary composite volcanoes, southern Central Andes|journal=Bulletin of Volcanology|date=1 May 2018|volume=80|issue=5|pages=44|doi=10.1007/s00445-018-1221-5|language=en|issn=0258-8900|hdl=10261/163641|s2cid=134869390 |hdl-access=free}}
-* {{Cite journal|last=Gspurning|first=Josef|last2=Lazar|first2=Reinhold|last3=Sulzer|first3=Wolfgang|year=2006|title=Regional Climate and Snow/Glacier Distribution in Southern Upper Atacama (Ojos del Salado) - an integrated statistical, GIS and RS based approach|url=https://www.staff.tugraz.at/viktor.kaufmann/8_lazar_gspurning_sulzer.pdf|journal=Grazer Schriften der Geographie und Raumforschung|volume=41|pages=59-70|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Grosse |first1=Pablo |last2=Ochi Ramacciotti |first2=María Luisa |last3=Escalante Fochi |first3=Florencia |last4=Guzmán |first4=Silvina |last5=Orihashi |first5=Yuji |last6=Sumino |first6=Hirochika |title=Geomorphology, morphometry, spatial distribution and ages of mafic monogenetic volcanoes of the Peinado and Incahuasi fields, southernmost Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |date=1 September 2020 |volume=401 |pages=106966 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106966 |s2cid=225294953 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027320300901 |language=en |issn=0377-0273}}
-* {{Cite journal|last=Kay|first=Suzanne Mahlburg|last2=Coira|first2=Beatriz|last3=Mpodozis|first3=Constantino|date=2008-01-01|title=Field trip guide: Neogene evolution of the central Andean Puna plateau and southern Central Volcanic Zone|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279723669_Field_trip_guide_Neogene_evolution_of_the_central_Andean_Puna_plateau_and_southern_Central_Volcanic_Zone|via=[[ResearchGate]]|journal=Field Guides|ref=harv|volume=13|pages=117–181|doi=10.1130/2008.0013(05)|issn=2333-0937}}
-* {{Cite journal|last=Kay|first=Suzanne Mahlburg|last2=Mpodozis|first2=Constantino|last3=Gardeweg|first3=Moyra|date=2014-01-01|title=Magma sources and tectonic setting of Central Andean andesites (25.5–28°S) related to crustal thickening, forearc subduction erosion and delamination|url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/385/1/303|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|volume=385|issue=1|pages=303–334|doi=10.1144/SP385.11|issn=0305-8719|ref=harv}}
+*{{Cite journal|last1=Gspurning|first1=Josef|last2=Lazar|first2=Reinhold|last3=Sulzer|first3=Wolfgang|year=2006|title=Regional Climate and Snow/Glacier Distribution in Southern Upper Atacama (Ojos del Salado) - an integrated statistical, GIS and RS based approach|url=https://www.staff.tugraz.at/viktor.kaufmann/8_lazar_gspurning_sulzer.pdf|journal=Grazer Schriften der Geographie und Raumforschung|volume=41|pages=59–70}}
+*{{Cite book|last1=Kay|first1=Suzanne Mahlburg|last2=Coira|first2=Beatriz|last3=Mpodozis|first3=Constantino|date=2008-01-01|title=Field trip guide: Neogene evolution of the central Andean Puna plateau and southern Central Volcanic Zone|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279723669|via=[[ResearchGate]]|journal=Field Guides|volume=13|pages=117–181|doi=10.1130/2008.0013(05)|issn=2333-0937|isbn=978-0-8137-0013-7}}
-* {{Cite web|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/cirmount/publications/pdf/Mtn_Views_nov_14.pdf#page=6|title=Parque Nacional Nevado de Tres Cruces, Chile:  A Significant Coldspot of Biodiversity in a High Andean Ecosystem|last=Rundel|first=Philip W.|last2=Kleier|first2=Catherine C.|date=2014|website=fs.fed.us|ref=harv}}
-* {{Cite journal|last=Valero-Garcés|first=Blas|last2=Delgado-Huertas|first2=Antonio|last3=Ratto|first3=Norma|last4=Navas|first4=Ana|last5=Edwards|first5=Larry|date=2000-09-01|title=Paleohydrology of Andean saline lakes from sedimentological and isotopic records, Northwestern Argentina|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008146122074|journal=Journal of Paleolimnology|ref=harv|volume=24|issue=3|pages=343–359|doi=10.1023/A:1008146122074|issn=0921-2728}}
+*{{Cite journal|last1=Kay|first1=Suzanne Mahlburg|last2=Mpodozis|first2=Constantino|last3=Gardeweg|first3=Moyra|date=2014-01-01|title=Magma sources and tectonic setting of Central Andean andesites (25.5–28°S) related to crustal thickening, forearc subduction erosion and delamination|url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/385/1/303|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|volume=385|issue=1|pages=303–334|doi=10.1144/SP385.11|s2cid=129489335 |issn=0305-8719}}
+*{{Cite web|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/cirmount/publications/pdf/Mtn_Views_nov_14.pdf#page=6|title=Parque Nacional Nevado de Tres Cruces, Chile: A Significant Coldspot of Biodiversity in a High Andean Ecosystem|last1=Rundel|first1=Philip W.|last2=Kleier|first2=Catherine C.|date=2014|website=fs.fed.us}}
+*{{Cite journal|last1=Valero-Garcés|first1=Blas|last2=Delgado-Huertas|first2=Antonio|last3=Ratto|first3=Norma|last4=Navas|first4=Ana|last5=Edwards|first5=Larry|date=2000-09-01|title=Paleohydrology of Andean saline lakes from sedimentological and isotopic records, Northwestern Argentina|journal=Journal of Paleolimnology|volume=24|issue=3|pages=343–359|doi=10.1023/A:1008146122074|issn=0921-2728|hdl=10261/100304|s2cid=129052389 }}
 {{refend}}
 ==External links==
-* {{cite summitpost|id=154000|title=Incahuasi}}
+*{{cite summitpost|id=154000|title=Incahuasi}}
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070820073541/http://www.andesargentinos.com.ar/Incahuasi.htm Incahuasi] {{es icon}}
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070820073541/http://www.andesargentinos.com.ar/Incahuasi.htm Incahuasi] {{in lang|es}}
-* [http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8563 "Cerro de Incahuasi, Argentina/Chile" on Peakbagger]
+*[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8563 "Cerro de Incahuasi, Argentina/Chile" on Peakbagger]
+{{Mountains of Argentina}}
 {{Andean volcanoes}}
 [[Category:Volcanoes of Atacama Region]]
 [[Category:Mountains of Argentina]]
@@ Line 128: / Line 136: @@
 [[Category:International mountains of South America]]
 [[Category:Six-thousanders of the Andes]]
+[[Category:Mountains of Atacama Region]]
+[[Category:Mountains of Catamarca Province]]
+[[Category:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes]]

v t e Andean volcanoes
Northern Volcanic Zone (6° N – 3° S)	Paipa-Iza Romeral Cerro Bravo Nevado del Ruiz Nevado del Tolima Nevado del Huila Puracé Doña Juana Galeras Azufral Chiles Cayambe Reventador Pichincha Antisana Aliso Soche Illiniza Cotopaxi Quilotoa Chimborazo Tungurahua Licto volcanic field Sangay
Central Volcanic Zone (14°–27° S)	Quimsachata Auquihuato Firura Sara Sara Solimana Coropuna Hualca Hualca Sabancaya Huambo volcanic field Ampato Andagua volcanic field Chachani Misti Ubinas Pichu Pichu Huaynaputina Ticsani Tutupaca Yucamane Purupuruni Casiri Tacora Taapaca Parinacota Lauca Guallatiri Tata Sabaya Isluga Irruputuncu Olca-Paruma Aucanquilcha‎ Azufre Zapaleri Sairecabur Licancabur Purico complex Pacana Aguas Calientes Lascar Chiliques Aracar Socompa Llullaillaco Lastarria Lazufre Cordón del Azufre Galán Peinado San Francisco Cueros de Purulla Incahuasi Ojos del Salado
Southern Volcanic Zone (33°–46° S)	Tupungato Tupungatito Maipo Calabozos Descabezado Grande Cerro Azul Nevado de Longaví Nevados de Chillán Antuco Copahue Callaqui Lonquimay Llaima Sollipulli Villarrica Quetrupillán Lanín Mocho-Choshuenco Carrán-Los Venados Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Casablanca Osorno Calbuco Hornopirén Huequi Michinmahuida Chaitén Corcovado Mentolat Cay Macá Mate Grande Hudson
Austral Volcanic Zone (49°–55° S)	Lautaro Viedma Aguilera Reclus Burney Fueguino
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south