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In 1187 Alexander Neckam reported the use of a magnetic compass for the region of the English Channel.<ref>The magnetic needle is mentioned in his De utensilibus, and further in his De naturis rerum, probably written at the end of the twelfth century (see Sarton, Introduction, 1927–1948, 2, pp. 385f.; Mitchell, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospherical Electricity 37, 1932, p. 125, and Bromehead, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospherical Electricity 50, 1945, pp. 139ff.; Schück, Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften 13, 1914, pp. 335f., with the two short Latin texts). On Alexander Neckam see Düchting, article “Alexander Neckam” in LexMA, who ignores the mentioning of the magnetic needle in Neckam’s treatises.
For an overview of the European sources on the magnetic compass see, for example, Mitchell, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospherical Electricity 37, 1932, pp. 123ff.; Schnall, article “Kompaß” in LexMA; Klaproth, Lettre, 1834, pp. 40f.</ref>
Yusuf al-Khuri al-Qass, who translated Archemides lost work on triangles from a Syriac version. He also made an Arabic of Galen's De Simplicibus temperamentis et facultatibus. Qusta Ibn Luqa al-Ba'lbakki, a Syriac Christian, who translated Hypsicles, Theodosius' Sphaerica, Heron's Mechanics, Autolycus Theophrastus' Meteora, Galen's catalog of his books, John Philoponus on the Phsyics of Aristotle and several other works. He also revised the existing translation of Euclid. Abu Bishr Matta Ibn Yunus al-Qanna'i, who translated Aristotle's Poetica. Abu Zakariya Yahya Ibn 'Adi al-Mantiqi, a monophysite, who translated medical and logical works, including the Prolegomena of Ammonius, an introduction to Porphyry's Isagoge. Al-Hunayn Ibn Ipahim Ibn al-Hasan Ibn Khurshid at-Tabari an-Natili, and the monophysite Abu 'Ali 'Isa Ibn Ishaq Ibn Zer'a. Yuhanna Ibn Batriq, an Assyrian, who produced the Sirr al-asrar. 'Abd al-Masih Ibn 'Aballah Wa'ima al-Himse, also an Assyrian, who translated the Theology of Aristotle (but this was an apidged paraphrase of the Enneads by Plotinus). Abu Yahya al-Batriq, another Assyrian, who translated Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos. Jipa'il II, son of Bukhtyishu' II, of the prominent Assyrian medical family mentioned above, Abu Zakariah Yahya Ibn Masawaih, an Assyrian Nestorian. He authored a textbook on Ophthalmology, Daghal al-'ayn (The Disease of the eye). Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, an Assyrian. Sergius of Rashayn, "a celepated physician and philosopher, skilled in Greek and translator into Syriac of various works on medicine, philosophy, astronomy, and theology". Other Monopysite translators were Ya'qub of Surug, Aksenaya (Philoxenos), an alumnus of the school of Edessa, Mara, bishop of Amid.
==REF==
{{reflist}}


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==Philoponus==
</div>
*c.510-15 ''On words with different meanings in virtue of a difference of accent'' (''De vocabulis quae diversum significatum exhibent secundum differentiam accentus'')<ref>, ed. L.W. Daly,'' American Philosophical Society Memoirs'' 151, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1983.</ref>
*NPOV is a [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|fundamental principle of Wikipedia]] and of [[Meta:Founding principles|other Wikimedia projects]]. It is also one of Wikipedia's three core content policies; the other two are "[[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]]" and "[[Wikipedia:No original research|No original research]]". These policies jointly determine the type and quality of material that is acceptable in Wikipedia articles, and, because they work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another. Editors are strongly encouraged to familiarize themselves with all three.
*c.510-15 ''Commentary on Aristotle's ‘On Generation and Corruption''<ref> ed. H. Vitelli, ''Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca'' (henceforward CAG) XIV 2, Berlin: Reimer, 1897. (A commentary based on Ammonius' seminars containing virtually no criticism of Aristotle.)</ref>
*c.510-15 ''Commentary on Aristotle's ‘De Anima’''<ref>ed. M. Hayduck, CAG XV, Berlin: Reimer, 1897. (This work on Aristotle's On the Soul contains rather mature commentary; evidence suggests, however, that the work comes early in Philoponus' career, and it therefore seems reasonable to assume that the substance of the ideas expressed in it is by his teacher Ammonius. In addition, the authenticity of the commentary's third Book is disputed, because a Latin version attributed to Philoponus differs from the text transmitted in Greek: see Jean Philopon, Commentaire sur le de anima d'Aristote, traduction de Guillaume de Moerbeke, ed. G. Verbeke, Corpus Latinum Commentariorum in Aristotelem Graecorum III, Paris: Editions Béatrice-Nauwelaerts, 1966. Trans. W. Charlton, Philoponus, On Aristotle on the Intellect (de Anima 3.4-8), London: Duckworth, 1991.)</ref>
*c.512-17 ''Commentary on Aristotle's ‘Categories’''<ref>, ed. A. Busse, CAG XIII 1, Berlin: Reimer, 1898.</ref>
*c.512-17 ''Commentary on Aristotle's ‘Prior Analytics’''<ref> ed. M. Wallies, CAG XIII 2, Berlin: Reimer, 1905. (The only complete extant ancient commentary on the Prior Analytics. It purports to be based on Ammonius' seminars.)</ref>
*c.515-20 ''Commentary on Aristotle's ‘Posterior Analytics’''<ref>, ed. M. Wallies, CAG XIII 3, Berlin: Reimer, 1909. (This commentary too professes to be based on Ammonius, but there are signs of a later revision.)</ref>
*517 ''Commentary on Aristotle's ‘Physics’'<ref>', ed. H. Vitelli, CAG XVI-XVII, Berlin: Reimer, 1887?88. (Philoponus' most important commentary, in which he challenges Aristotle's tenets on time, space, void, matter and dynamics; there are clear signs of revision.) Trans. A.R. Lacey, Philoponus, On Aristotle's Physics 2, London: Duckworth, 1993; M. Edwards, Philoponus, On Aristotle's Physics 3, London: Duckworth, 1994; P. Lettinck, Philoponus, On Aristotle's Physics 5 to 8, London: Duckworth 1993/4; D. Furley, Philoponus, Corollaries on Place and Void, London: Duckworth, 1991.</ref>
*529 ''On the Eternity of the World against Proclus'' (''De aeternitate mundi contra Proclum''),<ref> ed. H. Rabe, Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, 1899; repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1984. (A detailed criticism of Proclus' eighteen arguments in favour of the eternity of the world.)</ref>
*c.530-34 ''On the Eternity of the World against Aristotle'' (''De aeternitate mundi contra Aristotelem'')<ref>, not extant; fragments reconstr. and trans. C. Wildberg, Philoponus, ''Against Aristotle on the Eternity of the World'' London: Duckworth, 1987. (A refutation of Aristotle's doctrines of the fifth element and the eternity of motion and time, consisting of at least eight books.)</ref>
*c.530-35 ''Commentary on Aristotle's ‘Meteorology’'', <ref>ed. M. Hayduck, CAG XIV 1, Berlin: Reimer, 1901.</ref>
*c.530-35 ''On the Contingency of the World'' (''De contingentia mundi'')<ref>, not extant; Arabic summary of the treatise trans. S. Pines, ‘An Arabic summary of a lost work of John Philoponus’, Israel Oriental Studies 2 (1972): 320-52; similar excerpts in Simplicius, see D. Furley, C. Wildberg, Philoponus, Corollaries on Place and Void with Simplicius, Against Philoponus on the Eternity of the World, London: Duckworth, 1991, pp. 95-141.</ref>
*c.520-40 ''On the Use and Construction of the Astrolabe''<ref>, ed. H. Hase, Bonn: E. Weber, 1839 (or id. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 6 (1839): 127-71); repr. and trans. into French A.P. Segonds, Jean Philopon, traité de l'astrolabe, Paris: Librairie Alain Brieux, 1981; trans. into English H.W. Green in R.T. Gunther, The Astrolabes of the World, Vol. 1/2, Oxford, 1932, repr. London: Holland Press, 1976, pp. 61-81. (The oldest extant Greek treatise on the astrolabe.)</ref>
*c.530-40 ''Commentary on Nicomachus' Introduction to Arithmetic''<ref>, ed. R. Hoche, Part I/II Wesel: A. Bagel, 1864/65, Part III Berlin: Calvary, 1867.</ref>
*c.546-49 ''On the Creation of the World'' (''De opificio mundi'')<ref>, ed. W. Reichardt, Leipzig: Teubner, 1897. (A theological-philosophical commentary on the Creation story in the book of Genesis. The date of composition originally proposed by the editor (546-49) appears to be more likely now than the frequently suggested 557-60.)</ref>
*c.552 ''Arbiter'' (''Diaitêtês''),<ref> not extant in Greek; Syriac text with Latin trans. A. Sanda, Opuscula monophysitica Ioannis Philoponi, Beirut: Typographia Catholica PP.Soc.Jesu., 1930; extracts trans. into German W. Böhm, Johannes Philoponos, Grammatikos von Alexandrien, München, Paderborn, Wien: Schöningh, 1967, pp.414-29. (A philosophical justification of monophysitism.)</ref>
*567 ''On the Trinity'' (''De trinitate)<ref>, not extant; Syriac fragments trans. into Latin A. Van Roey, ‘Les fragments trithéites de Jean Philopon', Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 11 (1980): 135-63. (The main source for a reconstruction of Philoponus' trinitarian doctrine.)
</ref>


This policy is non-negotiable, and the [[#History|principles]] upon which it is based cannot be superseded by other policies or guidelines, nor by editor consensus.
For a more comprehensive list of all extant and lost works of Philoponus see Scholten 1996, pp. 429-35.Antike Naturphilosophie und christliche Kosmologie in der Schrift "De opificio mundi" des Johannes Philoponos
*In Wikipedia, '''verifiability''' means that anyone using the encyclopedia can check that the information comes from a [[#What counts as a reliable source|reliable source]]. Wikipedia does not publish [[Wikipedia:No original research|original research]]. Its content is determined by previously published information rather than the beliefs or experiences of its editors. Even if you're sure something is true, it must be verifiable before you can add it.(This principle was previously expressed on this policy page as "the threshold for inclusion is '''verifiability, not truth'''." See the essay, [[WP:Verifiability, not truth]].) When reliable sources disagree, maintain a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] and present what the various sources say, giving each side its [[Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_weight|due weight]].
Volume 45 of Patristische Texte und Studien
*[[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines]]
Volume 45 of Antike Naturphilosophie und christliche Kosmologie in der Schrift"de Opificio Mundi" des Johannes Philoponos, Clemens Scholten
Author Clemens Scholten
Publisher Walter de Gruyter, 1996
ISBN 311014834X, 9783110148343
==mmm==
{{reflist}}
==subhead==
*''On words with different meanings in virtue of a difference of accent'' (''De vocabulis quae diversum significatum exhibent secundum differentiam accentus'')<ref> ed. L.W. Daly,'' American Philosophical Society Memoirs'' 151 Philadelphia American Philosophical Society 1983</ref>
*''Commentary on Aristotle's ‘On Generation and Corruption''<ref> ed. H. Vitelli ''Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca'' XIV Berlin Reimer, 1897</ref>
*''Commentary on Aristotle's De Anima’''<ref>ed. M. Hayduck,''Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca'' XV Berlin Reimer 1897</ref>
*''Commentary on Aristotle's Categories’''<ref>, ed. A. Busse,''Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca'' XIII Berlin Reimer, 1898</ref>
*''Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics’''<ref> ed. M. Wallies,''Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca'' XIII Berlin Reimer 1905</ref>
*''Commentary on Aristotle's Posterior Analytics’''<ref>, ed. M. Wallies''Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca'' XIII Berlin Reimer 1909</ref>
*''Commentary on Aristotle's Physics''<ref> ed. H. Vitelli ''Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca'' XVI-XVII Berlin Reimer 1887</ref><ref>A.R. Lacey ''Philoponus On Aristotle's Physics'' London Duckworth 1993 </ref><ref> M. Edwards ''Philoponus, On Aristotle's Physics'' London Duckworth 1994 </ref><ref>P. Lettinck ''Philoponus, On Aristotle's Physics'' London Duckworth 1993</ref><ref>D. Furley ''Philoponus, Corollaries on Place and Void'' London Duckworth 1991</ref> Philoponus' most important commentary, in which he challenges Aristotle on time, space, void, matter and dynamics. impetus ροπή
*''On the Eternity of the World against Proclus'' (''De aeternitate mundi contra Proclum''),<ref> ed. H. Rabe, Leipzig: B.G. Teubner 1899 repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1984. </ref>
*''On the Eternity of the World against Aristotle'' (''De aeternitate mundi contra Aristotelem'')<ref>, C. Wildberg ''Philoponus, Against Aristotle on the Eternity of the World'' London: Duckworth, 1987. </ref> A refutation of Aristotle's doctrines of the fifth element and the eternity of motion and time, consisting of at least eight books.
*''Commentary on Aristotle's ‘Meteorology’'', <ref>ed. M. Hayduck''Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca'' XIV Berlin Reimer, 1901.</ref>
*''On the Contingency of the World'' (''De contingentia mundi'')<ref>, S. Pines, ''An Arabic summary of a lost work of John Philoponus, Israel Oriental Studies 2 1972 pg 320-52;</ref><ref> excerpts in Simplicius D. Furley, C. Wildberg, ''Philoponus, Corollaries on Place and Void with Simplicius, Against Philoponus on the Eternity of the World'' London: Duckworth, 1991, pp. 95-141.</ref>
*''On the Use and Construction of the Astrolabe''<ref>, trans. into English H.W. Green in R.T. Gunther ''The Astrolabes of the World'' Oxford, 1932, repr. London: Holland Press, 1976, pp. 61-81. </ref> The oldest extant Greek treatise on the astrolabe.
*''Commentary on Nicomachus' Introduction to Arithmetic''<ref>, ed. R. Hoche, Part I/II Wesel: A. Bagel, 1864/65, Part III Berlin: Calvary, 1867.</ref>
*''On the Creation of the World'' (''De opificio mundi'')<ref>ed. W. Reichardt, Leipzig: Teubner, 1897</ref> A theological-philosophical commentary on the Creation story in the book of Genesis.
*''Arbiter'' (''Diaitêtês''),<ref>A. Sanda,''Opuscula monophysitica Ioannis Philoponi'' Beirut: Typographia Catholica PP.Soc.Jesu., 1930 </ref><ref> W. Böhm ''Johannes Philoponos, Grammatikos von Alexandrien'' München, Paderborn, Wien Schöningh, 1967, pp.414-29.</ref> A philosophical justification of monophysitism. not extant in Greek; Syriac text with Latin trans.
*''On the Trinity'' (''De trinitate'')<ref>A. Van Roey, ''Les fragments trithéites de Jean Philopon'' Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 11 1980 pg 135-63. </ref>The main source for a reconstruction of Philoponus' trinitarian doctrine.


==ref==
==difs==
commoms <nowiki>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Lightbreather</nowiki> at meta <nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Lightbreather</nowiki>
{{reflist}}
===diffs===
that he knows he is wrong and wants to disrupt <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Thomas.W&diff=761978751&oldid=761717138</nowiki>
building the web <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Talk:SIG_MCX&diff=734836294&oldid=734798168</nowiki>
Talk <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Felsic2&oldid=708878030</nowiki> lightbreather <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Lightbreather&diff=710220841&oldid=694170343</nowiki> Banned <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Lightbreather/Evidence#Evidence_presented_by_Lightbreather further </nowiki> previos warnings https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement/Archive195#Herr_Gruber Both Herr Gruber (talk · contribs) and Felsic2 (talk · contribs) are warned against further battleground and disruptive behavior in the gun control topic area.
==Topic ban==
As a self declared [https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Felsic2&oldid=708878030] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Lightbreather&diff=prev&oldid=710220841] meatpuppet of a banned [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Lightbreather|user]] you are topic banned from gun related articles. There is ample evidence that your work is a violation of her ban for pov grinding [https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/Felsic2&target=Felsic2] also you attack the editors and pages as she directs from off site. Additionaly I draw attention to your previous warning [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement/Archive195#Herr_Gruber Both Herr Gruber (talk · contribs) and Felsic2 (talk · contribs)] are warned against further battleground and disruptive behavior in the gun control topic area. This will serve as your only warning.


==Project gun control==
=second=
Gun control is a disrupted area on wikipedia. The disruption ring leader banned user claims https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Lightbreather/Evidence#Evidence_presented_by_Lightbreather further investigation shows it is the account of a sockepuppet cyber bully with an assigned gender for gender baiting. It continues to disrupt via meatpuppets from an attack site.(since changed) The dsiruption was aided by "frenimes"
Any study of this period should not ignore the contribution of John Philoponus (ca. 490 - ca 566) of Alexandria, described by one writer as "not only the greatest theoretical physicist in antiquity, but the greatest before Isaac Newton." (Harold Turner "The Roots of Science" 1998).
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He was a Greek Christian in Alexandria, a city that later "was captured by the Persians in 616, and then by the Arabs in 646. Through them its literary treasures were transported east, away from Europe to the Arab centres of learning, the ancient Damascus and later the new Baghdad; here they were translated from the Greek, first into Syriac and then into Arabic, and so lost to the Latin scholars of the West for some seven centuries. [...]


Advocacy is closely related to [[WP:COI|conflict of interest]], but differs in that advocacy is a general term for promotional and agenda-based editing, while conflict of interest primarily describes promotional editing by those with a close personal or financial connection to the subject.
"[Philoponus] exhibited the method of scientific experiment and observation that would have corrected much Greek science had he not been lost for nearly a thousand years.
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If you do not understand these points, then you [[WP:NOTHERE|are not here to work on the encyclopedia]], and [[WP:5THWHEEL|the project will be happy to show you the door]] if you engage in [[WP:DE|disruptive editing]].
"First of all, he was one of the greatest exponents of Aristotle in antiquity, with commentaries on almost all of his works, and he adopted much of Aristotle's system for the orderly classification of nature. Although there were other and pagan critics of Aristotle, Philoponus was the first to mount such a devastating critique of the deductive method and much of the content of Aristotle's physics and cosmology - there was no rival to its thoroughness until Galileo...Much of his work amounted to the sort of basic 'paradigm change' that T S Kuhn finds at critical points in the history of science."


==Pages of Interest or concern==
He has been portrayed as representing "the value of philosophical and scientific thought freely pursuing truth without explicit theological controls, whether Christian or Greek, although the basic implicit assumptions of a Christian worldview are still fruitfully at work."
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http://www.asa3.org/asa/pscf/1994/PSCF3-94Aulie.html#94
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Additional evidence that the birth of modern physics was due to the Christian world-view, and not just Greek philosophy, can be seen in the work of John Philoponus, an Alexandrian Christian from the sixth century. Generally acknowledged to have been the first philosopher to combine science with monotheism and Christian theology, his works were a direct attack at many of the false Greek ideas that were only banished in Europe in the Early Modern era. Contrary to Aristotle, he taught that: stars were not divine, but were composed of the same materials as found on earth, and subject to change; the universe had a beginning; space was a vacuum; projectiles were not moved by the air they travelled through, but by an impulse imparted to them when thrown; objects did not move the way they did because of the “natural motion” of their constituents; and heavy and light bodies, if dropped from the same height, would hit the ground at the same time.<ref>In Van den Bergh, p 8-9, 17, 18, and 49, al-Ghazali takes up the question of infinite numbers. More than likely he was thoroughly familiar with the Arabic editions of the Metaphysics, Book XIII, especially chapters 8-10; the Physics, Book III, chapters 4-7; and also Heavens, I.2; in which Aristotle undertakes to help us with finite numbers, infinity, and infinite numbers.</ref> The fact that Aristotle’s conclusions in all the above issues were (apparently) wrong, and yet Philoponus’ all correct, cannot be because of his method (i.e. logical argument, the same method used by Philoponus), nor his intellect (which is universally admired), but must almost certainly have been due to his pagan presuppositions. Thus Philoponus provides excellent evidence that Christianity itself was one of the main reasons for the birth of modern physics, being much more conducive to science than paganism – even Greek paganism, which was more successful than any other.


*[[Assault weapons legislation in the United States]]
Since the monotheistic assumptions underlying Philoponus’ work were similar to those of Islam, this might also explain why Islamic science was so successful for a time; though it does not explain why it later died. Rather, this is probably best understood by the rise of occasionalsim in the Arab lands. According to this view, nature was not governed by natural laws upheld by God, but everything that happened was a direct result of Allah’s intervening miraculous actions.<ref>When al-Ghazali wrote his Tahafut (Incoherence), several Arabic translations of Ptolemy's Almagest were available to him. "Almagest" is the English rendering of the Arabic rendering, al-Majisti, of a Greek word meaning the greatest. Hitti, 1956 (1937), p 310-312, 373; O'Leary, 1957 (1949), p 158; and Sarton, 1927, I, p 562, 565.</ref> Such a view made naturalistic explanation of the universe almost impossible, as had the pagan ideas of capricious deities controlling the universe, and was difficult to counter due to the rise in Islamic control and intolerance in the High Middle Ages.
*[[Federal Assault Weapons Ban]]

*[[Gun control after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]]
Thus the subject of religion helps explain why almost no cultures, despite their greatness in other areas, managed to produce modern science, and why it died in Islamic society. However, it doesn’t explain why natural philosophy arose in Greece, or why neither Christian Rome nor Judaism (with had very similar preconceptions) produced modern physics.
*[[Gun show loophole]]

*[[Public opinion on gun control in the United States]]
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Because the planetary and stellar periods were all different, al-Ghazali reasoned, they must have had a beginning. If Aristotle's assertion were correct that these celestial bodies were eternal, then the infinite number of revolutions of Saturn ought to be equal to the infinite number of revolutions of the fixed stars, even though Saturn required thirty years for one revolution and the outer sphere of the fixed stars required 36,000 years.
* [[Firearm death rates in the United States by state]]

* [[List of countries by intentional homicide rate]]
Now if that were so, reasoned al-Ghazali, Aristotle would have meant that, not only could an infinite number be counted, but one infinite could be larger than another; so that the infinite revolutions of Saturn would be a thousand times more than the infinite revolutions of the fixed stars.<ref>Van den Bergh, p 9.</ref>But Aristotle had maintained that the infinite could not be counted. Therefore, reasoned al-Ghazali, the world could not be eternal but must have been created. So, here we have the leading theologian of Baghdad and of the eleventh century, this acute student of Aristotle, deploying the declarations of Aristotle himself against Aristotelian eternality and on behalf of an assured theism.<ref>Among Aristotle's numerous asseverations on the infinite, see Metaphysics, XIII, 8, 1084a 2-3: "infinite number is neither odd nor even"; in Physics, III, 5, 204a, 25-26: "a part of the infinite would be infinite"—by which he meant that if an infinite were cut in two, each "half" would still be infinite; and similarly, in Physics, VIII, 8,263a,7: "it is impossible to traverse distances infinite in number," meaning that an infinite number cannot be counted. And, in the Heavens, I,5,272a,3: "the infinite cannot be traversed."</ref>
* [[List of countries by suicide rate]]

* [[Number of guns per capita by country]]
Actually, this ingenious argument was first put forward by the sixth century Christian thinker, John Philoponus, in his book entitled, Eternity of the World, which al-Ghazali might have read in Arabic translation.<ref>Among Aristotle's numerous asseverations on the infinite, see Metaphysics, XIII, 8, 1084a 2-3: "infinite number is neither odd nor even"; in Physics, III, 5, 204a, 25-26: "a part of the infinite would be infinite"—by which he meant that if an infinite were cut in two, each "half" would still be infinite; and similarly, in Physics, VIII, 8,263a,7: "it is impossible to traverse distances infinite in number," meaning that an infinite number cannot be counted. And, in the Heavens, I,5,272a,3: "the infinite cannot be traversed."</ref> In fact, a dozen or so other Muslim theologians thought up variations of this argument in order to oppose Aristotle.<ref>Wolfson, 1976, p 416-434. One can scarcely make headway in studies of this sort without the splendid Wolfson books, which explain all, his distressing syntax, notwithstanding.</ref>
* [[List of cities by murder rate]]

* [[List of U.S. states by homicide rate]]
=title=
* [[List of United States cities by crime rate (2012)]]. 250,000+
Among the works that Qusta ibn Luqa translated were ‘Hypsicles. . . Theodosius’ Sphaerica. . . Heron’s Mechanics, Autolycus, Theophrastus’ Meteora, Galen’s catalogue of his books, John Philoponus on the Physics of Aristotle and several other works, and also revised the existing translation of Euclid’ (How Greek Science passed to the Arabs, 170). In the judgement of someone coming shortly afterwards, al-Nadim (d. 990s CE; also an-Nadim), who compiled Kitab al-Fihrist (‘The Book of the Catalogue’), an index of all books written to ca. 987 in Arabic, Qusta ibn Luqa ‘was skilled in translating and had a good literary style in Greek, Syriac and Arabic. He translated some things and corrected many [other] translations.’ (The Fihrist of Al-Nadim, 588). Al-Nadim in fact personally placed Qusta even above Hunayn ibn Ishaq, who is generally regarded as the greatest of the translators of the Bait-ul-Hikma, ‘because of [Qusta’s] excellence and genius’, though ‘[b]oth men were of a superior type’.
* [[United States cities by crime rate (100,000–250,000)]]

* [[United States cities by crime rate (60,000-100,000)]]
His original works, many listed in the Fihrist of al-Nadim, dealt with contemporary science, medicine, astronomy and philosophy. A Latin translation of his work ‘On the Difference between the Spirit and the Soul’ (De Differentia Spiritus et Animae) was one of the few works not attributed to Aristotle that was included in a list of ‘books to be 'read,' or lectured on, by the Masters of the Faculty of Arts, at Paris in 1254,’ as part of their study of Natural Philosophy, (J. A Burns, article on ‘The Faculty of Arts’ in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, [NY: Robert Appleton, 1907], 758). This translation was made by Joannes Hispalensis, (John of Seville, fl. 1140), and George Yeats had copied a note from W. W. Skeat’s edition of Chaucer referring to Joannes’s own original work, the Epitome Totius Astrologiae (written 1142; published in print, Nuremberg, 1548), concerning the Mansions of the Moon in ‘The Franklin’s Tale’ (see CVA notes 10). There is, therefore, the possibility that one of the Yeatses came across a reference to the Latin translation of Qusta ibn Luqa when looking for this astrological treatise; the contemporary British Museum catalogue, for instance, listed a nineteenth-century edition of this work under the heading of Joannes Hispalensis. It seems unlikely that Yeats would ‘have met Costa ben Luca . . . in Robert Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy’ (as suggested in CVA notes 6) where his name appears only once ‘hidden’ in a long list of authorities.
* [[Index of gun politics articles]]
stuff under title<ref>this is a referance</ref>
*[[Gun violence]]

* [[Armed violence reduction]]

* [[List of countries by firearm-related death rate]]
==subtitle==
* [[Global gun cultures]]
this is <ref>change all numbers</ref> my practice page<ref>foot note data</ref>here is more stuff<ref>an other foot note</ref>and even more<ref>not to self</ref>this is fun<ref>more</ref>I have learned<ref>what does this do ?</ref> more <ref>more</ref>about foot noteing <ref>at last</ref> [[Wikipedia:template]]
* [[Gunfire locator]]

* [[Gun violence in the United States]]
An Introduction to the History of Medicine: With Medical Chronology, Suggestions for Study and Bibliographic Data
* [[Crime in the United States]]
By Fielding Hudson Garrison
* [[Firearm death rates in the United States by state]]
Edition: 3
* [[Gun violence and gun control in Texas]]
Published by Saunders, 1921
* [[Sullivan Law]] of 1911, one of the broadest and oldest existing gun control laws in the United States.
942 pages
* [[Index of gun politics articles]]

Good news:{{cite web|url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/05/07/gun-homicide-rate-down-49-since-1993-peak-public-unaware/|title=Gun Homicide Rate Down 49% Since 1993 Peak; Public Unaware | Pew Research Center|accessdate=9 January 2017}} rates up a little {{cite web|url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/murder-rates-nationally-and-state#nat1970|title=Murder Rates Nationally and By State | Death Penalty Information Center|accessdate=9 January 2017}}
==notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==afterthought==
better save{{citation needed}} this in case I forget.{{who}}

<ref>{{cite book|last=holms|first=fredric l|coauthors=Trevor H Levere|title=Instruments and Experimentation in the History of Chemistry|publisher=MIT press|date=2000|pages=91|isbn=0262082829}}</ref>
*History of Analytical Chemistry By Ferenc Szabadváry, Gyula Svehla Translated by Gyula Svehla Published by Taylor & Francis, 1993 ISBN 2881245692, 9782881245695
*Pliny the Elder on science and technology
By John F. Healy
Edition: illustrated
Published by Oxford University Press, 1999
ISBN 0198146876, 9780198146872
467 pages

*The Jewish alchemists: a history and source book
By Raphael Patai
Edition: reprint, illustrated
Published by Princeton University Press, 1995
ISBN 0691006423, 9780691006420
617 pages
*Drug Discovery: A History
By Walter Sneader
Contributor Walter Sneader
Edition: illustrated, revised, reprint
Published by John Wiley and Sons, 2005
ISBN 0471899801, 9780471899808
468 pages
*The First and thirty-third books of Pliny's Natural History; A specimen of a proposed translation of the whole work with notes, etc. By J. Bostock
By Pliny, John Bostock
Translated by John Bostock
Published by Baldwin and Cradock, 1828
Original from Oxford University
Digitized Jun 21, 2007
80 pages

==more notes==
{{reflist}}

*Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan and his Kitab Al-Ahjar(Book of Stones) Jabir and Haq ISBN 0792325877
*The Summa Perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber: a Critical Edition, Translation and Study Geber and Newman ISBN 9004094664
*A Short History of Chemistry Partington ISBN 0486659771
*Story of Alchemy and Early Chemistry Stillman ISBN 0766132307
*Creation of Fire: Chemistry's Lively History from Alchemy to the Atomic Age Cobb ISBN 073820594X
*Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries Lucas ISBN 0766151417
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence By Peter Roger Stuart Moorey Published by EISENBRAUNS, 1999 ISBN 1575060426, 9781575060422
*Greek Science of the Hellenistic Era: A Sourcebook By Georgia Lynette Irby-Massie, Paul T. Keyser Published by Routledge, 2002 ISBN 0415238471, 9780415238472
*From Alchemy to Chemistry Read ISBN 0486286908
*The Dictionary of Alchemy Fernando ISBN 1843336189
*Alchemy and Early Modern Chemistry: Papers from Ambix Debus ISBN 0954648412
*The Chemical Tree; A History of Chemistry Brock ISBN 0393302685
* Alchemy Holmyard ISBN 0486262987
*A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder Partington ISBN 0801859549
*Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521822742
*A Short History of the Art of Distillation from the Beginnings Up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal Forbs ISBN 9004006176
*Glasss: a World History Macfarlane and Martin ISBN 0226500284
*The Science and Archaeology of Materials: An Investigation of Inorganic Materials By Julian Henderson Published by Routledge, 2000 ISBN 0415199336, 9780415199339
*Sasanian and Post-Sasnian Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass Whitehouse and Brill ISBN 0872901580
*Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic By William T. Frankenberger Contributor William T. Frankenberger Published by CRC Press, 2002 ISBN 0824706765, 9780824706760

*Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting: The History of a Technology By John Peter Oleson Published by Springer, 1984 ISBN 9027716935, 9789027716934

*A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times: Irrigation and water supply ; Dams ; Bridges ; Roads ; Building construction ; Surveying Part two, Mechanical engineering : Water-raising machines ; Power from water and wind Part three, Fine technology : Instruments ; Automata ; Clocks ... By Donald Routledge Hill Published by Routledge, 1996 ISBN 0415152917, 9780415152914
*Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages By Andre Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Adrian Walford, Michael Lapidge Translated by Adrian Walford Published by Routledge, 2000 ISBN 1579582826, 9781579582821
*Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, and at the Period of the Renaissance By P. L. Jacob Published by Bickers and Son, 1878 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized Nov 23, 2005 (Down load at google books)
*Early Physics and Astronomy: A Historical Introduction By Olaf Pedersen Published by CUP Archive, 1993 ISBN 0521408997, 9780521408998
*Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia By Thomas F. Glick, Steven John Livesey, Faith Wallis Published by Routledge, 2005 ISBN 0415969301, 9780415969307
*Theories of Vision from Al-Kindi to Kepler By David C. Lindberg Published by University of Chicago Press, 1981 ISBN 0226482359, 9780226482354

*Labour in the Medieval Islamic World By Maya Shatzmiller Published by BRILL, 1994 ISBN 9004098968,
*The Making of Humanity By Robert Briffault Published by G. Allen & Unwin ltd., 1919 Original from the University of California Digitized Oct 18, 2007 371 pages available in its entirety here: http://books.google.com/books?id=usdCAAAAIAAJ please see part II chapter V
*How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs By De Lacy O'Leary D.D. First published in Great Britain in 1949 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. Reprinted three times. This edition first published in 1979 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 39 Store Street, London WC1E7DD, Broadway House, Newtown Road, Henley-on-Thames, Oxon RG91EN and 9 Park Street, Boston, Mass. 02108, USA Printed in Great Britain by Caledonian Graphics Cumbernauld, Scotland ISBN 0 7100 1903 3 Assyrian International News Agency Books Online read it here: http://www.aina.org/books/hgsptta.htm#ch13
==notes==

=BIBLIOGRAPHY=
now

Latest revision as of 04:05, 1 February 2017

Second pillar

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difs

[edit]

commoms https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Lightbreather at meta https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Lightbreather

diffs

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that he knows he is wrong and wants to disrupt https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Thomas.W&diff=761978751&oldid=761717138 building the web https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Talk:SIG_MCX&diff=734836294&oldid=734798168 Talk https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Felsic2&oldid=708878030 lightbreather https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Lightbreather&diff=710220841&oldid=694170343 Banned https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Lightbreather/Evidence#Evidence_presented_by_Lightbreather further previos warnings https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement/Archive195#Herr_Gruber Both Herr Gruber (talk · contribs) and Felsic2 (talk · contribs) are warned against further battleground and disruptive behavior in the gun control topic area.

Topic ban

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As a self declared [1] and [2] meatpuppet of a banned user you are topic banned from gun related articles. There is ample evidence that your work is a violation of her ban for pov grinding [3] also you attack the editors and pages as she directs from off site. Additionaly I draw attention to your previous warning Both Herr Gruber (talk · contribs) and Felsic2 (talk · contribs) are warned against further battleground and disruptive behavior in the gun control topic area. This will serve as your only warning.

Project gun control

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Gun control is a disrupted area on wikipedia. The disruption ring leader banned user claims https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Lightbreather/Evidence#Evidence_presented_by_Lightbreather further investigation shows it is the account of a sockepuppet cyber bully with an assigned gender for gender baiting. It continues to disrupt via meatpuppets from an attack site.(since changed) The dsiruption was aided by "frenimes"

Accusing others of tendentious editing

[edit]
Shortcut

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Pages of Interest or concern

[edit]

Good news:"Gun Homicide Rate Down 49% Since 1993 Peak; Public Unaware". Retrieved 9 January 2017. {{cite web}}: Text "Pew Research Center" ignored (help) rates up a little "Murder Rates Nationally and By State". Retrieved 9 January 2017. {{cite web}}: Text "Death Penalty Information Center" ignored (help)

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