Atascadero State Hospital: Difference between revisions

California Department of State Hospitals
Geography
Location	Atascadero, California, United States
Organization
Care system	Psychiatric ward
Type	Forensic psychiatry
Services
Emergency department	Department of State Hospitals- Atascadero Police Department (DSHAPD, ASHPD, or DPS)
Beds	1239
History
Opened	1954
Links
Website	Official website
Lists	Hospitals in California

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Atascadero State Hospital, formally known as California Department of State Hospitals - Atascadero (DSHA), is located on the Central Coast of California, in San Luis Obispo County, halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco. DSHA is an all-male, maximum-security facility, forensic institution that houses mentally ill convicts who have been committed to psychiatric facilities by California's courts.^[1] Located on a 700+ acre grounds in the city of Atascadero, California, it is the largest employer in that town.^[2] DSHA is not a general purpose public hospital, and the only patients admitted are those that are referred to the hospital by the Superior Court, Board of Prison Terms, or the Department of Corrections.

History

Atascadero State Hospital (ASH) opened in 1954, as a state-run, self-contained public sector forensic psychiatric facility. It is enclosed within a security perimeter, and accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). Patients are referred to the hospital by the Superior Court, Board of Prison Terms, or the Department of Corrections.

According to a 1978 Federal study of sex offender treatment programs:^[3] "An informal history of [ASH], distributed in 1975, reports that Atascadero opened “with the philosophy that good therapy could be carried on in a security setting and that modern methods of psychiatric treatment, based on a therapeutic community' concept, would most likely succeed.“ The problems of 'therapy vs. security' and 'prison vs. hospital' immediately developed and hindered successful treatment. The belief that criminals should be punished for their crime and not 'babied' haunted the hospital program. For several years beginning in 1959, a series of unfortunate and tragic accidents occurred at the hospital. A number of escapes and violent incidents in addition to widespread community concern led to a special investigation of the hospital's problems which ultimately resulted in a revamping of its organization, administration, and treatment programs” beginning in 1961. The 1960's were also a troubled decade for Atascadero, plagued by internal dissension, staff rebellions, and occasional scandal."

As early as the 1970s, ASH was referred to as a "Dachau for Queers." The term appeared in a March 16, 1972 L.A. Free Press article, with an Editor's Note stating: "The following story is an edited version of Don Jackson’s article "Dachau For Queers" which originally appeared in The Gay Liberation Book by Ramparts Press."^[4]^[5] A 2009 California Law Review article commented, "One reason for this appellation was that inmates [sic] were subjected to experimental therapies - electrical and pharmacological shock treatments in addition to lobotomies - to "cure" them of their "sex perversion.""^[6]^[7] Recent appearances of this term include a 2011 PBS American Experiences documentary "Stonewall Uprising", which was rebroadcast in 2020,^[8] and a 2012 New Yorker article.^[9] In 1976 Michael Serber MD (then ASH Clinical Director) coauthored a paper commenting: "The history of treatment for the homosexual at this institution has mainly centered around inadequate and sometimes cruel attempts at conversion to heterosexuality or asexuality. There is an intermittent history of aversive conditioning. These aversive techniques had extended even to the use of succinylcholine and electroconvulsive shock treatment as punishment for homosexual offenders who had 'deviated' within the hospital. At the very minimum, homosexuals were frequently degraded by staff whose attitudes concerning homosexuality were punitive and judgmental. More homosexual patients than heterosexual had been defined as unamenable to treatment after a period of hospitalization and then were sent to prison via the courts under the ambiguous judicial system that determines the fate of sexual offenders in the state of California.”^[10] Through an NIMH "Hospital Improvement" grant (1971–75), Dr. Serber^[11] and his coauthor Claudia Keith MA led improvements in ASH's programs.^[3]

ASH's treatment programs have reflected the psychiatric assumptions of the times.^[12]^[13] Initially constructed to treat mentally disordered sex offenders (MDSOs), initial programs focused on separation from society, albeit in an environment which provided freedom of movement. This was restricted after patient escapes. Initial research and treatment programs aimed at understanding and reducing the risk of reoffense in sexual offenders.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[10]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21] In the early 1980s, the focus of the hospital's treatment programs shifted to patients found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) and incompetent to stand trial; ASH was a pioneer in developing effective treatment programs for the latter.^[22] In the 1990s, California passed sexually violent predator (SVP) laws, imposing civil commitment upon prisoners meeting criteria upon the expiration of their determinate prison term. SVPs were housed in ASH until the new state hospital in Coalinga opened around 2004.

In the mid-1980s, a US Department of Justice investigation under the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act (CRIPA) led to important and positive clinical reforms at ASH. Sidney F. Herndon was the Executive Director throughout the 1980s and brought in a strong clinical and administrative team and built up the medical staff under Gordon Gritter MD as Clinical Director. David Saunders MD led the development of a forensic psychiatry fellowship, affiliated with UCSF-Fresno and UCLA. Harold Carmel MD and Mel Hunter JD MPA established the Atascadero Clinical Safety Project (ACSP) which conducted groundbreaking research into staff injuries from patient aggression.^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26] After Carmel left to become CEO of the Colorado Mental Health Institute at Pueblo in 1991, Hunter and Colleen Love developed important programs to improve staff safety,^[27]^[28]^[29] which won awards from the American Psychiatric Association.^[30] and, in 1998, JCAHO's Ernest A. Codman Award in the Hospital Category.^[31] In this era, ASH was an important center of research and teaching.^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]^[38]

Many clinical staff left ASH in the late 1990s with the advent of the SVPs, which was believed by many clinicians to compromise the hospital's mission of providing excellent care for persons with serious mental illness, as opposed to containment of sexually dangerous offenders.

When salaries for California prison mental health staff, especially psychiatrists, increased dramatically as a result of federal litigation, ASH lost many of its psychiatrists and other clinical staff.^{[citation needed]}^[39] Psychiatrist salaries have been increased to levels just under the prison psychiatrist salaries, and ASH's psychiatrist staffing is now (2014) being rebuilt.^{[citation needed]}

Another traumatic period came with another US DOJ CRIPA investigation in the mid-2000s. In 2007, Mel Hunter, by this time ASH Executive Director, was removed from his position as a result of his refusal to alter the clinical operations of the hospital at the behest of the DOJ consultants. He was replaced by new hospital leadership. In the event, the imposition of the atypical views of consultants with no experience in forensic psychiatry led to a degradation of clinical operations and safety, with great spikes in patient violence that came to an end when the consultants left the hospital following exposés by the LA Times into apparent cronyism.^[40]^[41]^[42]

A 2018 law review article ^[43] reported that in 2004 then-CEO Mel Hunter had supported research showing that SVP reoffense was much lower than claimed: "This Article uses internal memoranda and emails to describe the efforts of the California Department of Mental Health to suppress a serious and well-designed study that showed just 6.5% of untreated sexually violent predators were arrested for a new sex crime within 4.8 years of release from a locked mental facility. ... these results undermine the justification for indeterminate lifetime commitment of sex offenders." Three days after Hunter's removal in 2007, his successor issued a memo terminating the study and prohibiting the use of "the previously gathered data for publication, research, testimony, or any other purpose."^[44] This suggests a second reason for Hunter's exit and is a coda to ASH's history as a research center.

Patient-on-patient homicides

On July 17, 1990, a 59 year old property clerk of the hospital was fatally attacked by a patient named Terry Caylor.^[45]

On March 30, 2008, 44-year-old inmate Earl McKee strangled a fellow inmate, 37-year-old Lawrence Rael, to death with a knotted towel. McKee was originally institutionalized as a "Mentally Disordered Offender". In 2007, after making abusive threats to other inmates, he was reclassified as a "Sexually Violent Predator". The murder came in the wake of federal court-mandated changes that reduced the usage of medication and restraints on patients, as well as a large turnover in staffing resulting in less experienced personnel working at the hospital.^[46]

On May 28, 2014, a patient was killed and an employee was severely injured during an alleged attack by a patient.^[1]

Drastic changes since appointment of court monitors

In recent years, the hospital, under the threat of a lawsuit by the United States Justice Department alleging violations of the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act, has been implementing a court-approved Enhancement Plan to bring the hospital into compliance with CRIPA. The Enhancement Plan was proposed and implemented by the "Human Potential Consulting Group" out of Alexandria, Virginia. This consulting group consists of various clinical professionals who have been contracted by other states to ensure compliance with CRIPA. In some states the consultants serve as court monitors while others serve as consultants. They regularly switch roles from Justice Department monitors to consultants, depending on the state.

Notable patients

Edward Charles Allaway - Mass murderer^[47]^[48]
Arthur Leigh Allen - Zodiac Killer suspect
William Bonin - Serial killer
Bunny Breckinridge - Actor convicted of "sex perversion" involving minors^[49]
Joseph Danks - Spree killer
James Hydrick - Sex offender
David Misch - Serial killer
John David Norman - Sex offender^[50]
Edmund Kemper - Serial killer^[51]
Roy Norris - One of the two "Toolbox Killers"
Scott Harlan Thorpe - Spree killer^[52]
Erwin Walker - WW2 veteran convicted of several crimes, including murder
Charles "Tex" Watson - Serial killer; member of the Manson family

Employees

Approximately 2,140 employees work at DSH-Atascadero providing round-the-clock care, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, rehabilitation therapists, psychiatric technicians, registered nurses, and other clinical and administrative staff. There are approximately 173 different job classifications at the facility, including hospital police, kitchen staff, custodial staff, warehouse workers, groundskeepers, information technology staff, plant operations staff, spiritual leaders, and other clinical and administrative staff. DSHA provides on-site training programs for a variety of schools, including nurse practitioner programs, psychiatric technician training, clinical psychology and dietetic internship programs. DSH-Atascadero is also the regional training center for hospital police officers throughout the State of California.

Police Department

Atascadero State Hospital has its own full service unarmed law enforcement agency of over 200 sworn personnel. Police Officers are sworn law enforcement officers whose authority is granted under California Penal Code Section 830. DSH police officers are not affiliated with California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). The police officers of the Department of State Hospitals are peace officers whose authority extends to any place in the state for the purpose of performing their primary duty or when making an arrest pursuant to Section 836 as to any public offense with respect to which there is immediate danger to person or property, or of the escape of the perpetrator of that offense, or pursuant to Section 8597 or 8598 of the Government Code provided that the primary duty of the peace officers shall be the enforcement of the law as set forth in Sections 4311, 4313, 4491, and 4493 of the Welfare and Institutions Code. DSH police officers are granted authority by the California Welfare and Institutions Code to enforce policies and directives set forth by the administration of Department of State Hospitals.

DSH police officers enforce the California Penal Code, as well as the California Vehicle Code, and are granted authority by the State of California to make arrests and issue citations. It is the primary function of the Department of State Hospitals' police officers to provide safety, service, and security to patients, employees and the public in and around each hospital. However, this police department does assist neighboring law enforcement agencies with police activities and functions, off-site of the grounds of DSHA. In addition to police responsibilities and investigations, police officers work closely with clinical staff to ensure the safe treatment of the patients of DSHA.

Popular culture

One of radio host Phil Hendrie's recurring fictional characters is Herb Sewell, a former sex offender who was remanded for eight years at Atascadero State Hospital.

References

^ ^a ^b "Atascadero State Hospital patient killed in attack". U-T San Diego. May 29, 2014. Archived from the original on May 30, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
^ "Atascadero Chamber of Commerce - Economic Profile". atascaderochamber.org. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Brecher, Edward M. (December 16, 1978). "Treatment Programs for Sex Offenders". Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2020 – via Google Books.
^ "Los Angeles Free PressMarch 16-26, 1973 — Independent Voices". voices.revealdigital.org. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
^ See also Don Jackson, "Dachau for Queers”, in The Gay Liberation Book, ed. Len Richmond & Gary Noguera, Ramparts Press, San Francisco (1973), 42-50; and LaStala, John, “Atascadero: Dachau for Queers?”. The Advocate, April 26th, 1972
^ Foreword: The Marriage Cases-Reversing the Burden of Inertia in a Pluralist Constitutional Democracy by William N. Eskridget. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Another citation from the Calif Law Review article: Rob Cole, Inside Atascadero: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Treatment, ADVOCATE, Oct. 11, 1972, at 5.
^ "Stonewall Uprising | American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
^ Ross, Alex (November 5, 2012). "Love on the March". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Michael Serber M.D. & Claudia G. Keith M.A. (1976) The Atascadero Project:, Journal of Homosexuality, 1:1, 87-97, doi:10.1300/J082v01n01_07
^ "Obituary: Michael Serber 1932–1974". pdfslide.net. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ Serber, Michael (September 1972). "Teaching the nonverbal components of assertive training". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 3 (3): 179–183. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(72)90070-5.
^ Serber, Michael; Nelson, Philip (July 1971). "The ineffectiveness of systematic desensitization and assertive training in hospitalized schizophrenics". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2 (2): 107–109. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(71)90022-X.
^ Sturgeon, Vikki Henlie; Taylor, John (1980–1981). "Report of a Five-Year Follow-Up Study of Mentally Disordered Sex Offenders Released from Atascadero State Hospital in 1973 Symposium: Differential Treatment of the Sex Offender in California 4 Criminal Justice Journal 1980-1981". Criminal Justice Journal. 4: 31. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
^ Rada, Richard T.; Laws, D. R.; Kellner, Robert (1976). "Plasma Testosterone Levels in the Rapist. : Psychosomatic Medicine". Psychosomatic Medicine. 38 (4): 257–68. doi:10.1097/00006842-197607000-00004. PMID 940905. S2CID 20895227.
^ Serber, Michael (September 1970). "Shame aversion therapy". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1 (3): 213–215. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(70)90005-4.
^ Marques, Janice K.; Wiederanders, Mark; Day, David M.; Nelson, Craig; Ommeren, Alice (2005). "Effects of a Relapse Prevention Program on Sexual Recidivism: Final Results From California?s Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP)". Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 17 (1): 79–107. doi:10.1007/s11194-005-1212-x. PMID 15757007. S2CID 195281293.
^ Laws, D. R. (1977). "A comparison of the measurement characteristics of two circumferential penile transducers". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 6 (1): 45–51. doi:10.1007/BF01579247. PMID 836143. S2CID 33488022.
^ Melnyk, John; Derencsenyi, Anna; Vanasek, Frank; Rucci, Alfred J.; Thompson, Havelock (October 25, 1969). "XYY Survey in an Institution for Sex Offenders and the Mentally III". Nature. 224 (5217): 369–370. Bibcode:1969Natur.224..369M. doi:10.1038/224369a0. PMID 5343882. S2CID 4292921.
^ Laws, D. Richard (1974). "Failure of a Token Economy, The 38 Federal Probation 1974". Federal Probation. 38: 33. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
^ Haynes, Robert L.; Marques, Janice K. (June 1, 1984). "Patterns of Suicide among Hospitalized Mentally Disordered Offenders". Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 14 (2): 113–125. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1984.tb00342.x. PMID 6334911.
^ Noffsinger, Stephen G. (June 1, 2001). "Restoration to Competency Practice Guidelines". Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 45 (3): 356–362. doi:10.1177/0306624X01453007. S2CID 73036831.
^ Carmel, Harold; Hunter, Mel (December 1, 1993). "Staff Injuries from Patient Attack: Five Years' Data". J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 21 (4): 485–493. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016 – via www.jaapl.org.
^ Carmel, Harold; Hunter, Mel (September 1, 1991). "Psychiatrists Injured by Patient Attack". J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 19 (3): 309–315. PMID 1777692. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016 – via www.jaapl.org.
^ Hunter, M; Carmel, H (1992). "The cost of staff injuries from inpatient violence". Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 43 (6): 586–588. doi:10.1176/ps.43.6.586. PMID 1534781.
^ Carmel H, Hunter M. Compliance with training in Managing Assaultive Behavior and injuries from inpatient violence. Hosp Comm Psychiatry 41:558-560,1990
^ Love, CC; Hunter, M (1999). "The Atascadero State Hospital experience. Engaging patients in violence prevention". J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 37 (9): 32–6. doi:10.3928/0279-3695-19990901-10. PMID 10486772.
^ Hunter, M. E.; Love, C. C. (1996). "Total quality management and the reduction of inpatient violence and costs in a forensic psychiatric hospital". Psychiatric Services. 47 (7): 751–754. doi:10.1176/ps.47.7.751. PMID 8807690.
^ Becker, Mark; Love, Colleen C.; Hunter, Melvin E. (1997). "Intractability is relative: Behaviour therapy in the elimination of violence in psychotic forensic patients". Legal and Criminological Psychology. 2: 89–101. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8333.1997.tb00335.x. S2CID 144396440.
^ Hamilton-Wentworth Health Service o (1999). "Significant Achievement Awards". Psychiatric Services. 50 (11): 1481–1485. doi:10.1176/ps.50.11.1481. PMID 10543868.
^ "Atascadero State Hospital". The Joint Commission. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
^ Marques, Janice K.; Haynes, Robert L.; Nelson, Craig (March 1993). "Forensic treatment in the United States: A survey of selected forensic hospitals". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 16 (1–2): 57–70. doi:10.1016/0160-2527(93)90015-7. PMID 8500969.
^ Klinge, Valerie (February 1, 1994). "Staff Opinions About Seclusion and Restraint at a State Forensic Hospital". Psychiatric Services. 45 (2): 138–141. doi:10.1176/ps.45.2.138. PMID 8168792.
^ Marques, Janice K. (April 1, 1999). "How to Answer the Question "Does Sex Offender Treatment Work?"". J Interpers Violence. 14 (4): 437–451. doi:10.1177/088626099014004006. S2CID 145602838.
^ Gacono, Carl B.; Hutton, Heidi E. (June 1994). "Suggestions for the clinical and forensic use of the hare psychopathy checklist-revised (PCL-R)". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 17 (3): 303–317. doi:10.1016/0160-2527(94)90032-9. PMID 7995688.
^ Reed, Karen J. (January 1, 2002). "Music Therapy Treatment Croups for Mentally Disordered Offenders (MDO) in a State Hospital Setting". Music Ther Perspect. 20 (2): 98–104. doi:10.1093/mtp/20.2.98 – via mtp.oxfordjournals.org.
^ Gacono, Carl B.; Meloy, J. Reid; Sheppard, Karen; Speth, Eric; Roske, Allan (September 1, 1995). "A Clinical Investigation of Malingering and Psychopathy in Hospitalized Insanity Acquittees". J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 23 (3): 387–397. PMID 8845529. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016 – via www.jaapl.org.
^ Gibler, Brian; Hayes, Grace; Raleigh, Fred; Levenson, Barbara; Heber, Sheryl; Tham, Ann (August 1, 1996). "Forensic Psychiatric Pharmacy Practice at Atascadero State Hospital". Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 9 (4): 222–228. doi:10.1177/089719009600900403. S2CID 71883646.
^ "Mental Health News from North Carolina Mental Hope". Archived from the original on December 29, 2014.
^ Romney, Lee; Hoeffel, John (June 17, 2012). "Ex-consultant to California mental hospitals criticized elsewhere". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
^ Hoeffel, John; Romney, Lee (April 14, 2012). "California hires relatives of hospital reform effort's leader". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
^ Romney, Lee; Hoeffel, John (January 28, 2011). "Consultant to California mental hospitals abruptly resigns". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
^ Tamara Rice Lave & Franklin E. Zimring: Assessing the Real Risk of Sexually Violent Predators: Doctor Padilla's Dangerous Data, 55 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 705 (2018)
^ Lave, Tamara Rice; Zimring, Franklin E. (January 2018). "Assessing the Real Risk of Sexually Violent Predators: Doctor Padilla's Dangerous Data". University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository | University of Miami Law School Research. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
^ "State Mental Institute Employee Slain, Patient Held". AP NEWS. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
^ Romney, Lee (April 4, 2008). "Patient's slaying rattles hospital". Los Angeles Times. p. B1. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Judge refuses to release killer". Retrieved July 10, 2016.
^ LYNCH, RENE (December 17, 1992). "Slayer of Seven Is Sent Back to Atascadero : Treatment: Ex-janitor who shot nine people at CSUF in 1976 is found 'not appropriate' for Napa State Hospital". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
^ "OBITUARY -- John 'Bunny' Breckinridge". mailer.fsu.edu. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
^ "People v. Norman, No. D054896 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
^ "Edmund Kemper Biography". www.biography.com. A&E Television Networks. January 9, 2017. Archived from the original on April 13, 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
^ "Thorpe pleads guilty to murder". The Union. Nevada County, California. March 21, 2003. Archived from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2018.

External links

Official website

35°27′49″N 120°38′06″W / 35.46361°N 120.63500°W / 35.46361; -120.63500

[Atascadero-1] "Atascadero State Hospital patient killed in attack". U-T San Diego. May 29, 2014. Archived from the original on May 30, 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2014.

[2] "Atascadero Chamber of Commerce - Economic Profile". atascaderochamber.org. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved April 2, 2016.

[auto-3] Brecher, Edward M. (December 16, 1978). "Treatment Programs for Sex Offenders". Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2020 – via Google Books.

[4] "Los Angeles Free PressMarch 16-26, 1973 — Independent Voices". voices.revealdigital.org. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2020.

[5] See also Don Jackson, "Dachau for Queers”, in The Gay Liberation Book, ed. Len Richmond & Gary Noguera, Ramparts Press, San Francisco (1973), 42-50; and LaStala, John, “Atascadero: Dachau for Queers?”. The Advocate, April 26th, 1972

[6] Foreword: The Marriage Cases-Reversing the Burden of Inertia in a Pluralist Constitutional Democracy by William N. Eskridget. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[7] Another citation from the Calif Law Review article: Rob Cole, Inside Atascadero: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Treatment, ADVOCATE, Oct. 11, 1972, at 5.

[8] "Stonewall Uprising | American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020.

[9] Ross, Alex (November 5, 2012). "Love on the March". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020.

[Michael_Serber_M_1976-10] Michael Serber M.D. & Claudia G. Keith M.A. (1976) The Atascadero Project:, Journal of Homosexuality, 1:1, 87-97, doi:10.1300/J082v01n01_07

[11] "Obituary: Michael Serber 1932–1974". pdfslide.net. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2020.

[12] Serber, Michael (September 1972). "Teaching the nonverbal components of assertive training". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 3 (3): 179–183. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(72)90070-5.

[13] Serber, Michael; Nelson, Philip (July 1971). "The ineffectiveness of systematic desensitization and assertive training in hospitalized schizophrenics". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2 (2): 107–109. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(71)90022-X.

[14] Sturgeon, Vikki Henlie; Taylor, John (1980–1981). "Report of a Five-Year Follow-Up Study of Mentally Disordered Sex Offenders Released from Atascadero State Hospital in 1973 Symposium: Differential Treatment of the Sex Offender in California 4 Criminal Justice Journal 1980-1981". Criminal Justice Journal. 4: 31. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016.

[15] Rada, Richard T.; Laws, D. R.; Kellner, Robert (1976). "Plasma Testosterone Levels in the Rapist. : Psychosomatic Medicine". Psychosomatic Medicine. 38 (4): 257–68. doi:10.1097/00006842-197607000-00004. PMID 940905. S2CID 20895227.

[16] Serber, Michael (September 1970). "Shame aversion therapy". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1 (3): 213–215. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(70)90005-4.

[17] Marques, Janice K.; Wiederanders, Mark; Day, David M.; Nelson, Craig; Ommeren, Alice (2005). "Effects of a Relapse Prevention Program on Sexual Recidivism: Final Results From California?s Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP)". Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 17 (1): 79–107. doi:10.1007/s11194-005-1212-x. PMID 15757007. S2CID 195281293.

[18] Laws, D. R. (1977). "A comparison of the measurement characteristics of two circumferential penile transducers". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 6 (1): 45–51. doi:10.1007/BF01579247. PMID 836143. S2CID 33488022.

[19] Melnyk, John; Derencsenyi, Anna; Vanasek, Frank; Rucci, Alfred J.; Thompson, Havelock (October 25, 1969). "XYY Survey in an Institution for Sex Offenders and the Mentally III". Nature. 224 (5217): 369–370. Bibcode:1969Natur.224..369M. doi:10.1038/224369a0. PMID 5343882. S2CID 4292921.

[20] Laws, D. Richard (1974). "Failure of a Token Economy, The 38 Federal Probation 1974". Federal Probation. 38: 33. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016.

[21] Haynes, Robert L.; Marques, Janice K. (June 1, 1984). "Patterns of Suicide among Hospitalized Mentally Disordered Offenders". Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 14 (2): 113–125. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1984.tb00342.x. PMID 6334911.

[22] Noffsinger, Stephen G. (June 1, 2001). "Restoration to Competency Practice Guidelines". Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 45 (3): 356–362. doi:10.1177/0306624X01453007. S2CID 73036831.

[23] Carmel, Harold; Hunter, Mel (December 1, 1993). "Staff Injuries from Patient Attack: Five Years' Data". J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 21 (4): 485–493. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016 – via www.jaapl.org.

[24] Carmel, Harold; Hunter, Mel (September 1, 1991). "Psychiatrists Injured by Patient Attack". J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 19 (3): 309–315. PMID 1777692. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016 – via www.jaapl.org.

[25] Hunter, M; Carmel, H (1992). "The cost of staff injuries from inpatient violence". Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 43 (6): 586–588. doi:10.1176/ps.43.6.586. PMID 1534781.

[26] Carmel H, Hunter M. Compliance with training in Managing Assaultive Behavior and injuries from inpatient violence. Hosp Comm Psychiatry 41:558-560,1990

[27] Love, CC; Hunter, M (1999). "The Atascadero State Hospital experience. Engaging patients in violence prevention". J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 37 (9): 32–6. doi:10.3928/0279-3695-19990901-10. PMID 10486772.

[28] Hunter, M. E.; Love, C. C. (1996). "Total quality management and the reduction of inpatient violence and costs in a forensic psychiatric hospital". Psychiatric Services. 47 (7): 751–754. doi:10.1176/ps.47.7.751. PMID 8807690.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
 {{Infobox hospital
 | Org/Group = California Department of State Hospitals
@@ Line 13: / Line 14: @@
 | name =
 }}
-'''Atascadero State Hospital,''' formally known as California Department of State Hospitals- Atascadero (DSHA), is located on the [[Central Coast of California]], in [[San Luis Obispo County]], halfway between [[Los Angeles]] and [[San Francisco]]. DSHA is an all-male, [[Supermax prison|maximum-security facility]], forensic institution that houses [[mentally ill]] [[convict]]s who have been committed to [[psychiatric facilities]] by [[Judiciary of California|California's courts]].<ref name=Atascadero>{{cite web |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/may/29/atascadero-state-hospital-patient-killed-in-attack/ |title=Atascadero State Hospital patient killed in attack |work=U-T San Diego |date=May 29, 2014 |access-date=May 30, 2014 |archive-date=May 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530065543/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/may/29/atascadero-state-hospital-patient-killed-in-attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Located on a 700+ acre grounds in the city of [[Atascadero, California]], it is the largest employer in that town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Atascadero Chamber of Commerce - Economic Profile|url=http://www.atascaderochamber.org/doing-business/economic-profile.php|publisher=atascaderochamber.org|access-date=April 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314033803/http://www.atascaderochamber.org/doing-business/economic-profile.php|archive-date=March 14, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> DSHA is not a general purpose public hospital, and the only patients admitted are those that are referred to the hospital by the [[Superior Court]], Board of Prison Terms, or the [[Department of Corrections]].
+'''Atascadero State Hospital,''' formally known as California Department of State Hospitals - Atascadero (DSHA), is located on the [[Central Coast of California]], in [[San Luis Obispo County]], halfway between [[Los Angeles]] and [[San Francisco]]. DSHA is an all-male, [[Supermax prison|maximum-security facility]], forensic institution that houses [[mentally ill]] [[convict]]s who have been committed to [[psychiatric facilities]] by [[Judiciary of California|California's courts]].<ref name=Atascadero>{{cite web |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/may/29/atascadero-state-hospital-patient-killed-in-attack/ |title=Atascadero State Hospital patient killed in attack |work=U-T San Diego |date=May 29, 2014 |access-date=May 30, 2014 |archive-date=May 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530065543/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/may/29/atascadero-state-hospital-patient-killed-in-attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Located on a 700+ acre grounds in the city of [[Atascadero, California]], it is the largest employer in that town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Atascadero Chamber of Commerce - Economic Profile|url=http://www.atascaderochamber.org/doing-business/economic-profile.php|publisher=atascaderochamber.org|access-date=April 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314033803/http://www.atascaderochamber.org/doing-business/economic-profile.php|archive-date=March 14, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> DSHA is not a general purpose public hospital, and the only patients admitted are those that are referred to the hospital by the [[Superior Court]], Board of Prison Terms, or the [[Department of Corrections]].
 ==History==
@@ Line 20: / Line 21: @@
 According to a 1978 Federal study of sex offender treatment programs:<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=20OGSgN4BIcC&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA41|title=Treatment Programs for Sex Offenders|first=Edward M.|last=Brecher|date=December 16, 1978|publisher=Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice|via=Google Books|access-date=November 28, 2020|archive-date=January 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127121127/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=20OGSgN4BIcC&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA41|url-status=live}}</ref> "An informal history of [ASH], distributed in 1975, reports that Atascadero opened “with the philosophy that good therapy could be carried on in a security setting and that modern methods of psychiatric treatment, based on a therapeutic community' concept, would most likely succeed.“ The problems of 'therapy vs. security' and 'prison vs. hospital' immediately developed and hindered successful treatment. The belief that criminals should be punished for their crime and not 'babied' haunted the hospital program. For several years beginning in 1959, a series of unfortunate and tragic accidents occurred at the hospital. A number of escapes and violent incidents in addition to widespread community concern led to a special investigation of the hospital's problems which ultimately resulted in a revamping of its organization, administration, and treatment programs” beginning in 1961. The 1960's were also a troubled decade for Atascadero, plagued by internal dissension, staff rebellions, and occasional scandal."
-As early as the 1970s, ASH was referred to as a "Dachau for Queers." The term appeared in an 3/16/1972 L.A. Free Press article, with an Editor's Note stating: "The following story is an edited version of Don Jackson’s article "Dachau For Queers" which originally appeared in The Gay Liberation Book by Ramparts Press."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://voices.revealdigital.org/?a=d&d=BGJFHJH19730316.1.7&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN---------------1|title=Los Angeles Free PressMarch 16-26, 1973 — Independent Voices|website=voices.revealdigital.org|access-date=2020-11-25|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127121130/https://voices.revealdigital.org/?a=d&d=BGJFHJH19730316.1.7&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN---------------1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>See also Don Jackson, "Dachau for Queers”, in The Gay Liberation Book, ed. Len Richmond & Gary Noguera, Ramparts Press, San Francisco (1973), 42-50; and LaStala, John, “Atascadero: Dachau for Queers?”. The Advocate, April 26th, 1972</ref> A 2009 California Law Review article commented, "One reason for this appellation was that inmates [sic] were subjected to experimental therapies - electrical and pharmacological shock treatments in addition to lobotomies - to "cure" them of their "sex perversion.""<ref>{{cite book|url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4776&context=fss_papers|title=Foreword: The Marriage Cases-Reversing the Burden of Inertia in a Pluralist Constitutional Democracy by William N. Eskridget|work=California Law Review}}</ref><ref>Another citation from the Calif Law Review article: Rob Cole, Inside Atascadero: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Treatment, ADVOCATE, Oct. 11, 1972, at 5.</ref> Recent appearances of this term include a 2011 PBS American Experiences documentary "Stonewall Uprising", which was rebroadcast in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/stonewall/|title=Stonewall Uprising &#124; American Experience &#124; PBS|website=www.pbs.org|access-date=2020-11-25|archive-date=2020-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125023233/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/stonewall/|url-status=live}}</ref> and a 2012 New Yorker article.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/11/12/love-on-the-march|title=Love on the March|first=Alex|last=Ross|magazine=The New Yorker|date=5 November 2012|access-date=2020-11-25|archive-date=2020-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208115807/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/11/12/love-on-the-march|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1976 Michael Serber MD (then ASH Clinical Director) coauthored a paper commenting: "The history of treatment for the homosexual at this institution has mainly centered around inadequate and sometimes cruel attempts at conversion to heterosexuality or asexuality. There is an intermittent history of aversive conditioning. These aversive techniques had extended even to the use of succinylcholine and electroconvulsive shock treatment as punishment for homosexual offenders who had 'deviated' within the hospital. At the very minimum, homosexuals were frequently degraded by staff whose attitudes concerning homosexuality were punitive and judgmental. More homosexual patients than heterosexual had been defined as unamenable to treatment after a period of hospitalization and then were sent to prison via the courts under the ambiguous judicial system that determines the fate of sexual offenders in the state of California.”<ref name="Michael Serber M 1976">Michael Serber M.D. & Claudia G. Keith M.A. (1976) The Atascadero Project:, Journal of Homosexuality, 1:1, 87-97, {{doi|10.1300/J082v01n01_07}}</ref> Through an NIMH "Hospital Improvement" grant (1971–75), Dr. Serber<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pdfslide.net/documents/obituary-michael-serber-19321974.html|title=Obituary: Michael Serber 1932–1974|website=pdfslide.net|access-date=2020-11-29|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127121123/https://pdfslide.net/documents/obituary-michael-serber-19321974.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and his coauthor Claudia Keith MA led improvements in ASH's programs.<ref name="auto"/>
+As early as the 1970s, ASH was referred to as a "Dachau for Queers." The term appeared in a March 16, 1972 L.A. Free Press article, with an Editor's Note stating: "The following story is an edited version of Don Jackson’s article "Dachau For Queers" which originally appeared in The Gay Liberation Book by Ramparts Press."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://voices.revealdigital.org/?a=d&d=BGJFHJH19730316.1.7&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN---------------1|title=Los Angeles Free PressMarch 16-26, 1973 — Independent Voices|website=voices.revealdigital.org|access-date=2020-11-25|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127121130/https://voices.revealdigital.org/?a=d&d=BGJFHJH19730316.1.7&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN---------------1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>See also Don Jackson, "Dachau for Queers”, in The Gay Liberation Book, ed. Len Richmond & Gary Noguera, Ramparts Press, San Francisco (1973), 42-50; and LaStala, John, “Atascadero: Dachau for Queers?”. The Advocate, April 26th, 1972</ref> A 2009 California Law Review article commented, "One reason for this appellation was that inmates [sic] were subjected to experimental therapies - electrical and pharmacological shock treatments in addition to lobotomies - to "cure" them of their "sex perversion.""<ref>{{cite book|url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4776&context=fss_papers|title=Foreword: The Marriage Cases-Reversing the Burden of Inertia in a Pluralist Constitutional Democracy by William N. Eskridget|work=California Law Review}}</ref><ref>Another citation from the Calif Law Review article: Rob Cole, Inside Atascadero: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Treatment, ADVOCATE, Oct. 11, 1972, at 5.</ref> Recent appearances of this term include a 2011 PBS American Experiences documentary "Stonewall Uprising", which was rebroadcast in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/stonewall/|title=Stonewall Uprising &#124; American Experience &#124; PBS|website=www.pbs.org|access-date=2020-11-25|archive-date=2020-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125023233/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/stonewall/|url-status=live}}</ref> and a 2012 New Yorker article.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/11/12/love-on-the-march|title=Love on the March|first=Alex|last=Ross|magazine=The New Yorker|date=5 November 2012|access-date=2020-11-25|archive-date=2020-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208115807/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/11/12/love-on-the-march|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1976 Michael Serber MD (then ASH Clinical Director) coauthored a paper commenting: "The history of treatment for the homosexual at this institution has mainly centered around inadequate and sometimes cruel attempts at conversion to heterosexuality or asexuality. There is an intermittent history of aversive conditioning. These aversive techniques had extended even to the use of succinylcholine and electroconvulsive shock treatment as punishment for homosexual offenders who had 'deviated' within the hospital. At the very minimum, homosexuals were frequently degraded by staff whose attitudes concerning homosexuality were punitive and judgmental. More homosexual patients than heterosexual had been defined as unamenable to treatment after a period of hospitalization and then were sent to prison via the courts under the ambiguous judicial system that determines the fate of sexual offenders in the state of California.”<ref name="Michael Serber M 1976">Michael Serber M.D. & Claudia G. Keith M.A. (1976) The Atascadero Project:, Journal of Homosexuality, 1:1, 87-97, {{doi|10.1300/J082v01n01_07}}</ref> Through an NIMH "Hospital Improvement" grant (1971–75), Dr. Serber<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pdfslide.net/documents/obituary-michael-serber-19321974.html|title=Obituary: Michael Serber 1932–1974|website=pdfslide.net|access-date=2020-11-29|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127121123/https://pdfslide.net/documents/obituary-michael-serber-19321974.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and his coauthor Claudia Keith MA led improvements in ASH's programs.<ref name="auto"/>
-ASH's treatment programs have reflected the psychiatric assumptions of the times.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0005-7916(72)90070-5 | volume=3 | issue=3 | title=Teaching the nonverbal components of assertive training | journal=Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry | pages=179–183| date=September 1972 | last1=Serber | first1=Michael }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0005-7916(71)90022-X | volume=2 | issue=2 | title=The ineffectiveness of systematic desensitization and assertive training in hospitalized schizophrenics | journal=Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry | pages=107–109| date=July 1971 | last1=Serber | first1=Michael | last2=Nelson | first2=Philip }}</ref> Initially constructed to treat mentally disordered sex offenders (MDSOs), initial programs focused on separation from society, albeit in an environment which provided freedom of movement. This was restricted after patient escapes. Initial research and treatment programs aimed at understanding and reducing the risk of reoffense in sexual offenders.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tjeflr4&div=7&id=&page=|title=Report of a Five-Year Follow-Up Study of Mentally Disordered Sex Offenders Released from Atascadero State Hospital in 1973 Symposium: Differential Treatment of the Sex Offender in California 4 Criminal Justice Journal 1980-1981|pages=31|journal=Criminal Justice Journal|volume=4|access-date=10 July 2016|date=1980–1981|last1=Sturgeon|first1=Vikki Henlie|last2=Taylor|first2=John|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223153/http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Ftjeflr4&div=7&id=&page=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Plasma Testosterone Levels in the Rapist. : Psychosomatic Medicine|issue=4|pages=257–68|journal= Psychosomatic Medicine|volume=38|year=1976|last1=Rada|first1=Richard T.|last2=Laws|first2=D. R.|last3=Kellner|first3=Robert|pmid=940905|doi=10.1097/00006842-197607000-00004|s2cid=20895227}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0005-7916(70)90005-4 | volume=1 | issue=3 | title=Shame aversion therapy | journal=Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry | pages=213–215| date=September 1970 | last1=Serber | first1=Michael }}</ref><ref name="Michael Serber M 1976"/><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s11194-005-1212-x | volume=17 | title=Effects of a Relapse Prevention Program on Sexual Recidivism: Final Results From California?s Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP) | journal=Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment | pages=79–107|year = 2005|last1 = Marques|first1 = Janice K.| last2=Wiederanders | first2=Mark | last3=Day | first3=David M. | last4=Nelson | first4=Craig | last5=Ommeren | first5=Alice | s2cid=195281293 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/BF01579247 | pmid=836143 | volume=6 | issue=1 | title=A comparison of the measurement characteristics of two circumferential penile transducers | journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | pages=45–51|year = 1977|last1 = Laws|first1 = D. R.| s2cid=33488022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=XYY Survey in an Institution for Sex Offenders and the Mentally III|first1=John|last1=Melnyk|first2=Anna|last2=Derencsenyi|first3=Frank|last3=Vanasek|first4=Alfred J.|last4=Rucci|first5=Havelock|last5=Thompson|s2cid=4292921|date=25 October 1969|journal=Nature|volume=224|issue=5217|pages=369–370|doi=10.1038/224369a0|pmid=5343882|bibcode=1969Natur.224..369M}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fedpro38&div=51&id=&page=|title=Failure of a Token Economy, The 38 Federal Probation 1974|journal=Federal Probation|volume=38|pages=33|access-date=10 July 2016|year=1974|last1=Laws|first1=D. Richard|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043524/http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Ffedpro38&div=51&id=&page=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Patterns of Suicide among Hospitalized Mentally Disordered Offenders|journal = Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior|first1=Robert L.|last1=Haynes|first2=Janice K.|last2=Marques|date=1 June 1984|volume=14|issue=2|pages=113–125|doi=10.1111/j.1943-278X.1984.tb00342.x|pmid = 6334911}}</ref> In the early 1980s, the focus of the hospital's treatment programs shifted to patients found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) and incompetent to stand trial; ASH was a pioneer in developing effective treatment programs for the latter.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Restoration to Competency Practice Guidelines|first=Stephen G.|last=Noffsinger|date=1 June 2001|journal=Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol|volume=45|issue=3|pages=356–362|doi=10.1177/0306624X01453007|s2cid=73036831}}</ref> In the 1990s, California passed sexually violent predator (SVP) laws, imposing civil commitment upon prisoners meeting criteria upon the expiration of their determinate prison term. SVPs were housed in ASH until the new state hospital in Coalinga opened around 2004.
+ASH's treatment programs have reflected the psychiatric assumptions of the times.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0005-7916(72)90070-5 | volume=3 | issue=3 | title=Teaching the nonverbal components of assertive training | journal=Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry | pages=179–183| date=September 1972 | last1=Serber | first1=Michael }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0005-7916(71)90022-X | volume=2 | issue=2 | title=The ineffectiveness of systematic desensitization and assertive training in hospitalized schizophrenics | journal=Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry | pages=107–109| date=July 1971 | last1=Serber | first1=Michael | last2=Nelson | first2=Philip }}</ref> Initially constructed to treat mentally disordered sex offenders (MDSOs), initial programs focused on separation from society, albeit in an environment which provided freedom of movement. This was restricted after patient escapes. Initial research and treatment programs aimed at understanding and reducing the risk of reoffense in sexual offenders.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tjeflr4&div=7&id=&page=|title=Report of a Five-Year Follow-Up Study of Mentally Disordered Sex Offenders Released from Atascadero State Hospital in 1973 Symposium: Differential Treatment of the Sex Offender in California 4 Criminal Justice Journal 1980-1981|pages=31|journal=Criminal Justice Journal|volume=4|access-date=10 July 2016|date=1980–1981|last1=Sturgeon|first1=Vikki Henlie|last2=Taylor|first2=John|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223153/http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Ftjeflr4&div=7&id=&page=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Plasma Testosterone Levels in the Rapist. : Psychosomatic Medicine|issue=4|pages=257–68|journal= Psychosomatic Medicine|volume=38|year=1976|last1=Rada|first1=Richard T.|last2=Laws|first2=D. R.|last3=Kellner|first3=Robert|pmid=940905|doi=10.1097/00006842-197607000-00004|s2cid=20895227}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0005-7916(70)90005-4 | volume=1 | issue=3 | title=Shame aversion therapy | journal=Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry | pages=213–215| date=September 1970 | last1=Serber | first1=Michael }}</ref><ref name="Michael Serber M 1976"/><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s11194-005-1212-x | volume=17 | title=Effects of a Relapse Prevention Program on Sexual Recidivism: Final Results From California?s Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP) | journal=Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment | pages=79–107|year = 2005|last1 = Marques|first1 = Janice K.| last2=Wiederanders | first2=Mark | last3=Day | first3=David M. | last4=Nelson | first4=Craig | last5=Ommeren | first5=Alice | issue=1 | pmid=15757007 | s2cid=195281293 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/BF01579247 | pmid=836143 | volume=6 | issue=1 | title=A comparison of the measurement characteristics of two circumferential penile transducers | journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | pages=45–51|year = 1977|last1 = Laws|first1 = D. R.| s2cid=33488022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=XYY Survey in an Institution for Sex Offenders and the Mentally III|first1=John|last1=Melnyk|first2=Anna|last2=Derencsenyi|first3=Frank|last3=Vanasek|first4=Alfred J.|last4=Rucci|first5=Havelock|last5=Thompson|s2cid=4292921|date=25 October 1969|journal=Nature|volume=224|issue=5217|pages=369–370|doi=10.1038/224369a0|pmid=5343882|bibcode=1969Natur.224..369M}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fedpro38&div=51&id=&page=|title=Failure of a Token Economy, The 38 Federal Probation 1974|journal=Federal Probation|volume=38|pages=33|access-date=10 July 2016|year=1974|last1=Laws|first1=D. Richard|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043524/http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Ffedpro38&div=51&id=&page=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Patterns of Suicide among Hospitalized Mentally Disordered Offenders|journal = Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior|first1=Robert L.|last1=Haynes|first2=Janice K.|last2=Marques|date=1 June 1984|volume=14|issue=2|pages=113–125|doi=10.1111/j.1943-278X.1984.tb00342.x|pmid = 6334911}}</ref> In the early 1980s, the focus of the hospital's treatment programs shifted to patients found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) and incompetent to stand trial; ASH was a pioneer in developing effective treatment programs for the latter.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Restoration to Competency Practice Guidelines|first=Stephen G.|last=Noffsinger|date=1 June 2001|journal=Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol|volume=45|issue=3|pages=356–362|doi=10.1177/0306624X01453007|s2cid=73036831}}</ref> In the 1990s, California passed sexually violent predator (SVP) laws, imposing civil commitment upon prisoners meeting criteria upon the expiration of their determinate prison term. SVPs were housed in ASH until the new state hospital in Coalinga opened around 2004.
-In the mid-1980s, a US Department of Justice investigation under the [[Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act]] (CRIPA) led to important and positive clinical reforms at ASH. Sidney F. Herndon was the Executive Director throughout the 1980s and brought in a strong clinical and administrative team and built up the medical staff under Gordon Gritter MD as Clinical Director. David Saunders MD led the development of a forensic psychiatry fellowship, affiliated with UCSF-Fresno and UCLA. Harold Carmel MD and Mel Hunter JD MPA established the Atascadero Clinical Safety Project (ACSP) which conducted groundbreaking research into staff injuries from patient aggression.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jaapl.org/content/21/4/485|title=Staff Injuries from Patient Attack: Five Years' Data|first1=Harold|last1=Carmel|first2=Mel|last2=Hunter|date=1 December 1993|journal=J Am Acad Psychiatry Law|volume=21|issue=4|pages=485–493|access-date=10 July 2016|via=www.jaapl.org|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220124118/http://jaapl.org/content/21/4/485|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jaapl.org/content/19/3/309|title=Psychiatrists Injured by Patient Attack|first1=Harold|last1=Carmel|first2=Mel|last2=Hunter|date=1 September 1991|journal=J Am Acad Psychiatry Law|volume=19|issue=3|pages=309–315|pmid=1777692|access-date=10 July 2016|via=www.jaapl.org|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220124202/http://jaapl.org/content/19/3/309|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html|access-date=2020-12-16|archive-date=2020-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530133115/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Hunter M, Carmel H.  The cost of staff injuries from inpatient violence. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 43:586-588, 1992.</ref><ref>Carmel H, Hunter M. Compliance with training in Managing Assaultive Behavior and injuries from inpatient violence. Hosp Comm Psychiatry 41:558-560,1990</ref> After Carmel left to become CEO of the Colorado Mental Health Institute at Pueblo in 1991, Hunter and Colleen Love developed important programs to improve staff safety,<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=10486772 | volume=37 | issue=9 | title=The Atascadero State Hospital experience. Engaging patients in violence prevention | year=1999 | journal=J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv | pages=32–6 | last1 = Love | first1 = CC | last2 = Hunter | first2 = M| doi=10.3928/0279-3695-19990901-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1176/ps.47.7.751 | pmid=8807690 | volume=47 |issue = 7| title=Total quality management and the reduction of inpatient violence and costs in a forensic psychiatric hospital | journal=Psychiatric Services | pages=751–754|year = 1996| last1=Hunter | first1=M. E. | last2=Love | first2=C. C. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.2044-8333.1997.tb00335.x | volume=2 | title=Intractability is relative: Behaviour therapy in the elimination of violence in psychotic forensic patients | journal=Legal and Criminological Psychology | pages=89–101|year = 1997|last1 = Becker|first1 = Mark| last2=Love | first2=Colleen C. | last3=Hunter | first3=Melvin E. | s2cid=144396440 }}</ref> which won awards from the American Psychiatric Association.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1176/ps.50.11.1481 | pmid=10543868 | volume=50 |issue = 11| title=Significant Achievement Awards | journal=Psychiatric Services | pages=1481–1485|year = 1999|last1 = Hamilton-Wentworth Health Service o}}</ref> and, in 1998, JCAHO's Ernest A. Codman Award in the Hospital Category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jointcommission.org/Codman/Atascadero.htm |title=Atascadero State Hospital |publisher=The Joint Commission |access-date=August 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041144/http://www.jointcommission.org/Codman/Atascadero.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> In this era, ASH was an important center of research and teaching.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0160-2527(93)90015-7 | pmid=8500969 | volume=16 | issue=1–2 | title=Forensic treatment in the United States: A survey of selected forensic hospitals | journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry | pages=57–70| date=March 1993 | last1=Marques | first1=Janice K. | last2=Haynes | first2=Robert L. | last3=Nelson | first3=Craig }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Staff Opinions About Seclusion and Restraint at a State Forensic Hospital|first=Valerie|last=Klinge|date=1 February 1994|journal= Psychiatric Services|volume=45|issue=2|pages=138–141|doi=10.1176/ps.45.2.138|pmid=8168792}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=How to Answer the Question "Does Sex Offender Treatment Work?"|first=Janice K.|last=Marques|date=1 April 1999|journal=J Interpers Violence|volume=14|issue=4|pages=437–451|doi=10.1177/088626099014004006|s2cid=145602838}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0160-2527(94)90032-9 | pmid=7995688 | volume=17 | issue=3 | title=Suggestions for the clinical and forensic use of the hare psychopathy checklist-revised (PCL-R) | journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry | pages=303–317| date=June 1994 | last1=Gacono | first1=Carl B. | last2=Hutton | first2=Heidi E. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Music Therapy Treatment Croups for Mentally Disordered Offenders (MDO) in a State Hospital Setting|first=Karen J.|last=Reed|date=1 January 2002|journal=Music Ther Perspect|volume=20|issue=2|pages=98–104|via=mtp.oxfordjournals.org|doi=10.1093/mtp/20.2.98}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jaapl.org/content/23/3/387|title=A Clinical Investigation of Malingering and Psychopathy in Hospitalized Insanity Acquittees|first1=Carl B.|last1=Gacono|first2=J. Reid|last2=Meloy|first3=Karen|last3=Sheppard|first4=Eric|last4=Speth|first5=Allan|last5=Roske|date=1 September 1995|journal=J Am Acad Psychiatry Law|volume=23|issue=3|pages=387–397|pmid=8845529|access-date=10 July 2016|via=www.jaapl.org|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220124933/http://jaapl.org/content/23/3/387|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Forensic Psychiatric Pharmacy Practice at Atascadero State Hospital|first1=Brian|last1=Gibler|first2=Grace|last2=Hayes|first3=Fred|last3=Raleigh|first4=Barbara|last4=Levenson|first5=Sheryl|last5=Heber|first6=Ann|last6=Tham|s2cid=71883646|date=1 August 1996|journal=Journal of Pharmacy Practice|volume=9|issue=4|pages=222–228|doi=10.1177/089719009600900403}}</ref>
+In the mid-1980s, a US Department of Justice investigation under the [[Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act]] (CRIPA) led to important and positive clinical reforms at ASH. Sidney F. Herndon was the Executive Director throughout the 1980s and brought in a strong clinical and administrative team and built up the medical staff under Gordon Gritter MD as Clinical Director. David Saunders MD led the development of a forensic psychiatry fellowship, affiliated with UCSF-Fresno and UCLA. Harold Carmel MD and Mel Hunter JD MPA established the Atascadero Clinical Safety Project (ACSP) which conducted groundbreaking research into staff injuries from patient aggression.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jaapl.org/content/21/4/485|title=Staff Injuries from Patient Attack: Five Years' Data|first1=Harold|last1=Carmel|first2=Mel|last2=Hunter|date=1 December 1993|journal=J Am Acad Psychiatry Law|volume=21|issue=4|pages=485–493|access-date=10 July 2016|via=www.jaapl.org|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220124118/http://jaapl.org/content/21/4/485|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jaapl.org/content/19/3/309|title=Psychiatrists Injured by Patient Attack|first1=Harold|last1=Carmel|first2=Mel|last2=Hunter|date=1 September 1991|journal=J Am Acad Psychiatry Law|volume=19|issue=3|pages=309–315|pmid=1777692|access-date=10 July 2016|via=www.jaapl.org|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220124202/http://jaapl.org/content/19/3/309|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hunter |first1=M |last2=Carmel |first2=H |title=The cost of staff injuries from inpatient violence |journal=Hospital and Community Psychiatry |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=586–588 |date=1992 |doi=10.1176/ps.43.6.586|pmid=1534781 }}</ref><ref>Carmel H, Hunter M. Compliance with training in Managing Assaultive Behavior and injuries from inpatient violence. Hosp Comm Psychiatry 41:558-560,1990</ref> After Carmel left to become CEO of the Colorado Mental Health Institute at Pueblo in 1991, Hunter and Colleen Love developed important programs to improve staff safety,<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=10486772 | volume=37 | issue=9 | title=The Atascadero State Hospital experience. Engaging patients in violence prevention | year=1999 | journal=J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv | pages=32–6 | last1 = Love | first1 = CC | last2 = Hunter | first2 = M| doi=10.3928/0279-3695-19990901-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1176/ps.47.7.751 | pmid=8807690 | volume=47 |issue = 7| title=Total quality management and the reduction of inpatient violence and costs in a forensic psychiatric hospital | journal=Psychiatric Services | pages=751–754|year = 1996| last1=Hunter | first1=M. E. | last2=Love | first2=C. C. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.2044-8333.1997.tb00335.x | volume=2 | title=Intractability is relative: Behaviour therapy in the elimination of violence in psychotic forensic patients | journal=Legal and Criminological Psychology | pages=89–101|year = 1997|last1 = Becker|first1 = Mark| last2=Love | first2=Colleen C. | last3=Hunter | first3=Melvin E. | s2cid=144396440 }}</ref> which won awards from the American Psychiatric Association.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1176/ps.50.11.1481 | pmid=10543868 | volume=50 |issue = 11| title=Significant Achievement Awards | journal=Psychiatric Services | pages=1481–1485|year = 1999|last1 = Hamilton-Wentworth Health Service o}}</ref> and, in 1998, JCAHO's Ernest A. Codman Award in the Hospital Category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jointcommission.org/Codman/Atascadero.htm |title=Atascadero State Hospital |publisher=The Joint Commission |access-date=August 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041144/http://www.jointcommission.org/Codman/Atascadero.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> In this era, ASH was an important center of research and teaching.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0160-2527(93)90015-7 | pmid=8500969 | volume=16 | issue=1–2 | title=Forensic treatment in the United States: A survey of selected forensic hospitals | journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry | pages=57–70| date=March 1993 | last1=Marques | first1=Janice K. | last2=Haynes | first2=Robert L. | last3=Nelson | first3=Craig }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Staff Opinions About Seclusion and Restraint at a State Forensic Hospital|first=Valerie|last=Klinge|date=1 February 1994|journal= Psychiatric Services|volume=45|issue=2|pages=138–141|doi=10.1176/ps.45.2.138|pmid=8168792}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=How to Answer the Question "Does Sex Offender Treatment Work?"|first=Janice K.|last=Marques|date=1 April 1999|journal=J Interpers Violence|volume=14|issue=4|pages=437–451|doi=10.1177/088626099014004006|s2cid=145602838}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0160-2527(94)90032-9 | pmid=7995688 | volume=17 | issue=3 | title=Suggestions for the clinical and forensic use of the hare psychopathy checklist-revised (PCL-R) | journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry | pages=303–317| date=June 1994 | last1=Gacono | first1=Carl B. | last2=Hutton | first2=Heidi E. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Music Therapy Treatment Croups for Mentally Disordered Offenders (MDO) in a State Hospital Setting|first=Karen J.|last=Reed|date=1 January 2002|journal=Music Ther Perspect|volume=20|issue=2|pages=98–104|via=mtp.oxfordjournals.org|doi=10.1093/mtp/20.2.98}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jaapl.org/content/23/3/387|title=A Clinical Investigation of Malingering and Psychopathy in Hospitalized Insanity Acquittees|first1=Carl B.|last1=Gacono|first2=J. Reid|last2=Meloy|first3=Karen|last3=Sheppard|first4=Eric|last4=Speth|first5=Allan|last5=Roske|date=1 September 1995|journal=J Am Acad Psychiatry Law|volume=23|issue=3|pages=387–397|pmid=8845529|access-date=10 July 2016|via=www.jaapl.org|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220124933/http://jaapl.org/content/23/3/387|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Forensic Psychiatric Pharmacy Practice at Atascadero State Hospital|first1=Brian|last1=Gibler|first2=Grace|last2=Hayes|first3=Fred|last3=Raleigh|first4=Barbara|last4=Levenson|first5=Sheryl|last5=Heber|first6=Ann|last6=Tham|s2cid=71883646|date=1 August 1996|journal=Journal of Pharmacy Practice|volume=9|issue=4|pages=222–228|doi=10.1177/089719009600900403}}</ref>
 Many clinical staff left ASH in the late 1990s with the advent of the SVPs, which was believed by many clinicians to compromise the hospital's mission of providing excellent care for persons with serious mental illness, as opposed to containment of sexually dangerous offenders.
@@ Line 30: / Line 31: @@
 When salaries for California prison mental health staff, especially psychiatrists, increased dramatically as a result of federal litigation, ASH lost many of its psychiatrists and other clinical staff.{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mentalhopenews.blogspot.com//2007/04/state-is-sued-over-mental-hospital.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229003340/http://mentalhopenews.blogspot.com/|url-status=dead|title=Mental Health News from North Carolina Mental Hope|archive-date=December 29, 2014}}</ref> Psychiatrist salaries have been increased to levels just under the prison psychiatrist salaries, and ASH's psychiatrist staffing is now (2014) being rebuilt.{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}
-Another traumatic period came with another US DOJ CRIPA investigation in the mid-2000s. In 2007, Mel Hunter, by this time ASH Executive Director, was removed from his position as a result of his refusal to alter the clinical operations of the hospital at the behest of the DOJ consultants. He was replaced by new hospital leadership. In the event, the imposition of the atypical views of consultants with no experience in forensic psychiatry led to a degradation of clinical operations and safety, with great spikes in patient violence that came to an end when the consultants left the hospital following exposés by the LA Times into apparent cronyism.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/17/local/la-me-mental-consultant-20120617|title=Ex-consultant to California mental hospitals criticized elsewhere|first1=Lee|last1=Romney|first2=John|last2=Hoeffel|date=17 June 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306192559/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/17/local/la-me-mental-consultant-20120617|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/14/local/la-me-mental-health-consultants-20120415|title=California hires relatives of hospital reform effort's leader|first1=John|last1=Hoeffel|first2=Lee|last2=Romney|date=14 April 2012|access-date=10 July 2016|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308181140/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/14/local/la-me-mental-health-consultants-20120415|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jan/28/local/la-me-singh-20110128|title=Consultant to California mental hospitals abruptly resigns|first1=Lee|last1=Romney|first2=John|last2=Hoeffel|date=28 January 2011|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820070459/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jan/28/local/la-me-singh-20110128|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Another traumatic period came with another US DOJ CRIPA investigation in the mid-2000s. In 2007, Mel Hunter, by this time ASH Executive Director, was removed from his position as a result of his refusal to alter the clinical operations of the hospital at the behest of the DOJ consultants. He was replaced by new hospital leadership. In the event, the imposition of the atypical views of consultants with no experience in forensic psychiatry led to a degradation of clinical operations and safety, with great spikes in patient violence that came to an end when the consultants left the hospital following exposés by the LA Times into apparent cronyism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2012-jun-17-la-me-mental-consultant-20120617-story.html|title=Ex-consultant to California mental hospitals criticized elsewhere|first1=Lee|last1=Romney|first2=John|last2=Hoeffel|date=17 June 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306192559/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/17/local/la-me-mental-consultant-20120617|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/health/la-xpm-2012-apr-14-la-me-mental-health-consultants-20120415-story.html|title=California hires relatives of hospital reform effort's leader|first1=John|last1=Hoeffel|first2=Lee|last2=Romney|date=14 April 2012|access-date=10 July 2016|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308181140/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/14/local/la-me-mental-health-consultants-20120415|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2011-jan-28-la-me-singh-20110128-story.html|title=Consultant to California mental hospitals abruptly resigns|first1=Lee|last1=Romney|first2=John|last2=Hoeffel|date=28 January 2011|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820070459/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jan/28/local/la-me-singh-20110128|url-status=live}}</ref>
 A 2018 law review article <ref>Tamara Rice Lave & Franklin E. Zimring: Assessing the Real Risk of Sexually Violent Predators: Doctor Padilla's Dangerous Data, 55 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 705 (2018)</ref> reported that in 2004 then-CEO Mel Hunter had supported research showing that SVP reoffense was much lower than claimed: "This Article uses internal memoranda and emails to describe the efforts of the California Department of Mental Health to suppress a serious and well-designed study that showed just 6.5% of untreated sexually violent predators were arrested for a new sex crime within 4.8 years of release from a locked mental facility. ... these results undermine the justification for indeterminate lifetime commitment of sex offenders." Three days after Hunter's removal in 2007, his successor issued a memo terminating the study and prohibiting the use of "the previously gathered data for publication, research, testimony, or any other purpose."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lave |first1=Tamara Rice |last2=Zimring |first2=Franklin E. |date=January 2018 |title=Assessing the Real Risk of Sexually Violent Predators: Doctor Padilla's Dangerous Data |url=https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1577&context=fac_articles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127114538/https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1577&context=fac_articles%2F |archive-date=2021-01-27 |access-date=2021-01-27 |website=University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository {{!}} University of Miami Law School Research}}</ref> This suggests a second reason for Hunter's exit and is a coda to ASH's history as a research center.
 === Patient-on-patient homicides ===
-On July 17, 1990 a 59 year old property clerk of the hospital was fatally attacked by a patient named Terry Caylor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Mental Institute Employee Slain, Patient Held |url=https://apnews.com/article/56a6c7c9613b576106339f3b50fd561f |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>
+On July 17, 1990, a 59 year old property clerk of the hospital was fatally attacked by a patient named Terry Caylor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Mental Institute Employee Slain, Patient Held |url=https://apnews.com/article/56a6c7c9613b576106339f3b50fd561f |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>
-On March 30, 2008, 44-year-old inmate Earl McKee strangled a fellow inmate, 37-year-old Lawrence Rael, to death with a knotted towel. McKee was originally institutionalized as a "Mentally Disordered Offender". In 2007, after making abusive threats to other inmates, he was reclassified as a "Sexually Violent Predator". The murder came in the wake of federal court-mandated changes that reduced the usage of medication and restraints on patients, as well as a large turnover in staffing resulting in less experienced personnel working at the hospital.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/04/local/me-atascadero4 |last=Romney |first=Lee |title=Patient's slaying rattles hospital |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=B1 |date=April 4, 2008 |access-date=September 17, 2012 |archive-date=October 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023050032/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/04/local/me-atascadero4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+On March 30, 2008, 44-year-old inmate Earl McKee strangled a fellow inmate, 37-year-old Lawrence Rael, to death with a knotted towel. McKee was originally institutionalized as a "Mentally Disordered Offender". In 2007, after making abusive threats to other inmates, he was reclassified as a "Sexually Violent Predator". The murder came in the wake of federal court-mandated changes that reduced the usage of medication and restraints on patients, as well as a large turnover in staffing resulting in less experienced personnel working at the hospital.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-apr-04-me-atascadero4-story.html |last=Romney |first=Lee |title=Patient's slaying rattles hospital |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=B1 |date=April 4, 2008 |access-date=September 17, 2012 |archive-date=October 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023050032/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/04/local/me-atascadero4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 On May 28, 2014, a patient was killed and an employee was severely injured during an alleged attack by a patient.<ref name=Atascadero/>
@@ Line 46: / Line 47: @@
 ==Notable patients ==
-*[[California State University, Fullerton, massacre|Edward Charles Allaway]] - Mass murderer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/10/13/Judge-refuses-to-release-killer/8123561096000/|title=Judge refuses to release killer|access-date=10 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-12-17/local/me-3115_1_napa-state-hospital|title=Slayer of Seven Is Sent Back to Atascadero : Treatment: Ex-janitor who shot nine people at CSUF in 1976 is found 'not appropriate' for Napa State Hospital.|first=RENE|last=LYNCH|date=17 December 1992|access-date=10 July 2016|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819213859/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-12-17/local/me-3115_1_napa-state-hospital|url-status=live}}</ref>
+*[[California State University, Fullerton, massacre|Edward Charles Allaway]] - Mass murderer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/10/13/Judge-refuses-to-release-killer/8123561096000/|title=Judge refuses to release killer|access-date=10 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-12-17-me-3115-story.html|title=Slayer of Seven Is Sent Back to Atascadero : Treatment: Ex-janitor who shot nine people at CSUF in 1976 is found 'not appropriate' for Napa State Hospital.|first=RENE|last=LYNCH|date=17 December 1992|access-date=10 July 2016|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819213859/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-12-17/local/me-3115_1_napa-state-hospital|url-status=live}}</ref>
 *[[Arthur Leigh Allen]] - [[Zodiac Killer]] suspect
 *[[William Bonin]] - Serial killer
-*[[Bunny Breckinridge]] - Actor convicted of "sex perversion"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mailer.fsu.edu/~lflynn/BUNNY.htm |title=OBITUARY -- John 'Bunny' Breckinridge |website=mailer.fsu.edu |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204105440/http://mailer.fsu.edu/~lflynn/BUNNY.htm |archive-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+*[[Bunny Breckinridge]] - Actor convicted of "sex perversion" involving minors<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mailer.fsu.edu/~lflynn/BUNNY.htm |title=OBITUARY -- John 'Bunny' Breckinridge |website=mailer.fsu.edu |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204105440/http://mailer.fsu.edu/~lflynn/BUNNY.htm |archive-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 *[[Joseph Danks]] - Spree killer
 *[[James Hydrick]] - Sex offender
+*[[David Misch]] - Serial killer
-*[[Edmund Kemper]] - Serial killer<!-- At 15, following the murders of his grandparents, he was diagnosed as having paranoid schizophrenia. "Kemper was eventually sent to Atascadero State Hospital, a maximum security facility for mentally ill convicts.In 1969, Kemper was released at the age of 21" --><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/edmund-kemper-403254#troubled-childhood|title=Edmund Kemper Biography|last=Biography.com Editors|date=January 9, 2017|website=www.biography.com|publisher=A&E Television Networks|language=en-us|access-date=2017-02-15|archive-date=2015-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413081344/http://www.biography.com/people/edmund-kemper-403254#troubled-childhood|url-status=live}}</ref>
+*[[John David Norman]] - Sex offender<ref>{{Cite web |title=People v. Norman, No. D054896 {{!}} Casetext Search + Citator |url=https://casetext.com/case/people-v-norman-212 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=casetext.com}}</ref>
+*[[Edmund Kemper]] - Serial killer<!-- At 15, following the murders of his grandparents, he was diagnosed as having paranoid schizophrenia. "Kemper was eventually sent to Atascadero State Hospital, a maximum security facility for mentally ill convicts.In 1969, Kemper was released at the age of 21" --><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/edmund-kemper-403254#troubled-childhood |title=Edmund Kemper Biography |date=January 9, 2017 |website=www.biography.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks|language=en-us |access-date=May 27, 2023 |archive-date=2015-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413081344/http://www.biography.com/people/edmund-kemper-403254#troubled-childhood}}</ref>
 *[[Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris|Roy Norris]] - One of the two "Toolbox Killers"
 *[[2001 Nevada County shootings|Scott Harlan Thorpe]] - Spree killer<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theunion.com/news/local-news/thorpe-pleads-guilty-to-murder/|title=Thorpe pleads guilty to murder|date=March 21, 2003|work=The Union|location=Nevada County, California|access-date=September 30, 2018|archive-date=September 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930154704/https://www.theunion.com/news/local-news/thorpe-pleads-guilty-to-murder/|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 62: / Line 65: @@
 == Police Department ==
-Department of State Hospitals -Atascadero has its own full service law enforcement agency of over 200 sworn personnel. Police Officers are sworn law enforcement officers whose authority is granted under [[Law enforcement officer#California|California Penal Code Section 830]]. DSH police officers are not affiliated with California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). The police officers of the Department of State Hospitals are peace officers whose authority extends to any place in the state for the purpose of performing their primary duty or when making an arrest pursuant to Section 836 as to any public offense with respect to which there is immediate danger to person or property, or of the escape of the perpetrator of that offense, or pursuant to Section 8597 or 8598 of the Government Code provided that the primary duty of the peace officers shall be the enforcement of the law as set forth in Sections 4311, 4313, 4491, and 4493 of the Welfare and Institutions Code. DSH police officers are granted authority by the California Welfare and Institutions Code to enforce policies and directives set forth by the administration of Department of State Hospitals.
+Atascadero State Hospital has its own full service unarmed law enforcement agency of over 200 sworn personnel. Police Officers are sworn law enforcement officers whose authority is granted under [[Law enforcement officer#California|California Penal Code Section 830]]. DSH police officers are not affiliated with California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). The police officers of the Department of State Hospitals are peace officers whose authority extends to any place in the state for the purpose of performing their primary duty or when making an arrest pursuant to Section 836 as to any public offense with respect to which there is immediate danger to person or property, or of the escape of the perpetrator of that offense, or pursuant to Section 8597 or 8598 of the Government Code provided that the primary duty of the peace officers shall be the enforcement of the law as set forth in Sections 4311, 4313, 4491, and 4493 of the Welfare and Institutions Code. DSH police officers are granted authority by the California Welfare and Institutions Code to enforce policies and directives set forth by the administration of Department of State Hospitals.
 DSH police officers enforce the [[California Penal Code]], as well as the [[California Vehicle Code]], and are granted authority by the State of California to make [[Arrest#United States|arrests]] and issue [[Summons#Citation/Claim (legal term)|citations]]. It is the primary function of the Department of State Hospitals' police officers to provide safety, service, and security to patients, employees and the public in and around each hospital. However, this police department does assist neighboring law enforcement agencies with police activities and functions, off-site of the grounds of DSHA. In addition to police responsibilities and investigations, police officers work closely with clinical staff to ensure the safe treatment of the patients of DSHA.