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there are other specimens of Longipteryx other than the ones mentioned in the top, as evidenced by the 2024 study about the diet of this taxon
 
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| species = chaoyangensis
| species = chaoyangensis
| authority = Zhang ''et al.'', 2001
| authority = Zhang ''et al.'', 2001
| synonyms = ''[[Camptodontornis]] yangi''? <small>(Li ''et al.'', 2010)</small><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Xuri Wang |author2=Caizhi Shen |author3=Sizhao Liu |author4=Chunling Gao |author5=Xiaodong Cheng |author6=Fengjiao Zhang |year=2015 |title=New material of ''Longipteryx'' (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China with the first recognized avian tooth crenulations |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3941 |issue=4 |pages=565–578 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3941.4.5 }}</ref>
| synonyms = ''[[Camptodontornis]] yangi''? <small>(Li ''et al.'', 2010)</small><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Xuri Wang |author2=Caizhi Shen |author3=Sizhao Liu |author4=Chunling Gao |author5=Xiaodong Cheng |author6=Fengjiao Zhang |year=2015 |title=New material of ''Longipteryx'' (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China with the first recognized avian tooth crenulations |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3941 |issue=4 |pages=565–578 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3941.4.5 |pmid=25947529 }}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Longipteryx''''' is a [[genus]] of prehistoric [[bird]] which lived during the Early [[Cretaceous]] ([[Aptian]] stage, 120.3 million years ago). It contains a single species, '''''Longipteryx chaoyangensis'''''. Its remains have been recovered from the [[Jiufotang Formation]] at [[Chaoyang, Liaoning|Chaoyang]] in [[Liaoning Province]], [[China]]. Apart from the [[holotype]] [[IVPP]] V 12325 - a fine and nearly complete skeleton&nbsp;— another entire skeleton (IPPV V 12552) and some isolated bones (a [[humerus]] and [[furcula]], specimens IPPV V 12553, and an [[ulna]], IPPV V 12554) are known to date.<ref name = descr>Zhang ''et al.'' (2001)</ref>
'''''Longipteryx''''' is a [[genus]] of prehistoric [[bird]] which lived during the Early [[Cretaceous]] ([[Aptian]] stage, 120.3 million years ago). It contains a single species, '''''Longipteryx chaoyangensis'''''. Its remains have been recovered from the [[Jiufotang Formation]] at [[Chaoyang, Liaoning|Chaoyang]] in [[Liaoning Province]], [[China]]. Apart from the [[holotype]] [[IVPP]] V 12325 - a fine and nearly complete skeleton&nbsp;— another entire skeleton (IPPV V 12552), some isolated bones (a [[humerus]] and [[furcula]], specimens IPPV V 12553, and an [[ulna]], IPPV V 12554) and many other specimens are known to date.<ref name="Zhang et al 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Fucheng |last2=Zhou |first2=Zhonghe |last3=Hou |first3=Lianhai |last4=Gu |first4=Gang |title=Early diversification of birds: Evidence from a new opposite bird |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |date=June 2001 |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=945–949 |doi=10.1007/bf02900473 |bibcode=2001ChSBu..46..945Z |s2cid=85215328 }}</ref><ref name=OConnor2024/>


The name ''Longipteryx'' means "one with long feathers", from [[Latin]] ''longus'', "long" + [[Ancient Greek]] ''pteryx'' (πτέρυξ), "wing", "feather" or "pinion". The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''chaoyangensis'' is from the Latin for "from [[Chaoyang, Liaoning|Chaoyang]]".
The name ''Longipteryx'' means "one with long feathers", from [[Latin]] ''longus'', "long" + [[Ancient Greek]] ''pteryx'' (πτέρυξ), "wing", "feather" or "pinion". The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''chaoyangensis'' is from the Latin for "from [[Chaoyang, Liaoning|Chaoyang]]".


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Longipteryx restoration.jpg|thumb|left|Life restoration]]
[[File:Longipteryx restoration.jpg|thumb|left|Life restoration based on outdated piscivorous interpretation]]
Excluding the tail, ''Longipteryx'' was some 15&nbsp;cm long overall in life. It had a long bill&nbsp;— longer than the rest of the head&nbsp;— with a few hooked teeth at the tip, and, as the name implies, proportionally long and strong wings. Although it was primitive insofar as that it had two long separate fingers with claws and a stubby thumb, the flight apparatus was generally quite well developed, and unlike most other birds of its time it possessed [[uncinate processes of ribs|uncinate processes]] which strengthened the [[ribcage]]. Its claws and toes were long and strong while the leg was quite short. Altogether, the ability to fly and to perch was quite sophisticated for its age, to the detriment of [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] locomotion: the [[humerus]] was 1.56 times the length of the [[femur]].<ref>Zhang ''et al.'' (2001), Lamanna ''et al.'' (2006)</ref>
Excluding the tail, ''Longipteryx'' was some 15&nbsp;cm long overall in life. It had a long bill&nbsp;— longer than the rest of the head&nbsp;— with a few hooked teeth at the tip, and, as the name implies, proportionally long and strong wings. Although it was basal to the extent that it had two long separate fingers with claws and a stubby thumb, the flight apparatus was generally quite well developed, and unlike most other birds of its time it possessed [[uncinate processes of ribs|uncinate processes]] which strengthened the [[ribcage]]. Its claws and toes were long and strong while the leg was quite short. Altogether, the ability to fly and to perch was quite sophisticated for its age, to the detriment of [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] locomotion: the [[humerus]] was 1.56 times the length of the [[femur]].<ref name="Zhang et al 2001"/><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Matthew C. |last1=Lamanna |first2=Hai-Lu |last2=You |first3=Jerald D. |last3=Harris |first4=Luis M. |last4=Chiappe |first5=Shu-An |last5=Ji |first6=Jun-Chang |last6=Lü |first7=Qiang |last7=Ji |title=A partial skeleton of an enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of northwestern China |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=51 |issue=3 |year=2006 |pages=423–434 |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app51-423.html }}</ref>


The holotype retains many feather impressions, though poorly preserved; [[remiges]] do not seem to have been preserved, and what feathers remain are apparently only body feathers, [[wing covert]]s and [[down (feather)|down]].<ref name = descr /> The end of the tail is destroyed in the holotype;<ref name = descr /> no [[rectrices]] are preserved and while the [[pygostyle]] is complete in other skeletons, only halos of short feathers are preserved.<ref name=oconnoretal2010/> While the related ''[[Shanweiniao]]'' and some other enantiornithines preserve two, four, or eight long display feathers on the tail, the absence of such feathers in any known specimen of ''Longipteryx'' probably indicates that they were absent in this species.<ref name=oconnoretal2010>O'Connor, J.K., Zhou Z. and Zhang F. (In press). "A reappraisal of ''Boluochia zhengi'' (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China." ''Journal of Systematic Palaeontology'', (published online before print 16 December 2010). {{doi|10.1080/14772019.2010.512614}}</ref>
The holotype retains many feather impressions, though poorly preserved; [[remiges]] do not seem to have been preserved, and what feathers remain are apparently only body feathers, [[wing covert]]s and [[down (feather)|down]].<ref name="Zhang et al 2001"/> The end of the tail is destroyed in the holotype;<ref name="Zhang et al 2001"/> no [[rectrices]] are preserved and while the [[pygostyle]] is complete in other skeletons, only halos of short feathers are preserved.<ref name=oconnoretal2010/> While the related ''[[Shanweiniao]]'' and some other enantiornithines preserve two, four, or eight long display feathers on the tail, the absence of such feathers in any known specimen of ''Longipteryx'' probably indicates that they were absent in this species.<ref name=oconnoretal2010>{{cite journal | last1 = O'Connor | first1 = J.K. | last2 = Zhou | first2 = Z. | last3 = Zhang | first3 = F. | year = 2011| title = A reappraisal of ''Boluochia zhengi'' (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China | journal = Journal of Systematic Palaeontology | volume = 9| issue = 1 | pages = 51–63| doi = 10.1080/14772019.2010.512614 | bibcode = 2011JSPal...9...51O | s2cid = 84817636 }}</ref>


''Longipteryx'' was [[Frugivore|frugivorous]], indicated by the discovery of complete [[gymnosperm]] seeds and a lack of [[Gastrolith|gastroliths]] within two specimens, STM8–86 and STM8–112.<ref name=OConnor2024>{{cite journal|author1=O’Connor, J.|author2=Clark, A.|author3=Herrera, F.|author4=Yang, X.|author5=Wang, X.|author6=Zheng, X.|author7=Hu, H.|author8=Zhou, Z.|year=2024|title=Direct evidence of frugivory in the Mesozoic bird Longipteryx contradicts morphological proxies for diet|journal=Current Biology|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2024.08.012}}</ref> Initially, it was interpreted as a [[piscivore]] or an [[insectivore]].<ref name="Zhang et al 2001"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Ya-Chun |last2=Sullivan |first2=Corwin |last3=Zhou |first3=Zhong-He |last4=Zhang |first4=Fu-Cheng |title=Evolution of tooth crown shape in Mesozoic birds, and its adaptive significance with respect to diet |journal=Palaeoworld |date=January 2021 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=724–736 |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2020.12.008 |s2cid=234117375 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1186/s12915-022-01294-3 | title=Diet of Mesozoic toothed birds (Longipterygidae) inferred from quantitative analysis of extant avian diet proxies | year=2022 | last1=Miller | first1=Case Vincent | last2=Pittman | first2=Michael | last3=Wang | first3=Xiaoli | last4=Zheng | first4=Xiaoting | last5=Bright | first5=Jen A. | journal=BMC Biology | volume=20 | issue=1 | page=101 | pmid=35550084 | pmc=9097364 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The authors of the 2024 study who reported direct evidence of frugivory in ''Longipteryx'' suggested that researchers should be cautious when predicting the diets in extinct taxa based on "untested morphological proxies".<ref name=OConnor2024/>
''Longipteryx'' probably dived or probed for fish, [[crustacean]]s, or other aquatic animals of appropriate size. Altogether, it was perhaps closest to a modern-day [[kingfisher]] in its [[ecological niche]].<ref name = descr />


==Classification==
==Classification==
[[File:Longipteryx chaoyangensis 2.JPG|thumb|Fossil specimen, [[Hong Kong Science Museum]]]]
[[File:Longipteryx chaoyangensis 2.JPG|thumb|Fossil specimen, [[Hong Kong Science Museum]]]]
The affiliations of ''Longipteryx'' are not resolved. While it has been sometimes included in the [[Enantiornithes]]<ref>E.g. Zhang ''et al.'' (2001), Gong ''et al.'' (2004)</ref> and groups specifically with [[Euenantiornithes]] in some [[cladistic]] analyses,<ref>E.g. Mortimer (2004a)</ref> it might be [[basal (phylogeny)|basal]] to or in Enantiornithes, being somewhat reminiscent of the equally puzzling ''[[Protopteryx]]''.<ref>Mortimer (2004b)</ref> Its [[plesiomorph]]ies are comprehensive, as can be expected from its old age, but the [[autapomorph]]ies appear quite "modern", especially compared to other early Enantiornithes.<ref name = descr />
The affiliations of ''Longipteryx'' are not resolved. While it has been sometimes included in the [[Enantiornithes]]<ref name="Zhang et al 2001"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Enpu |first1=Gong |last2=Lianhai |first2=Hou |last3=Lixia |first3=Wang |title=Enantiornithine Bird with Diapsidian Skull and Its Dental Development in the Early Cretaceous in Liaoning, China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |date=February 2004 |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2004.tb00668.x |bibcode=2004AcGlS..78....1G |s2cid=129218847 }}</ref> and groups specifically with [[Euenantiornithes]] in some [[cladistic]] analyses,<ref name=Mortimer2004a>{{cite web |last1=Mortimer |first1=Michael |work=The Theropod Database |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516175802/http://archosaur.us/theropoddatabase/Phylogeny%20of%20Taxa.html |title=Phylogeny of taxa |url=http://archosaur.us/theropoddatabase/Phylogeny%20of%20Taxa.html |archive-date=16 May 2013 }}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=August 2021}} it might be [[basal (phylogeny)|basal]] to or in Enantiornithes, being somewhat reminiscent of the equally puzzling ''[[Protopteryx]]''.<ref>{{cite mailing list |last1=Mortimer |first1=Michael |date=21 February 2004 |url=http://dml.cmnh.org/2004Feb/msg00422.html |title=Tyrannosauroids and dromaeosaurs |mailing-list=Dinosaur Mailing List |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040729131502/http://dml.cmnh.org/2004Feb/msg00422.html |archive-date=29 July 2004 }}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=August 2021}} Its [[plesiomorph]]ies are comprehensive, as can be expected from its old age, but the [[autapomorph]]ies appear quite "modern", especially compared to other early Enantiornithes.<ref name="Zhang et al 2001"/>


A distinct [[order (biology)|order]] ('''Longipterygiformes''') and [[family (biology)|family]] ('''Longipterygidae''') has been proposed for it.<ref name = descr /> Given that neither its exact relationships nor any close relatives are presently known, not much can be said about the [[phylogenetic]] position of ''L. chaoyangensis''. On the other hand, ''[[Longirostravis hani]]'', described a few years after ''Longipteryx'', appears to be phylogenetically closer to the present [[taxon]] than other [[Mesozoic]] birds and indeed they might constitute a [[clade]] of early specialized Euenantiornithes.<ref>Mortimer (2004a)</ref> If this is correct, they might well be considered as an order, in which case Longirostravisiformes and Longirostravisidae would become [[junior synonym]]s of Longipterygiformes and Longipterygidae, respectively.
A distinct [[order (biology)|order]] ('''Longipterygiformes''') and [[family (biology)|family]] ('''Longipterygidae''') has been proposed for it.<ref name="Zhang et al 2001"/> Given that neither its exact relationships nor any close relatives are presently known, not much can be said about the [[phylogenetic]] position of ''L. chaoyangensis''. On the other hand, ''[[Longirostravis hani]]'', described a few years after ''Longipteryx'', appears to be phylogenetically closer to the present [[taxon]] than other [[Mesozoic]] birds and indeed they might constitute a [[clade]] of early specialized Euenantiornithes.<ref name=Mortimer2004a/> If this is correct, they might well be considered as an order, in which case Longirostravisiformes and Longirostravisidae would become [[junior synonym]]s of Longipterygiformes and Longipterygidae, respectively.


==Footnotes==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== Further reading ==
==References==
* {{aut|Clarke, Julia A.; Zhou, Zhonghe & Zhang, Fucheng}} (2006): Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of ''Yixianornis grabaui''. ''Journal of Anatomy'' '''208''' (3):287-308. {{DOI|10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x}} {{PMID|16533313}} [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x PDF fulltext] [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/suppl/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x/suppl_file/JOA534_a3.xls Electronic Appendix]
* {{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=Julia A. |last2=Zhou |first2=Zhonghe |last3=Zhang |first3=Fucheng |title=Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of ''Yixianornis grabaui'' |journal=Journal of Anatomy |date=March 2006 |volume=208 |issue=3 |pages=287–308 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x |pmid=16533313 |pmc=2100246 }}
* {{aut|Gong, Enpu; Hou, Lianhai & Wang, Lixia}} (2004) Enantiornithine Bird with Diapsidian Skull and Its Dental Development in the Early Cretaceous in Liaoning, China. ''Acta Geologica Sinica'' '''78'''(1): 1-7. [http://www.paper.edu.cn/downloadpaper.php?serial_number=gongenpu-3&type=2 PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Lamanna, Matthew C.; You, Hailu; Harris, Jerald D.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Ji, Shuan; Lü, Junchang & Ji, Qiang}} (2006): A partial skeleton of an enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of northwestern China. ''Acta Palaeontologica Polonica'' '''51'''(3): 423–434. [http://www.app.pan.pl/acta51/app51-423.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Mortimer, Michael}} (2004a): The Theropod Database: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130516175802/http://archosaur.us/theropoddatabase/Phylogeny%20of%20Taxa.html Phylogeny of taxa]. Retrieved 2013-MAR-02.
* {{aut|Mortimer, Michael}} (2004b): [http://dml.cmnh.org/2004Feb/msg00422.html Tyrannosauroids and dromaeosaurs]. Analysis posted on Dinosaur Mailing List 2004-FEB-21. Retrieved 2007-OCT-29.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Zhang | first1 = Fucheng | last2 = Zhou | first2 = Zhonghe | last3 = Hou | first3 = Lianhai | last4 = Gu | first4 = Gang | year = 2001 | title = Early diversification of birds: Evidence from a new opposite bird | journal = Chinese Science Bulletin | volume = 46 | issue = 11 | pages = 945–949 |url = http://www.ivpp.ac.cn/qt/papers/201206/P020120604521881506889.pdf | doi=10.1007/bf02900473}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070822114227/http://www.shanghai-fossil.com.cn/products/display.asp?ClassID=3&ProductsID=291 ''L. chaoyangensis'' at shanghai-fossil.com] [in Chinese]. Contains photos of holotype with fossilized plumage. Retrieved 2007-OCT-29
* {{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822114227/http://www.shanghai-fossil.com.cn/products/display.asp?ClassID=3&ProductsID=291 |title=朝阳长翼鸟 |trans-title=Chaoyang Longwing Bird |language=Chinese |url=http://www.shanghai-fossil.com.cn/products/display.asp?ClassID=3&ProductsID=291 |archive-date=22 August 2007 }}


{{Portal|Paleontology}}
{{Portal|Paleontology}}
{{Paraves|E.}}
{{Enantiornithes}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1869545}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1869545}}


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[[Category:Early Cretaceous birds of Asia]]
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[[Category:Longipterygidae]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
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[[Category:Early Cretaceous birds of Asia]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2001]]
[[Category:Jiufotang fauna]]
[[Category:Jiufotang fauna]]
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[[Category:Longipterygids]]

Latest revision as of 00:18, 8 January 2025

Longipteryx
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, 120 Ma
↓
Fossil specimen, Beijing Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Clade: Avialae
Clade: †Enantiornithes
Family: †Longipterygidae
Genus: †Longipteryx
Zhang et al., 2001
Species:
†L. chaoyangensis
Binomial name
†Longipteryx chaoyangensis
Zhang et al., 2001
Synonyms

Camptodontornis yangi? (Li et al., 2010)[1]

Longipteryx is a genus of prehistoric bird which lived during the Early Cretaceous (Aptian stage, 120.3 million years ago). It contains a single species, Longipteryx chaoyangensis. Its remains have been recovered from the Jiufotang Formation at Chaoyang in Liaoning Province, China. Apart from the holotype IVPP V 12325 - a fine and nearly complete skeleton — another entire skeleton (IPPV V 12552), some isolated bones (a humerus and furcula, specimens IPPV V 12553, and an ulna, IPPV V 12554) and many other specimens are known to date.[2][3]

The name Longipteryx means "one with long feathers", from Latin longus, "long" + Ancient Greek pteryx (πτέρυξ), "wing", "feather" or "pinion". The specific name chaoyangensis is from the Latin for "from Chaoyang".

Description

[edit]
Life restoration based on outdated piscivorous interpretation

Excluding the tail, Longipteryx was some 15 cm long overall in life. It had a long bill — longer than the rest of the head — with a few hooked teeth at the tip, and, as the name implies, proportionally long and strong wings. Although it was basal to the extent that it had two long separate fingers with claws and a stubby thumb, the flight apparatus was generally quite well developed, and unlike most other birds of its time it possessed uncinate processes which strengthened the ribcage. Its claws and toes were long and strong while the leg was quite short. Altogether, the ability to fly and to perch was quite sophisticated for its age, to the detriment of terrestrial locomotion: the humerus was 1.56 times the length of the femur.[2][4]

The holotype retains many feather impressions, though poorly preserved; remiges do not seem to have been preserved, and what feathers remain are apparently only body feathers, wing coverts and down.[2] The end of the tail is destroyed in the holotype;[2] no rectrices are preserved and while the pygostyle is complete in other skeletons, only halos of short feathers are preserved.[5] While the related Shanweiniao and some other enantiornithines preserve two, four, or eight long display feathers on the tail, the absence of such feathers in any known specimen of Longipteryx probably indicates that they were absent in this species.[5]

Longipteryx was frugivorous, indicated by the discovery of complete gymnosperm seeds and a lack of gastroliths within two specimens, STM8–86 and STM8–112.[3] Initially, it was interpreted as a piscivore or an insectivore.[2][6][7] The authors of the 2024 study who reported direct evidence of frugivory in Longipteryx suggested that researchers should be cautious when predicting the diets in extinct taxa based on "untested morphological proxies".[3]

Classification

[edit]
Fossil specimen, Hong Kong Science Museum

The affiliations of Longipteryx are not resolved. While it has been sometimes included in the Enantiornithes[2][8] and groups specifically with Euenantiornithes in some cladistic analyses,[9][self-published source?] it might be basal to or in Enantiornithes, being somewhat reminiscent of the equally puzzling Protopteryx.[10][self-published source?] Its plesiomorphies are comprehensive, as can be expected from its old age, but the autapomorphies appear quite "modern", especially compared to other early Enantiornithes.[2]

A distinct order (Longipterygiformes) and family (Longipterygidae) has been proposed for it.[2] Given that neither its exact relationships nor any close relatives are presently known, not much can be said about the phylogenetic position of L. chaoyangensis. On the other hand, Longirostravis hani, described a few years after Longipteryx, appears to be phylogenetically closer to the present taxon than other Mesozoic birds and indeed they might constitute a clade of early specialized Euenantiornithes.[9] If this is correct, they might well be considered as an order, in which case Longirostravisiformes and Longirostravisidae would become junior synonyms of Longipterygiformes and Longipterygidae, respectively.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Xuri Wang; Caizhi Shen; Sizhao Liu; Chunling Gao; Xiaodong Cheng; Fengjiao Zhang (2015). "New material of Longipteryx (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China with the first recognized avian tooth crenulations". Zootaxa. 3941 (4): 565–578. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3941.4.5. PMID 25947529.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Zhang, Fucheng; Zhou, Zhonghe; Hou, Lianhai; Gu, Gang (June 2001). "Early diversification of birds: Evidence from a new opposite bird". Chinese Science Bulletin. 46 (11): 945–949. Bibcode:2001ChSBu..46..945Z. doi:10.1007/bf02900473. S2CID 85215328.
  3. ^ a b c O’Connor, J.; Clark, A.; Herrera, F.; Yang, X.; Wang, X.; Zheng, X.; Hu, H.; Zhou, Z. (2024). "Direct evidence of frugivory in the Mesozoic bird Longipteryx contradicts morphological proxies for diet". Current Biology. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.08.012.
  4. ^ Lamanna, Matthew C.; You, Hai-Lu; Harris, Jerald D.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Ji, Shu-An; Lü, Jun-Chang; Ji, Qiang (2006). "A partial skeleton of an enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of northwestern China". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 51 (3): 423–434.
  5. ^ a b O'Connor, J.K.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F. (2011). "A reappraisal of Boluochia zhengi (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 9 (1): 51–63. Bibcode:2011JSPal...9...51O. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.512614. S2CID 84817636.
  6. ^ Zhou, Ya-Chun; Sullivan, Corwin; Zhou, Zhong-He; Zhang, Fu-Cheng (January 2021). "Evolution of tooth crown shape in Mesozoic birds, and its adaptive significance with respect to diet". Palaeoworld. 30 (4): 724–736. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.12.008. S2CID 234117375.
  7. ^ Miller, Case Vincent; Pittman, Michael; Wang, Xiaoli; Zheng, Xiaoting; Bright, Jen A. (2022). "Diet of Mesozoic toothed birds (Longipterygidae) inferred from quantitative analysis of extant avian diet proxies". BMC Biology. 20 (1): 101. doi:10.1186/s12915-022-01294-3. PMC 9097364. PMID 35550084.
  8. ^ Enpu, Gong; Lianhai, Hou; Lixia, Wang (February 2004). "Enantiornithine Bird with Diapsidian Skull and Its Dental Development in the Early Cretaceous in Liaoning, China". Acta Geologica Sinica. 78 (1): 1–7. Bibcode:2004AcGlS..78....1G. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2004.tb00668.x. S2CID 129218847.
  9. ^ a b Mortimer, Michael. "Phylogeny of taxa". The Theropod Database. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013.
  10. ^ Mortimer, Michael (21 February 2004). "Tyrannosauroids and dromaeosaurs". Dinosaur Mailing List (Mailing list). Archived from the original on 29 July 2004.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Longipteryx&oldid=1268059344"