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-Forgotten Australians
-‘’’Forgotten Australians’’’ is a term the [[Senate (Australia)|Australian Senate]] used to describe the estimated 500,000 children who were brought up in orphanages, children's homes, other institutions and foster care in Australia during the 20th Century. The Senate used the term when reporting on its 2003-04 ‘Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care’.
-Children ended up in out-of-home care for a variety of reasons, mainly relating to poverty and family breakdown at a time where there was little support for families in crisis.
-Residential institutions run by government and non-government organisations were the standard form of out-of-home care during the first half of the 20th century. Children in institutions were sometimes placed in foster homes for short periods, weekends or during holiday periods. There was a move towards smaller group care from the 1950s and a move away from institutional care to kinship and foster care from the 1970s.
-During their time in care, many children suffered from neglect and were physically and sexually abused. The trauma experienced in care has impacted negatively on care leavers throughout their adult lives. Their partners and children have also felt the impact, which can then flow through to future generations.
-In 2009 an official Australian government apology was made to people who had grown up in the institutional system, including former child migrants to Australia. The apology was made by then Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd.
-Some Australian state governments have funded redress schemes for adults who were abused in care.
-==Who are the forgotten Australians?==
-The people who identify as forgotten Australians are the survivors of government policies that resulted in at least 500,000 children growing up in ‘out-of-home’ care in Australia in the 20th Century.<ref name=”AFA booklet”>’’Forgotten Australians: Supporting survivors of childhood institutional care in Australia’’, Alliance for Forgotten Australians (AFA), Second edition June 2010]</ref> Forgotten Australians are also known as ‘care leavers’.<ref> [http://www.clan.org.au/page.php?pageID=16 Care Leavers Network of Australia: Our name]</ref> Other terms for people who spent time in out-of-home care include ‘Homies’, ‘State Wards’ (or ‘Wardies’) and ‘ex-residents’.<ref name=”AFA booklet” /></ref><ref name=”CLAN_Penglase”>[http://www.clan.org.au/page.php?pageID=23 ‘Wardies and Homies’: The Forgotten Australians, by Joanna Penglase]</ref>
-The majority of children in care were not orphans. Many had either one or both parents still living, or other living relatives. Children spent varying amounts of time in institutions and foster care and the majority entered care at a young age. Many spent their entire childhood and youth in an orphanage or children’s home.<ref name=”NMA_inside_overview”> [http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/inside_life_in_childrens_homes_and_institutions/historical_overview Inside: Life in Children’s Homes and Institutions – Historical overview, National Museum of Australia]</ref>
-The Australian Senate used the figure of half-a-million when reporting on its 2003-04 ‘Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care’. <ref>[http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate_Committees?url=clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/2004-07/inst_care/index.htm Parliament of Australia: Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care]</ref> The Senate’s 2004 report on the inquiry began by saying that ‘Upwards of, and possibly more than 500,000 Australians experienced care … during the last century’.<ref name=”2004_report_exec_summary”>[  http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate_Committees?url=clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/2004-07/inst_care/report/b1exec.htm ‘’Forgotten Australians: A report on Australians who experienced institutional or out-of-home care as children’’, Australian Senate Community Affairs References Committee, August 2004 – Executive Summary]</ref><ref>[ http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate_Committees?url=clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/2004-07/inst_care/report/e05app.htm Appendix 5 to the ‘’Forgotten Australians’’ 2004 report discusses how the 500,000 figure was arrived at]</ref> The 500,000 includes 450,000-plus Australian-born, non-indigenous children, 30,000-50,000 Indigenous children from the [[Stolen Generations]], and 7,000-10,000 [[Home Children|Former Child Migrants]] from Britain, Ireland and Malta.<ref>[http://www.forgottenaustralians.org.au/PDF/andrewmurrayperthmemorial.pdf  Some remarks at the Unveiling of the Memorial dedicated to the Forgotten Australians, Andrew Murray, 10 December 2010]</ref>
-Following a 1995 Senate inquiry into the removal of Indigenous children from their families (the Stolen Generations), non-Indigenous people who had experienced out-of-home care as children called themselves the ‘forgotten Australians’ and lobbied for similar recognition.<ref>[http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/0910/ChildMigrants?print=1#intro ‘Forgotten Australians’ and ‘Lost Innocents’: child migrants and children in institutional care in Australia, Parliament of Australia background note, Coral Dow and Janet Phillips, 11 November 2009]</ref><ref name=”CLAN_Penglase” /> When a Senate inquiry into child migration to Australia was being conducted in 2000-2001, the recently established Care Leavers Australia Network (CLAN) made a submission to that inquiry to raise awareness that a third and much larger group of children who had experienced care were being forgotten.<ref>[ http://www.nma.gov.au/audio/transcripts/NMA_20120214_Inside_forum.html Inside Children’s Homes forum discussion with Dr Joanna Penglase, Care Leavers Australia Network (CLAN), 14 February 2012, National Museum of Australia Audio on Demand]</ref> <ref>[ http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate_Committees?url=clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/1999-02/child_migrat/submissions/sublist.htm CLAN submission to the child migration inquiry]</ref> A third Senate inquiry was conducted in 2003-04. The Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care ‘directed its inquiries primarily to those affected children who were not covered by the 2001 report ‘’Lost Innocents: Righting the Record’’, inquiring into child migrants, and the 1997 report, ‘’Bringing them Home’’, inquiring into Aboriginal children’.<ref>[ http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate_Committees?url=clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/2004-07/inst_care/report/c01.htm ‘’Forgotten Australians: A report on Australians who experienced institutional or out-of-home care as children’’, (August 2004) –  Terms of Reference: 2]</ref> The Senate reported on the inquiry in 2004, using the term ‘forgotten Australians’ in the report title and stating:
-… children were for many reasons hidden in institutions and forgotten by society when they were placed in care and again when they were released into the ’outside’ world. … These people who spent part or all of their childhood in an institution, children’s home or out-of-home care background have been the forgotten Australians.<ref>[  http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate_Committees?url=clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/2004-07/inst_care/report/c01.htm  ‘’Forgotten Australians: A report on Australians who experienced institutional or out-of-home care as children’’ (August 2004) – Introduction: Conduct of Senate Inquiry – Submissions: 1.16]</ref>
-‘Forgotten Australians’ is now commonly used to describe all Australian children, including Indigenous children, and former child migrants to Australia who spent part or all of their childhoods in care during the 20th Century.<ref name=”AFA_booklet” /><ref>[http://www.forgottenaustralians.org.au/PDF/socialworkeducationreport.pdf ‘’Social Work Education Project: Curriculum Mapping for Content on Forgotten Australians’’, Dr Alana Thompson (Nov 2011)]</ref> It is generally used to describe those in care between the period 1920-1970 but can also be used to refer to earlier and later periods.<ref>[http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/content.php?pid=55757&sid=490236 Adoption and Forgotten Australians: Forgotten Australians, State Library of Victoria]<ref>
-==Why children were placed in out-of-home care==
-Many of the reasons children were placed in care related to poverty and family breakdown. Until social change came about in Australia in the 1970s, there was almost no community or government support for families in crisis or financial need so most children whose families could not care for them were placed in some form of out-of-home care.<ref name=”AFA_booklet” /><ref name=”CLAN_Penglase” /><ref name=”2004_report_exec_summary” />
-Family breakdown as a result of divorce, desertion, death, illness, domestic violence, drunkenness or the trauma of war led to children being taken into care or being placed in care by their own families.<ref name=”recollections”>[http://recollections.nma.gov.au/issues/volume_7_number_1/commentary/let_our_histories_be_visible .’Let our histories be visible’: Human rights museology and the National Museum of Australia’s Inside: Life in Children’s Homes and Institutions, by Alele Chynoweth, reCollections, National Museum of Australia, Volume 7 Number 1]</ref> Few women who had been widowed, deserted or divorced could afford to raise children. Work opportunities were fewer for women than men, and women were paid less than the male wage for the same work.<ref name=”CLAN_Penglase /> Lone mothers and fathers found it difficult to work to support children as there was little affordable childcare available.<ref name=”NLA_oral_history_booklet”>[http://www.nla.gov.au/sites/default/files/forgotten-australians-oralhistory-booklet_0.pdf ‘’You Can’t Forget Things Like That’’, Forgotten Australians and Former Child Migrants Oral History Project, National Library of Australia. ISBN: 978-0-642-27827-2]</ref>
-Children could be made [[Ward (law)|state wards]] by being charged with ‘being neglected, of no fixed abode, [or] likely to lapse into a life of crime or vice’, if authorities considered they came from homes where there was violence or alcohol abuse or if there was no-one to properly take care of them. Children with physical or mental disabilities were also commonly placed in institutions, as were children who were deemed to be ‘uncontrollable’.<ref name=”NLA_oral_history_booklet” />
-The social stigma of giving birth outside marriage placed enormous pressure on women to give their children up for adoption. Some chose to place their children in a home so that they could at least have some contact with them.<ref name=”NLA_oral_history_booklet” />
-[[Stolen Generations|Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children]] were removed from their families as part of the assimilation policies of the time, and British and Maltese [[Home children|child migrants]] brought to Australian under [[Child migration|child migration schemes]] spent their childhoods in institutions.<ref name=”NMA_inside_overview” />
-==Types of care==
-===Institutional care==
-Since the early days of the [[History of Australia (1788–1850)|British colony in Australia]] placing ‘at risk’ children into orphanages and children’s homes was normal policy. During the first half of the 20th century, residential institutions were still the standard form of out-of-home care.<ref name=”NMA_inside_overview”>
-Institutions were run by state governments, charities, welfare and religious organisations or private individuals.<ref name=”recollections” /><ref name=”NMA_inside_overview”>
-They included [[Orphanage|orphanages]] and children’s homes, as well as industrial or training schools.<ref name=”2004_report_exec_summary” /> There were at least 800 of these  institutions operating between the 1920s and the 1980. They varied in size from large institutions housing several hundred children to ‘cottages’ within the grounds of an institution where smaller groups of children were cared for by ‘cottage parents’.<ref name=”NMA_inside_overview”>
-Orphanages and children’s homes in Australia ‘from the 1920s to 1980s were under-resourced, poorly supervised and lacked government scrutiny’.<ref name=”NMA_inside_trauma”>[ http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/inside_life_in_childrens_homes_and_institutions/trauma Life in Children’s Homes and Institutions – Trauma, National Museum of Australia]</ref>
-By the 1950s, concerns about the level of care children were receiving in institutions led to the closing down of the larger orphanages and children’s homes and a move towards group care in smaller cottage and [Foster care|foster homes]]. The child protection sector became increasingly professional and accountable following changes to child protection policy during the 1970s and 1980s and there was a move away from institutionalised care towards kinship and foster care.<ref name=”WCHM_literature_review”>[http://www.wchm.org.au/wchm-reports ‘’The Experiences of Women Forgotten Australians and Care Leavers - A Literature Review’’, Jasmin Ebbels, Women’s Centre for Health Matters, 2011]</ref><ref>[http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate_Committees?url=clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/2004-07/inst_care/report2/c03.htm ‘’Protecting Vulnerable Children: A National Challenge’’ (2005) Chapter 3: Out-of-home care – Foster Children]</ref>
-===Foster care===
-[[Foster care]] in Australia began in the 19th century as a form of ‘boarding out’ to give children in institutions an experience of ‘normal’ family life.<ref>[http://www.fostercare.org.au/docs/carersupport.pdf
-‘’Supporting Strong Parenting in the Australian Foster Care Sector’’, Australian Foster Care Association, 2001, pp.11-12]</ref>
-Care leavers reported to the Senate Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care that they had been placed in foster homes for short periods, weekends or during holiday periods. Foster care placements do not appear to have been made in a coordinated way, but ‘with expediency rather than child welfare being a primary consideration’. Many reported being placed with people with limited child-rearing skills and with older couples. Some considered they had only been fostered as a form of cheap labour to help out on farms and as domestic servants. Sexual abuse by foster parents, their children or other relatives was also reported.<ref>[ http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate_Committees?url=clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/2004-07/inst_care/report/c04.htm ‘’Forgotten Australians: A report on Australians who experienced institutional or out-of-home care as children’’ (August 2004), Chapter 4 - Treatment and care of children in institutions: 4.72 and 4.93]</ref>
-==Treatment==
-Children’s experience of out-of-home care varied. However, even those who made positive comments to the 2003-04 Senate Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care reported a ‘lack of love, affection and nurturing’.<ref name=”2004_report_exec_summary” />
-The Senate inquiry documented details of abuse and neglect of children in institutions:
-The Committee received hundreds of graphic and disturbing accounts about the treatment and care experienced by children in out-of-home care …Their stories outlined a litany of emotional, physical and sexual abuse, and often criminal physical and sexual assault …neglect, humiliation and deprivation of food, education and healthcare.<ref name=”2004_report_exec_summary” /><ref>[http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate_Committees?url=clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/2004-07/inst_care/report/e07app.htm ‘’Forgotten Australians: A report on Australians who experienced institutional or out-of-home care as children’’ (August 2004), Appendix 7 – Date in care and forms of abuse described by care leavers in submissions]</ref>
-Details of the mistreatment and abuse that emerged in submissions to the Senate inquiry include:
-·	physical assault and [[sexual abuse]] by ‘carers’ or other children and visitors
-·	inadequate medical and dental care
-·	extreme physical hardship
-·	lack of healthy food and adequate clothing
-·	inadequate accommodation
-·	harsh and sometimes humiliating punishment.<ref name=”AFA_About_Fas”>[http://www.forgottenaustralians.org.au/aboutFas.htm Alliance for Forgotten Australians: About Forgotten Australians]</ref><ref name=”AFA booklet” /><ref>[ http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate_Committees?url=clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/2004-07/inst_care/report/c04.htm ‘’Forgotten Australians: A report on Australians who experienced institutional or out-of-home care as children’’ (August 2004), Chapter 4 - Treatment and care of children in institutions]</ref>
-==Long-term impacts==
-Care leavers lives have been shaped in many different ways by their time in out-of-home care. The long-term impacts are generally ‘negative and destructive’.<ref>[ http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate_Committees?url=clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/2004-07/inst_care/report/c04.htm ‘’Forgotten Australians: A report on Australians who experienced institutional or out-of-home care as children’’ (August 2004), Chapter 6 – Life long impact of out of home care: 6.1]</ref>
-===Common experiences===
-Common feelings reported by care leavers include feelings of abandonment and loss because of separation from parents and siblings; a sense of isolation; feelings of guilt and self-blame; lack of confidence and low self-esteem.<ref name=”fahcsia_care_leavers /><ref name=”2004_report_exec_summary” />
-Care leavers reported to the Senate Inquiry that as adults they had suffered depression, social anxieties, phobias, recurring nightmares, anger, shame, and were fearful and distrustful of others leading to an inability to form and maintain relationships. Many detailed drug and alcohol dependence, homelessness, unemployment and imprisonment. <ref name=”WCHM_forgotten_Australians”>[http://www.wchm.org.au/forgotten-australians Women’s Centre for Health Matters: Forgotten Australians]</ref><ref name=”submissions”>[ http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate_Committees?url=clac_ctte/completed_inquiries/2004-07/inst_care/submissions/sublist.htm Parliament of Australia, Senate Standing Committees on Community Affairs, Inquiry into Children in Institutional Care: Submissions received]</ref>
-===Loss of identity===
-The most common outcome of a childhood spent in out-of-home care reported to the Senate inquiry was a loss of [[Identity (social science|identity]].<ref name=”WCHM_forgotten_Australians” />
-Many children in care were untruthfully told that their parents were dead or had abandoned them. It was common policy to prevent parents from visiting. Parents were often told their children had been moved to other institutions or had been adopted, or that visiting rights had been withdrawn as punishment for misbehaviour.<ref name=”AFA_booklet” /> In later life, some people discovered letters on government and institution files showing that their parents had tried to make contact, or have them returned home.<ref name=”NLA_oral_history_booklet” />
-Siblings taken into care together were often separated and contact between siblings was discouraged. Boys and girls were usually separated in institutions so brothers and sisters rarely had close contact. Family ties were cut when one sibling ended up in care while others remained at home with their parents or were sent elsewhere. The result is that many people never knew they had siblings or only found out much later in life. Children’s names were often changed and poor and incomplete records kept of children in care. This makes it difficult for older care leavers to find out why and how they ended up in care, and to trace parents, siblings or other living relatives.<ref name=”AFA_booklet” /><ref name=”NLA_oral_history_booklet” />
-===Poor education outcomes===
-Education for children in institutions was often of a poor standard and by the age of 15 most children had left school. <ref name=”AFA_About_Fas” /> Many children left institutions with low levels of [[literacy]] and [[numeracy]] that may have affected their ability to find work or meant they could only get low paying jobs. It also impacted on their ability to further their education. <ref name=”NLA_oral_history_booklet” />
-===Impact on partners and children===
-Most care leavers left the care system without any preparation for adulthood or parenthood. Many have carried the trauma of neglect and abuse into their adult lives and relationships but have found it difficult to tell anyone about their experiences, even partners and children..<ref name=”CLAN_about”>[http://www.clan.org.au/page.php?pageID=32 Care Leavers Network Australia: About CLAN]</ref>
-Some reported finding it difficult to sustain relationships and many have had several partners or only transient relationships. Many care leavers found they were unable to be good parents or have chosen not to have children.<ref name=”NLA_oral_history_booklet” />
-==Apologies==
-===National apology===
-On Monday 16 November 2009, the Australian Parliament, through then Prime Minister[[Kevin Rudd] and then Leader of the Opposition [[Malcolm Turnbull]], formally acknowledged and apologised for the harsh treatment and ongoing trauma of Forgotten Australians and former child migrants.<ref>[ http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/110625/20091116-1801/www.pm.gov.au/node/6321.html
-Transcript of address by the Prime Minister Kevin Rudd at the apology to the Forgotten Australians and former child migrants, Great Hall, Parliament House, 16 November 2009]</ref><ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/politics/malcolm-turnbull-apology-to-forgotten-australians/story-e6frgczf-1225798266117 Malcolm Turnbull apology to Forgotten Australians, The Australian, 16 November 2009]</ref> The apology was streamed live and broadcast on national television.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-11-16/national-apology-for-forgotten-australians/1143490 National Apology for Forgotten Australians, ABC News, 16 November 2009]</ref>
-Over 900 Forgotten Australians and former child migrants were present in the Great Hall of Parliament House in Canberra to hear the apology.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/national/apology-for-forgotten-australians-20091115-igdo.html Apology for ‘forgotten Australians’, ‘’Sydney Morning Herald’’, 16 November 2009]</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-11-16/members-of-the-audience-listen-as-prime-minister/3674872 Members of the audience listen as then prime minister Kevin Rudd apologises to the Forgotten Australians in the Great Hall at Parliament House, Canberra, on November 16, 2009, The Drum, ABC]</ref>
-===Other apologies===
-State governments and past providers of institutional and other out-of-home care have formally apologised to care leavers who suffered or witnessed abuse or neglect while in care.<ref>[http://www.clan.org.au/apologies_received.php Apologies Received, Care Leavers Australia Network (CLAN)]</ref>
-Redress Schemes
-State government funded redress schemes have made or are planning ex-gratia payments to Forgotten Australians in some states.[9] In Queensland, payments were made in 2009 ranging from $7,000 to $40,000.[10] In Western Australia, payments were expected to range from $10,000 to $80,000 and were to be made in 2010.[11][12] The maximum payment may be limited because of underfunding.[13] New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia are yet to fund redress schemes.[14] The Victorian position is that individual cases will be addressed on their merits. The major problem for adult survivors of childhood abuse is the burden of proof of the abuse in a formal legal setting.
-Major reports
-The Queensland Government commissioned an inquiry which was tabled in parliament in June 1999.[4] [5] The inquiry was conducted by Leneen Forde and is known as the "Forde Inquiry". It investigated abuse of tens of thousands of individuals in 159 institutions from 1911 to 1999.
-The Senate Community Affairs Committee commissioned a national report on children in institutional care in 2003, specifically excluding child migrants ("Home Children") and Aboriginal children, who were the subject of previous reports.[6] The Forgotten Australians inquiry considered the plight of more than 500,000 children in care in the 20th century and "generated the largest volume of highly personal, emotive and significant evidence of any Senate inquiry".[7]
-The Mullighan Report "Children In State Care Commission Of Inquiry" considered the more serious "allegations of sexual abuse and death from criminal conduct" from 1910 to 2004.[8] Seven hundred and ninety two people made allegations of abuse by 1,733 perpetrators. The inquiry found from a potential 924 names that 391 children had died in state care.[clarification needed]
-All the reports considered the nature and severity of abuse and it consequences on the abused. Each report made dozens of recommendations to address the problems caused by past abuse and prevent future abuse of children in care.
-===Forgotten Australians tell their own stories===
-* [http://www.nma.gov.au/blogs/inside/ ''Inside: Life Inside Children's Homes and Institutions'' exhibition blog, National Museum of Australia]
-* [http://forgottenaustralianshistory.gov.au/oral_histories.html Forgotten Australians: Our History – Oral Histories]
-*[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Search/Home?lookfor=ORAL+TRC+6200*&filter[]=format:Online&filter[]=format:Audio Forgotten Australians and Former Child Migrants Oral History Project]
-* [http://www.fremantlepress.com.au/books/928 Joanna Penglase, ‘’Orphans of the living: growing up in 'care' in twentieth-century Australia’’, Fremantle Press, North Fremantle, W.A. (2009). ISBN: 9781920731663]
-* [http://www.clan.org.au/news_details.php?newsID=544 Howard Campbell Jones,  ‘’Orphanage survivors: a true story of St John's, Thurgoona’’ Howard Campbell Jones, Albury, N.S.W. (2010). ISBN: 9780980844009]
-* [http://www.enhancetv.com.au/shop/product.php?productid=161446&cat=0&page=1 ‘’The Forgotten Australians’’, TV documentary screened on SBS Television on16 November 2010]
-* [http://www.forgottenaustralians.org.au/dvd.htm Forgotten Australians: Life Stories, Alliance for Forgotten Australians]
-* [http://www.randomhouse.com.au/books/david-hill/forgotten-children-fairbridge-farm-school-and-its-betrayal-of-britains-child-migrants-to-australia-9781741666144.aspx David Hill, ‘’The forgotten children: Fairbridge Farm School and its betrayal of Australia's child migrants’’, Random House Australia, North Sydney, NSW (2007). ISBN: 9781741666847]
-* [http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/fairbridge/fairbridge-transcripts/ Interview transcripts: a selection of 10 oral histories recorded by the Fairbridge Heritage Association Inc., Migration Heritage Centre]
-* [http://www.abc.net.au/tv/geo/documentaries/interactive/longjourneyhome/ ‘’The Long Journey Home’’, TV documentary about Fairbridge Farm children screened on ABC TV on 16 November 2009]
-* [http://www.randomhouse.com.au/books/human-rights-commiss/the-stolen-children-their-stories-9780091836894.aspx Carmel Bird (ed), ‘’The stolen children: their stories: including extracts from the Report of the National Inquiry into the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their families’’, Random House Australia, Milsons Point, NSW. (1998). ISBN: 0091836891]
-==References==
-{{Reflist|2}}
-External links
-·	Not for One But for all Forgotten Australians
-·	Forde Inquiry into abuse of children in Queensland institutions
-·	Mullighan Inquiry - Children in State Care
-·	The Forgotten Australians: Fairbridge Farm School interview transcripts
-·	Inside: Life Inside Children's Homes and Institutions, National Museum of Australia
-·	Forgotten Australians: Our history - Australian Government website which includes oral histories, resources and photographs
-·	[http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/communityservices/community/forgotten-australians/snapshot-consultations.pdf Snapshot of consultations with Forgotten Australians, Queensland Government Department of Communities and RPR Consulting]
-·	[http://otoweb.cloudapp.net/ On their own: Britain’s Child Migrants: museum exhibition] A collaboration between the [[Australian National Maritime Museum]] and [[National Museums Liverpool]].
-·	[http://www.wingsforsurvivors.com/ Wings for Survivors]
-·	[http://www.clan.org.au/ Care Leavers Australia Network (CLAN)]
-·	[http://www.findandconnect.gov.au/ Find & Connect Australia]