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In 1187 Alexander Neckam reported the use of a magnetic compass for the region of the English Channel.<ref>The magnetic needle is mentioned in his De utensilibus, and further in his De naturis rerum, probably written at the end of the twelfth century (see Sarton, Introduction, 1927–1948, 2, pp. 385f.; Mitchell, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospherical Electricity 37, 1932, p. 125, and Bromehead, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospherical Electricity 50, 1945, pp. 139ff.; Schück, Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften 13, 1914, pp. 335f., with the two short Latin texts). On Alexander Neckam see Düchting, article “Alexander Neckam” in LexMA, who ignores the mentioning of the magnetic needle in Neckam’s treatises.
For an overview of the European sources on the magnetic compass see, for example, Mitchell, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospherical Electricity 37, 1932, pp. 123ff.; Schnall, article “Kompaß” in LexMA; Klaproth, Lettre, 1834, pp. 40f.</ref>
Yusuf al-Khuri al-Qass, who translated Archemides lost work on triangles from a Syriac version. He also made an Arabic of Galen's De Simplicibus temperamentis et facultatibus. Qusta Ibn Luqa al-Ba'lbakki, a Syriac Christian, who translated Hypsicles, Theodosius' Sphaerica, Heron's Mechanics, Autolycus Theophrastus' Meteora, Galen's catalog of his books, John Philoponus on the Phsyics of Aristotle and several other works. He also revised the existing translation of Euclid. Abu Bishr Matta Ibn Yunus al-Qanna'i, who translated Aristotle's Poetica. Abu Zakariya Yahya Ibn 'Adi al-Mantiqi, a monophysite, who translated medical and logical works, including the Prolegomena of Ammonius, an introduction to Porphyry's Isagoge. Al-Hunayn Ibn Ipahim Ibn al-Hasan Ibn Khurshid at-Tabari an-Natili, and the monophysite Abu 'Ali 'Isa Ibn Ishaq Ibn Zer'a. Yuhanna Ibn Batriq, an Assyrian, who produced the Sirr al-asrar. 'Abd al-Masih Ibn 'Aballah Wa'ima al-Himse, also an Assyrian, who translated the Theology of Aristotle (but this was an apidged paraphrase of the Enneads by Plotinus). Abu Yahya al-Batriq, another Assyrian, who translated Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos. Jipa'il II, son of Bukhtyishu' II, of the prominent Assyrian medical family mentioned above, Abu Zakariah Yahya Ibn Masawaih, an Assyrian Nestorian. He authored a textbook on Ophthalmology, Daghal al-'ayn (The Disease of the eye). Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, an Assyrian. Sergius of Rashayn, "a celepated physician and philosopher, skilled in Greek and translator into Syriac of various works on medicine, philosophy, astronomy, and theology". Other Monopysite translators were Ya'qub of Surug, Aksenaya (Philoxenos), an alumnus of the school of Edessa, Mara, bishop of Amid.


<div style="float:left;height:72px;">[[File:GreenPillar.svg|47px|alt=Second pillar|left| ]]</div> '''[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view]]''': We strive for articles that document and explain major [[Point of view (philosophy)|points of view]], giving [[WP:DUE|due weight]] with respect to their prominence in an impartial tone. We avoid advocacy and we characterize information and issues rather than debate them. In some areas there may be just one well-recognized point of view; in others, we describe multiple points of view, presenting each accurately and in context rather than as "the truth" or "the best view". All [[encyclopedia#characteristics|articles]] must strive for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiable accuracy]], citing [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|reliable, authoritative sources]], especially when the topic is controversial or is on [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|living persons]]. Editors' [[Wikipedia:No original research|personal experiences, interpretations, or opinions]] do not belong.
=second=
</div>
Any study of this period should not ignore the contribution of John Philoponus (ca. 490 - ca 566) of Alexandria, described by one writer as "not only the greatest theoretical physicist in antiquity, but the greatest before Isaac Newton." (Harold Turner "The Roots of Science" 1998).
*NPOV is a [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|fundamental principle of Wikipedia]] and of [[Meta:Founding principles|other Wikimedia projects]]. It is also one of Wikipedia's three core content policies; the other two are "[[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]]" and "[[Wikipedia:No original research|No original research]]". These policies jointly determine the type and quality of material that is acceptable in Wikipedia articles, and, because they work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another. Editors are strongly encouraged to familiarize themselves with all three.


This policy is non-negotiable, and the [[#History|principles]] upon which it is based cannot be superseded by other policies or guidelines, nor by editor consensus.
He was a Greek Christian in Alexandria, a city that later "was captured by the Persians in 616, and then by the Arabs in 646. Through them its literary treasures were transported east, away from Europe to the Arab centres of learning, the ancient Damascus and later the new Baghdad; here they were translated from the Greek, first into Syriac and then into Arabic, and so lost to the Latin scholars of the West for some seven centuries. [...]
*In Wikipedia, '''verifiability''' means that anyone using the encyclopedia can check that the information comes from a [[#What counts as a reliable source|reliable source]]. Wikipedia does not publish [[Wikipedia:No original research|original research]]. Its content is determined by previously published information rather than the beliefs or experiences of its editors. Even if you're sure something is true, it must be verifiable before you can add it.(This principle was previously expressed on this policy page as "the threshold for inclusion is '''verifiability, not truth'''." See the essay, [[WP:Verifiability, not truth]].) When reliable sources disagree, maintain a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] and present what the various sources say, giving each side its [[Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_weight|due weight]].
*[[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines]]


==difs==
"[Philoponus] exhibited the method of scientific experiment and observation that would have corrected much Greek science had he not been lost for nearly a thousand years.
commoms <nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Lightbreather</nowiki> at meta <nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Lightbreather</nowiki>
===diffs===
that he knows he is wrong and wants to disrupt <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Thomas.W&diff=761978751&oldid=761717138</nowiki>
building the web <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Talk:SIG_MCX&diff=734836294&oldid=734798168</nowiki>
Talk <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Felsic2&oldid=708878030</nowiki> lightbreather <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Lightbreather&diff=710220841&oldid=694170343</nowiki> Banned <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Lightbreather/Evidence#Evidence_presented_by_Lightbreather further </nowiki> previos warnings https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement/Archive195#Herr_Gruber Both Herr Gruber (talk · contribs) and Felsic2 (talk · contribs) are warned against further battleground and disruptive behavior in the gun control topic area.
==Topic ban==
As a self declared [https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Felsic2&oldid=708878030] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Lightbreather&diff=prev&oldid=710220841] meatpuppet of a banned [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Lightbreather|user]] you are topic banned from gun related articles. There is ample evidence that your work is a violation of her ban for pov grinding [https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/Felsic2&target=Felsic2] also you attack the editors and pages as she directs from off site. Additionaly I draw attention to your previous warning [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement/Archive195#Herr_Gruber Both Herr Gruber (talk · contribs) and Felsic2 (talk · contribs)] are warned against further battleground and disruptive behavior in the gun control topic area. This will serve as your only warning.


==Project gun control==
"First of all, he was one of the greatest exponents of Aristotle in antiquity, with commentaries on almost all of his works, and he adopted much of Aristotle's system for the orderly classification of nature. Although there were other and pagan critics of Aristotle, Philoponus was the first to mount such a devastating critique of the deductive method and much of the content of Aristotle's physics and cosmology - there was no rival to its thoroughness until Galileo...Much of his work amounted to the sort of basic 'paradigm change' that T S Kuhn finds at critical points in the history of science."
Gun control is a disrupted area on wikipedia. The disruption ring leader banned user claims https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Lightbreather/Evidence#Evidence_presented_by_Lightbreather further investigation shows it is the account of a sockepuppet cyber bully with an assigned gender for gender baiting. It continues to disrupt via meatpuppets from an attack site.(since changed) The dsiruption was aided by "frenimes"
===Accusing others of tendentious editing===
{{Shortcut|WP:AOTE}}
Making accusations of tendentious editing can be [[Wikipedia:Edit war|inflammatory]] and hence these accusations may not be helpful in a dispute. It can be seen as a [[WP:NPA|personal attack]] if tendentious editing is alleged without clear evidence that the other's action meets the criteria set forth on this page, and unfounded accusations may constitute [[WP:HARASSMENT|harassment]] if done repeatedly. Rather than accuse another editor of tendentious editing, it may be wiser to point out behaviours which are contrary to Wikipedia policies such as [[WP:NOR]],[[WP:RS]],[[WP:NPOV]] and the [[WP:3RR|3RR]] rule. See also: [[WP:AOHA]] and [[WP:ASPERSIONS]].
*[[Wikipedia:Advocacy]]
:in a nutshell Wikipedia is not a venue for raising the visibility of an issue or agenda. Cooperate with other editors to neutrally summarize notable topics using reliable sources without advocating any particular position or giving undue weight to minority views.
'''Advocacy''' is the use of Wikipedia to promote personal beliefs or agendas at the expense of Wikipedia's goals and core content policies, including [[WP:V|verifiability]] and [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]]. Despite the popularity of Wikipedia, it is [[WP:NOT#SOAPBOX|not a soapbox]] to use for editors' activism, recruitment, promotion, advertising, announcements, or other forms of advocacy.


Wikipedia is first and foremost an [[WP:ENC|encyclopedia]] which aims to create a breadth of high-quality, neutral, verifiable articles and to become a serious, respected reference work. Some editors come to Wikipedia with the goal of raising the visibility or credibility of a specific topic or viewpoint. When advocates of specific views prioritize their agendas over the project's goals or factions with different agendas, [[WP:BATTLE|battling]] to install their favored content, [[Wikipedia:Edit warring|edit-warring]] and other [[WP:DE|disruption]]s ensue. Wikipedia operates through collaboration between editors to achieve the encyclopedia's goals. Differences of opinion about neutrality, reliability, notability, and other issues are properly resolved through [[WP:CIVIL|civil]] discussion aimed at facilitating a [[WP:CONSENSUS|consensus]].
He has been portrayed as representing "the value of philosophical and scientific thought freely pursuing truth without explicit theological controls, whether Christian or Greek, although the basic implicit assumptions of a Christian worldview are still fruitfully at work."


Advocacy is closely related to [[WP:COI|conflict of interest]], but differs in that advocacy is a general term for promotional and agenda-based editing, while conflict of interest primarily describes promotional editing by those with a close personal or financial connection to the subject.
http://www.asa3.org/asa/pscf/1994/PSCF3-94Aulie.html#94
*[[Wikipedia:Civil POV pushing]]
Additional evidence that the birth of modern physics was due to the Christian world-view, and not just Greek philosophy, can be seen in the work of John Philoponus, an Alexandrian Christian from the sixth century. Generally acknowledged to have been the first philosopher to combine science with monotheism and Christian theology, his works were a direct attack at many of the false Greek ideas that were only banished in Europe in the Early Modern era. Contrary to Aristotle, he taught that: stars were not divine, but were composed of the same materials as found on earth, and subject to change; the universe had a beginning; space was a vacuum; projectiles were not moved by the air they travelled through, but by an impulse imparted to them when thrown; objects did not move the way they did because of the “natural motion” of their constituents; and heavy and light bodies, if dropped from the same height, would hit the ground at the same time.<ref>In Van den Bergh, p 8-9, 17, 18, and 49, al-Ghazali takes up the question of infinite numbers. More than likely he was thoroughly familiar with the Arabic editions of the Metaphysics, Book XIII, especially chapters 8-10; the Physics, Book III, chapters 4-7; and also Heavens, I.2; in which Aristotle undertakes to help us with finite numbers, infinity, and infinite numbers.</ref> The fact that Aristotle’s conclusions in all the above issues were (apparently) wrong, and yet Philoponus’ all correct, cannot be because of his method (i.e. logical argument, the same method used by Philoponus), nor his intellect (which is universally admired), but must almost certainly have been due to his pagan presuppositions. Thus Philoponus provides excellent evidence that Christianity itself was one of the main reasons for the birth of modern physics, being much more conducive to science than paganism – even Greek paganism, which was more successful than any other.
*Wikipedia:No holy wars
:[[WP:ENC|Wikipedia is an encyclopedia]] for general public use.
* It [[WP:SOAPBOX|is not a soapbox]] for proselytizing any message, spiritual or secular.
* It [[WP:ADVOCACY|is not a platform for pushing any agenda]], religious, philosophical, or otherwise.
* It [[WP:GREATWRONGS|is not a venue for the righting of wrongs]], great or small.
* It [[WP:SPAM|is not a vehicle for promotion]] of your church, guru, political organisation, or revolutionary therapy.
* It [[WP:NOT#MMORPG|is not a struggle, contest, or game]] to win at all costs.
* It [[WP:BATTLEGROUND|is not a verbal battleground]] in which to crush your ideological enemies.


If you do not understand these points, then you [[WP:NOTHERE|are not here to work on the encyclopedia]], and [[WP:5THWHEEL|the project will be happy to show you the door]] if you engage in [[WP:DE|disruptive editing]].
Since the monotheistic assumptions underlying Philoponus’ work were similar to those of Islam, this might also explain why Islamic science was so successful for a time; though it does not explain why it later died. Rather, this is probably best understood by the rise of occasionalsim in the Arab lands. According to this view, nature was not governed by natural laws upheld by God, but everything that happened was a direct result of Allah’s intervening miraculous actions.<ref>When al-Ghazali wrote his Tahafut (Incoherence), several Arabic translations of Ptolemy's Almagest were available to him. "Almagest" is the English rendering of the Arabic rendering, al-Majisti, of a Greek word meaning the greatest. Hitti, 1956 (1937), p 310-312, 373; O'Leary, 1957 (1949), p 158; and Sarton, 1927, I, p 562, 565.</ref> Such a view made naturalistic explanation of the universe almost impossible, as had the pagan ideas of capricious deities controlling the universe, and was difficult to counter due to the rise in Islamic control and intolerance in the High Middle Ages.


==Pages of Interest or concern==
Thus the subject of religion helps explain why almost no cultures, despite their greatness in other areas, managed to produce modern science, and why it died in Islamic society. However, it doesn’t explain why natural philosophy arose in Greece, or why neither Christian Rome nor Judaism (with had very similar preconceptions) produced modern physics.
*[[Murder in the United States by state]]
*[[List of U.S. states by homicide rate]]
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*[[List of countries by intentional homicide rate]]
*[[List of cities by murder rate]]
*[[Crime in the United States]]
*[[List of United States cities by crime rate (2014)]]. Cities with population of 250,000+
*[[United States cities by crime rate (100,000–250,000)]]
*[[United States cities by crime rate (60,000-100,000)]]
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*[[Right to keep and bear arms]]


*[[Estimated number of guns per capita by country]]
=first=
*[[Overview of gun laws by nation]]
Because the planetary and stellar periods were all different, al-Ghazali reasoned, they must have had a beginning. If Aristotle's assertion were correct that these celestial bodies were eternal, then the infinite number of revolutions of Saturn ought to be equal to the infinite number of revolutions of the fixed stars, even though Saturn required thirty years for one revolution and the outer sphere of the fixed stars required 36,000 years.


*[[Assault weapons legislation in the United States]]
Now if that were so, reasoned al-Ghazali, Aristotle would have meant that, not only could an infinite number be counted, but one infinite could be larger than another; so that the infinite revolutions of Saturn would be a thousand times more than the infinite revolutions of the fixed stars.<ref>Van den Bergh, p 9.</ref>But Aristotle had maintained that the infinite could not be counted. Therefore, reasoned al-Ghazali, the world could not be eternal but must have been created. So, here we have the leading theologian of Baghdad and of the eleventh century, this acute student of Aristotle, deploying the declarations of Aristotle himself against Aristotelian eternality and on behalf of an assured theism.<ref>Among Aristotle's numerous asseverations on the infinite, see Metaphysics, XIII, 8, 1084a 2-3: "infinite number is neither odd nor even"; in Physics, III, 5, 204a, 25-26: "a part of the infinite would be infinite"—by which he meant that if an infinite were cut in two, each "half" would still be infinite; and similarly, in Physics, VIII, 8,263a,7: "it is impossible to traverse distances infinite in number," meaning that an infinite number cannot be counted. And, in the Heavens, I,5,272a,3: "the infinite cannot be traversed."</ref>
*[[Federal Assault Weapons Ban]]

*[[Gun control after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]]
Actually, this ingenious argument was first put forward by the sixth century Christian thinker, John Philoponus, in his book entitled, Eternity of the World, which al-Ghazali might have read in Arabic translation.<ref>Among Aristotle's numerous asseverations on the infinite, see Metaphysics, XIII, 8, 1084a 2-3: "infinite number is neither odd nor even"; in Physics, III, 5, 204a, 25-26: "a part of the infinite would be infinite"—by which he meant that if an infinite were cut in two, each "half" would still be infinite; and similarly, in Physics, VIII, 8,263a,7: "it is impossible to traverse distances infinite in number," meaning that an infinite number cannot be counted. And, in the Heavens, I,5,272a,3: "the infinite cannot be traversed."</ref> In fact, a dozen or so other Muslim theologians thought up variations of this argument in order to oppose Aristotle.<ref>Wolfson, 1976, p 416-434. One can scarcely make headway in studies of this sort without the splendid Wolfson books, which explain all, his distressing syntax, notwithstanding.</ref>
*[[Gun show loophole]]

*[[Public opinion on gun control in the United States]]
=title=
*[[List of countries by firearm-related death rate]]
Among the works that Qusta ibn Luqa translated were ‘Hypsicles. . . Theodosius’ Sphaerica. . . Heron’s Mechanics, Autolycus, Theophrastus’ Meteora, Galen’s catalogue of his books, John Philoponus on the Physics of Aristotle and several other works, and also revised the existing translation of Euclid’ (How Greek Science passed to the Arabs, 170). In the judgement of someone coming shortly afterwards, al-Nadim (d. 990s CE; also an-Nadim), who compiled Kitab al-Fihrist (‘The Book of the Catalogue’), an index of all books written to ca. 987 in Arabic, Qusta ibn Luqa ‘was skilled in translating and had a good literary style in Greek, Syriac and Arabic. He translated some things and corrected many [other] translations.’ (The Fihrist of Al-Nadim, 588). Al-Nadim in fact personally placed Qusta even above Hunayn ibn Ishaq, who is generally regarded as the greatest of the translators of the Bait-ul-Hikma, ‘because of [Qusta’s] excellence and genius’, though ‘[b]oth men were of a superior type’.
* [[Firearm death rates in the United States by state]]

* [[List of countries by intentional homicide rate]]
His original works, many listed in the Fihrist of al-Nadim, dealt with contemporary science, medicine, astronomy and philosophy. A Latin translation of his work ‘On the Difference between the Spirit and the Soul’ (De Differentia Spiritus et Animae) was one of the few works not attributed to Aristotle that was included in a list of ‘books to be 'read,' or lectured on, by the Masters of the Faculty of Arts, at Paris in 1254,’ as part of their study of Natural Philosophy, (J. A Burns, article on ‘The Faculty of Arts’ in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, [NY: Robert Appleton, 1907], 758). This translation was made by Joannes Hispalensis, (John of Seville, fl. 1140), and George Yeats had copied a note from W. W. Skeat’s edition of Chaucer referring to Joannes’s own original work, the Epitome Totius Astrologiae (written 1142; published in print, Nuremberg, 1548), concerning the Mansions of the Moon in ‘The Franklin’s Tale’ (see CVA notes 10). There is, therefore, the possibility that one of the Yeatses came across a reference to the Latin translation of Qusta ibn Luqa when looking for this astrological treatise; the contemporary British Museum catalogue, for instance, listed a nineteenth-century edition of this work under the heading of Joannes Hispalensis. It seems unlikely that Yeats would ‘have met Costa ben Luca . . . in Robert Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy’ (as suggested in CVA notes 6) where his name appears only once ‘hidden’ in a long list of authorities.
* [[List of countries by suicide rate]]
stuff under title<ref>this is a referance</ref>
* [[Number of guns per capita by country]]

* [[List of cities by murder rate]]

* [[List of U.S. states by homicide rate]]
==subtitle==
* [[List of United States cities by crime rate (2012)]]. 250,000+
this is <ref>change all numbers</ref> my practice page<ref>foot note data</ref>here is more stuff<ref>an other foot note</ref>and even more<ref>not to self</ref>this is fun<ref>more</ref>I have learned<ref>what does this do ?</ref> more <ref>more</ref>about foot noteing <ref>at last</ref> [[Wikipedia:template]]
* [[United States cities by crime rate (100,000–250,000)]]

* [[United States cities by crime rate (60,000-100,000)]]
An Introduction to the History of Medicine: With Medical Chronology, Suggestions for Study and Bibliographic Data
* [[Index of gun politics articles]]
By Fielding Hudson Garrison
*[[Gun violence]]
Edition: 3
* [[Armed violence reduction]]
Published by Saunders, 1921
* [[List of countries by firearm-related death rate]]
942 pages
* [[Global gun cultures]]

* [[Gunfire locator]]
==notes==
* [[Gun violence in the United States]]
{{reflist|2}}
* [[Crime in the United States]]
==afterthought==
* [[Firearm death rates in the United States by state]]
better save{{citation needed}} this in case I forget.{{who}}
* [[Gun violence and gun control in Texas]]

* [[Sullivan Law]] of 1911, one of the broadest and oldest existing gun control laws in the United States.
<ref>{{cite book|last=holms|first=fredric l|coauthors=Trevor H Levere|title=Instruments and Experimentation in the History of Chemistry|publisher=MIT press|date=2000|pages=91|isbn=0262082829}}</ref>
* [[Index of gun politics articles]]
*History of Analytical Chemistry By Ferenc Szabadváry, Gyula Svehla Translated by Gyula Svehla Published by Taylor & Francis, 1993 ISBN 2881245692, 9782881245695
Good news:{{cite web|url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/05/07/gun-homicide-rate-down-49-since-1993-peak-public-unaware/|title=Gun Homicide Rate Down 49% Since 1993 Peak; Public Unaware | Pew Research Center|accessdate=9 January 2017}} rates up a little {{cite web|url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/murder-rates-nationally-and-state#nat1970|title=Murder Rates Nationally and By State | Death Penalty Information Center|accessdate=9 January 2017}}
*Pliny the Elder on science and technology
By John F. Healy
Edition: illustrated
Published by Oxford University Press, 1999
ISBN 0198146876, 9780198146872
467 pages

*The Jewish alchemists: a history and source book
By Raphael Patai
Edition: reprint, illustrated
Published by Princeton University Press, 1995
ISBN 0691006423, 9780691006420
617 pages
*Drug Discovery: A History
By Walter Sneader
Contributor Walter Sneader
Edition: illustrated, revised, reprint
Published by John Wiley and Sons, 2005
ISBN 0471899801, 9780471899808
468 pages
*The First and thirty-third books of Pliny's Natural History; A specimen of a proposed translation of the whole work with notes, etc. By J. Bostock
By Pliny, John Bostock
Translated by John Bostock
Published by Baldwin and Cradock, 1828
Original from Oxford University
Digitized Jun 21, 2007
80 pages

==more notes==
{{reflist}}

*Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan and his Kitab Al-Ahjar(Book of Stones) Jabir and Haq ISBN 0792325877
*The Summa Perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber: a Critical Edition, Translation and Study Geber and Newman ISBN 9004094664
*A Short History of Chemistry Partington ISBN 0486659771
*Story of Alchemy and Early Chemistry Stillman ISBN 0766132307
*Creation of Fire: Chemistry's Lively History from Alchemy to the Atomic Age Cobb ISBN 073820594X
*Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries Lucas ISBN 0766151417
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence By Peter Roger Stuart Moorey Published by EISENBRAUNS, 1999 ISBN 1575060426, 9781575060422
*Greek Science of the Hellenistic Era: A Sourcebook By Georgia Lynette Irby-Massie, Paul T. Keyser Published by Routledge, 2002 ISBN 0415238471, 9780415238472
*From Alchemy to Chemistry Read ISBN 0486286908
*The Dictionary of Alchemy Fernando ISBN 1843336189
*Alchemy and Early Modern Chemistry: Papers from Ambix Debus ISBN 0954648412
*The Chemical Tree; A History of Chemistry Brock ISBN 0393302685
* Alchemy Holmyard ISBN 0486262987
*A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder Partington ISBN 0801859549
*Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521822742
*A Short History of the Art of Distillation from the Beginnings Up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal Forbs ISBN 9004006176
*Glasss: a World History Macfarlane and Martin ISBN 0226500284
*The Science and Archaeology of Materials: An Investigation of Inorganic Materials By Julian Henderson Published by Routledge, 2000 ISBN 0415199336, 9780415199339
*Sasanian and Post-Sasnian Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass Whitehouse and Brill ISBN 0872901580
*Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic By William T. Frankenberger Contributor William T. Frankenberger Published by CRC Press, 2002 ISBN 0824706765, 9780824706760

*Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting: The History of a Technology By John Peter Oleson Published by Springer, 1984 ISBN 9027716935, 9789027716934

*A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times: Irrigation and water supply ; Dams ; Bridges ; Roads ; Building construction ; Surveying Part two, Mechanical engineering : Water-raising machines ; Power from water and wind Part three, Fine technology : Instruments ; Automata ; Clocks ... By Donald Routledge Hill Published by Routledge, 1996 ISBN 0415152917, 9780415152914
*Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages By Andre Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Adrian Walford, Michael Lapidge Translated by Adrian Walford Published by Routledge, 2000 ISBN 1579582826, 9781579582821
*Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, and at the Period of the Renaissance By P. L. Jacob Published by Bickers and Son, 1878 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized Nov 23, 2005 (Down load at google books)
*Early Physics and Astronomy: A Historical Introduction By Olaf Pedersen Published by CUP Archive, 1993 ISBN 0521408997, 9780521408998
*Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia By Thomas F. Glick, Steven John Livesey, Faith Wallis Published by Routledge, 2005 ISBN 0415969301, 9780415969307
*Theories of Vision from Al-Kindi to Kepler By David C. Lindberg Published by University of Chicago Press, 1981 ISBN 0226482359, 9780226482354

*Labour in the Medieval Islamic World By Maya Shatzmiller Published by BRILL, 1994 ISBN 9004098968,
*The Making of Humanity By Robert Briffault Published by G. Allen & Unwin ltd., 1919 Original from the University of California Digitized Oct 18, 2007 371 pages available in its entirety here: http://books.google.com/books?id=usdCAAAAIAAJ please see part II chapter V
*How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs By De Lacy O'Leary D.D. First published in Great Britain in 1949 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. Reprinted three times. This edition first published in 1979 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 39 Store Street, London WC1E7DD, Broadway House, Newtown Road, Henley-on-Thames, Oxon RG91EN and 9 Park Street, Boston, Mass. 02108, USA Printed in Great Britain by Caledonian Graphics Cumbernauld, Scotland ISBN 0 7100 1903 3 Assyrian International News Agency Books Online read it here: http://www.aina.org/books/hgsptta.htm#ch13
==notes==

=BIBLIOGRAPHY=


*Allan, James W.,
1979. Persian Metal Techniques. Oxford Oriental Monograph. Oxford.

*Andree, Richard,
1884. Die Metalle bei den Naturvölkern. Leipzig.

*Bachmann, Hans-Gert,
1980. Early copper smelting techniques in Sinai and in the Negev as deduced from slag investigations. In: Craddock 1980, pp.103-135.

*Battey, Maurice Hugh,
1981. Mineralogy for Students. 2nd edition, Harlow.

*Brick, R.M. and Gordon, R.B. and Phillips, A.,
1965. Structure and properties of alloys. New York.

*Brown, Jean,
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*Calmeyer, Peter (ed. Bd. 8),
Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Band 8. Berlin.

*Davey, Chr.,
1983. The Metalworkers Tools from Tell Edh Dhibaci. In: Institute of Archaeology Bulletin 20, pp.169-186. London.

*Faber, W.,
1954. Mikroskopie der Metallhüttenschlacken. In: Freund 1954.

*Forbes, Robert James,
1950. Metallurgy in Antiquity. Brill, Leiden.
1954. Extracting, Smelting and Alloying. In: History of technology I. Oxford.
1967. Bergbau, Steinbruchtätigkeit und Hüttenwesen. In: Archaeologica Homerica. Band 2, Kap. K., Göttingen.
1971. Studies in Ancient Technology. Vol. VIII. Brill, Leiden.
1972. Studies in Ancient Technology. Vol. IX. Brill, Leiden.

*Freund, Hugo (ed.),
1954. Handbuch der Mikroskopie in der Technik. Band II, teil 2. Frankfurt am Main.

*Goodway, M.,
1983. News of Archaeometallurgy. In: Newsletter Society for Archaeological Sciences 6/3, pp.1-3.

*Grébénart, Danilo,
1988. Les Origines de la Métallurgie en Afrique Occidentale. Nouvelles Éditions Africains. Paris.

*Hall, Martin,
1996. Archaeology Africa. Claremont, South Africa.

*Hauptmann, Andreas and Weisgerber, Gerd and Knauf, Ernst Axel,
1985. Archaeometallurgische und bergbauarchaeologische Untersuchungen im Gebiet von Fenan, Wadi Arabah (Jordanien). In: Der Anschnitt, Jahrgang 37, 5-6.

*----and Pernicka, Ernst and Wagner, Günther A.,
1989. Archäometallurgie der Alten Welt/Old World Archaeometallurgy, Proceedings Symposium Heidelberg 1987. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 7, Bochum.

*Hodges, Henry,
1967. Artefacts, an introduction to early materials and technology. London.

*Isichei, Elizabeth,
1997. A History of African Societies (to 1870). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.

*de Jesus, Prentiss S.,
1980. The development of prehistoric mining and metallurgy in Anatolia. B.A.R. (2nd vol.), Oxford.

*Kanté, Nambala,
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*Kerr, P.F.,
1959. Optical Mineralogy. McGraw-Hill, New York.

*Knauf, Ernst Axel and Lenzen, C. J.,
1987. Edomite Copper Industry. In: SHAJ III, Haddidi, A. (ed.), pp.83-88. 173-69
*Maddin, Robert (ed.),
1988. The Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys: papers for the second international conference on the beginning of the use of metals and alloys, Zhengzou, China, 21-26 October 1986. Cambridge (MA)
*Makokha, Kusimba C.,
1987. Iron Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: The East African Coast Case. Paper, Mombassa.

*McGovern, Patrick E.,
1986. The Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Central Transjordan: The Baqcah Valley Project, 1977-1981. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. (esp.: pp.272-278)
1988. The innovation of steel in Transjordan. In: Journal of Metals 40/10 pp.50-52.

*McNaughton, Patrick R.,
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*Millard, Alan Ralph,
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*Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart,
1985. Materials and Manufacture in Ancient Mesopotamia: the evidence of Archaeology and Art. B.A.R. International Series 237. (Iron: pp.91-106) Oxford.
1994. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries. The archaeological evidence. (Iron: pp.278-291) Oxford.

*Needham, Joseph,
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*Newton Friend, J.,
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*Nosek, Elzbieta,
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*Photos, Effi,
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*----and Filippakis, S. J. and Salter, C. J.,
1985. Preliminary investigations of some metallurgical remains at Knossos, Hellenistic to Third Century AD. In: Craddock and Hughes 1985, pp.189-197.

*Rosenqvist, T.,
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*Rothenberg, Beno,
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1973. Timna, das Tal der biblischen Kupferminen.
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*Rowlands, Michael John,
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*Sabi-Monra, Séïdou,
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*Samuels, L. E.,
1980. Optical Microscopy of Carbon Steels. American Society of Metals. Metals Park, Ohio.

*Sayre, Edward V., Vandiver, Pamela B., Druzik, James R. and Stevenson, Christopher
1988. Material Issues in Art and Archaeology. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

*Scott, Brian G.,
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*Stech-Wheeler, Tamara, Muhly, James David, Maxwell-Hyslop, Kate R. and Maddin, Robert,
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*Tite, M. S.,
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*Verein Deutscher Eisenhüttenleute,
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*Wertime, Theodore A. and Wertime, S. (eds),
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*Zitzman, A.
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Latest revision as of 04:05, 1 February 2017

Second pillar

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difs

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commoms https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Lightbreather at meta https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Lightbreather

diffs

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that he knows he is wrong and wants to disrupt https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Thomas.W&diff=761978751&oldid=761717138 building the web https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Talk:SIG_MCX&diff=734836294&oldid=734798168 Talk https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Felsic2&oldid=708878030 lightbreather https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Lightbreather&diff=710220841&oldid=694170343 Banned https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Lightbreather/Evidence#Evidence_presented_by_Lightbreather further previos warnings https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement/Archive195#Herr_Gruber Both Herr Gruber (talk · contribs) and Felsic2 (talk · contribs) are warned against further battleground and disruptive behavior in the gun control topic area.

Topic ban

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As a self declared [1] and [2] meatpuppet of a banned user you are topic banned from gun related articles. There is ample evidence that your work is a violation of her ban for pov grinding [3] also you attack the editors and pages as she directs from off site. Additionaly I draw attention to your previous warning Both Herr Gruber (talk · contribs) and Felsic2 (talk · contribs) are warned against further battleground and disruptive behavior in the gun control topic area. This will serve as your only warning.

Project gun control

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Gun control is a disrupted area on wikipedia. The disruption ring leader banned user claims https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Lightbreather/Evidence#Evidence_presented_by_Lightbreather further investigation shows it is the account of a sockepuppet cyber bully with an assigned gender for gender baiting. It continues to disrupt via meatpuppets from an attack site.(since changed) The dsiruption was aided by "frenimes"

Accusing others of tendentious editing

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Shortcut

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in a nutshell Wikipedia is not a venue for raising the visibility of an issue or agenda. Cooperate with other editors to neutrally summarize notable topics using reliable sources without advocating any particular position or giving undue weight to minority views.

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If you do not understand these points, then you are not here to work on the encyclopedia, and the project will be happy to show you the door if you engage in disruptive editing.

Pages of Interest or concern

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Good news:"Gun Homicide Rate Down 49% Since 1993 Peak; Public Unaware". Retrieved 9 January 2017. {{cite web}}: Text "Pew Research Center" ignored (help) rates up a little "Murder Rates Nationally and By State". Retrieved 9 January 2017. {{cite web}}: Text "Death Penalty Information Center" ignored (help)

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