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{{Short description|Chemical compound}}
{{Drugbox
{{Drugbox
| verifiedrevid = 458298378
| verifiedrevid = 458298378
| IUPAC_name = (2''S'',5''R'',6''R'')-6-{[3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-<br />oxazole-4-carbonyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-<br />1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
| IUPAC_name = (2''S'',5''R'',6''R'')-6-{[3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-<br />oxazole-4-carbonyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-<br />1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
| image = Dicloxacillin.svg
| image = Dicloxacillin.svg
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| image2 = Dicloxacillin-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png
| image_class2 = bg-transparent
<!--Clinical data-->
<!--Clinical data-->
| tradename =
| tradename =
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<!--Chemical data-->
<!--Chemical data-->
| C=19 | H=17 | Cl=2 | N=3 | O=5 | S=1
| C=19 | H=17 | Cl=2 | N=3 | O=5 | S=1
| molecular_weight = 470.327 g/mol
| SMILES = O=C(O)[C@@H]3N4C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)c2c(onc2c1c(Cl)cccc1Cl)C)[C@H]4SC3(C)C
| SMILES = O=C(O)[C@@H]3N4C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)c2c(onc2c1c(Cl)cccc1Cl)C)[C@H]4SC3(C)C
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
Line 46: Line 49:
| StdInChIKey = YFAGHNZHGGCZAX-JKIFEVAISA-N
| StdInChIKey = YFAGHNZHGGCZAX-JKIFEVAISA-N
}}
}}
'''Dicloxacillin''' is a [[Narrow-spectrum antibiotic|narrow-spectrum]] [[β-lactam antibiotic]] of the [[penicillin]] class.<ref name=":0" /> It is used to treat infections caused by susceptible (non-resistant) [[Gram-positive bacteria]].<ref name=":0">Product Information: DICLOXACILLIN SODIUM-dicloxacillin sodium capsule. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA Inc, Revised 8/2015</ref> It is active against [[beta-lactamase]]-producing organisms such as ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', which would otherwise be resistant to most [[penicillin]]s. Dicloxacillin is available under a variety of trade names including Diclocil ([[Bristol-Myers Squibb|BMS]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miranda-Novales|first1=G|last2=Leaños-Miranda|first2=BE|last3=Vilchis-Pérez|first3=M|last4=Solórzano-Santos|first4=F|title=In vitro activity effects of combinations of cephalothin, dicloxacillin, imipenem, vancomycin and amikacin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. strains.|journal=Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials|date=12 October 2006|volume=5|pages=25|pmid=17034644|doi=10.1186/1476-0711-5-25|pmc=1617116}}</ref>
'''Dicloxacillin''' is a [[Narrow-spectrum antibiotic|narrow-spectrum]] [[β-lactam antibiotic]] of the [[penicillin]] class.<ref name=":0" /> It is used to treat infections caused by susceptible (non-resistant) [[Gram-positive bacteria]].<ref name=":0">Product Information: DICLOXACILLIN SODIUM-dicloxacillin sodium capsule. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA Inc, Revised 8/2015</ref> It is active against [[beta-lactamase]]-producing organisms such as ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', which would otherwise be resistant to most [[penicillin]]s. Dicloxacillin is available under a variety of trade names including Diclocil ([[Bristol-Myers Squibb|BMS]]).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Miranda-Novales G, Leaños-Miranda BE, Vilchis-Pérez M, Solórzano-Santos F | title = In vitro activity effects of combinations of cephalothin, dicloxacillin, imipenem, vancomycin and amikacin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. strains | journal = Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials | volume = 5 | pages = 25 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17034644 | pmc = 1617116 | doi = 10.1186/1476-0711-5-25 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

<!-- Society and culture -->
It was patented in 1961 and approved for medical use in 1968.<ref name=Fis2006>{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=491 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA491 }}</ref> It is available as a [[generic medication]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Competitive Generic Therapy Approvals | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=29 June 2023 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals | access-date=29 June 2023 | archive-date=29 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629233651/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals | url-status=live }}</ref>


==Medical uses==
==Medical uses==
Dicloxacillin is used to treat mild-to-moderate staphylococcal infections.<ref name="rossi">"Dicloxacillin".&nbsp;''livertox.nih.gov''. Retrieved&nbsp;2015-11-05.</ref> To decrease the development of resistance, dicloxacillin is recommended to treat infections that are suspected or proven to be caused by beta-lactamase-producing bacteria.<ref name="rossi" />
Dicloxacillin is used to treat mild-to-moderate staphylococcal infections.<ref name="rossi">{{cite book | title = Dicloxacillin | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548106/ | work = LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet] | location = Bethesda (MD) | publisher = National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases | date = 2012 | pmid = 31643436 }}</ref> To decrease the development of resistance, dicloxacillin is recommended to treat infections that are suspected or proven to be caused by beta-lactamase-producing bacteria.<ref name="rossi" />


Dicloxacillin is similar in [[pharmacokinetics]], antibacterial activity, and indications to flucloxacillin, and the two agents are considered interchangeable.<ref name=":1">Rossi S, editor. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006</ref> It is believed to have lower incidence of severe hepatic [[adverse effect (medicine)|adverse effects]] than flucloxacillin, but a higher incidence of renal adverse effects.<ref name=":1" />
Dicloxacillin is similar in [[pharmacokinetics]], antibacterial activity, and indications to flucloxacillin, and the two agents are considered interchangeable.<ref name=":1">{{cite book | veditors = Rossi S | title = Australian Medicines Handbook | date = 2006 | location = Adelaide | publisher = Australian Medicines Handbook }}</ref> It is believed to have lower incidence of severe hepatic [[adverse effect (medicine)|adverse effects]] than flucloxacillin, but a higher incidence of renal adverse effects.<ref name=":1" />


Dicloxacillin is used for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria. Specific approved indications include:<ref name=":1" />
Dicloxacillin is used for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria. Specific approved indications include:<ref name=":1" />
Line 62: Line 68:


===Available forms===
===Available forms===
Dicloxacillin is commercially available as the sodium salt, '''dicloxacillin sodium,''' in [[Capsule (pharmacy)|capsules]] and as a powder for reconstitution.<ref name=":0" /><ref>"Dicloxacillin: MedlinePlus Drug Information".&nbsp;''www.nlm.nih.gov''. Retrieved&nbsp;2015-11-05.</ref>
Dicloxacillin is commercially available as the sodium salt, '''dicloxacillin sodium''', in [[Capsule (pharmacy)|capsules]] and as a powder for reconstitution.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web | title = Dicloxacillin | work = MedlinePlus Drug Information | url = https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a685017.html | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health }}</ref>


==Contraindications==
==Contraindications==
Dicloxacillin is contraindicated in those with a previous history of allergy (hypersensitivity/[[Anaphylaxis|anaphylactic]] reaction) to any penicillins.<ref name=":0" /><ref>"DailyMed - DICLOXACILLIN SODIUM- dicloxacillin sodium capsule".&nbsp;''dailymed.nlm.nih.gov''. Retrieved&nbsp;2015-11-05.</ref>
Dicloxacillin is contraindicated in those with a previous history of allergy (hypersensitivity/[[Anaphylaxis|anaphylactic]] reaction) to any penicillins.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web | work = DailyMed | title = DICLOXACILLIN SODIUM- dicloxacillin sodium capsule | url = https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=65c3e99b-ec77-416c-ad70-596d6f0a9c31 | publisher = National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Health & Human Services }}</ref>


==Adverse effects==
==Adverse effects==
Common [[adverse drug reaction]]s (ADRs) associated with the use of dicloxacillin include: [[diarrhoea]], [[nausea]], [[rash]], [[urticaria]], [[pain]] and [[inflammation]] at injection site, [[superinfection]] (including [[candidiasis]]), [[allergy]], and transient increases in liver enzymes and bilirubin.<ref name=":1" />
Common [[adverse drug reaction]]s (ADRs) associated with the use of dicloxacillin include: [[diarrhea]], [[nausea]], [[rash]], [[urticaria]], [[pain]] and [[inflammation]] at injection site, [[superinfection]] (including [[candidiasis]]), [[allergy]], and transient increases in liver enzymes and bilirubin.<ref name=":1" />


On rare occasions, [[cholestasis|cholestatic jaundice]] (also referred to as cholestatic hepatitis) has been associated with dicloxacillin therapy. The reaction may occur up to several weeks after treatment has stopped, and takes weeks to resolve. The estimated incidence is 1 in 15,000 exposures, and is more frequent in people over 55 years old, females, and those with treatment longer than 2 weeks.<ref name=":1" />
On rare occasions, [[cholestasis|cholestatic jaundice]] (also referred to as cholestatic hepatitis) has been associated with dicloxacillin therapy. The reaction may occur up to several weeks after treatment has stopped, and takes weeks to resolve. The estimated incidence is 1 in 15,000 exposures, and is more frequent in people over 55 years old, females, and those with treatment longer than 2 weeks.<ref name=":1" />


It should be used with caution and monitored in the elderly, particularly with intravenous administration, due to a risk of [[thrombophlebitis]].<ref name=":0" />
It should be used with caution and monitored in the elderly, particularly with intravenous administration, due to a risk of [[thrombophlebitis]].<ref name=":0" />

Dicloxacillin can also lower the effectiveness of birth control pills and pass into breast milk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/dicloxacillin|title=Dicloxacillin - Side Effects, Dosage, Interactions - Drugs - Everyday Health|website=EverydayHealth.com|date=23 June 2020 }}</ref>


=== Interactions ===
=== Interactions ===
Dicloxacillin has potential interactions with following drugs:
Dicloxacillin has potential interactions with following drugs:
* Warfarin<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lacey|first1=CS|title=Interaction of dicloxacillin with warfarin.|journal=The Annals of pharmacotherapy|date=May 2004|volume=38|issue=5|pages=898|pmid=15054148|doi=10.1345/aph.1d484}}</ref>
* Warfarin<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lacey CS | title = Interaction of dicloxacillin with warfarin | journal = The Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 38 | issue = 5 | pages = 898 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15054148 | doi = 10.1345/aph.1d484 | s2cid = 19182647 }}</ref>
* Methotrexate<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ronchera|first1=CL|last2=Hernández|first2=T|last3=Peris|first3=JE|last4=Torres|first4=F|last5=Granero|first5=L|last6=Jiménez|first6=NV|last7=Plá|first7=JM|title=Pharmacokinetic interaction between high-dose methotrexate and amoxycillin.|journal=Therapeutic drug monitoring|date=October 1993|volume=15|issue=5|pages=375–9|pmid=8249043|doi=10.1097/00007691-199310000-00004}}</ref>
* Methotrexate<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronchera CL, Hernández T, Peris JE, Torres F, Granero L, Jiménez NV, Plá JM | title = Pharmacokinetic interaction between high-dose methotrexate and amoxycillin | journal = Therapeutic Drug Monitoring | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 375–9 | date = October 1993 | pmid = 8249043 | doi = 10.1097/00007691-199310000-00004 | s2cid = 28111642 }}</ref>
* Tetracyclines<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moellering RC|first1=Jr|title=Rationale for use of antimicrobial combinations.|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|date=29 August 1983|volume=75|issue=2A|pages=4–8|pmid=6351605}}</ref>
* Tetracyclines<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moellering RC | title = Rationale for use of antimicrobial combinations | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 75 | issue = 2A | pages = 4–8 | date = August 1983 | pmid = 6351605 | doi = 10.1016/0002-9343(83)90088-8 }}</ref>


==Resistance==
==Resistance==
Despite dicloxacillin being insensitive to beta-lactamases, some organisms have developed resistance to other narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics including methicillin. Such organisms include [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']] (MRSA).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rosdahl|first1=VT|last2=Frimodt-Møller|first2=N|last3=Bentzon|first3=MW|title=Resistance to dicloxacillin, methicillin and oxacillin in methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus detected by dilution and diffusion methods.|journal=APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica|date=August 1989|volume=97|issue=8|pages=715–22|pmid=2669854}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=This source explicitly says all MRSA strains they tested were susceptible to dicloxacillin. MRSA by itself is not relevant to this article. We need a source about dicloxacillin resistance.|date=October 2017}}
Despite dicloxacillin being insensitive to beta-lactamases, some organisms have developed resistance to other narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics including methicillin. Such organisms include [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']] (MRSA).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosdahl VT, Frimodt-Møller N, Bentzon MW | title = Resistance to dicloxacillin, methicillin and oxacillin in methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus detected by dilution and diffusion methods | journal = APMIS | volume = 97 | issue = 8 | pages = 715–22 | date = August 1989 | pmid = 2669854 | doi = 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1989.tb00467.x | s2cid = 29646870 }}</ref>{{Better source|reason=This source explicitly says all MRSA strains they tested were susceptible to dicloxacillin. MRSA by itself is not relevant to this article. We need a source about dicloxacillin resistance.|date=October 2017}}


==Mechanism of action==
==Mechanism of action==
{{main article|β-Lactam antibiotic}}
{{main|β-Lactam antibiotic}}


Like other β-lactam antibiotics, dicloxacillin acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial [[cell wall]]s. It inhibits cross-linkage between the linear [[peptidoglycan]] polymer chains that make up a major component of the cell wall of [[Gram-positive]] bacteria.
Like other β-lactam antibiotics, dicloxacillin acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial [[cell wall]]s. It inhibits cross-linkage between the linear [[peptidoglycan]] polymer chains that make up a major component of the cell wall of [[Gram-positive]] bacteria.{{cn|date=March 2023}}


==Medicinal chemistry==
==Medicinal chemistry==
Dicloxacillin is insensitive to [[beta-lactamase]] (also known as penicillinase) enzymes secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. The presence of the [[isoxazole|isoxazolyl]] group on the side chain of the penicillin nucleus facilitates the β-lactamase resistance, since they are relatively intolerant of side-chain [[steric hindrance]]. Thus, it is able to bind to [[penicillin-binding protein]]s (PBPs) and inhibit [[peptidoglycan]] crosslinking, but is not bound by or inactivated by β-lactamase
Dicloxacillin is insensitive to [[beta-lactamase]] (also known as penicillinase) enzymes secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. The presence of the [[isoxazole|isoxazolyl]] group on the side chain of the penicillin nucleus facilitates the β-lactamase resistance, since they are relatively intolerant of side-chain [[steric hindrance]]. Thus, it is able to bind to [[penicillin-binding protein]]s (PBPs) and inhibit [[peptidoglycan]] crosslinking, but is not bound by or inactivated by β-lactamase{{cn|date=March 2023}}


==See also==
== See also ==
*[[Beta-lactam antibiotic]]
*[[Beta-lactam antibiotic]]
*[[Flucloxacillin]]
*[[Flucloxacillin]]
*[[Amoxicillin]] (formerly [[Beecham (pharmaceutical company)|Beecham]], now [[GlaxoSmithKline]])


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
<references/>


{{PenicillinAntiBiotics}}
{{PenicillinAntiBiotics}}
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[[Category:Enantiopure drugs]]
[[Category:Enantiopure drugs]]
[[Category:Isoxazoles]]
[[Category:Isoxazoles]]
[[Category:Chloroarenes]]
[[Category:Chlorobenzene derivatives]]

Latest revision as of 14:50, 12 January 2025

Dicloxacillin
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa685017
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B2
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability60 to 80%
Protein binding98%
MetabolismHepatic
Elimination half-life0.7 hours
ExcretionRenal and biliary
Identifiers
  • (2S,5R,6R)-6-{[3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-
    oxazole-4-carbonyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-
    1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.019.535 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC19H17Cl2N3O5S
Molar mass470.32 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C(O)[C@@H]3N4C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)c2c(onc2c1c(Cl)cccc1Cl)C)[C@H]4SC3(C)C
  • InChI=1S/C19H17Cl2N3O5S/c1-7-10(12(23-29-7)11-8(20)5-4-6-9(11)21)15(25)22-13-16(26)24-14(18(27)28)19(2,3)30-17(13)24/h4-6,13-14,17H,1-3H3,(H,22,25)(H,27,28)/t13-,14+,17-/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:YFAGHNZHGGCZAX-JKIFEVAISA-N checkY
  (verify)

Dicloxacillin is a narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class.[1] It is used to treat infections caused by susceptible (non-resistant) Gram-positive bacteria.[1] It is active against beta-lactamase-producing organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, which would otherwise be resistant to most penicillins. Dicloxacillin is available under a variety of trade names including Diclocil (BMS).[2]

It was patented in 1961 and approved for medical use in 1968.[3] It is available as a generic medication.[4]

Medical uses

[edit]

Dicloxacillin is used to treat mild-to-moderate staphylococcal infections.[5] To decrease the development of resistance, dicloxacillin is recommended to treat infections that are suspected or proven to be caused by beta-lactamase-producing bacteria.[5]

Dicloxacillin is similar in pharmacokinetics, antibacterial activity, and indications to flucloxacillin, and the two agents are considered interchangeable.[6] It is believed to have lower incidence of severe hepatic adverse effects than flucloxacillin, but a higher incidence of renal adverse effects.[6]

Dicloxacillin is used for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria. Specific approved indications include:[6]

Available forms

[edit]

Dicloxacillin is commercially available as the sodium salt, dicloxacillin sodium, in capsules and as a powder for reconstitution.[1][7]

Contraindications

[edit]

Dicloxacillin is contraindicated in those with a previous history of allergy (hypersensitivity/anaphylactic reaction) to any penicillins.[1][8]

Adverse effects

[edit]

Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with the use of dicloxacillin include: diarrhea, nausea, rash, urticaria, pain and inflammation at injection site, superinfection (including candidiasis), allergy, and transient increases in liver enzymes and bilirubin.[6]

On rare occasions, cholestatic jaundice (also referred to as cholestatic hepatitis) has been associated with dicloxacillin therapy. The reaction may occur up to several weeks after treatment has stopped, and takes weeks to resolve. The estimated incidence is 1 in 15,000 exposures, and is more frequent in people over 55 years old, females, and those with treatment longer than 2 weeks.[6]

It should be used with caution and monitored in the elderly, particularly with intravenous administration, due to a risk of thrombophlebitis.[1]

Dicloxacillin can also lower the effectiveness of birth control pills and pass into breast milk.[9]

Interactions

[edit]

Dicloxacillin has potential interactions with following drugs:

Resistance

[edit]

Despite dicloxacillin being insensitive to beta-lactamases, some organisms have developed resistance to other narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics including methicillin. Such organisms include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).[13][better source needed]

Mechanism of action

[edit]
Main article: β-Lactam antibiotic

Like other β-lactam antibiotics, dicloxacillin acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It inhibits cross-linkage between the linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that make up a major component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria.[citation needed]

Medicinal chemistry

[edit]

Dicloxacillin is insensitive to beta-lactamase (also known as penicillinase) enzymes secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. The presence of the isoxazolyl group on the side chain of the penicillin nucleus facilitates the β-lactamase resistance, since they are relatively intolerant of side-chain steric hindrance. Thus, it is able to bind to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and inhibit peptidoglycan crosslinking, but is not bound by or inactivated by β-lactamase[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Product Information: DICLOXACILLIN SODIUM-dicloxacillin sodium capsule. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA Inc, Revised 8/2015
  2. ^ Miranda-Novales G, Leaños-Miranda BE, Vilchis-Pérez M, Solórzano-Santos F (October 2006). "In vitro activity effects of combinations of cephalothin, dicloxacillin, imipenem, vancomycin and amikacin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. strains". Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 5: 25. doi:10.1186/1476-0711-5-25. PMC 1617116. PMID 17034644.
  3. ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 491. ISBN 9783527607495.
  4. ^ "Competitive Generic Therapy Approvals". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 29 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  5. ^ a b Dicloxacillin. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2012. PMID 31643436. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e Rossi S, ed. (2006). Australian Medicines Handbook. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook.
  7. ^ "Dicloxacillin". MedlinePlus Drug Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
  8. ^ "DICLOXACILLIN SODIUM- dicloxacillin sodium capsule". DailyMed. National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Health & Human Services.
  9. ^ "Dicloxacillin - Side Effects, Dosage, Interactions - Drugs - Everyday Health". EverydayHealth.com. 23 June 2020.
  10. ^ Lacey CS (May 2004). "Interaction of dicloxacillin with warfarin". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 38 (5): 898. doi:10.1345/aph.1d484. PMID 15054148. S2CID 19182647.
  11. ^ Ronchera CL, Hernández T, Peris JE, Torres F, Granero L, Jiménez NV, Plá JM (October 1993). "Pharmacokinetic interaction between high-dose methotrexate and amoxycillin". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 15 (5): 375–9. doi:10.1097/00007691-199310000-00004. PMID 8249043. S2CID 28111642.
  12. ^ Moellering RC (August 1983). "Rationale for use of antimicrobial combinations". The American Journal of Medicine. 75 (2A): 4–8. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(83)90088-8. PMID 6351605.
  13. ^ Rosdahl VT, Frimodt-Møller N, Bentzon MW (August 1989). "Resistance to dicloxacillin, methicillin and oxacillin in methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus detected by dilution and diffusion methods". APMIS. 97 (8): 715–22. doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1989.tb00467.x. PMID 2669854. S2CID 29646870.
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