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** [http://www.glassonweb.com/news/index/4022/ heated glass]
** [http://www.glassonweb.com/news/index/4022/ heated glass]


= Reading =

* [[:category:Buckminster Fuller]]


= Smart glass =
= Smart glass =
[[Smart glass]] or '''switchable glass''', or called [[smart windows]] or '''switchable windows''' in its application to [[window]]s or [[skylight]]s, refers to electrically switchable [[glass]] or [[glazing in architecture|glazing]] which changes [[transmission (optics)|light transmission]] properties when voltage is applied.
[[Smart glass]] or '''switchable glass''', or called [[smart windows]] or '''switchable windows''' in its application to [[window]]s or [[skylight]]s, refers to electrically switchable [[glass]] or [[glazing in architecture|glazing]] which changes light transmission properties when voltage is applied.


Certain types of smart glass can allow to control the amount of [[light]] and [[heat]] passing through: with the turn of a button, it changes from [[transparent]] to [[opaque]], partially blocking light while maintaining a clear view of what lies behind the window. Another type of smart glass can provide [[privacy]] at the switch of a button.
Certain types of smart glass can allow to control the amount of [[light]] and [[heat]] passing through: with the turn of a button, it changes from [[transparent]] to [[opaque]], partially blocking light while maintaining a clear view of what lies behind the window. Another type of smart glass can provide [[privacy]] at the switch of a button.
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===Electrochromic devices===
===Electrochromic devices===
{{main|electrochromics}}
{{main|electrochromics}}
[[Electrochromics|Electrochromic devices]] change light transmission properties in response to voltage<ref>[http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/Windows/switchable-glazing-windows Switchable Glazing Windows Change the light transmittance, transparency, or shading of windows] at toolbase.org</ref> and thus allow to control the amount of light and heat passing through. In electrochromic windows, the electrochromic material changes its [[opacity (optics)|opacity]]<!--, mainly due to a change in [[reflectivity]] [apparently not always due to reflectivity, could also be due to absorption]-->: it changes between a colored, [[transparency (optics)|translucent]] state (usually blue) and a [[transparency (optics)|transparent]] state. A burst of electricity is required for changing its opacity, but once the change has been effectuated, no electricity is needed for maintaining the particular shade which has been reached (-- doubt? see contrasting info under<ref>http://www.glassmagazine.net/articles.php?id=175</ref>!?). Darkening occurs from the edges, moving inward, and is a slow process, ranging from many seconds to several minutes depending on window size. Electrochromic glass provides visibility even in the darkened state and thus preserves visible contact with the outside environment.
[[Electrochromics|Electrochromic devices]] change light transmission properties in response to voltage<ref>[http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/Windows/switchable-glazing-windows Switchable Glazing Windows Change the light transmittance, transparency, or shading of windows] at toolbase.org</ref> and thus allow to control the amount of light and heat passing through. In electrochromic windows, the electrochromic material changes its [[opacity (optics)|opacity]]<!--, mainly due to a change in [[reflectivity]] [apparently not always due to reflectivity, could also be due to absorption]-->: it changes between a colored, [[transparency (optics)|translucent]] state (usually blue) and a [[transparency (optics)|transparent]] state. A burst of electricity is required for changing its opacity, but once the change has been effectuated, no electricity is needed for maintaining the particular shade which has been reached (-- doubt? see contrasting info under<ref>http://www.glassmagazine.net/articles.php?id=175</ref>!?). Darkening occurs from the edges, moving inward, and is a slow process, ranging from many seconds to several minutes depending on window size. Electrochromic glass provides visibility even in the darkened state and thus preserves visible contact with the outside environment. It has been used in small-scale applications such as rearview mirrors.

⚫
:Producer(s): [[http://www.sageglass.com SageGlass]] ... see also http://www.arch.school.nz/bbsc303/2003/students/roffdall/electrochromatic_glass.html (with drawing)
** in use in small-scale applications, such as rearview mirrors (for preventing glare: self-dimming rear mirrors)
Recent advances in electrochromic materials pertaining to transition-metal hydride electrochromics have led to the development of reflective hydrides, which become reflective rather than absorbing, and thus switch states between transparent and mirror-like.
Recent advances in electrochromic materials pertaining to transition-metal hydride electrochromics have led to the development of reflective hydrides, which become reflective rather than absorbing, and thus switch states between transparent and mirror-like.

----
⚫
:Producer(s): [[http://www.sageglass.com SageGlass]] ... see also http://www.arch.school.nz/bbsc303/2003/students/roffdall/electrochromatic_glass.html (with drawing)


===Suspended particle devices===
===Suspended particle devices===
In suspended particle devices, a [[thin film]] [[laminate]] of rod-like particles [[suspension (chemistry)|suspended]] in a fluid is placed between two glass or plastic layers, or attached to one layer ([[SPD technology]] - requires a further disambiguation to [[SPD]]). When no voltage is applied, the suspended particles are arranged in random orientations and tend to absorb light, so that the glass panel looks dark (or opaque), of blue or, in more recent developments, grey or black colour. When voltage is applied, the suspended particles align and let light pass. SPD´s can be dimmed, and allow instant control<ref>[http://home.earthlink.net/~douglaspage/id100.html The Bright Future of 'Smart' Windows] by D. Page</ref> of the amount of light and heat passing through. A small but constant flow of electricity is required for keeping the SPD smart window in its transparent stage<ref>http://www.glassonweb.com/articles/article/192</ref>. The SPD technology is licensed by Research Frontiers<ref>[http://www.refr-spd.com/press/press70.html Hankuk Glass Industries establishes separate business unit devoted exclusively to SPD film and products], Woodbury, NY and Seoul, Korea, January 8, 2001 (read 14.10.2006)</ref><ref>[http://www.refr-spd.com/press/press72.html AP Technologies acquires license from Research Frontiers to manufacture and supply variable light transmission sunroof glass], Woodbury, NY and Forence, KY, February 20, 2001 (read 14.10.2006)</ref><ref>http://www.innovativeglasscorp.com/PressReleases/IGC%20Press%20Release.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.innovativeglasscorp.com/PressReleases/Extreme%20Home%20PR-final.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.prelco.ca/pdf/12042004-1.pdf</ref>. It won a [[Popular Science]] award for "Best of what's new" in [[home technology]]<ref>http://www.smartglass.com/press.asp?rec_id=100893&sec=Research%20Frontiers%20Update%20on%20SmartGlass%20Operations</ref>. - http://smartglass.com - licensees include: http://www.isoclima.com http://www.isoclima.it http://www.isoclima.net
In suspended particle devices (SPDs), a [[thin film]] [[laminate]] of rod-like particles [[suspension (chemistry)|suspended]] in a fluid is placed between two glass or plastic layers, or attached to one layer. When no voltage is applied, the suspended particles are arranged in random orientations and tend to absorb light, so that the glass panel looks dark (or opaque), of blue or, in more recent developments, grey or black colour. When voltage is applied, the suspended particles align and let light pass. SPDs can be dimmed, and allow instant control<ref>[http://home.earthlink.net/~douglaspage/id100.html The Bright Future of 'Smart' Windows] by D. Page</ref> of the amount of light and heat passing through. A small but constant flow of electricity is required for keeping the SPD smart window in its transparent stage<ref>http://www.glassonweb.com/articles/article/192</ref>.
----
SPD technology won a [[Popular Science]] award for "Best of what's new" in home technology<ref>http://www.smartglass.com/press.asp?rec_id=100893&sec=Research%20Frontiers%20Update%20on%20SmartGlass%20Operations</ref>.
([[SPD technology]] - requires a further disambiguation to [[SPD]])
It is licensed by Research Frontiers<ref>[http://www.refr-spd.com/press/press70.html Hankuk Glass Industries establishes separate business unit devoted exclusively to SPD film and products], Woodbury, NY and Seoul, Korea, January 8, 2001 (read 14.10.2006)</ref><ref>[http://www.refr-spd.com/press/press72.html AP Technologies acquires license from Research Frontiers to manufacture and supply variable light transmission sunroof glass], Woodbury, NY and Forence, KY, February 20, 2001 (read 14.10.2006)</ref><ref>http://www.innovativeglasscorp.com/PressReleases/IGC%20Press%20Release.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.innovativeglasscorp.com/PressReleases/Extreme%20Home%20PR-final.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.prelco.ca/pdf/12042004-1.pdf</ref>. - http://smartglass.com - licensees include: http://www.isoclima.com http://www.isoclima.it http://www.isoclima.net
** SPD smart glass can also be made to react automatically to light such as to reduce glare<ref>[http://web.mit.edu/inventeams/teams/2003/bow.html Bow High School InvenTeam] at web.mit.edu (read 14.10.06)</ref> - this requires a photosensor
** SPD smart glass can also be made to react automatically to light such as to reduce glare<ref>[http://web.mit.edu/inventeams/teams/2003/bow.html Bow High School InvenTeam] at web.mit.edu (read 14.10.06)</ref> - this requires a photosensor
** voltage requirements: 0.65 W per square meter <ref>http://www.innovativeglasscorp.com/PressReleases/Extreme%20Home%20PR-final.pdf</ref>(but compare value indicated in [[smart glass]])
** voltage requirements: 0.65 W per square meter <ref>http://www.innovativeglasscorp.com/PressReleases/Extreme%20Home%20PR-final.pdf</ref>(but compare value indicated in [[smart glass]])
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===Polymer dispersed liquid crystal devices===
===Polymer dispersed liquid crystal devices===
* In polymer dispersed [[liquid crystal]] Devices (PDLCs), liquid crystal droplets are arranged in a sheet between two layers of glass. In the "off" state, they are randomly oriented and, when switched on, they align according to the electic field. The liquid crystals [[scattering|scatter]] light, without blocking it, thus the glass looks [[white]] even when in its transparent state. There is no possibility to control the amount of light and heat passing through, and the device operates in on/off states only. This technology has been used in interior settings for privacy control (for example conference rooms, intensive-care areas, bathroom/shower doors) and as a temporary [[projection screen]]; it has been marketed as "switchable privacy glass", but its commercialization has been discontinued<ref>http://windows.lbl.gov/materials/chromogenics/#Optics%205.1%20Update</ref>.
In polymer dispersed [[liquid crystal]] devices (PDLCs), liquid crystal droplets are arranged in a sheet between two layers of glass. In the "off" state, they are randomly oriented and, when switched on, they align according to the electic field. The liquid crystals [[scattering|scatter]] light, without blocking it, thus the glass looks [[white]] even when in its transparent state. There is no possibility to control the amount of light and heat passing through, and the device operates in on/off states only. This technology has been used in interior settings for privacy control (for example conference rooms, intensive-care areas, bathroom/shower doors) and as a temporary [[projection screen]]. It has been marketed under the name of "switchable privacy glass".
----
Its commercialization has been discontinued<ref>http://windows.lbl.gov/materials/chromogenics/#Optics%205.1%20Update</ref>.

* (should go also into: [[Liquid_Crystal#Applications_of_liquid_crystals]])
* (should go also into: [[Liquid_Crystal#Applications_of_liquid_crystals]])
* producrers: [http://www.polytronix.com Polytronix Inc]
* producrers: [http://www.polytronix.com Polytronix Inc]
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The topic of '''smart windows''' in a wider sense includes also [[Architectural_glass#Self-cleaning_glass|self-cleaning glass]] and the automatic opening or closing of windows for [[ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]] purposes, for example according to a [[timer]] or in response to a [[rain sensor]].
The topic of '''smart windows''' in a wider sense includes also [[Architectural_glass#Self-cleaning_glass|self-cleaning glass]] and the automatic opening or closing of windows for [[ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]] purposes, for example according to a [[timer]] or in response to a [[rain sensor]].


----
...Check on relation with [[Electro-optic_effect]], [[Electro-optic_modulator]]
...Check on relation with [[Electro-optic_effect]], [[Electro-optic_modulator]]


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==External links==
==External links==
⚫
*[http://smartglassinternational.com/ SmartGlass International] Corporate website
*[http://windows.lbl.gov/materials/chromogenics/default.htm Chromogenics], in: [http://windows.lbl.gov/ Windows and Daylighting] at Lawrence Berkeley National Library
*[http://windows.lbl.gov/materials/chromogenics/default.htm Chromogenics], in: [http://windows.lbl.gov/ Windows and Daylighting] at Lawrence Berkeley National Library
* [http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99996256 Smart glass blocks infrared when heat is on], NewScientist.com news service
*[http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99996256 Smart glass blocks infrared when heat is on], NewScientist.com news service
* [http://www.glassonweb.com/articles/article/192 Electronic Smart Glasses]
*[http://www.glassonweb.com/articles/article/192 Electronic Smart Glasses] at GlassOnWeb
*[http://www.lci.kent.edu/switch.html PDLC switchable windows], Liquid Crystal Institute at Kent State University
*[http://www.cs.ubbcluj.ro/~moltean/switchable_glass_evolvable_hardware.htm Switchable Glass: A possible medium for Evolvable Hardware], NASA conference on Adaptive Hardware Systems, IEEE CS Press, pp 81-87, 2006.
*[http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/Windows/switchable-glazing-windows Switchable Glazing Windows Change the light transmittance, transparency, or shading of windows] at toolbase.org
===Corporate websites===
⚫
*[http://smartglassinternational.com/ SmartGlass International Ltd.] (electrochromic glass, liquid crystal glass) Corporate website
*[http://smartglass.com Research Frontiers Inc.] (SPD-SmartGlass) Corporate website
*[http://www.polytronix.com Polytronix Inc.] (PDLC liquid crystal glass) Corporate website
*[http://www.sageglass.com SAGE Electrochromics Inc.] (SageGlass electrochromic glass) Corporate website
www.glasnovations.com (MagicGlas switchable glazing)


----
Nanotechnology: see also http://www.hull.ac.uk/scg/paunov/paunov06547-1.pdf
Nanotechnology: see also http://www.hull.ac.uk/scg/paunov/paunov06547-1.pdf


for patents, see e.g. http://www.patentstorm.us/class/349/16-Liquid_crystal_window.html and possibly also http://www.patentstorm.us/class/252/583-Modification_caused_by_energy_other_than_light.html
for patents, see e.g. http://www.patentstorm.us/class/349/16-Liquid_crystal_window.html and possibly also http://www.patentstorm.us/class/252/583-Modification_caused_by_energy_other_than_light.html


Good article on SPD technology: [http://www.cs.ubbcluj.ro/~moltean/switchable_glass_evolvable_hardware.htm Switchable Glass: A possible medium for Evolvable Hardware], NASA conference on Adaptive Hardware Systems, IEEE CS Press, pp 81-87, 2006. DOI bookmark: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/AHS.2006.69
Good article on SPD technology: [http://www.cs.ubbcluj.ro/~moltean/switchable_glass_evolvable_hardware.htm Switchable Glass: A possible medium for Evolvable Hardware], NASA conference on Adaptive Hardware Systems, IEEE CS Press, pp 81-87, 2006([http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/AHS.2006.69 DOI bookmark]).



Related issues:
Related issues:
* 3M, particles suspended in a fluid of microcapsules [http://www.physics.ubc.ca/ssp/papers/Publications/New%20Method%20for%20Maintaining%20Long-Term%20Image%20Quality%20in%20a%20TIR-based%20Electrophoretic%20Display.pdf LN-8: New Method for Maintaining Long-Term Image Quality in a TIR ...]
* 3M, particles suspended in a fluid of microcapsules [http://www.physics.ubc.ca/ssp/papers/Publications/New%20Method%20for%20Maintaining%20Long-Term%20Image%20Quality%20in%20a%20TIR-based%20Electrophoretic%20Display.pdf LN-8: New Method for Maintaining Long-Term Image Quality in a TIR ...]


=====Categories=====
Categories: [[:Category:Glass]] [[:Category:Liquid crystals]] [[:Category:Nanotechnology]] [[:Category:Optics]] [[:Category:Optoelectronics]] [[:Category:Solar design]] [[:Category:Smart materials]] [[:Category:Thin-film optics]] [[:Category:Thin films]][[:Category:Windows]]
Categories: [[:Category:Glass]] [[:Category:Liquid crystals]] [[:Category:Solar design]] [[:Category:Smart materials]] [[:Category:Thin-film optics]] [[:Category:Windows]]
----
Secondary Categories: [[:Category:Nanotechnology]] [[:Category:Optics]] [[:Category:Optoelectronics]] [[:Category:Thin films]]

=====Newer info=====
* http://www.autm.net/events/File/AnnualMeeting2006/Innovation%20Showcase/Non_8_Smart_Glass.pdf
* http://www.nrel.gov/technologytransfer/ip/highlights/smart_glass_technology.pdf
* http://www.nrel.gov/buildings/windows.html
* http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/documents/pdfs/27994.pdf

PV-TV:
* http://www.metropolismag.com/cda/story.php?artid=497
* http://www.treehugger.com/files/2004/10/pvtv_exterior_b.php
* http://number1source.net/eng/products/pv_tv.htm


= Curiosa =
= Curiosa =

Latest revision as of 09:55, 18 February 2011

Popular Science, Awards

[edit]

2005: "Popular Science" "Best of what´s new" award in home technology

Reading

[edit]

Smart glass

[edit]

Smart glass or switchable glass, or called smart windows or switchable windows in its application to windows or skylights, refers to electrically switchable glass or glazing which changes light transmission properties when voltage is applied.

Certain types of smart glass can allow to control the amount of light and heat passing through: with the turn of a button, it changes from transparent to opaque, partially blocking light while maintaining a clear view of what lies behind the window. Another type of smart glass can provide privacy at the switch of a button.

Smart glass technologies are electrochromic devices, suspended particle devices, and liquid crystal devices.

The use of smart glass can save costs for heating, air-conditioning and lighting and avoid the cost of installing and maintaining motorized light screens or blinds or curtains. When opaque, liquid crystal or electrochromic smart glass blocks most UV, thereby reducing fabric fading; for SPD-type smart glass, this is achieved when used in conjunction with low-e low emissivity coatings.

Critical aspects of smart glass include installation costs, the use of electricity, durability, as well as functional features such as the speed of control, possibilities for dimming, and the degree of transparency of the glass.

Electrochromic devices

[edit]
Main article: electrochromics

Electrochromic devices change light transmission properties in response to voltage[1] and thus allow to control the amount of light and heat passing through. In electrochromic windows, the electrochromic material changes its opacity: it changes between a colored, translucent state (usually blue) and a transparent state. A burst of electricity is required for changing its opacity, but once the change has been effectuated, no electricity is needed for maintaining the particular shade which has been reached (-- doubt? see contrasting info under[2]!?). Darkening occurs from the edges, moving inward, and is a slow process, ranging from many seconds to several minutes depending on window size. Electrochromic glass provides visibility even in the darkened state and thus preserves visible contact with the outside environment. It has been used in small-scale applications such as rearview mirrors.

Recent advances in electrochromic materials pertaining to transition-metal hydride electrochromics have led to the development of reflective hydrides, which become reflective rather than absorbing, and thus switch states between transparent and mirror-like.

Producer(s): [SageGlass] ... see also http://www.arch.school.nz/bbsc303/2003/students/roffdall/electrochromatic_glass.html (with drawing)

Suspended particle devices

[edit]

In suspended particle devices (SPDs), a thin film laminate of rod-like particles suspended in a fluid is placed between two glass or plastic layers, or attached to one layer. When no voltage is applied, the suspended particles are arranged in random orientations and tend to absorb light, so that the glass panel looks dark (or opaque), of blue or, in more recent developments, grey or black colour. When voltage is applied, the suspended particles align and let light pass. SPDs can be dimmed, and allow instant control[3] of the amount of light and heat passing through. A small but constant flow of electricity is required for keeping the SPD smart window in its transparent stage[4].

SPD technology won a Popular Science award for "Best of what's new" in home technology[5].

(SPD technology - requires a further disambiguation to SPD)

It is licensed by Research Frontiers[6][7][8][9][10]. - http://smartglass.com - licensees include: http://www.isoclima.com http://www.isoclima.it http://www.isoclima.net

Polymer dispersed liquid crystal devices

[edit]

In polymer dispersed liquid crystal devices (PDLCs), liquid crystal droplets are arranged in a sheet between two layers of glass. In the "off" state, they are randomly oriented and, when switched on, they align according to the electic field. The liquid crystals scatter light, without blocking it, thus the glass looks white even when in its transparent state. There is no possibility to control the amount of light and heat passing through, and the device operates in on/off states only. This technology has been used in interior settings for privacy control (for example conference rooms, intensive-care areas, bathroom/shower doors) and as a temporary projection screen. It has been marketed under the name of "switchable privacy glass".

Its commercialization has been discontinued[13].

[edit]

The expression smart glass can be interpreted in a wider sense to include also glazings that change light transmission properties in response to an environmental signal such as light or temperature.

  • Different types of glazing can show a variety of chromic phenomena, that is, based on photochemical effects the glazing changes its light transmission properties in response to an environmental signal such as light (photochromism), temperature (thermochromism), or voltage (electrochromism).
  • Liquid crystals, when they are in a thermotropic state, can change light transmission properties in response to temperature.
  • Vanadium dioxide VO2 coating reflects infrared light when the temperature rises over 29 degrees Celsius[14], to block out sunlight transmission through windows at high ambient temperatures.

These types of glazing cannot be controlled manually. In contrast, all electrically-switched smart windows can be made to automatically adapt their light transmission properties in response to temperature or brightness by integration with a thermometer or photosensor, respectively.

The topic of smart windows in a wider sense includes also self-cleaning glass and the automatic opening or closing of windows for ventilation purposes, for example according to a timer or in response to a rain sensor.

...Check on relation with Electro-optic_effect, Electro-optic_modulator

For other properties of windiws (low-e / (low:) U-factor / (high:) R-value / solar heat gain coefficient / shatterproof / self-cleaning), see http://www.doityourself.com/stry/windowglassblock and also http://www.primidi.com/2004/09/12.html


zero-energy building List of optical topics Architectural_glass

[edit]

Corporate websites

[edit]

www.glasnovations.com (MagicGlas switchable glazing)

Nanotechnology: see also http://www.hull.ac.uk/scg/paunov/paunov06547-1.pdf

for patents, see e.g. http://www.patentstorm.us/class/349/16-Liquid_crystal_window.html and possibly also http://www.patentstorm.us/class/252/583-Modification_caused_by_energy_other_than_light.html

Good article on SPD technology: Switchable Glass: A possible medium for Evolvable Hardware, NASA conference on Adaptive Hardware Systems, IEEE CS Press, pp 81-87, 2006(DOI bookmark).

Related issues:

Categories
[edit]

Categories: Category:Glass Category:Liquid crystals Category:Solar design Category:Smart materials Category:Thin-film optics Category:Windows

Secondary Categories: Category:Nanotechnology Category:Optics Category:Optoelectronics Category:Thin films

Newer info
[edit]

PV-TV:

Curiosa

[edit]

solar-powered trash can-compactors

[edit]

See http://www.sijournal.com/sijnews/2836216.html

  1. ^ Switchable Glazing Windows Change the light transmittance, transparency, or shading of windows at toolbase.org
  2. ^ http://www.glassmagazine.net/articles.php?id=175
  3. ^ The Bright Future of 'Smart' Windows by D. Page
  4. ^ http://www.glassonweb.com/articles/article/192
  5. ^ http://www.smartglass.com/press.asp?rec_id=100893&sec=Research%20Frontiers%20Update%20on%20SmartGlass%20Operations
  6. ^ Hankuk Glass Industries establishes separate business unit devoted exclusively to SPD film and products, Woodbury, NY and Seoul, Korea, January 8, 2001 (read 14.10.2006)
  7. ^ AP Technologies acquires license from Research Frontiers to manufacture and supply variable light transmission sunroof glass, Woodbury, NY and Forence, KY, February 20, 2001 (read 14.10.2006)
  8. ^ http://www.innovativeglasscorp.com/PressReleases/IGC%20Press%20Release.pdf
  9. ^ http://www.innovativeglasscorp.com/PressReleases/Extreme%20Home%20PR-final.pdf
  10. ^ http://www.prelco.ca/pdf/12042004-1.pdf
  11. ^ Bow High School InvenTeam at web.mit.edu (read 14.10.06)
  12. ^ http://www.innovativeglasscorp.com/PressReleases/Extreme%20Home%20PR-final.pdf
  13. ^ http://windows.lbl.gov/materials/chromogenics/#Optics%205.1%20Update
  14. ^ http://www.glassmagazine.net/articles.php?id=175
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