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Coordinates: 41°24′46″N 81°51′45″W / 41.412843°N 81.862399°W / 41.412843; -81.862399
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{{Short description|NASA research center in Ohio, U.S.}}
{{short description|NASA research center in Ohio, US}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox government agency
{{Infobox government agency
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| nativename_r =
| nativename_r =
| logo = NASA logo.svg
| logo = NASA logo.svg
| logo_width = 150px
| logo_width = 100px
| seal =
| seal =
| seal_width = 140px
| seal_width = 140px
| picture = Aerial View of Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field - GPN-2000-002008.jpg
| picture = Aerial View of Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field - GPN-2000-002008.jpg
| picture_width = 300px
| picture_width = 220px
| picture_caption = Aerial view of Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field
| picture_caption = Aerial view of Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field
| formed = 1942
| formed = 1942
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| employees =
| employees =
| budget =
| budget =
| chief1_name = James A. Kenyon
| chief1_name = Marla E. Pérez-Davis<ref>{{cite web|last1=Segall|first1=Grant|title=Marla Perez-Davis becomes acting director of NASA Glenn Research Center
|url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2019/09/marla-perez-davis-becomes-acting-director-of-nasa-glenn-research-center.html|website=cleveland.com|date=25 September 2019|access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref>
| chief1_position = director
| chief1_position = director
| parent_agency = [[NASA]]
| parent_agency = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NASA]]
| child1_agency = Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility
| child1_agency = Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility
| website = {{URL|http://www.nasa.gov/glenn}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.nasa.gov/glenn/|nasa.gov/glenn}}
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
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<!-- [[File:Glenn_Research_Center_logo.PNG|right|250px]] see page talk -->


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'''NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field''' is a [[NASA]] center within the cities of [[Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park]] and [[Cleveland]] between [[Cleveland Hopkins International Airport]] and the Rocky River Reservation of [[Cleveland Metroparks]], with a subsidiary facility in [[Sandusky, Ohio]]. Its director is James A. Kenyon. Glenn Research Center is one of ten major [[NASA facilities]], whose primary mission is to develop science and technology for use in aeronautics and space. {{As of|2012|5}}, it employed about 1,650 civil servants and 1,850 support contractors on or near its site.
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[[File:Glenn_Research_Center_logo.PNG|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Glenn Research Center logo]]

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'''NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field''' is a [[NASA]] center within the cities of [[Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park]] and [[Cleveland]] between [[Cleveland Hopkins International Airport]] and the Rocky River Reservation of [[Cleveland Metroparks]], with a subsidiary facility in [[Sandusky, Ohio]]. Its director is Marla E. Pérez-Davis. Glenn Research Center is one of ten major [[NASA facilities]], whose primary mission is to develop science and technology for use in [[aeronautics]] and [[space]]. {{As of|May 2012}}, it employed about 1,650 civil servants and 1,850 support contractors on or near its site.


In 2010, the formerly on-site NASA Visitors Center moved to the [[Great Lakes Science Center]] in the [[North Coast Harbor]] area of [[downtown Cleveland]].
In 2010, the formerly on-site NASA Visitors Center moved to the [[Great Lakes Science Center]] in the [[North Coast Harbor]] area of [[downtown Cleveland]].


== History ==
==History==
[[File:Interior View of Drafting Room in ERB - GPN-2000-001447.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|The drafting room at the Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory in 1942.]]
[[File:Interior View of Drafting Room in ERB - GPN-2000-001447.jpg|thumb|The drafting room at the Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory in 1942.]]
The installation was established in 1942 as part of the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA) and was later incorporated into the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] as a laboratory for aircraft engine research.


The installation was established in 1942 as part of the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA) and was later incorporated into the [[NASA]] as a laboratory for aircraft engine research. It was first named the '''Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory''' after funding was approved in June 1940. It was renamed the '''Flight Propulsion Research Laboratory''' in 1947, the '''Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory''' ('''LFPL''') in 1948 (after [[George W. Lewis]], the head of NACA from 1919 to 1947), and the '''NASA Lewis Research Center''' in 1958.
It was first named the '''Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory''' after funding was approved in June 1940. It was renamed the '''Flight Propulsion Research Laboratory''' in 1947, the '''Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory''' ('''LFPL''') in 1948 (after [[George W. Lewis]], the head of NACA from 1919 to 1947), and the '''NASA Lewis Research Center''' in 1958.


On March 1, 1999, the center was officially renamed the '''NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field''', in honor of [[John Glenn|John H. Glenn Jr.]], who was a fighter pilot, astronaut (the first American to orbit the Earth) and a politician.
On March 1, 1999, the center was officially renamed the '''NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field''', in honor of [[John Glenn]], who was a fighter pilot, astronaut (the first American to orbit the Earth) and a politician.


As early as 1951, researchers at the LFPL were studying the combustion processes in [[Liquid-propellant rocket|liquid rocket engines]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?Ntt=tn-2349&Ntk=all&Ntx=mode+matchall|title=NACA TN-2349, Fluctuations in a spray formed by two impinging jets|publisher=National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|access-date=October 3, 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
As early as 1951, researchers at the LFPL were studying the combustion processes in [[liquid rocket]] engines.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?Ntt=tn-2349&Ntk=all&Ntx=mode+matchall | title=NACA TN-2349, Fluctuations in a spray formed by two impinging jets | publisher=[[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] | access-date=October 3, 2013 | archive-date=August 22, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822003230/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?Ntt=tn-2349&Ntk=all&Ntx=mode+matchall | url-status=live }}</ref>


== Facilities ==
== Facilities ==
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=== Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility ===
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[[File:GRC PBS B-2 Facility Aerial View.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|GRC Armstrong Spacecraft Propulsion Facility (B-2)]]


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===Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility===
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The {{cvt|6400|acre|ha}} '''NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at the Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility''' or just '''Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility''', formerly the '''NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Plum Brook Station''' or just '''Plum Brook Station''', in southern [[Erie County, Ohio]], near [[Sandusky, Ohio]], is also part of Glenn ({{coord|41|20|59.4|N|82|39|01.8|W|region:US-OH_type:landmark |display=inline}}).<ref name="nasa">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/testfacilities/index.html|title=NASA's Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility|date=17 March 2015}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> It is located about {{cvt|80|km} from the main campus. It specializes in very large scale tests that would be hazardous on the main campus.<ref>{{cite web
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[[File:GRC PBS B-2 Facility Aerial View.jpg|thumb|right|GRC Armstrong Spacecraft Propulsion Facility (B-2)]]
|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/testfacilities/facility.html|title=NASA Glenn Test Facilities|publisher=NASA|access-date=October 3, 2013|url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226144534/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/testfacilities/facility.html|archive-date=February 26, 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>


⚫
The {{convert|6400|acre|ha|adj=on}} '''NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at the Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility''' or just '''Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility''', formerly the '''NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Plum Brook Station''' or just '''Plum Brook Station''', in southern [[Erie County, Ohio]], near [[Sandusky, Ohio|Sandusky]], is also part of Glenn ({{coord|41|20|59.4|N|82|39|01.8|W|:US-OH_type:landmark|display=inline}}).<ref name="nasa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/testfacilities/index.html|title=NASA's Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility|date=17 March 2015|access-date=5 December 2021|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205145103/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/testfacilities/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is located about {{convert|50|mi}} from the main campus. It specializes in very large scale tests that would be hazardous on the main campus.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/testfacilities/facility.html | title=NASA Glenn Test Facilities | publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] | access-date=October 3, 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226144534/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/testfacilities/facility.html | archive-date=February 26, 2008}}</ref>
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As of 2015, the station consisted of five major facilities:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacenews.com/nasa-ig-scrutinizes-seldom-used-plum-brook-test-facilities/|title=NASA IG Scrutinizes Seldom-used Plum Brook Test Facilities|author=Dan Leone|publisher=SpaceNews|website=spacenews.com|date=April 24, 2015|access-date=June 5, 2018}}</ref>

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{{As of|2015|post=,}} the station consisted of five major facilities:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://spacenews.com/nasa-ig-scrutinizes-seldom-used-plum-brook-test-facilities/ | title=NASA IG Scrutinizes Seldom-used Plum Brook Test Facilities | author=Dan Leone | publisher=Spacenews, Inc. | website=spacenews.com | date=April 24, 2015 | access-date=June 5, 2018 | archive-date=April 25, 2015 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150425231759/http://spacenews.com/nasa-ig-scrutinizes-seldom-used-plum-brook-test-facilities/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
* B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility
* B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility
* Combined Effects Chamber: never used and unusable{{cn|date=September 2019}}
* Combined Effects Chamber
* Cryogenic Components Laboratory: slated for demolition{{cn|date=September 2019}}
* Cryogenic Components Laboratory: slated for demolition{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}
* Hypersonic Test Facility
* Hypersonic Test Facility
* Space Power Facility
* Space Power Facility


The [[Plum Brook Reactor]] was decontaminated and decommissioned under a 2008 cost-plus-fee contract valued at more than US$33.5 million.<ref>{{cite web
The [[Plum Brook Reactor]] was decontaminated and decommissioned under a 2008 cost-plus-fee contract valued at more than $33.5&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/may/HQ_C08030_Plum_Brook.html | title=NASA Awards Reactor Decontamination and Decommission Contract | publisher=[[NASA]] | date=May 29, 2008 | access-date=June 6, 2018 | archive-date=May 30, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530074152/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/may/HQ_C08030_Plum_Brook.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/may/HQ_C08030_Plum_Brook.html|title=NASA Awards Reactor Decontamination and Decommission Contract|publisher=NASA|date=May 29, 2008|access-date=June 6, 2018}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>


In 2019,­ the [[List of United States senators from Ohio|U.S. Senators from Ohio]], [[Rob Portman]] and [[Sherrod Brown]], proposed to rename [[Plum Brook Station]] after [[Neil Armstrong]].<ref>[https://www.dispatch.com/news/20190721/sherrod-brown-rob-portman-want-to-rename-ohio-nasa-facility-after-neil-Armstrong Sherrod Brown, Rob Portman want to rename Ohio NASA facility after Neil Armstrong] Retrieved July 21, 2019</ref> The legislation<ref>{{USBill|116|s|2472|site=yes}}</ref> was signed into law on December 30, 2020 and Plum Brook Station was renamed the Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility.<ref>{{cite press release|first=Rob|last=Portman|title=Portman, Brown Announce Bipartisan Legislation to Rename NASA's Plum Brook Station Test Facility After Neil Armstrong Signed Into Law |url=https://www.portman.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/portman-brown-announce-bipartisan-legislation-rename-nasas-plum-brook|date=December 30, 2020}}</ref><ref name="nasa"/>
In 2019 the U.S. senators from Ohio, [[Rob Portman]] and [[Sherrod Brown]], proposed to rename Plum Brook Station after [[Neil Armstrong]].<ref>[https://www.dispatch.com/news/20190721/sherrod-brown-rob-portman-want-to-rename-ohio-nasa-facility-after-neil-Armstrong Sherrod Brown, Rob Portman want to rename Ohio NASA facility after Neil Armstrong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306055645/https://www.dispatch.com/news/20190721/sherrod-brown-rob-portman-want-to-rename-ohio-nasa-facility-after-neil-Armstrong |date=2021-03-06 }} Retrieved July 21, 2019</ref> The legislation<ref>{{USBill|116|s|2472|site=yes}}</ref> was signed into law on December 30, 2020, and Plum Brook Station was renamed the Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility.<ref>{{cite press release|first=Rob|last=Portman|title=Portman, Brown Announce Bipartisan Legislation to Rename NASA's Plum Brook Station Test Facility After Neil Armstrong Signed Into Law|url=https://www.portman.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/portman-brown-announce-bipartisan-legislation-rename-nasas-plum-brook|date=December 30, 2020|access-date=January 1, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122105229/https://www.portman.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/portman-brown-announce-bipartisan-legislation-rename-nasas-plum-brook|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nasa"/>


==== B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility ====
====B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility====
{{anchor|Spacecraft Propulsion Facility}}
{{anchor|Spacecraft Propulsion Facility}}
{{main|Space Power Facility}}
{{main|Space Power Facility}}


The B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility is the world's only facility capable of testing full-scale, upper-stage launch vehicles and rocket engines under simulated high-altitude conditions. The Space Power Facility houses the world's largest space environment vacuum chamber.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/testfacilities/plumbrook.html|title=Plum Brook Station|publisher=NASA|access-date=October 3, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511160415/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/testfacilities/plumbrook.html|archive-date=May 11, 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
The B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility is the world's only facility capable of testing full-scale, upper-stage launch vehicles and rocket engines under simulated high-altitude conditions. The Space Power Facility houses the world's largest space environment vacuum chamber.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/testfacilities/plumbrook.html | title=Plum Brook Station | publisher=NASA | access-date=October 3, 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511160415/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/testfacilities/plumbrook.html | archive-date=May 11, 2008}}</ref>


=== Icing tunnel ===
=== Icing Research Tunnel ===
An icing tunnel is capable of simulating atmospheric icing condition to test the effect of ice accretion on aircraft wings and body as well as to test anti-icing systems for aircraft.
The icing Research Tunnel is a [[wind tunnel]] capable of simulating atmospheric icing condition to test the effect of ice accretion on aircraft wings and body as well as to test anti-icing systems for aircraft.


=== Zero Gravity Research Facility ===
=== Zero Gravity Research Facility ===
{{main|Zero Gravity Research Facility}}
{{main|Zero Gravity Research Facility}}
The Zero Gravity Research Facility is a vertical [[vacuum chamber]] used for dropping experiment payloads for testing in [[microgravity]]. It enables the investigation of the behavior of components, systems, liquids, gases, and combustion when dropped in vacuum.
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{{see also|Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility|Rocket Engine Test Facility}}


The [[Zero Gravity Research Facility]] is a vertical [[vacuum chamber]] used for [[Micro-g environment|microgravity]] experiments. It was designated a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1985. The facility uses vertical drop tests in a vacuum chamber to investigate the behavior of components, systems, liquids, gases, and combustion in such circumstances. The facility consists of a concrete-lined shaft, {{cvt|8.5|m}} in diameter, that extends {{cvt|160|m}} below ground level. An aluminum vacuum chamber, {{cvt|6.1|m}} in diameter and {{cvt|140|m}} high, is contained within the concrete shaft. The pressure in this vacuum chamber is reduced to 13.3 [[newtons]] per square meter (1.3{{e|-4}}atm) before use.
The facility consists of a concrete-lined shaft, {{convert|28|ft|m}} in diameter, that extends {{convert|510|ft|m}} below ground level. An aluminum vacuum chamber, {{convert|20|ft|m}} in diameter and {{convert|470|ft|m}} high, is contained within the concrete shaft. The pressure in this vacuum chamber is reduced to 13.3 [[newtons]] per square meter (1.3{{e|-4}}atm) before use.


After the closing of the [[Japan Microgravity Centre]] (JAMIC), the NASA Zero-G facility is the largest microgravity facility in the world. Another, smaller drop tower remains in use. That tower has a free fall time of 2.2 seconds, and the [[Dropping In Microgravity Environment]] (DIME) program is conducted there.
The facility also includes a smaller drop tower with a free fall time of 2.2 seconds and a much lower cost per drop. It is used for the [[Dropping In Microgravity Environment]] (DIME) educational program.


The facility was designated a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1985. It has been the world's largest microgravity facility since the 2003 closing of the [[Japan Microgravity Centre]].
== Significant developments ==
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=== Aeronautics science and technology ===
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2018}}


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{{see also|Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility|Rocket Engine Test Facility}}
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NASA Glenn does significant research and technology development on jet engines, producing designs that reduce energy consumption, pollution, and noise. The chevrons it invented for noise reduction appear on many commercial jet engines today, including the [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner]].

==Developments==
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===Aeronautics science and technology===
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NASA Glenn does research and technology development on jet engines, producing designs that reduce energy consumption, pollution, and noise. The chevrons it developed for noise reduction appear on many commercial jet engines today, including those used on the [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner]]<ref name="Chevrons">{{cite web | url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/nasa-contribution-chevrons/ | title=NASA Contribution: Chevrons | publisher=NASA | date=January 6, 2015 | access-date=January 6, 2024 }}</ref>.


=== Space science and technology ===
===Space science and technology===
The Glenn Research Center, along with its partners in industry, are credited with the following:
The Glenn Research Center, along with companies it has hired, are credited with the following:
* The liquid hydrogen rocket engine, which [[Wernher von Braun]] credited as being the critical technology leading to the [[Apollo moon landing]]<ref name="Hydrogen">[http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4404/cover.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029053729/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4404/cover.htm|date=October 29, 2006}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* The [[Rocket propellant|liquid hydrogen]] rocket engine, which [[Wernher von Braun]] called the critical technology that allowed the [[Apollo program|Apollo Moon landings]].<ref name="Hydrogen">[http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4404/cover.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029053729/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4404/cover.htm|date=October 29, 2006}}</ref>
* The [[Centaur (rocket stage)|Centaur upper stage rocket]]<ref name="Hydrogen"/>
* The [[Centaur (rocket stage)|Centaur upper-stage rocket]]<ref name="Hydrogen"/>
* The gridded [[ion thruster]], which is a high-efficiency engine for spaceflight.<ref name="Ion">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs08grc.html|title=Glenn Ion Propulsion Research Tames the Challenges of 21st Century Space Travel|publisher=NASA|date=September 27, 2013|access-date=October 3, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915023928/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs08grc.html|archive-date=September 15, 2007}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> A Glenn-derived ion engine was used on the successful NASA probe ''[[Deep Space 1]]''.
* The gridded [[ion thruster]], a high-efficiency engine for spaceflight.<ref name="Ion">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs08grc.html | title=Glenn Ion Propulsion Research Tames the Challenges of 21st Century Space Travel | publisher=NASA | date=September 27, 2013 | access-date=October 3, 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915023928/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs08grc.html | archive-date=September 15, 2007}}</ref> A Glenn-derived ion engine was used on the NASA probe ''[[Deep Space 1]]''.
* The Electrical Power System for [[Space Station Freedom]], which, except for minor modifications, is used on the [[International Space Station]].
* The Electrical Power System for [[Space Station Freedom]]. A slightly modified version is used on the [[International Space Station]].
* The Universal Stage Adapter for the planned Block 1B iteration of the [[Space Launch System|Space Launch System (SLS)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Stage Adapter (USA) |url=https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/space/usa/ |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=www.nasa.gov |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918155327/https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/space/usa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Contributions==
== Significant contributions ==
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NASA Glenn's core competencies are:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/aboutgrc.html | title=Shaping the World of Tomorrow | website=nasa.gov | date=15 July 2015 | publisher=NASA | access-date=December 25, 2017 | archive-date=8 December 2004 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041208142800/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/aboutgrc.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== List of core competencies ===
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NASA Glenn's core competencies are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/aboutgrc.html|title=Shaping the World of Tomorrow|website=nasa.gov|date=15 July 2015|publisher=NASA|access-date=December 25, 2017}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* Air-breathing propulsion
* Air-breathing propulsion
* Communications technology and development
* Communications technology and development
Line 107: Line 107:
* Materials and structures for extreme environments
* Materials and structures for extreme environments


=== Education ===
===Education===
The Glenn Research Center is home to the Lewis' Educational and Research Collaborative Internship Program (LERCIP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/education/LERCIP_GRC.html|title=USA.gov
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|publisher=NASA|date=September 29, 2013|access-date=October 3, 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> It provides internships for high school and college students and high school teachers. The high school program is an eight-week internship for sophomores and juniors with interests in science, technology, engineering, math, or professional administration. The college level consists of a 10-week internship and is open to college students at all levels. Only residents of the Cleveland area are eligible for high school LERCIP, but college LERCIP is open to students nationwide. Interns work closely with their NASA mentors and are involved in the daily activities of the center. They are expected to be available to work 40 hours a week for the duration of the internship. The LERCIP Teacher program is a 10-week internship for educators in STEM fields.


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The Glenn Research Center is home to the Lewis' Educational and Research Collaborative Internship Program (LERCIP).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/education/LERCIP_GRC.html | title=USA.gov | publisher=NASA | date=September 29, 2013 | access-date=October 3, 2013 | archive-date=January 12, 2005 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211329/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/education/LERCIP_GRC.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> It provides internships for high school and college students and high school teachers. The high school program is an eight-week internship for sophomores and juniors with interests in science, technology, engineering, math, or professional administration. The college level consists of a 10-week internship and is open to college students at all levels. Only residents of the Cleveland area are eligible for high school LERCIP, but college LERCIP is open to students nationwide. Interns work closely with their NASA mentors and are involved in the daily activities of the center. They are expected to be available to work 40 hours a week for the duration of the internship. The LERCIP Teacher program is a 10-week internship for educators in STEM fields.
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==== Other ====

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====Other====
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2018}}
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2018}}
The [[Dropping In Microgravity Environment]] is an annual contest held yearly by the center. Teams of high school students write proposals for experiments to be performed in the Drop Tower. The winners travel to the center, perform their experiments, and submit a research report to NASA.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Nancy |last2=Stocker |first2=Dennis |last3=DeLombard |first3=Richard |date=2011-01-04 |title=Student Drop Tower Competitions: Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) and What If No Gravity? (WING) |url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.2011-496 |journal=49th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition |language=en |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |doi=10.2514/6.2011-496 |isbn=978-1-60086-950-1 |hdl=2060/20120000843 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2023-12-04 |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204040538/https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.2011-496 |url-status=live }}</ref>


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==Future ==
The [[Dropping In Microgravity Environment]] is an annual contest held yearly by the center. Teams of high school students write proposals for experiments to be performed in the Drop Tower. The winners travel to the center, perform their experiments, and submit a research report to NASA.
⚫
After 2004, NASA had been shifting its focus towards space exploration as mandated by the [[Vision for Space Exploration]]. Because of this, it was perceived by some that regional NASA centers like Glenn, which focus on research and technology, were becoming more and more marginalized in terms of resources and relevance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/politics/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/opinion/1145090523129980.xml&coll=2|title=Northeast Ohio|publisher=[[Cleveland.com]]|access-date=2013-10-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212626/http://www.cleveland.com/politics/plaindealer/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fopinion%2F1145090523129980.xml&coll=2|archive-date=2013-10-04}}</ref> However, on May 13, 2006, it was announced that NASA Glenn Research Center had secured management of the [[Crew Exploration Vehicle]]'s service module, which promised to generate billions of dollars and hundreds of jobs for the center. This work secured the center's future in the near term, and signalled a shift in priority for the center from aeronautical research to space exploration, aligning itself closer with NASA's new mission.


⚫
Another change of direction created uncertainty in 2010, however, when [[Barack Obama|President Obama]] and [[United States Congress|Congress]] declared the end of the Vision for Space Exploration and sought to chart a new course{{clarify|date=November 2010}} for human space flight and NASA. However, the 2015 budget for NASA made substantial increases to projects in which the Research Center participates, such as aeronautics research, planetary science and space technology, and some of that funding was expected to flow down to the center.<ref name=CCB2015>{{cite news |last1=Soder |first1=Chuck |title=Beefed-up budget is big development for NASA Glenn |url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20150111/SUB1/301119979/beefed-up-budget-is-big-development-for-nasa-glenn |access-date=August 12, 2016 |agency=Crain's Cleveland Business |date=January 11, 2015 |archive-date=November 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116044850/https://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20150111/SUB1/301119979/beefed-up-budget-is-big-development-for-nasa-glenn |url-status=live }}</ref>
⚫
== Future of Glenn ==
⚫
After 2004, NASA had been shifting its focus towards space exploration as mandated by the [[Vision for Space Exploration]]. Because of this, it was perceived by some that regional NASA centers like Glenn, which focus on research and technology, were becoming more and more marginalized in terms of resources and relevance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cleveland.com/politics/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/opinion/1145090523129980.xml&coll=2|title=Northeast Ohio|publisher=Cleveland.com|access-date=2013-10-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212626/http://www.cleveland.com/politics/plaindealer/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fopinion%2F1145090523129980.xml&coll=2|archive-date=2013-10-04}}</ref> However, on May 13, 2006, it was announced that NASA Glenn Research Center had secured management of the [[Crew Exploration Vehicle]]'s service module, which promised to generate billions of dollars and hundreds of jobs for the center. This work secured the center's future in the near term, and signalled a shift in priority for the center from aeronautical research to space exploration, aligning itself closer with NASA's new mission.


⚫
==NASA Glenn Visitor Center==
⚫
Another change of direction created uncertainty in 2010, however, when [[Barack Obama|President Obama]] and [[United States Congress|Congress]] declared the end of the Vision for Space Exploration and sought to chart a new course{{clarify|date=November 2010}} for human space flight and NASA. However, the 2015 budget for NASA made substantial increases to projects in which the Research Center participates, such as aeronautics research, planetary science and space technology, and some of that funding was expected to flow down to the center.<ref name=CCB2015>{{cite news |last1=Soder |first1=Chuck |title=Beefed-up budget is big development for NASA Glenn |url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20150111/SUB1/301119979/beefed-up-budget-is-big-development-for-nasa-glenn |access-date=August 12, 2016 |agency=Crain's Cleveland Business |date=January 11, 2015}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Skylab 3 Apollo Command Module.JPG|thumb|The Apollo Command Module of the 1973 [[Skylab 3]] mission being moved to the Great Lakes Science Center]]


⚫
The Visitor Center closed in September 2009 with many displays shifted to the [[Great Lakes Science Center]], and new ones created there. This move was done to reduce the public relations budget and to provide easier access to the general public, especially the under-served community. It was hoped that putting the displays at the much more visited science center will bring the NASA Glenn facility more public exposure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/news/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/cuyahoga/1247733104222090.xml&coll=2|title=Cleveland Plain Dealer &#124; Cleveland, Ohio Newspaper|publisher=cleveland.com|access-date=2013-10-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616174255/http://www.cleveland.com/news/plaindealer/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fcuyahoga%2F1247733104222090.xml&coll=2|archive-date=2013-06-16}}</ref> In fact, this proved true: compared to the 60,000 visitors per year at its former site, the Glenn Visitor Center enjoyed 330,000 visitors in the first year at the Great Lakes Science Center. The new display area at the science center is referred to as the Glenn Visitor Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2009/07/nasa_glenn.html |title=NASA Glenn visitors center offers its exhibits to Great Lakes Science Center |publisher=cleveland.com |date=2009-07-15 |access-date=2013-10-03 |archive-date=2009-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719070713/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2009/07/nasa_glenn.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
⚫
== NASA Glenn Visitor Center ==
⚫
[[File:Skylab 3 Apollo Command Module.JPG|thumb|upright=1.0|right|The [[Apollo command and service module|Apollo Command Module]] of the 1973 [[Skylab 3]] mission being moved to the Great Lakes Science Center]]

⚫
The Visitor Center closed in September 2009 with many displays shifted to the [[Great Lakes Science Center]], and new ones created there. This move was done to reduce the public relations budget and to provide easier access to the general public, especially the under-served community. It was hoped that putting the displays at the much more visited science center will bring the NASA Glenn facility more public exposure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/news/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/cuyahoga/1247733104222090.xml&coll=2|title=Cleveland Plain Dealer &#124; Cleveland, Ohio Newspaper|publisher=cleveland.com |access-date=2013-10-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616174255/http://www.cleveland.com/news/plaindealer/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fcuyahoga%2F1247733104222090.xml&coll=2|archive-date=2013-06-16}}</ref> In fact, this proved true: compared to the 60,000 visitors per year at its former site, the Glenn Visitor Center enjoyed 330,000 visitors in the first year at the Great Lakes Science Center. The new display area at the science center is referred to as the Glenn Visitor Center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2009/07/nasa_glenn.html|title=NASA Glenn visitors center offers its exhibits to Great Lakes Science Center|publisher=cleveland.com|date=2009-07-15|access-date=2013-10-03}}</ref>


The NASA Glenn Research Center also offers public tours of its research facilities on the first Saturday of each month. Reservations must be made in advance.
The NASA Glenn Research Center also offers public tours of its research facilities on the first Saturday of each month. Reservations must be made in advance.


{{Clear}}
⚫
== See also ==

* ''[[Journey Through the Solar System]]''
⚫
==See also==
* [[NASA Environmental Management System]]


== References ==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
==External links==
{{commons category|Glenn Research Center}}
{{commons category|Glenn Research Center}}
* [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/home/ NASA.gov: official Glenn Research Center website]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/home/ NASA.gov: official Glenn Research Center website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206070033/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/home/ |date=2021-12-06 }}
* [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/events/index.html NASA Glenn Visitor Center]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/events/index.html NASA Glenn Visitor Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122105230/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/events/index.html |date=2021-11-22 }}
* [https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4306/sp4306.htm ''Engines and Innovation: Lewis Laboratory and American Propulsion Technology'' (NASA SP-4306, 1991)] — The whole book, including photos and diagrams in on-line format.
* [https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4306/sp4306.htm ''Engines and Innovation: Lewis Laboratory and American Propulsion Technology'' (NASA SP-4306, 1991)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307141849/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4306/sp4306.htm |date=2021-03-07 }}—The whole book, including photos and diagrams in on-line format.
* [[Historic American Engineering Record]] documentation, filed under Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, Ohio:
*[[Historic American Engineering Record]] documentation, filed under Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH:
** {{HAER|survey=OH-124|id=oh1920|title=Rocket Engine Testing Facility, NASA Glenn Research Center|photos=14|dwgs=12|data=24|cap=3|link=no}}
**{{HAER |survey=OH-124 |id=oh1920 |title=Rocket Engine Testing Facility, NASA Glenn Research Center |photos=14 |dwgs=12 |data=24 |cap=3 |link=no}}
** {{HAER |survey=OH-132|id=oh1998|title=Altitude Wind Tunnel, NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field|data=120|link=no}}
**{{HAER |survey=OH-132 |id=oh1998 |title=Altitude Wind Tunnel, NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field |data=120 |link=no}}
** {{HAER |survey=OH-133|id=oh1999|title=Space Power Chambers, NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field|data=106|link=no}}
**{{HAER |survey=OH-133 |id=oh1999 |title=Space Power Chambers, NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field |data=106 |link=no}}
** {{HAER |survey=OH-134|id=oh2000|title=Altitude Wind Tunnel Support Buildings, NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field|data=93|link=no}}
**{{HAER |survey=OH-134 |id=oh2000 |title=Altitude Wind Tunnel Support Buildings, NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field |data=93 |link=no}}
** {{HAER |survey=OH-136|id=oh2007|title=Glenn Research Center, Propulsion Systems Laboratory No. 1 and 2, John H. Glenn Research Center, 21000 Brookpark Road|data=137|link=no}}
**{{HAER |survey=OH-136 |id=oh2007 |title=Glenn Research Center, Propulsion Systems Laboratory No. 1 and 2, John H. Glenn Research Center, 21000 Brookpark Road |data=137 |link=no}}


{{Cleveland}}
{{Cleveland}}
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[[Category:NASA facilities]]
[[Category:NASA facilities]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Cleveland]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Cleveland]]
[[Category:Research institutes in the United States]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Ohio]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Ohio]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Ohio]]
[[Category:Space technology research institutes]]
[[Category:Space technology research institutes]]
[[Category:NASA research centers]]
[[Category:NASA research centers]]
[[Category:Neil Armstrong]]

Latest revision as of 20:34, 6 January 2025

NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field

Aerial view of Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field
Agency overview
Formed1942
Preceding agencies
  • Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory
  • NASA Lewis Research Center
JurisdictionFederal government of the United States
HeadquartersBrook Park, Ohio, U.S.
41°24′46″N 81°51′45″W / 41.412843°N 81.862399°W / 41.412843; -81.862399
Agency executive
  • James A. Kenyon, director
Parent agencyNASA
Child agency
  • Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility
Websitenasa.gov/glenn

NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field is a NASA center within the cities of Brook Park and Cleveland between Cleveland Hopkins International Airport and the Rocky River Reservation of Cleveland Metroparks, with a subsidiary facility in Sandusky, Ohio. Its director is James A. Kenyon. Glenn Research Center is one of ten major NASA facilities, whose primary mission is to develop science and technology for use in aeronautics and space. As of May 2012, it employed about 1,650 civil servants and 1,850 support contractors on or near its site.

In 2010, the formerly on-site NASA Visitors Center moved to the Great Lakes Science Center in the North Coast Harbor area of downtown Cleveland.

History

[edit]
The drafting room at the Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory in 1942.

The installation was established in 1942 as part of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and was later incorporated into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as a laboratory for aircraft engine research.

It was first named the Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory after funding was approved in June 1940. It was renamed the Flight Propulsion Research Laboratory in 1947, the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory (LFPL) in 1948 (after George W. Lewis, the head of NACA from 1919 to 1947), and the NASA Lewis Research Center in 1958.

On March 1, 1999, the center was officially renamed the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field, in honor of John Glenn, who was a fighter pilot, astronaut (the first American to orbit the Earth) and a politician.

As early as 1951, researchers at the LFPL were studying the combustion processes in liquid rocket engines.[1]

Facilities

[edit]

Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility

[edit]
GRC Armstrong Spacecraft Propulsion Facility (B-2)

The 6,400-acre (2,600 ha) NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at the Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility or just Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility, formerly the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Plum Brook Station or just Plum Brook Station, in southern Erie County, Ohio, near Sandusky, is also part of Glenn (41°20′59.4″N 82°39′01.8″W / 41.349833°N 82.650500°W / 41.349833; -82.650500).[2] It is located about 50 miles (80 km) from the main campus. It specializes in very large scale tests that would be hazardous on the main campus.[3]

As of 2015, the station consisted of five major facilities:[4]

  • B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility
  • Combined Effects Chamber
  • Cryogenic Components Laboratory: slated for demolition[citation needed]
  • Hypersonic Test Facility
  • Space Power Facility

The Plum Brook Reactor was decontaminated and decommissioned under a 2008 cost-plus-fee contract valued at more than $33.5 million.[5]

In 2019 the U.S. senators from Ohio, Rob Portman and Sherrod Brown, proposed to rename Plum Brook Station after Neil Armstrong.[6] The legislation[7] was signed into law on December 30, 2020, and Plum Brook Station was renamed the Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility.[8][2]

B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility

[edit]

Main article: Space Power Facility

The B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility is the world's only facility capable of testing full-scale, upper-stage launch vehicles and rocket engines under simulated high-altitude conditions. The Space Power Facility houses the world's largest space environment vacuum chamber.[9]

Icing Research Tunnel

[edit]

The icing Research Tunnel is a wind tunnel capable of simulating atmospheric icing condition to test the effect of ice accretion on aircraft wings and body as well as to test anti-icing systems for aircraft.

Zero Gravity Research Facility

[edit]
Main article: Zero Gravity Research Facility

The Zero Gravity Research Facility is a vertical vacuum chamber used for dropping experiment payloads for testing in microgravity. It enables the investigation of the behavior of components, systems, liquids, gases, and combustion when dropped in vacuum.

The facility consists of a concrete-lined shaft, 28 feet (8.5 m) in diameter, that extends 510 feet (160 m) below ground level. An aluminum vacuum chamber, 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter and 470 feet (140 m) high, is contained within the concrete shaft. The pressure in this vacuum chamber is reduced to 13.3 newtons per square meter (1.3×10−4atm) before use.

The facility also includes a smaller drop tower with a free fall time of 2.2 seconds and a much lower cost per drop. It is used for the Dropping In Microgravity Environment (DIME) educational program.

The facility was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985. It has been the world's largest microgravity facility since the 2003 closing of the Japan Microgravity Centre.

See also: Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility and Rocket Engine Test Facility

Developments

[edit]

Aeronautics science and technology

[edit]

NASA Glenn does research and technology development on jet engines, producing designs that reduce energy consumption, pollution, and noise. The chevrons it developed for noise reduction appear on many commercial jet engines today, including those used on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner[10].

Space science and technology

[edit]

The Glenn Research Center, along with companies it has hired, are credited with the following:

Contributions

[edit]

NASA Glenn's core competencies are:[14]

  • Air-breathing propulsion
  • Communications technology and development
  • Space propulsion and cryogenic fluids management
  • Power, energy storage, and conversion
  • Materials and structures for extreme environments

Education

[edit]

The Glenn Research Center is home to the Lewis' Educational and Research Collaborative Internship Program (LERCIP).[15] It provides internships for high school and college students and high school teachers. The high school program is an eight-week internship for sophomores and juniors with interests in science, technology, engineering, math, or professional administration. The college level consists of a 10-week internship and is open to college students at all levels. Only residents of the Cleveland area are eligible for high school LERCIP, but college LERCIP is open to students nationwide. Interns work closely with their NASA mentors and are involved in the daily activities of the center. They are expected to be available to work 40 hours a week for the duration of the internship. The LERCIP Teacher program is a 10-week internship for educators in STEM fields.

Other

[edit]

The Dropping In Microgravity Environment is an annual contest held yearly by the center. Teams of high school students write proposals for experiments to be performed in the Drop Tower. The winners travel to the center, perform their experiments, and submit a research report to NASA.[16]

Future

[edit]

After 2004, NASA had been shifting its focus towards space exploration as mandated by the Vision for Space Exploration. Because of this, it was perceived by some that regional NASA centers like Glenn, which focus on research and technology, were becoming more and more marginalized in terms of resources and relevance.[17] However, on May 13, 2006, it was announced that NASA Glenn Research Center had secured management of the Crew Exploration Vehicle's service module, which promised to generate billions of dollars and hundreds of jobs for the center. This work secured the center's future in the near term, and signalled a shift in priority for the center from aeronautical research to space exploration, aligning itself closer with NASA's new mission.

Another change of direction created uncertainty in 2010, however, when President Obama and Congress declared the end of the Vision for Space Exploration and sought to chart a new course[clarification needed] for human space flight and NASA. However, the 2015 budget for NASA made substantial increases to projects in which the Research Center participates, such as aeronautics research, planetary science and space technology, and some of that funding was expected to flow down to the center.[18]

NASA Glenn Visitor Center

[edit]
The Apollo Command Module of the 1973 Skylab 3 mission being moved to the Great Lakes Science Center

The Visitor Center closed in September 2009 with many displays shifted to the Great Lakes Science Center, and new ones created there. This move was done to reduce the public relations budget and to provide easier access to the general public, especially the under-served community. It was hoped that putting the displays at the much more visited science center will bring the NASA Glenn facility more public exposure.[19] In fact, this proved true: compared to the 60,000 visitors per year at its former site, the Glenn Visitor Center enjoyed 330,000 visitors in the first year at the Great Lakes Science Center. The new display area at the science center is referred to as the Glenn Visitor Center.[20]

The NASA Glenn Research Center also offers public tours of its research facilities on the first Saturday of each month. Reservations must be made in advance.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "NACA TN-2349, Fluctuations in a spray formed by two impinging jets". National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Archived from the original on August 22, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  2. ^ a b "NASA's Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility". 17 March 2015. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  3. ^ "NASA Glenn Test Facilities". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  4. ^ Dan Leone (April 24, 2015). "NASA IG Scrutinizes Seldom-used Plum Brook Test Facilities". spacenews.com. Spacenews, Inc. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  5. ^ "NASA Awards Reactor Decontamination and Decommission Contract". NASA. May 29, 2008. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  6. ^ Sherrod Brown, Rob Portman want to rename Ohio NASA facility after Neil Armstrong Archived 2021-03-06 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved July 21, 2019
  7. ^ S. 2472 at Congress.gov
  8. ^ Portman, Rob (December 30, 2020). "Portman, Brown Announce Bipartisan Legislation to Rename NASA's Plum Brook Station Test Facility After Neil Armstrong Signed Into Law" (Press release). Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  9. ^ "Plum Brook Station". NASA. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  10. ^ "NASA Contribution: Chevrons". NASA. January 6, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
  11. ^ a b [1] Archived October 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ "Glenn Ion Propulsion Research Tames the Challenges of 21st Century Space Travel". NASA. September 27, 2013. Archived from the original on September 15, 2007. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  13. ^ "Universal Stage Adapter (USA)". www.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 18 September 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  14. ^ "Shaping the World of Tomorrow". nasa.gov. NASA. 15 July 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2004. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
  15. ^ "USA.gov". NASA. September 29, 2013. Archived from the original on January 12, 2005. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  16. ^ Hall, Nancy; Stocker, Dennis; DeLombard, Richard (2011-01-04). "Student Drop Tower Competitions: Dropping In a Microgravity Environment (DIME) and What If No Gravity? (WING)". 49th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. doi:10.2514/6.2011-496. hdl:2060/20120000843. ISBN 978-1-60086-950-1. Archived from the original on 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
  17. ^ "Northeast Ohio". Cleveland.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  18. ^ Soder, Chuck (January 11, 2015). "Beefed-up budget is big development for NASA Glenn". Crain's Cleveland Business. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  19. ^ "Cleveland Plain Dealer | Cleveland, Ohio Newspaper". cleveland.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  20. ^ "NASA Glenn visitors center offers its exhibits to Great Lakes Science Center". cleveland.com. 2009-07-15. Archived from the original on 2009-07-19. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
[edit]
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