Viburnum opulus: Difference between revisions

Viburnum opulus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Dipsacales
Family:	Adoxaceae
Genus:	Viburnum
Species:	V. opulus
Binomial name
	Viburnum opulus; L.
Synonyms
	List Opulus edulis J.Presl; Opulus glandulosa Moench; Opulus glandulosa var. globosa Schur; Opulus lobatofolia Gilib.; Opulus oxycoccos (Pursh) J.Presl; Opulus palustris Gray; Opulus trilobifolia Gilib. ex Ledeb.; Opulus vulgaris Borkh.; Viburnum glandulosum Salisb.; Viburnum lobatum Lam.; Viburnum nanum Dippel; Viburnum opuloides Muhl.; Viburnum opulus var. europaeum Aiton; Viburnum opulus var. europeanum Michx.; Viburnum opulus f. flavum (Horw.) P.D.Sell; Viburnum opulus var. flavum Horw.; Viburnum opulus f. glabrifolium Gajić; Viburnum opulus f. nanum (David) Zabel; Viburnum opulus var. nanum (David) H.Jaeger; Viburnum opulus nanum I.David; Viburnum opulus var. pimina Michx.; Viburnum opulus f. pygmaeum Schelle; Viburnum opulus var. roseum L.; Viburnum opulus f. roseum (L.) Hegi; Viburnum opulus var. sterile Mérat; Viburnum opulus var. sterilis DC.; Viburnum opulus var. subintegrifolium (Hook.) Torr. & A.Gray; Viburnum opulus subsp.. typicum R.T.Clausen; Viburnum opulus var. variegatum Weston; Viburnum opulus f. variegatum (Weston) Zabel; Viburnum opulus var. vasicii Gajić; Viburnum opulus xanthocarpum Späth; Viburnum opulus var. xanthocarpum (Späth) C.K.Schneid.; Viburnum opulus f. xanthocarpum (Späth) Rehder; Viburnum oxycoccos Pursh; Viburnum oxycoccos var. eradiatum Oakes; Viburnum oxycoccos var. subintegrifolium Hook.; Viburnum palustre Raf.; Viburnum pinnina Raf.; Viburnum primina Raf.; Viburnum rosaceum Steud.; Viburnum roseum Steud.; ;

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Viburnum opulus, commonly known as the guelder-rose,^[2] or guelder rose (/ˈɡɛldər/),^[3] is an Old World species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae.

Description

Viburnum opulus is a deciduous shrub growing to 4–5 m (13–16 ft) tall. The leaves are opposite, three-lobed, 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long and broad, with a rounded base and coarsely serrated margins; they are superficially similar to the leaves of some maples, most easily distinguished by their somewhat wrinkled surface with impressed leaf venation. The leaf buds are green, with valvate bud scales.

The hermaphrodite flowers are white, produced in corymbs 4–11 cm (2–4 in) in diameter at the top of the stems. Each corymb comprises a ring of outer sterile flowers 1.5–2 cm (5⁄8–3⁄4 in) in diameter with conspicuous petals, surrounding a center of small (5 mm or 1⁄4 in) fertile flowers. The flowers are produced in early summer and are pollinated by insects. The fruit is a globose bright red drupe 7–10 mm (1⁄4–3⁄8 in) in diameter, containing a single seed. The seeds are dispersed by birds.

Leaves and flowers
Foliage and fruit
Fruits close-up

Names

The common name 'guelder rose' relates to the Dutch province of Gelderland, where a popular cultivar, the snowball tree, supposedly originated.^[4] Other common names include water elder, cramp bark, snowball tree, common snowball,^[5] and European cranberrybush, though this plant is not closely related to the cranberry. Some botanists also include the North American species Viburnum trilobum as V. opulus var. americanum Ait., or as V. opulus subsp. trilobum (Marshall) Clausen.

Phylogeny

Viburnum opulus is a member of the Viburnum genus which contains 160 to 170 species. It is classified in the subsection Opulus, which usually contains five species. Phylogenetic analyses suggest the following relationship between those species:

clade containing sections Sambucina, Lobata, Coriacea, and Succodontotinus

Opulus sect.

	V. edule (squashberry, mooseberry)—Canada and northern parts of the US

	V. koreanum (Korean viburnum)—China, Korea

	V. sargentii (tianmu viburnum)—northeastern Asia

	V. opulus

V. trilobum (high bush viburnum)—northern North America

Distribution and habitat

The species is native to Europe, northern Africa, and central Asia.^[6] It is naturalised in North America.

Cultivation

Viburnum opulus is grown as an ornamental plant for its flowers and berries, growing best on moist, moderately alkaline soils, though tolerating most soil types well. Several cultivars have been selected, including 'Roseum', in which all the flowers are only of the larger sterile type, with globular flower heads.

The shrub is also cultivated as a component of hedgerows, cover plantings, and as part of other naturalistic plantings in its native regions.

The cultivars 'Notcutt's Variety',^[7] 'Roseum'^[8] and the yellow-fruited 'Xanthocarpum'^[9] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.^[10]

Toxicity and uses

The fruit is edible in small quantities, with a very bitter taste; it can be used to make jelly. It is however mildly toxic, and may cause vomiting or diarrhea if eaten in large amounts.^[11] The ripe fruit is often ignored by birds and avoided by humans due to a foul smell emitted when crushed, described by some as "musty socks" or "urine and vomit".^[12]

The term 'cramp bark' is related to the bark's use in traditional medicine for cramps, but there is no scientific evidence of its effectiveness for this use or any other.^[13]

In culture

Mentions of the viburnum can be found throughout Ukrainian folklore such as songs, decorative art, Ukrainian embroidery, and poetry.^[14] Its symbolic roots can be traced to the Slavic paganism of millennia ago. According to a legend, kalyna was associated with the birth of the Universe, the so-called Fire Trinity: the Sun, the Moon, and the Star.^[15]^[16] Its berries symbolize one's home and native land, blood, and family roots.^[17]^[18] Kalyna is often depicted on Ukrainian embroidery: ritual cloths and shirts. In Slavic paganism kalyna also represents the beauty of a young lady, which rhymes well in the Ukrainian language: ka-ly-na – div-chy-na.^[19]^[20]^[21] The song "Chervona Kalyna" was the anthem of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen^[22]^[23] and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army; along with these national liberating movements in 20th century guelder rose was established as a symbol of riflemen honor, and state independence.^[24]

In Russia the Viburnum fruit is called kalina (калина) and is commonly found in folklore. Kalina derived in Russian language from kalit' or raskalyat', which means "to make red-hot". The red fiery color of the berries represents beauty in Russian culture and together with sweet raspberries it symbolises the passionate love of a beautiful maiden, since berries were always an erotic symbol in Russia.^[25]^: 149 The bitter side of the red fruit also symbolizes love separation in Russian folk culture.^[26] The name of the Russian song Kalinka is a diminutive of Kalina. Viburnum opulus is also an important symbol of the Russian national ornamental wood painting handicraft style called Khokhloma.^{[citation needed]}

In Romanian, which has been influenced by East Slavic culture, Viburnum opulus is called călin.^{[citation needed]} Călin is also used as both a given name and a surname.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ "Viburnum opulus L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
^ "guelder rose". Oxford English Dictionary second edition. Oxford University Press. 1989. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
^ The Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Trees and Shrubs of Britain p.143.
^ Bock, Klaus; Jensen; Nielson; Norn (1978). "Iridoid allosides from Viburnum opulus". Phytochemistry. 17 (4): 753–757. Bibcode:1978PChem..17..753B. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94220-1.
^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Viburnum opulus 'Notcutt's Variety'". Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Viburnum opulus 'Roseum'". RHS. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Viburnum opulus 'Xanthocarpum'". RHS. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 107. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
^ "Plant Database Search". www.pfaf.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
^ "Guelder rose - a wild super fruit that smells like old socks". EATWEEDS. 17 October 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
^ "Cramp Bark: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning". www.webmd.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
^ Потебня, Олександр (1985). "Про деякі символи в слов'янській народній поезії". Естетика і поетика слова. К: Мистецтво. pp. 207–210.
^ Lady of Prykarpattia Archived 4 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in Ukrainian)
^ Ukrainian embroidery Archived 13 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Ukrainian)
^ "Що означають візерунки стародавніх українських вишивок (фото)". ВСВІТІ (in Ukrainian). 23 March 2021. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
^ Ostrovska, Tetyana (1992). Знаки 155 стародавніх українських вишивок (альбом) (in Ukrainian). Київ: Бібліотечка журналу "Соняшник".
^ Doctor Bozhko, Agrarian Sciences. Trees in culture by folk. Archived 4 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Ukrainian)
^ Doctor Kuzmenko, Philological Sciences. The symbolics of guilder rose in Ukrainian songs of the 20th century national liberating movements. Archived 4 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in English and Ukrainian)
^ darpoj (17 July 2007). "a kalyna ne verba-live(Natalka Karpa)". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
^ "Стрілецькі піснї і труби". Збруч (in Ukrainian). 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
^ Anatoliy, Ivanytskiy (2008). Хрестоматія з українського музичного фольклору.: Навчальний посібник для ВНЗ I–IV р.а. (in Ukrainian). Нова Книга. p. 499. ISBN 978-966-382-139-9. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
^ Kuzmenko, O. (2006). "The symbolics of guilder rose in Ukrainian songs of the 20th century national liberating movements" (PDF). Науковий вісник. 16 (4): 87. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
^ Prokhorov, Vadim (2002). Russian folk songs : musical genres and history. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810841274. OCLC 47208585.
^ MacLaury, Robert E.; Paramei, Galina V.; Dedrick, Don (2007). Anthropology of color interdisciplinary multilevel modeling. J. Benjamins Pub. Co. pp. 418. ISBN 9789027232434. OCLC 928983471.

External links

Flora Europaea: Viburnum opulus
"Viburnum opulus". Plants for a Future.
Viburnum opulus in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley

[POWO_326268-2-1] "Viburnum opulus L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2023.

[BSBI07-2] BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.

[3] "guelder rose". Oxford English Dictionary second edition. Oxford University Press. 1989. Retrieved 7 December 2018.

[4] The Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Trees and Shrubs of Britain p.143.

[denmark78-5] Bock, Klaus; Jensen; Nielson; Norn (1978). "Iridoid allosides from Viburnum opulus". Phytochemistry. 17 (4): 753–757. Bibcode:1978PChem..17..753B. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94220-1.

[RHSAZ-6] RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.

[7] "RHS Plant Selector - Viburnum opulus 'Notcutt's Variety'". Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.

[8] "RHS Plant Selector - Viburnum opulus 'Roseum'". RHS. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.

[9] "RHS Plant Selector - Viburnum opulus 'Xanthocarpum'". RHS. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.

[10] "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 107. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2019.

[11] "Plant Database Search". www.pfaf.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2012.

[12] "Guelder rose - a wild super fruit that smells like old socks". EATWEEDS. 17 October 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2024.

[webmd-13] "Cramp Bark: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning". www.webmd.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.

[14] Потебня, Олександр (1985). "Про деякі символи в слов'янській народній поезії". Естетика і поетика слова. К: Мистецтво. pp. 207–210.

[15] Lady of Prykarpattia Archived 4 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in Ukrainian)

[16] Ukrainian embroidery Archived 13 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Ukrainian)

[17] "Що означають візерунки стародавніх українських вишивок (фото)". ВСВІТІ (in Ukrainian). 23 March 2021. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.

[18] Ostrovska, Tetyana (1992). Знаки 155 стародавніх українських вишивок (альбом) (in Ukrainian). Київ: Бібліотечка журналу "Соняшник".

[19] Doctor Bozhko, Agrarian Sciences. Trees in culture by folk. Archived 4 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Ukrainian)

[20] Doctor Kuzmenko, Philological Sciences. The symbolics of guilder rose in Ukrainian songs of the 20th century national liberating movements. Archived 4 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in English and Ukrainian)

[21] rpoj (17 July 2007). "a kalyna ne verba-live(Natalka Karpa)". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.

[22] "Стрілецькі піснї і труби". Збруч (in Ukrainian). 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2022.

[23] Anatoliy, Ivanytskiy (2008). Хрестоматія з українського музичного фольклору.: Навчальний посібник для ВНЗ I–IV р.а. (in Ukrainian). Нова Книга. p. 499. ISBN 978-966-382-139-9. Retrieved 16 April 2022.

[24] Kuzmenko, O. (2006). "The symbolics of guilder rose in Ukrainian songs of the 20th century national liberating movements" (PDF). Науковий вісник. 16 (4): 87. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2022.

[Prokhorov-25] Prokhorov, Vadim (2002). Russian folk songs : musical genres and history. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810841274. OCLC 47208585.

[26] MacLaury, Robert E.; Paramei, Galina V.; Dedrick, Don (2007). Anthropology of color interdisciplinary multilevel modeling. J. Benjamins Pub. Co. pp. 418. ISBN 9789027232434. OCLC 928983471.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
 {{Speciesbox
 | image = Viburnum 01.JPG
-| image_caption = Plant with fruit
 | genus = Viburnum
 | species = opulus
 | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
+| synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO_326268-2" >{{cite POWO |id=326268-2 |title=''Viburnum opulus'' L. |access-date=5 August 2023 }}</ref>
-}}
+| synonyms = {{Collapsible list|
+*''Opulus edulis'' {{small|J.Presl}}
+*''Opulus glandulosa'' {{small|Moench}}
+*''Opulus glandulosa'' var. ''globosa'' {{small|Schur}}
+*''Opulus lobatofolia'' {{small|Gilib.}}
+*''Opulus oxycoccos'' {{small|(Pursh) J.Presl}}
+*''Opulus palustris'' {{small|Gray}}
+*''Opulus trilobifolia'' {{small|Gilib. ex Ledeb.}}
+*''Opulus vulgaris'' {{small|Borkh.}}
+*''Viburnum glandulosum'' {{small|Salisb.}}
+*''Viburnum lobatum'' {{small|Lam.}}
+*''Viburnum nanum'' {{small|Dippel}}
+*''Viburnum opuloides'' {{small|Muhl.}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' var. ''europaeum'' {{small|Aiton}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' var. ''europeanum'' {{small|Michx.}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' f. ''flavum'' {{small|(Horw.) P.D.Sell}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' var. ''flavum'' {{small|Horw.}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' f. ''glabrifolium'' {{small|Gajić}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' f. ''nanum'' {{small|(David) Zabel}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' var. ''nanum'' {{small|(David) H.Jaeger}}
+*''Viburnum opulus nanum'' {{small|I.David}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' var. ''pimina'' {{small|Michx.}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' f. ''pygmaeum'' {{small|Schelle}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' var. ''roseum'' {{small|L.}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' f. ''roseum'' {{small|(L.) Hegi}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' var. ''sterile'' {{small|Mérat}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' var. ''sterilis'' {{small|DC.}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' var. ''subintegrifolium'' {{small|(Hook.) Torr. & A.Gray}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' subsp.. ''typicum'' {{small|R.T.Clausen}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' var. ''variegatum'' {{small|Weston}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' f. ''variegatum'' {{small|(Weston) Zabel}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' var. ''vasicii'' {{small|Gajić}}
+*''Viburnum opulus xanthocarpum'' {{small|Späth}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' var. ''xanthocarpum'' {{small|(Späth) C.K.Schneid.}}
+*''Viburnum opulus'' f. ''xanthocarpum'' {{small|(Späth) Rehder}}
+*''Viburnum oxycoccos'' {{small|Pursh}}
+*''Viburnum oxycoccos'' var. ''eradiatum'' {{small|Oakes}}
+*''Viburnum oxycoccos'' var. ''subintegrifolium'' {{small|Hook.}}
+*''Viburnum palustre'' {{small|Raf.}}
+*''Viburnum pinnina'' {{small|Raf.}}
+*''Viburnum primina'' {{small|Raf.}}
+*''Viburnum rosaceum'' {{small|Steud.}}
+*''Viburnum roseum'' {{small|Steud.}}
+}}}}
+'''''Viburnum opulus''''', commonly known as the '''guelder-rose''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> or '''guelder rose''' ({{IPAc-en|'|ɡ|ɛ|l|d|ər|}}),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] second edition |title=guelder rose |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/82228 |access-date=7 December 2018 |date=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> is an [[Old World]] species of [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Adoxaceae]].
-'''''Viburnum opulus''''' ([[common name]] '''guelder-rose'''<ref name=BSBI07>{{cite web |title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |format=xls |accessdate=2014-10-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6VqJ46atN?url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |archivedate=2015-01-25 |df= }}</ref>) is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Adoxaceae]] (formerly [[Caprifoliaceae]]) [[native plant|native]] to Europe, northern Africa and central Asia.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}</ref>
-==Names==
-The common name 'guelder rose' relates to the Dutch province of [[Gelderland]], where a popular cultivar, the snowball tree, supposedly originated.<ref>The [[Reader's Digest]] Field Guide to the Trees and Shrubs of Britain ''p.143''.</ref> Other common names include '''water elder''', '''cramp bark''', '''snowball tree''' and '''European cranberrybush''', though this plant is not closely related to the [[cranberry]]. Some botanists also include the North American species ''[[Viburnum trilobum]]'' as ''V. opulus'' [[variety (botany)|var.]] ''americanum'' [[William Aiton|Ait.]], or as ''V. opulus'' [[subspecies|subsp.]] ''trilobum'' (Marshall) Clausen.
 ==Description==
-[[Image:Viburnum opulus.jpg|left|thumb|Flowers (left) and fruit]]
 ''Viburnum opulus'' is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] growing to {{convert|4|-|5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall. The leaves are opposite, three-lobed, {{convert|5|-|10|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and broad, with a rounded base and coarsely serrated margins; they are superficially similar to the leaves of some [[maple]]s, most easily distinguished by their somewhat wrinkled surface with impressed leaf venation. The leaf [[bud]]s are green, with valvate bud scales.
-The [[plant sexuality|hermaphrodite]] [[flower]]s are white, produced in [[corymb]]s {{convert|4|-|11|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter at the top of the stems; each corymb comprises a ring of outer sterile flowers 1.5–2&nbsp;cm in diameter with conspicuous petals, surrounding a center of small (5&nbsp;mm), fertile flowers; the flowers are produced in early summer, and [[pollination|pollinated]] by insects. The [[fruit]] is a globose bright red [[drupe]] 7–10&nbsp;mm diameter, containing a single [[seed]]. The seeds are dispersed by birds.
+The [[hermaphrodite]] flowers are white, produced in [[corymb]]s {{convert|4|-|11|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter at the top of the stems. Each corymb comprises a ring of outer sterile flowers {{convert|1.5|–|2|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}} in diameter with conspicuous petals, surrounding a center of small ({{convert|5|mm|abbr=on|disp=or|frac=8}}) fertile flowers. The flowers are produced in early summer and are [[pollinated]] by insects. The fruit is a globose bright red [[drupe]] {{convert|7|–|10|mm|abbr=on|frac=8}} in diameter, containing a single seed. The seeds are dispersed by birds.
+{{gallery
+|Viburnum opulus B.jpg|Leaves and flowers
+|Viburnum opulus C.jpg|Foliage and fruit
+|Viburnum opulus fruits close-up - Keila.jpg|Fruits close-up
+}}
+==Names==
+The common name 'guelder rose' relates to the Dutch province of [[Gelderland]], where a popular cultivar, the snowball tree, supposedly originated.<ref>The [[Reader's Digest]] Field Guide to the Trees and Shrubs of Britain ''p.143''.</ref> Other common names include '''water elder''', '''cramp bark''', '''snowball tree''', '''common snowball''',<ref name = denmark78>{{cite journal |title=Iridoid allosides from ''Viburnum opulus'' |last1=Bock |first1=Klaus |last2=Jensen |last3=Nielson |last4=Norn |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=17 |year=1978 |issue=4 |pages=753–757 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94220-1 |bibcode=1978PChem..17..753B }}</ref> and '''European cranberrybush''', though this plant is not closely related to the [[cranberry]]. Some botanists also include the North American species ''[[Viburnum trilobum]]'' as ''V.&nbsp;opulus'' [[variety (botany)|var.]] ''americanum'' [[William Aiton|Ait.]], or as ''V.&nbsp;opulus'' [[subspecies|subsp.]] ''trilobum'' (Marshall) Clausen.
+==Phylogeny==
+''Viburnum opulus'' is a member of the ''[[Viburnum]]'' genus which contains 160 to 170 species. It is classified in the subsection ''Opulus'', which usually contains five species. Phylogenetic analyses suggest the following relationship between those species:
+{{clade
+|1 = clade containing sections ''Sambucina, Lobata, Coriacea,'' and ''Succodontotinus''
+|label2 = ''Opulus'' sect.|2 =
+{{clade
+  |1 = {{clade
+    |1 = ''[[Viburnum edule|V. edule]]'' (squashberry, mooseberry)—Canada and northern parts of the US
+    |2 = ''[[Viburnum koreanum|V. koreanum]]'' (Korean viburnum)—China, Korea
+  }}
+  |2 = {{clade
+    |1 = {{clade
+      |1 = ''[[Viburnum sargentii|V. sargentii]]'' (tianmu viburnum)—northeastern Asia
+      |2 = ''V. opulus''
+    }}
+    |2 = ''[[Viburnum trilobum|V. trilobum]]'' (high bush viburnum)—northern North America
+  }}
+}}
+}}
+==Distribution and habitat==
+The species is native to Europe, northern Africa, and [[central Asia]].<ref name="RHSAZ">{{cite book |title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |year=2008 |isbn=978-1405332965 |location=United Kingdom |pages=1136}}</ref> It is [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] in North America.
 ==Cultivation==
-[[File:Snowball flowers (13985050634).jpg|thumb|'Roseum', syn. 'Snowball']]
+[[File:Snowball flowers (13985050634).jpg|thumb|'Roseum']]
-[[File:Viburnum-Siberia.jpg|thumb|''Viburnum opulus'' berries in [[Novosibirsk]], Siberian Russia]]
-''Viburnum opulus'' is grown as an [[ornamental plant]] for its flowers and berries, growing best on moist, moderately alkaline soils, though tolerating most soil types well. Several [[cultivar]]s have been selected, including 'Roseum' (synonym 'Sterile', 'Snowball'), in which all the flowers are only of the larger sterile type, with globular flower heads. There is some confusion, as there are a few other plants, including other members of the genus ''Viburnum'', also referred to as "snowball bush".
+''Viburnum opulus'' is grown as an [[ornamental plant]] for its flowers and berries, growing best on moist, moderately alkaline soils, though tolerating most soil types well. Several [[cultivar]]s have been selected, including 'Roseum', in which all the flowers are only of the larger sterile type, with globular flower heads.
 The shrub is also cultivated as a component of hedgerows, cover plantings, and as part of other naturalistic plantings in its native regions.
+The cultivars 'Notcutt's Variety',<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Viburnum opulus'' 'Notcutt's Variety' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/45677/i-Viburnum-opulus-i-Notcutt-s-Variety/Details |access-date=17 February 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081830/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/45677/i-Viburnum-opulus-i-Notcutt-s-Variety/Details |url-status=live }}</ref> 'Roseum'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Viburnum opulus'' 'Roseum'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/82128/Viburnum-opulus-Roseum/Details|publisher=RHS|access-date=5 March 2021|archive-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826160728/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/82128/Viburnum-opulus-Roseum/Details|url-status=live}}</ref> and the yellow-fruited 'Xanthocarpum'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Viburnum opulus'' 'Xanthocarpum' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93368/Viburnum-opulus-Xanthocarpum/Details |publisher=RHS |access-date=5 March 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826160731/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93368/Viburnum-opulus-Xanthocarpum/Details |url-status=live }}</ref> have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |title=AGM Plants - Ornamental |date=July 2017 |page=107 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=17 February 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503221317/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
-It is [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] in North America, where it is called "European cranberrybush" (although it is not a [[cranberry]]).
+== Toxicity and uses ==
-The cultivars 'Compactum',<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Viburnum opulus'' 'Compactum'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5674|accessdate=8 June 2013}}</ref> 'Roseum'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Viburnum opulus'' 'Roseum'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=2008|accessdate=8 June 2013}}</ref> and 'Xanthocarpum'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Viburnum opulus'' 'Xanthocarpum'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=4288|accessdate=8 June 2013}}</ref> have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].
+[[File:Viburnum opulus fruits - Keila.jpg|thumb|Fruit cluster]]
+The fruit is edible in small quantities, with a very bitter taste; it can be used to make jelly. It is however mildly toxic, and may cause vomiting or diarrhea if eaten in large amounts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/plantsearch.aspx|title=Plant Database Search|website=www.pfaf.org|access-date=13 April 2012|archive-date=26 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726123246/http://www.pfaf.org/user/plantsearch.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The ripe fruit is often ignored by birds and avoided by humans due to a foul smell emitted when crushed, described by some as "musty socks" or "urine and vomit".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-17 |title=Guelder rose - a wild super fruit that smells like old socks |url=https://www.eatweeds.co.uk/wild-super-fruit-smells-old-socks |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=EATWEEDS |language=en-GB}}</ref>
-==Other uses==
-The fruit is edible in small quantities, with a very acidic taste; it can be used to make jelly. It is however very mildly toxic, and may cause vomiting or diarrhea if eaten in large amounts.<ref>[http://www.pfaf.org/user/plantsearch.aspx Plants for a Future database]</ref>
+The term 'cramp bark' is related to the bark's use in traditional medicine for cramps, but there is no scientific evidence of its effectiveness for this use or any other.<ref name=webmd>{{cite web |url= https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-746/cramp-bark |title= Cramp Bark: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning |website= www.webmd.com |access-date= 26 May 2023 |archive-date= 26 May 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230526130648/https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-746/cramp-bark |url-status= live }}</ref>
-The term cramp bark is related to the properties of the bark's ability to reduce smooth muscle tightness. It is called cramp bark as relieving this type of muscle tightness is most often associated with relieving women's menstrual (period) cramps. However, this can also be used during pregnancy for cramps or pain and general muscle cramping.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-746-CRAMP%20BARK.aspx?activeIngredientId=746&activeIngredientName=CRAMP%20BARK CRAMP BARK: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions and Warnings - WebMD]</ref>
-==Cultural meaning==
+==In culture==
+{{More citations needed|section|date=April 2022}}
-''Viburnum opulus'' (''kalyna'') is one of the national symbols of [[Russia]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc48BCx6dRsC&pg=PA172&dq=Kalyna+National+symbols+of+Ukraine&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=HrqyVKSzLsPmUuCkhPgN&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Kalyna%20National%20symbols%20of%20Ukraine&f=false Peacebuilding with Women in Ukraine: Using Narrative to Envision a Common Future] by [[Maureen Flaherty]], [[Lexington Books]], 2012, {{ISBN|0739174045}} (page 172)</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47208585|title=Russian folk songs : musical genres and history|last=1946-|first=Prokhorov, Vadim,|date=2002|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=0810841274|location=Lanham, Md.|oclc=47208585}}</ref>  In [[Russia]] the Viburnum fruit is called ''kalina'' (''калина)'' and is considered a national symbol. ''Kalina'' derived in Russian language from ''kalit''' or ''raskalyat','' which means "to make red-hot". The red fiery color of the berries represents beauty in Russian culture and together with sweet rapsberries it symbolise the passionate love of a beautiful maiden, since berries were always an erotic symbol in Russia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47208585|title=Russian folk songs : musical genres and history|last=1946-|first=Prokhorov, Vadim,|date=2002|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=0810841274|location=Lanham, Md.|page=149|oclc=47208585}}</ref> The name of the Russian song ''[[Kalinka (song)|Kalinka]]'' is a diminutive of ''Kalina.'' ''Viburnum opulus'' is also a important symbol of Russian national ornamental wood painting [[handicraft]] style called [[Khokhloma]].
+[[File:Flag of the President of Ukraine.svg|thumb|''V.&nbsp;opulus'' depicted on the [[flag of the president of Ukraine]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}]]
-Mentions of the bush can be found throughout the Ukrainian folklore such as songs, picturesque art, Ukrainian embroidery, and others. [[Oi u luzi chervona kalyna|''Chervona Kalyna'']] was the anthem of the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]]. Its symbolic roots can be traced to the Slavic paganism of millennia ago. According to a legend ''kalyna'' was associated with the birth of the Universe, the so-called ''Fire Trinity'': the Sun, the Moon, and the Star.<ref>[http://www.lady.if.ua/index.php?newsid=1652 Lady of Prykarpattia] {{uk icon}}</ref><ref>[http://vyshyvanka.blox.ua/2008/06/Znaki-starodavnih-vishivanok.html Ukrainian embroidery] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113004413/http://vyshyvanka.blox.ua/2008/06/Znaki-starodavnih-vishivanok.html |date=January 13, 2010 }} {{uk icon}}</ref> Its berries symbolize blood and the undying trace of family roots. Kalyna is often depicted on the Ukrainian embroidery: [[rushnyky|towels]] and shirts. In [[Slavic paganism]] kalyna also represents the beauty of a young lady which rhymes well in the Ukrainian language: Ka-ly-na - Div-chy-na.<ref>[http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/chem_biol/nvnltu/16_4/10_Bozok_16_4.pdf Doctor Bozhko, Agrarian Sciences. ''Trees in culture by folk''.] {{uk icon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/chem_biol/nvnltu/16_4/87_kuzmenko_16_4.pdf Doctor Kuzmenko, Philological Sciences. ''The symbolics of guilder rose in Ukrainian songs of the 20th century national liberating movements''.] {{en icon}}/{{uk icon}}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDccFGGiO9I a kalyna ne verba-live(Natalka Karpa) (youtube)]</ref>
+Mentions of the viburnum can be found throughout [[Ukrainian folklore]] such as songs, decorative art, Ukrainian embroidery, and poetry.<ref>{{cite book |last=Потебня |first=Олександр |author-link=Alexander Potebnja |chapter=Про деякі символи в слов'янській народній поезії |date=1985 |title=Естетика і поетика слова |location=[[Kyiv|К]] |publisher=[[:uk:Мистецтво (видавництво)|Мистецтво]] |pages=207–210}}</ref> Its symbolic roots can be traced to the Slavic paganism of millennia ago. According to a legend, ''kalyna'' was associated with the birth of the Universe, the so-called ''Fire Trinity'': the Sun, the Moon, and the Star.<ref>[http://www.lady.if.ua/index.php?newsid=1652 Lady of Prykarpattia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104170125/http://www.lady.if.ua/index.php?newsid=1652 |date=4 November 2014 }} {{in lang|uk}}</ref><ref>[http://vyshyvanka.blox.ua/2008/06/Znaki-starodavnih-vishivanok.html Ukrainian embroidery] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113004413/http://vyshyvanka.blox.ua/2008/06/Znaki-starodavnih-vishivanok.html |date=13 January 2010 }} {{in lang|uk}}</ref> Its berries symbolize one's home and native land, blood, and family roots.<ref>{{cite web |title=Що означають візерунки стародавніх українських вишивок (фото) |url=https://vsviti.com.ua/ukraine/40112 |website=ВСВІТІ |access-date=16 April 2022 |language=uk |date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326012106/https://vsviti.com.ua/ukraine/40112 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ostrovska |first1=Tetyana |title=Знаки 155 стародавніх українських вишивок (альбом) |date=1992 |publisher=Київ: Бібліотечка журналу "Соняшник" |language=uk}}</ref> Kalyna is often depicted on Ukrainian embroidery: [[rushnyky|ritual cloths]] and shirts. In [[Slavic paganism]] kalyna also represents the beauty of a young lady, which rhymes well in the Ukrainian language: ''ka-ly-na – div-chy-na.''<ref>[http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/chem_biol/nvnltu/16_4/10_Bozok_16_4.pdf Doctor Bozhko, Agrarian Sciences. ''Trees in culture by folk''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304064715/http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/chem_biol/nvnltu/16_4/10_Bozok_16_4.pdf |date=4 March 2012 }} {{in lang|uk}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/chem_biol/nvnltu/16_4/87_kuzmenko_16_4.pdf Doctor Kuzmenko, Philological Sciences. ''The symbolics of guilder rose in Ukrainian songs of the 20th century national liberating movements''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304064728/http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/chem_biol/nvnltu/16_4/87_kuzmenko_16_4.pdf |date=4 March 2012 }} {{in lang|en|uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDccFGGiO9I |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/JDccFGGiO9I |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=a kalyna ne verba-live(Natalka Karpa)|last=darpoj|date=17 July 2007|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The song "[[Oi u luzi chervona kalyna|Chervona Kalyna]]" was the anthem of the [[Ukrainian Sich Riflemen]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Стрілецькі піснї і труби.|url=https://zbruc.eu/node/49038|website=Збруч|date=16 March 2016|accessdate=2 April 2022|language=uk|archive-date=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911093641/http://zbruc.eu/node/49038|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Anatoliy |first1=Ivanytskiy |title=Хрестоматія з українського музичного фольклору.: Навчальний посібник для ВНЗ I–IV р.а. |date=2008 |publisher=Нова Книга |isbn=978-966-382-139-9 |page=499 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgEBCgAAQBAJ&q=%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%83+%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%97 |access-date=16 April 2022 |language=uk}}</ref> and the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]]; along with these national liberating movements in 20th century guelder rose was established as a symbol of riflemen honor, and state independence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kuzmenko |first1=O. |title=The symbolics of guilder rose in Ukrainian songs of the 20th century national liberating movements |journal=Науковий вісник |date=2006 |volume=16 |issue=4 |page=87 |url=http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/chem_biol/nvnltu/16_4/87_kuzmenko_16_4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304064728/http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/chem_biol/nvnltu/16_4/87_kuzmenko_16_4.pdf |access-date=16 April 2022|archive-date=4 March 2012 }}</ref>
-== References ==
-{{commons|Viburnum opulus}}
-{{reflist|2}}
+In Russia the Viburnum fruit is called ''kalina'' (''калина'') and is commonly found in folklore. ''Kalina'' derived in Russian language from ''kalit''' or ''raskalyat','' which means "to make red-hot". The red fiery color of the berries represents beauty in Russian culture and together with sweet [[raspberry|raspberries]] it symbolises the passionate love of a beautiful maiden, since berries were always an erotic symbol in Russia.<ref name="Prokhorov">{{Cite book|title=Russian folk songs : musical genres and history|last=Prokhorov|first=Vadim|date=2002|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=0810841274|location=Lanham, Md.|oclc=47208585}}</ref>{{rp|149}} The bitter side of the red fruit also symbolizes love separation in Russian folk culture.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Anthropology of color interdisciplinary multilevel modeling|url=https://archive.org/details/anthropologycolo00macl|url-access=limited|last1=MacLaury|first1=Robert E.|last2=Paramei|first2=Galina V.|last3=Dedrick|first3=Don|date=2007|publisher=J. Benjamins Pub. Co|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anthropologycolo00macl/page/n438 418]|isbn=9789027232434|oclc=928983471}}</ref> The name of the Russian song ''[[Kalinka (1860 song)|Kalinka]]'' is a diminutive of ''Kalina.'' ''Viburnum opulus'' is also an important symbol of the Russian national ornamental wood painting [[handicraft]] style called [[Khokhloma]].{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}
-#Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). ''Flora of Britain and Northern Europe''. Hodder & Stoughton.
-# Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan.
+In [[Romanian language|Romanian]], which has been influenced by [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] culture, ''Viburnum opulus'' is called ''călin''.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} [[Călin]] is also used as both a given name and a surname.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}
-# [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Viburnum+&SPECIES_XREF=opulus&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Viburnum opulus'']
-# [http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum%20opulus Plants for a Future: ''Viburnum opulus'']
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+==Further reading==
+*Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). ''Flora of Britain and Northern Europe''. Hodder & Stoughton.
+*Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan.
+==External links==
+{{Commons|Viburnum opulus}}
+*[https://websites.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Viburnum+&SPECIES_XREF=opulus&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Viburnum opulus'']
+*{{PFAF|Viburnum opulus}}
+*{{CalPhotos|Viburnum|opulus}}
 {{National symbols of Ukraine}}
@@ Line 53: / Line 138: @@
 [[Category:Viburnum|opulus]]
-[[Category:Flora of Africa]]
+[[Category:Flora of Algeria]]
-[[Category:Flora of Asia]]
 [[Category:Flora of Europe]]
-[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
+[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
-[[Category:National symbols of Ukraine]]
 [[Category:Garden plants]]
 [[Category:Medicinal plants]]
+[[Category:National symbols of Ukraine]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
+[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]

v t e Symbols of Ukraine
Symbols of Ukrainian people
Official	Flag list regions Coat of arms list regions Presidential symbols Flag Collar Bulava Seal Peresopnytsia Gospel National colours
Unofficial	Slava Ukraini Vyshyvanka Pysanka Bandura Chervona kalyna Cossack with musket Cossack Mamay Hopak Horilka
Songs	Shche ne vmerla Ukraina Prayer for Ukraine Oi u luzi chervona kalyna Za Ukrainu Zaporizhian March Zrodylys my velykoyi hodyny
People	Taras Shevchenko Volodymyr the Great Yaroslav the Wise Lesya Ukrainka Ivan Franko Bohdan Khmelnytsky Ivan Mazepa Daniel of Galicia
Landmarks	Sofiyivka Park Kyiv Pechersk Lavra Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle Khortytsia Chersonesus Saint Sophia Cathedral Khotyn Fortress
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