Iceland gull: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of bird}} |
{{Short description|Species of bird in the genus Larus}} |
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{{speciesbox |
{{speciesbox |
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| name = Iceland gull |
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| image = Larus glaucoides IthacaNY.jpg |
| image = Larus glaucoides IthacaNY.jpg |
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| image_caption = Adult, [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]], NY |
| image_caption = Adult, [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]], NY |
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| status = LC |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>BirdLife International. 2019 |
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International. |year=2019 |amends=2018 |title=''Larus glaucoides'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T22729877A155595584 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22729877A155595584.en |access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref> |
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| genus = Larus |
| genus = Larus |
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| species = glaucoides |
| species = glaucoides |
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| authority = [[Bernhard Meyer|Meyer]], 1822 |
| authority = [[Bernhard Meyer|Meyer, B]], 1822 |
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| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies |
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies |
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| subdivision = |
| subdivision = |
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{{Species list |
{{Species list |
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|L. g. glaucoides|Meyer, 1822 |
|L. g. glaucoides|Meyer, 1822 |
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|[[Kumlien's gull|L. g. kumlieni]]|Brewster, 1883 |
|''[[Kumlien's gull|L. g. kumlieni]]''|Brewster, 1883 |
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|[[Thayer's gull|L. g. thayeri]]|Brooks, WS, 1915 |
|''[[Thayer's gull|L. g. thayeri]]''|Brooks, WS, 1915 |
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}} |
}} |
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| range_map = Larus glaucoides map.svg |
| range_map = Larus glaucoides map.svg |
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| range_map_caption = Distribution |
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{{leftlegend|#FF7F2A|Breeding}}{{leftlegend|#FFDD55|Migration}}{{leftlegend|#5F8DD3|Nonbreeding}}{{leftlegend|#afc6e9|Nonbreeding (scarce)}} |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:IcelandGull.jpg|thumb|Iceland gull (''Larus glaucoides''), juvenile, [[Cley Marshes]]]] |
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[[File:20250105 iceland gull beaver brook open space PD200402.jpg|thumb|Close-up of first winter individual. Wethersfield, CT USA]] |
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| ⚫ | The '''Iceland gull''' ('''''Larus glaucoides''''') is a medium-sized [[gull]] that breeds in the Arctic regions of Canada and [[Greenland]], but not in [[Iceland]] (as its name suggests), where it is only seen during winter. The genus name is from [[Latin]] ''larus'', which appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird. The specific name ''glaucoides'' denotes its resemblance to ''Larus glaucus'', a [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''Larus hyperboreus'', the [[glaucous gull]]; ''-oides'' is [[Ancient Greek]] and means "resembling".<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n174 174], 219}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The '''Iceland gull''' (''Larus glaucoides'') is a medium-sized [[gull]] that breeds in the Arctic regions of Canada and [[Greenland]], but not in [[Iceland]] (as its name suggests), where it is only seen during winter. The genus name is from [[Latin]] ''larus'', which appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird. The specific name ''glaucoides'' denotes its resemblance to ''Larus glaucus'', a [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''Larus hyperboreus'', the [[glaucous gull]]; ''-oides'' is [[Ancient Greek]] and means "resembling".<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n174 174], 219}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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The Iceland gull is a medium-sized gull, although relatively slender and light in weight. In length, it can measure from {{convert|50|to|64|cm|in|abbr=on}}, wingspan is from {{convert|115|to|150|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and weight is from {{convert|480|to|1100|g|lb|abbr=on}}. Among standard measurements, the [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] is {{convert|37.9|to|44.3|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the [[Beak|bill]] is {{convert|3.6|to|5.4|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and the [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] is {{convert|4.9|to|6.7|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Olsen2004/><ref name=Harrison/><ref name=CRC/> It is smaller and thinner-billed than the very large glaucous gull, and is usually smaller than the [[herring gull]]. It takes four years to reach maturity. |
The Iceland gull is a medium-sized gull, although relatively slender and light in weight. In length, it can measure from {{convert|50|to|64|cm|in|abbr=on}}, wingspan is from {{convert|115|to|150|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and weight is from {{convert|480|to|1100|g|lb|abbr=on}}. Among standard measurements, the [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] is {{convert|37.9|to|44.3|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the [[Beak|bill]] is {{convert|3.6|to|5.4|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and the [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] is {{convert|4.9|to|6.7|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Olsen2004/><ref name=Harrison/><ref name=CRC/> It is smaller and thinner-billed than the very large glaucous gull, and is usually smaller than the [[herring gull]]. It takes four years to reach maturity. |
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[[File:Larus glaucoides DrydenNY.jpg|thumb|left|Young [[Kumlien's gull]] in [[New York (state)|New York]]]] |
[[File:Larus glaucoides DrydenNY.jpg|thumb|left|Young [[Kumlien's gull]] in [[New York (state)|New York]]]] |
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==Call== |
==Call== |
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The call is a "laughing" cry like the herring gull, but higher pitched. |
The call is a "laughing" cry like the [[European herring gull|herring gull]], but higher pitched. |
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[[File:Larus glaucoides MWNH 0322.JPG|thumb|Eggs, collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]] |
[[File:Larus glaucoides MWNH 0322.JPG|thumb|Eggs, collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]] |
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It is [[bird migration|migratory]], wintering from in the North [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] as far south as the [[British Isles]] and northernmost states of the eastern United States, as well as in the interior of North America as far west as the western [[Great Lakes]]. It is much scarcer in Europe than the similar glaucous gull. |
It is [[bird migration|migratory]], wintering from in the North [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] as far south as the [[British Isles]] and northernmost states of the eastern United States, as well as in the interior of North America as far west as the western [[Great Lakes]]. It is much scarcer in Europe than the similar glaucous gull. |
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This species breeds colonially or singly on coasts and cliffs, making a nest lined with grass, moss, or seaweed on the ground or cliff. Normally, two or three light brown eggs are laid. They breed in Canada and Greenland, but not in Iceland. |
This species breeds colonially or singly on coasts and cliffs, making a nest lined with grass, moss, or seaweed on the ground or cliff. Normally, two or three light brown eggs are laid. They breed in Canada and Greenland, but not in Iceland. |
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Like most ''Larus'' gulls, these are omnivores, eating fish, molluscs, offal, scraps, and eggs. They forage while flying, picking up food at or just below the water's surface, and they also feed while walking or swimming. Their scavenging habits lead them to frequent garbage dumps, sewage outlets, and places where fish are cleaned. |
Like most ''Larus'' gulls, these are omnivores, eating fish, molluscs, offal, scraps, and eggs. They forage while flying, picking up food at or just below the water's surface, and they also feed while walking or swimming. Their scavenging habits lead them to frequent garbage dumps, sewage outlets, and places where fish are cleaned. |
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==Taxonomy and systematics== |
==Taxonomy and systematics== |
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The American [[taxon]] of Iceland gull by the [[American Ornithological Society]] as of 2017 considers the following as subspecies:<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Chesser | first1=R. Terry | last2=Burns | first2=Kevin J. | last3=Cicero | first3=Carla | last4=Dunn | first4=John L. | last5=Kratter | first5=Andrew W | last6=Lovette | first6=Irby J | last7=Rasmussen | first7=Pamela C. | last8=Remsen | first8=J.V. Jr | last9=Rising | first9=James D. | last10=Stotz | first10=Douglas F. | last11=Winker | first11=Kevin | year=2017 | title=Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds |journal=The Auk |volume=134 | issue=3 |pages=751–773 |doi=10.1642/AUK-17-72.1 | doi-access=free | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236363 }}</ref> |
The American [[taxon]] of Iceland gull by the [[American Ornithological Society]] as of 2017 considers the following as subspecies:<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Chesser | first1=R. Terry | last2=Burns | first2=Kevin J. | last3=Cicero | first3=Carla | last4=Dunn | first4=John L. | last5=Kratter | first5=Andrew W | last6=Lovette | first6=Irby J | last7=Rasmussen | first7=Pamela C. | last8=Remsen | first8=J.V. Jr | last9=Rising | first9=James D. | last10=Stotz | first10=Douglas F. | last11=Winker | first11=Kevin | year=2017 | title=Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds |journal=The Auk |volume=134 | issue=3 |pages=751–773 |doi=10.1642/AUK-17-72.1 | doi-access=free | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236363 }}</ref> |
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The nominate subspecies, ''L. g. glaucoides'', is very pale in all plumage, with absolutely no melanin in the tips of the primaries in adult plumage. Adults are pale grey above, with a yellowish-green bill. Immatures are very pale grey; the bill is more extensively dark than with glaucous gull, and lacks pink. |
The nominate subspecies, ''L. g. glaucoides'', is very pale in all plumage, with absolutely no melanin in the tips of the primaries in adult plumage. Adults are pale grey above, with a yellowish-green bill. Immatures are very pale grey; the bill is more extensively dark than with glaucous gull, and lacks pink. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|refs= |
{{Reflist|refs= |
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<ref name=CRC>{{cite book |title=CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses |editor-first=John B. |
<ref name=CRC>{{cite book |title=CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses |editor-first=John B. Jr. |editor-last=Dunning |publisher=CRC Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8493-4258-5}}</ref> |
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<ref name=Harrison>{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Peter |title=Seabirds: An Identification Guide |year=1991 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-395-60291-1}}</ref> |
<ref name=Harrison>{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Peter |title=Seabirds: An Identification Guide |year=1991 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-395-60291-1}}</ref> |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q174232}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q174232}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:gull, Iceland}} |
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[[Category:Larus|Iceland gull]] |
[[Category:Larus|Iceland gull]] |
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[[Category:Birds of the Arctic]] |
[[Category:Birds of the Arctic]] |
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Latest revision as of 00:39, 9 January 2025
| Iceland gull | |
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| Adult, Ithaca, NY | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Charadriiformes |
| Family: | Laridae |
| Genus: | Larus |
| Species: | L. glaucoides
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| Binomial name | |
| Larus glaucoides Meyer, B, 1822
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| Subspecies | |
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| Distribution
Breeding Migration Nonbreeding Nonbreeding (scarce)
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The Iceland gull (Larus glaucoides) is a medium-sized gull that breeds in the Arctic regions of Canada and Greenland, but not in Iceland (as its name suggests), where it is only seen during winter. The genus name is from Latin larus, which appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird. The specific name glaucoides denotes its resemblance to Larus glaucus, a synonym of Larus hyperboreus, the glaucous gull; -oides is Ancient Greek and means "resembling".[2]
Description
[edit]The Iceland gull is a medium-sized gull, although relatively slender and light in weight. In length, it can measure from 50 to 64 cm (20 to 25 in), wingspan is from 115 to 150 cm (45 to 59 in), and weight is from 480 to 1,100 g (1.06 to 2.43 lb). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 37.9 to 44.3 cm (14.9 to 17.4 in), the bill is 3.6 to 5.4 cm (1.4 to 2.1 in), and the tarsus is 4.9 to 6.7 cm (1.9 to 2.6 in).[3][4][5] It is smaller and thinner-billed than the very large glaucous gull, and is usually smaller than the herring gull. It takes four years to reach maturity.
Call
[edit]The call is a "laughing" cry like the herring gull, but higher pitched.
Ecology
[edit]It is migratory, wintering from in the North Atlantic as far south as the British Isles and northernmost states of the eastern United States, as well as in the interior of North America as far west as the western Great Lakes. It is much scarcer in Europe than the similar glaucous gull.
This species breeds colonially or singly on coasts and cliffs, making a nest lined with grass, moss, or seaweed on the ground or cliff. Normally, two or three light brown eggs are laid. They breed in Canada and Greenland, but not in Iceland.
Like most Larus gulls, these are omnivores, eating fish, molluscs, offal, scraps, and eggs. They forage while flying, picking up food at or just below the water's surface, and they also feed while walking or swimming. Their scavenging habits lead them to frequent garbage dumps, sewage outlets, and places where fish are cleaned.
Taxonomy and systematics
[edit]The American taxon of Iceland gull by the American Ornithological Society as of 2017 considers the following as subspecies:[6]
- Kumlien's gull, L. g. kumlieni
- Thayer's gull, L. g. thayeri
The nominate subspecies, L. g. glaucoides, is very pale in all plumage, with absolutely no melanin in the tips of the primaries in adult plumage. Adults are pale grey above, with a yellowish-green bill. Immatures are very pale grey; the bill is more extensively dark than with glaucous gull, and lacks pink.
References
[edit]- ^ BirdLife International. (2019) [amended version of 2018 assessment]. "Larus glaucoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22729877A155595584. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22729877A155595584.en. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
- ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 174, 219. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (2004). Gulls of North America, Europe, and Asia. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691119977.
- ^ Harrison, Peter (1991). Seabirds: An Identification Guide. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-395-60291-1.
- ^ Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
- ^ Chesser, R. Terry; Burns, Kevin J.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, John L.; Kratter, Andrew W; Lovette, Irby J; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F.; Winker, Kevin (2017). "Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk. 134 (3): 751–773. doi:10.1642/AUK-17-72.1.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Larus glaucoides.
Wikispecies has information related to Larus glaucoides.
- BirdLife species factsheet for Larus glaucoides
- "Larus glaucoides". Avibase.
- "Iceland gull media". Internet Bird Collection.
- Iceland gull photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
- Interactive range map of Larus glaucoides at IUCN Red List maps
- Audio recordings of Iceland gull on Xeno-canto.
- Larus glaucoides in Field Guide: Birds of the World on Flickr
