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{{Infobox person
'''Twitter diplomacy''', or '''"Twiplomacy,"''' is the use of social network and microblogging website, [[Twitter]], by [[Head of state|heads of state]], leaders of [[Intergovernmental organization|intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)]], and their [[Diplomat|diplomats]] to conduct [[Diplomacy|diplomatic]] outreach and [[Public diplomacy|public diplomacy]].
| name = Alexei Arbatov
| image =
| caption = <small>Alexei Arbatov, 2013</small>
| birthname = Alexei Georgievich Arbatov<br>Алексей Георгиевич Арбатов
| birth_date = January 17, 1951
| birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Russia]]}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = MA, [[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]] (MGIMO)<br>PhD, [[Institute of World Economy and International Relations]] (IMEMO)
| occupation = [[Political scientist]]<br>[[Politician]]<br>[[Author]]
| party = [[Yabloko]] (social liberal)
| years_active =
| alias =
| spouse = Nadezhda Arbatova
| children =
| nationality = Russian
| religion =
}}


'''Dr. Alexei Georgievich Arbatov, PhD''' (Russian: [[:ru:Арбатов, Алексей Георгиевич|Алексей Георгиевич Арбатов]], born January 17, 1951) is a full member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], the Head of the Center for International Security at the [[Institute of World Economy and International Relations]] (IMEMO), and a scholar in residence at the [[Carnegie Moscow Center]]. He is a Russian [[political science|political scientist]], [[academia|academic]], [[author]], and former [[politician]].
A 2013 study by website [http://twiplomacy.com Twiplomacy] ([https://twitter.com/Twiplomacy @Twiplomacy]) found that 153 of the 193 countries represented at the [[United Nations]] ([https://twitter.com/UN @UN]) had established government Twitter accounts.<ref>{{cite web|last=Twiplomacy|title=Twiplomacy {{!}} Mutual relations on Twitter|url=http://twiplomacy.com|accessdate=27 April 2014}}</ref> As of July 2013, also according to Twiplomacy, those accounts amounted to 505 Twitter handles used by world leaders and their foreign ministers, with their tweets able to reach a combined audience of over 106 million followers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Twiplomacy|title=Twiplomacy {{!}} Mutual relations on Twitter|url=http://twiplomacy.com|accessdate=27 April 2014}}</ref>


Born in [[Russia]], Arbatov graduated from the [[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]] (MGIMO), and completed graduate and post-graduate studies at the [[Institute of World Economy and International Relations]] (IMEMO). He has spent nearly 40 years in the academic and scientific communities, and also served for over a decade in Russia's parliament. He is one of Russia's foremost experts in the fields of international relations, foreign and military policy, international security, and arms control and disarmament.
Twitter is gradually re-defining how governments outreach to foreign audiences. From cordial announcements of bi-lateral cooperation to terse exchanges and diplomatic jabs, the secretive world of [[International relations|international relations]] is increasingly played out via "hashtag diplomacy," 140 characters at a time.


==Personal life and education==
== Origins of Twitter diplomacy ==


Arbatov was born in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]] on January 17, 1951. He is the son of Georgy Arkadyevich Arbatov (Russian: [[:ru:Арбатов, Георгий Аркадьевич|Арбатов, Георгий Аркадьевич]]), a highly distinguished Soviet and Russian academic and decorated veteran of the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Great Patriotic War]], the Russian front of [[World War II]]. Alexei Arbatov studied international relations at the [[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]] (MGIMO), also father Georgy's alma mater, and graduated in 1973 with distinction.
Although the use of Twitter by world leader and diplomats is on the rise, Twitter diplomacy is only one aspect of the larger trend toward [[Digital diplomacy|digital diplomacy]], also known as eDiplomacy or [[Facebook diplomacy]], by many of the world's governments.


After graduating from MGIMO, Arbatov began graduate studies at the [[Institute of World Economy and International Relations]] (IMEMO) in Moscow. He defended his graduate dissertation in 1976 and earned a [[Candidate of Sciences]], or "''Kandidat,''" degree--the [[Education in Russia|Russian education system]]'s equivalent of a PhD. Arbatov then pursued post-doctoral studies, also at IMEMO. After successful defense of a second dissertation in 1982, he earned a [[Doktor nauk|Doctor of Sciences]] in History degree and the title of "Doctor of Historical Studies."
=== Digital diplomacy ===


Arbatov is married to Nadezhda Arbatova, a fellow political scientist and MGIMO alumna.<ref>{{cite web|last1=IMEMO|title=Арбатова Надежда Константиновна|url=http://www.imemo.ru/index.php?page_id=555&id=26|website=IMEMO|accessdate=14 October 2014}}</ref> The couple has one daughter together, Ekaterina, who is also a graduate of MGIMO.
''"My God, this is the end of diplomacy!"'' -Former British Foreign Secretary [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]], upon receiving his first telegraph in the 1840s


==Academic and scientific career==
Changes to the media used to conduct diplomacy throughout history have followed developments in technology, and digital diplomacy is the latest development. Social media diplomacy helps create and maintain a conversation between policymakers and citizens, between diplomats and foreign publics. Though definitions vary, digital diplomacy is generally regarded as the use of the Internet and information communication technologies to help achieve diplomatic objectives.


The [[Department of State|US Department of State]] ([https://twitter.com/StateDept @StateDept]) is widely credited as having established the first program dedicated to digital diplomacy with its 2003 founding of the [[Office of eDiplomacy]]. Other countries have followed suit, with heads of state, ministers, ambassadors, and government agencies now well-established throughout the most popular social media platforms.


=== Twitter and diplomacy ===


Most of Arbatov's academic and scientific work has spanned strategic, political, and military-economic aspects of international security, foreign policy and defense, and arms limitation and reduction.
An estimated 241 million active users have joined Twitter<ref>{{cite web|last=Twitter|title=About Twitter, Inc.|url=https://about.twitter.com/company|accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref> since founder [[Jack Dorsey]]'s ([https://twitter.com/jack @jack]) first tweet on March 26, 2006, making it an increasingly powerful tool for outreach. World leaders and their diplomats also took note of Twitter's rapid expansion, and now use it as a way to engage with foreign publics, as well as their own citizens. Twitter also offers policymakers the possibility to hear many different perspectives.


===Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO)===
Commenting in a 2013 publication on the subject for the Geneva-based, non-profit [http://www.diplomacy.edu Diplo], former Italian Foreign Minister [[Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata|Giulio Terzi]] ([https://twitter.com/GiulioTerzi @GiulioTerzi]) said of Twitter diplomacy, “Social media exposes foreign policymakers to global audiences while at the same time allowing governments to reach them instantly... Twitter has two big positive effects on foreign policy: it fosters a beneficial exchange of ideas between policymakers and civil society and enhances diplomats’ ability to gather information and to anticipate, analyze, manage, and react to events.”<ref>{{cite web|last=DiploFoundation|title=Twitter for Diplomats|url=http://issuu.com/diplo/docs/twitter_for_diplomats|accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref>


Arbatov has spent the majority of his academic and scientific career at the [[Institute of World Economy and International Relations]] (IMEMO) in Moscow, where he now heads the Center for International Security. In 2011, he was elected as a full member to the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], the parent organization that includes IMEMO.<ref>{{cite web|last1=IMEMO|title=Арбатов Алексей Георгиевич|url=http://www.imemo.ru/index.php?page_id=555&id=11|website=IMEMO|accessdate=14 October 2014}}</ref>
Another, less cheerful aspect of Twitter diplomacy is that diplomatic confrontations can now be held on a world stage. In April 2014, confrontations between the US State Department and the Russian [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] ([https://twitter.com/mfa_russia @mfa_russia]) over the [[2014 Crimean crisis]] devolved into dueling tweets using the hashtag #UnitedforUkraine.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ishaan|first=Tharoor|title=Russia hijacks U.S. State Department’s Ukraine hashtag|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/04/25/russia-hijacks-u-s-state-departments-ukraine-hashtag/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=27 April 2014}}</ref> Tweeting to a global audience can also be difficult, as Iranian President [[Hassan Rouhani]] ([https://twitter.com/HassanRouhani @HassanRouhani]) learned in early 2014, when he deleted a controversial tweet that was likely intended for his domestic audience.<ref>{{cite web|last=Loguirato|first=Brett|title=Iran's President Deleted A Controversial Tweet|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/hassan-rouhani-deletes-tweet-nuclear-deal-surrender-2014-1|publisher=Business Insider|accessdate=27 April 2014}}</ref>


Since joining IMEMO in 1976, Arbatov has served as researcher, senior researcher, leading specialist, sector head, and department head. He is a member of the IMEMO Scientific Council, the Institute of USA and Canada Studies, and the Institute of Europe. Arbatov is a member of the boards of editors of the ''Russia in Global Affairs'' and ''Science and Global Security'' journals.
=== Studying Twitter diplomacy ===


Arbatov is also a member of the Research Council of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], Russia's Government Expert Council, the Russian Council for Foreign and Defense Policy, and the Russian International Affairs Council.
A growing number of studies and publications are emerging on the topic, though the study of the subject is still in its infancy.


===Carnegie Moscow Center===
The most authoritative source on Twitter diplomacy to date is arguably website [http://twiplomacy.com Twiplomacy]. Twiplomacy is dedicated to the study of Twitter's use by world leaders, and is administered by public relations and communications firm [[Burson-Marsteller]] ([https://twitter.com/B_M @B_M]). The website also publishes the results of its annual country-by-country studies, now in their second year, and its 535-page "[http://twiplomacy.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Twiplomacy_countries.pdf Twiplomacy: Heads of state and government on Twitter, July 2013]" is now available online.


Since 2004, Arbatov has been a scholar in residence at the [[Carnegie Moscow Center]], the top-rated think tank in Russia and Moscow-based regional affiliate of the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|title=Alexei Arbatov|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/experts/?fa=367|website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|accessdate=14 October 2014}}</ref> He chairs Carnegie Moscow Center's Nonproliferation Program, regularly writes for the Endowment's publications and blogs, and moderates and contributes to the Endowment's seminars and conferences.
Italian Press and Public Affairs Officer Andreas Sandre ([https://twitter.com/andreas212nyc @andreas212nyc]) authored a 2013 work for Geneva-based, non-profit [http://www.diplomacy.edu/ Diplo], "[http://issuu.com/diplo/docs/twitter_for_diplomats Twitter for Diplomats]," which chronicles the development of the subject concept and offers suggestions about its effective use.


===International work and cooperation===
== Use by governments and intergovernmental organizations ==


Arbatov has participated in many joint research projects with foreign experts on issues of strategic offensive and defensive weapons and compliance with international treaties on arms control.
Twiplomacy's 2013 study provided new insight into the use of Twitter by governments. Twitter registration by region includes:
* Africa: 71% of governments
* Asia: 75% of governments
* Europe: 100% of governments
* North America: 18 governments (no percentage given)
* Oceania: 38% of governments
* South America: 92% of governments


Arbatov has been a member of numerous advisory boards, including the Governing Board of the [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]], the board of the [[Monterey Institute of International Studies#James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS)|Center for Nonproliferation Studies]] at the [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]], the advisory board of the [[Geneva Centre for Security Policy]] (GCSP), the International Advisory Board of the [[Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces]] (DCAF), the board of directors of the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), and is the vice president of the [[International Luxembourg Forum on Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=SIPRI|title=New Chairman of the Board of SIPRI appointed|url=http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/2010/100623lennmarker|website=SIPRI|accessdate=14 October 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last1=Monterey Institute of International Studies|title=Members | Monterey Nonproliferation Strategy Group (MNSG)|url=http://cns.miis.edu/mnsg/members.htm|website=Monterey Institute of International Studies|accessdate=14 October 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last1=Luxembourg Forum|title=Alexei Arbatov|url=http://luxembourgforum.org/eng/events/structure/arbatov/|website=Luxembourg Forum|accessdate=14 October 2014}}</ref>
=== By heads of state ===


Arbatov was also a member of the the [[International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament]] and the [[Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission]].
US President [[Barack Obama]] ([https://twitter.com/BarackObama @BarackObama]) is credited as being the first head of state to establish a Twitter account--though it was originally affiliated with his [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008|2008 presidential campaign]]--on March 5, 2007 as user number 813,286.<ref>{{cite web|last=Twiplomacy|title=Twiplomacy Study 2013 {{!}} Twiplomacy|url=http://twiplomacy.com/twiplomacy-study-2013/|accessdate=27 April 2014}}</ref> He is also handily the most popular head of state on Twitter: with over 42 million followers as of April 2014, he is the third most-followed person on Twitter behind pop stars [[Katy Perry]] ([https://twitter.com/katyperry @katyperry]) and [[Justin Bieber]] ([https://twitter.com/justinbieber @justinbieber]).<ref>{{cite web|last=Twitter|title=Twitter top 100 most followed - Twitter Counter|url=http://twittercounter.com/pages/100|accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref>


==Political career==
Other heads of state to pioneer the conduct of Twitter diplomacy include Mexican president [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] ([https://twitter.com/EPN @EPN]), Belgian Prime Minister [[Elio Di Rupo]] ([https://twitter.com/eliodirupo @ElioDiRupo]), and Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] ([https://twitter.com/pmharper @PMHarper]), all of whom joined Twitter in 2007.


=== By leaders of intergovernmental organizations ===


Twiplomacy does not distinguish between intergovernmental organizations and other international organizations (for example, [[International non-governmental organization|international non-governmental organizations]]), so the number of strictly intergovernmental organizations on Twitter is difficult to ascertain.


Arbatov played a leading role in the politics of post-Soviet Russia. He was a member of the Soviet delegation to [[START I]] negotiations, a bi-lateral treaty on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms that was signed in 1991 between the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]]. Following the break-up of the [[Soviet Union]], he served for over a decade in Russia's [[Federal Assembly (Russia)|Federal Assembly]], or parliament.
The United Nations (UN) is clearly the most followed intergovernmental organization, with its website showing over 2.56 million viewers in April 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Nations (UN) on Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/UN}}</ref> Many of the UN's subordinate agencies achieved top rankings for numbers of followers according to Twiplomacy. The [[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF, [https://twitter.com/UNICEF @UNICEF]) actually achieved greater popularity than its parent organization, now with over 2.69 million followers.<ref>{{cite web|title=UNICEF (UNICEF) on Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/UNICEF}}</ref>


===State Duma Member===
=== By diplomats and diplomatic missions ===


From 1994 to 2003, he was a member of the Russian [[State Duma]], the lower house of the Federal Assembly, and served in on various committees. Arbatov's three terms in office spanned the first three iterations of the newly formed State Duma:
The US State Department, despite its highly scripted foreign policy, maintains a very active presence on Twitter. Former US [[Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] ([https://twitter.com/HillaryClinton @HillaryClinton]) and current Secretary [[John Kerry]] ([https://twitter.com/JohnKerry @JohnKerry]) both took to Twitter with personal handles, breaking free from the official State Department handle and encouraging other American diplomats to follow in turn. Former US ambassador to the Russian Federation, [[Michael McFaul]] ([https://twitter.com/McFaul @McFaul]), pioneered the use of Twitter for American ambassadors with a steady stream of English/Russian tweets during his 2011-2014 tenure. An academic by trade and not a career diplomat, Ambassador McFaul's tweets were generally blunt and un-polished--uncommon characteristics in the diplomatic world--earning both frequent criticism from the Russian government and praise from his supporters.
* 1993-1995 - State Duma member
* 1995-1995 - State Duma member, member of the Defense Committee, Chairman of the Subcommittee for International Security and Arms Limitations
* 1999-2003 - State Duma member, Deputy Chairman of the Defense Committee, Head of the Commission for Defense, Security and Ratification of International Treaties


Arbatov initiated and/or drafted several Russian [[Law of Russia|laws]] during his tenure in the State Duma:<ref>{{cite web|last1=Yabloko|title=Alexei G. Arbatov|url=http://www.eng.yabloko.ru/People/Arbatov/Arbat.html|website=Yabloko|accessdate=14 October 2014}}</ref>
== Notable use by civil society ==
*"On Civil Control and Management over Military Organization and Activity in the Russian Federation"
*"On the Financing of the Strategic Nuclear Arms Forces of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2001"
*"On Amendments and Additions to the Federal Law, "On the Federal Budget for 1999""
*"On the Status of Participants in Armed Conflicts and Combatants"
*"On Civil Control and Management over Military Organization and Activity in the Russian Federation"


Arbatov also initiated several inquiries as a State Duma Deputy, including:<ref>{{cite web|last1=Yabloko|title=Alexei G. Arbatov|url=http://www.eng.yabloko.ru/People/Arbatov/Arbat.html|website=Yabloko|accessdate=14 October 2014}}</ref>
=== Non-governmental organizations ===
*Inquiry on non-implementation of the law, "On Social Protection of Citizens Exposed to Radiation Due to the Chernobyl Disaster" and Government Resolution "On the Procedure for Providing Compensation and Concessions to Individuals Subjected to Radiation"
*Inquiry regarding the failure of the government to determine a mechanism for taking the border registration fee, envisaged by the law "On the State Border"
*Request for the urgent submission to the State Duma of the concept and development programs, reductions, and utilization of nuclear weapons and corresponding expenditures. Without these materials, it would have been impossible to prepare for ratification of [[START II]] in 1993.


===Injury in Chechnya===
Of the 99 international organizations covered by Twiplomacy's 2013 study, [[Greenpeace]] ([https://twitter.com/Greenpeace @Greenpeace]) has been tweeting the longest; it registered in 2007.


A handful of Russia's ethnic minority-dominated regions--such as [[Chechnya]], [[Dagestan]], and [[Ingushetia]]--saw violent activities against the Moscow government following the break-up of the Soviet Union. As a member of the State Duma's Defense Committee, Arbatov frequently traveled to these regions to assess the situations.
The most followed non-governmental organization is the [[World Wildlife Fund]] ([WWF, https://twitter.com/WWF @WWF]), with over 1.33 million followers. Its followers are also highly active, with each of its tweets being retweeted an average of 69 times, according to Twiplomacy.


During one such visit in 2001, Arbatov was traveling through Chechnya with Evgeny Zelenov, another State Duma member, when their Mi-8 helicopter came under a heavy machinegun fire ambush. Arbatov was injured during the attack, as were Zelenov, the aircraft's pilot, and a crew member. The pilot, [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Leonid Konstantinov, later died of his injuries.
=== Activist and opposition groups ===


===Yabloko political party===
Of course, Twitter allows activist and opposition groups to have the same cyber presence as sovereign governments, a major equalling of the playing field. No statistics are currently available on the use of Twitter by opposition groups.


Outside of his career in the State Duma, Arbatov served as vice chairman of the Russian United Democratic Party ([[Yabloko]])--social liberal political party--from 2001 to 2008. Arbatov has served as a member of the Yabloko Political Committee from 2008 to the present.
Despite the lack of numerical data, the power of Twitter by opposition groups in diplomacy is powerfully evident. Twitter is credited with being used to rally [[Arab Spring]] supporters for rallies in various countries. More recently, in Turkey, Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] blocked access to Twitter in May 2014 due its widespread use by political opponents and activists.


==Publications==
=== Religious groups ===


Arbatov is an author and editor of many publications on issues of global security, strategic stability, disarmament, Russian military reform, and various current domestic and foreign political issues.
The Pope is one of the most-followed world leaders; according to Twiplomacy's 2013 annual study, he's #something.


=== Academia ===
===Books===


*''Outer Space: Weapons, Diplomacy, and Security'' (2010)
Think tanks
*''Equation Security'' (2010)
*''Beyond Nuclear Deterrence: Transforming the US-Russian Equation'' (2006)
*''Defense and Security of Russia'' (2004)

===Monographs===

*''Security: Russian Option'' (1999)
*''Russian National Idea and Foreign Policy'' (1998)
*''Military Reform in Russia: Dilemmas, Obstacles and Prospects'' (1997, in English)
*''Defensive Sufficiency and Security'' (1990)
*''Deadly boundaries: The Soviet View of Nuclear Strategy, and Arms Negotiations'' (1988, in English)
*''Military-Strategic Parity and the Policy of the USA'' (1984)
*''Security in the Nuclear Age and the Policy of Washington'' (1980)

==External links==
*[http://www.imemo.ru/en Institute of World Economy and International Relations]
*[http://carnegie.ru/?lang=en Carnegie Moscow Center]


== References ==
== References ==


{{ref list|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

{{:DEFAULTSORT:Arbatov, Alexei}}
[[:Category:International relations]]
[[:Category:Political science]]
[[:Category:Think tanks]]
[[:Category:Foreign relations of Russia]]
[[:Category:1951 births]]
[[:Category:Living people]]

Latest revision as of 04:39, 1 July 2016

Alexei Arbatov
Born
Alexei Georgievich Arbatov
Алексей Георгиевич Арбатов

January 17, 1951
Russia
NationalityRussian
EducationMA, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO)
PhD, Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO)
Occupation(s)Political scientist
Politician
Author
Political partyYabloko (social liberal)
SpouseNadezhda Arbatova

Dr. Alexei Georgievich Arbatov, PhD (Russian: Алексей Георгиевич Арбатов, born January 17, 1951) is a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Head of the Center for International Security at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO), and a scholar in residence at the Carnegie Moscow Center. He is a Russian political scientist, academic, author, and former politician.

Born in Russia, Arbatov graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), and completed graduate and post-graduate studies at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO). He has spent nearly 40 years in the academic and scientific communities, and also served for over a decade in Russia's parliament. He is one of Russia's foremost experts in the fields of international relations, foreign and military policy, international security, and arms control and disarmament.

Personal life and education

[edit]

Arbatov was born in Moscow, Russia on January 17, 1951. He is the son of Georgy Arkadyevich Arbatov (Russian: Арбатов, Георгий Аркадьевич), a highly distinguished Soviet and Russian academic and decorated veteran of the Great Patriotic War, the Russian front of World War II. Alexei Arbatov studied international relations at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), also father Georgy's alma mater, and graduated in 1973 with distinction.

After graduating from MGIMO, Arbatov began graduate studies at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) in Moscow. He defended his graduate dissertation in 1976 and earned a Candidate of Sciences, or "Kandidat," degree--the Russian education system's equivalent of a PhD. Arbatov then pursued post-doctoral studies, also at IMEMO. After successful defense of a second dissertation in 1982, he earned a Doctor of Sciences in History degree and the title of "Doctor of Historical Studies."

Arbatov is married to Nadezhda Arbatova, a fellow political scientist and MGIMO alumna.[1] The couple has one daughter together, Ekaterina, who is also a graduate of MGIMO.

Academic and scientific career

[edit]

Most of Arbatov's academic and scientific work has spanned strategic, political, and military-economic aspects of international security, foreign policy and defense, and arms limitation and reduction.

Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO)

[edit]

Arbatov has spent the majority of his academic and scientific career at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) in Moscow, where he now heads the Center for International Security. In 2011, he was elected as a full member to the Russian Academy of Sciences, the parent organization that includes IMEMO.[2]

Since joining IMEMO in 1976, Arbatov has served as researcher, senior researcher, leading specialist, sector head, and department head. He is a member of the IMEMO Scientific Council, the Institute of USA and Canada Studies, and the Institute of Europe. Arbatov is a member of the boards of editors of the Russia in Global Affairs and Science and Global Security journals.

Arbatov is also a member of the Research Council of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Russia's Government Expert Council, the Russian Council for Foreign and Defense Policy, and the Russian International Affairs Council.

Carnegie Moscow Center

[edit]

Since 2004, Arbatov has been a scholar in residence at the Carnegie Moscow Center, the top-rated think tank in Russia and Moscow-based regional affiliate of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.[3] He chairs Carnegie Moscow Center's Nonproliferation Program, regularly writes for the Endowment's publications and blogs, and moderates and contributes to the Endowment's seminars and conferences.

International work and cooperation

[edit]

Arbatov has participated in many joint research projects with foreign experts on issues of strategic offensive and defensive weapons and compliance with international treaties on arms control.

Arbatov has been a member of numerous advisory boards, including the Governing Board of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, the board of the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, the advisory board of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP), the International Advisory Board of the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), the board of directors of the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), and is the vice president of the International Luxembourg Forum on Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe.[4] [5] [6]

Arbatov was also a member of the the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and the Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission.

Political career

[edit]

Arbatov played a leading role in the politics of post-Soviet Russia. He was a member of the Soviet delegation to START I negotiations, a bi-lateral treaty on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms that was signed in 1991 between the United States and the Soviet Union. Following the break-up of the Soviet Union, he served for over a decade in Russia's Federal Assembly, or parliament.

State Duma Member

[edit]

From 1994 to 2003, he was a member of the Russian State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly, and served in on various committees. Arbatov's three terms in office spanned the first three iterations of the newly formed State Duma:

  • 1993-1995 - State Duma member
  • 1995-1995 - State Duma member, member of the Defense Committee, Chairman of the Subcommittee for International Security and Arms Limitations
  • 1999-2003 - State Duma member, Deputy Chairman of the Defense Committee, Head of the Commission for Defense, Security and Ratification of International Treaties

Arbatov initiated and/or drafted several Russian laws during his tenure in the State Duma:[7]

  • "On Civil Control and Management over Military Organization and Activity in the Russian Federation"
  • "On the Financing of the Strategic Nuclear Arms Forces of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2001"
  • "On Amendments and Additions to the Federal Law, "On the Federal Budget for 1999""
  • "On the Status of Participants in Armed Conflicts and Combatants"
  • "On Civil Control and Management over Military Organization and Activity in the Russian Federation"

Arbatov also initiated several inquiries as a State Duma Deputy, including:[8]

  • Inquiry on non-implementation of the law, "On Social Protection of Citizens Exposed to Radiation Due to the Chernobyl Disaster" and Government Resolution "On the Procedure for Providing Compensation and Concessions to Individuals Subjected to Radiation"
  • Inquiry regarding the failure of the government to determine a mechanism for taking the border registration fee, envisaged by the law "On the State Border"
  • Request for the urgent submission to the State Duma of the concept and development programs, reductions, and utilization of nuclear weapons and corresponding expenditures. Without these materials, it would have been impossible to prepare for ratification of START II in 1993.

Injury in Chechnya

[edit]

A handful of Russia's ethnic minority-dominated regions--such as Chechnya, Dagestan, and Ingushetia--saw violent activities against the Moscow government following the break-up of the Soviet Union. As a member of the State Duma's Defense Committee, Arbatov frequently traveled to these regions to assess the situations.

During one such visit in 2001, Arbatov was traveling through Chechnya with Evgeny Zelenov, another State Duma member, when their Mi-8 helicopter came under a heavy machinegun fire ambush. Arbatov was injured during the attack, as were Zelenov, the aircraft's pilot, and a crew member. The pilot, Lieutenant Colonel Leonid Konstantinov, later died of his injuries.

Yabloko political party

[edit]

Outside of his career in the State Duma, Arbatov served as vice chairman of the Russian United Democratic Party (Yabloko)--social liberal political party--from 2001 to 2008. Arbatov has served as a member of the Yabloko Political Committee from 2008 to the present.

Publications

[edit]

Arbatov is an author and editor of many publications on issues of global security, strategic stability, disarmament, Russian military reform, and various current domestic and foreign political issues.

Books

[edit]
  • Outer Space: Weapons, Diplomacy, and Security (2010)
  • Equation Security (2010)
  • Beyond Nuclear Deterrence: Transforming the US-Russian Equation (2006)
  • Defense and Security of Russia (2004)

Monographs

[edit]
  • Security: Russian Option (1999)
  • Russian National Idea and Foreign Policy (1998)
  • Military Reform in Russia: Dilemmas, Obstacles and Prospects (1997, in English)
  • Defensive Sufficiency and Security (1990)
  • Deadly boundaries: The Soviet View of Nuclear Strategy, and Arms Negotiations (1988, in English)
  • Military-Strategic Parity and the Policy of the USA (1984)
  • Security in the Nuclear Age and the Policy of Washington (1980)
[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ IMEMO. "Арбатова Надежда Константиновна". IMEMO. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  2. ^ IMEMO. "Арбатов Алексей Георгиевич". IMEMO. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  3. ^ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. "Alexei Arbatov". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  4. ^ SIPRI. "New Chairman of the Board of SIPRI appointed". SIPRI. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  5. ^ Monterey Institute of International Studies. "Members". Monterey Institute of International Studies. Retrieved 14 October 2014. {{cite web}}: Text "Monterey Nonproliferation Strategy Group (MNSG)" ignored (help)
  6. ^ Luxembourg Forum. "Alexei Arbatov". Luxembourg Forum. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  7. ^ Yabloko. "Alexei G. Arbatov". Yabloko. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  8. ^ Yabloko. "Alexei G. Arbatov". Yabloko. Retrieved 14 October 2014.

DEFAULTSORT:Arbatov, Alexei Category:International relations Category:Political science Category:Think tanks Category:Foreign relations of Russia Category:1951 births Category:Living people

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