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Illegal immigration

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+#REDIRECT [[Illegal immigration]]
-An '''illegal immigrant''' is a person who either enters a country illegally, or who enters legally but subsequently violates the terms of their visa, permanent resident permit or refugee permit. The status and rights of such individuals is a controversial subject that is often linked to economics and moral judgments. There are a number of terms that refer to illegal immigrants. The terms '''undocumented immigrant''', and '''illegals''' are roughly synonymous, while '''illegal alien''' includes those who do not intend to settle in the country, and '''undocumented worker''' includes legal residents and even citizens with defective papers who may or may not intend to stay in the country.
+{{Rcat shell|{{R from merge}}}}
-==Causes==
-The [[immigration]] of people is largely driven by economic and social forces, including demand created by [[agribusiness]] and other [[corporations]] seeking cheaper labor, [[unemployment]] in less-developed nations, [[globalization]], [[war]]s, [[repression]], resistance to various involuntary [[military]] servitude (such as [[conscription]], [[Conscription in the United States|"the draft"]] or its peacetime equivalent the [[National Service]]), and [[sexism]]. Advocates of [[free immigration]] characterize most migrants as legitimate [[refugees]], while advocates of restrictions divide people into [[political migrant]]s and [[economic migrant]]s. Those who migrate for personal reasons are generally classed as economic migrants, even if living in the new country greatly reduces their earnings potential.
-==Methods==
-Some illegal "immigrants" enter a country legally and then overstay or violate their visa.
-Immigrants from nations that do not have an automatic visa agreements, or who would not otherwise qualify for a visa, cross the borders illegally. In some areas like the [[United_States_Mexico_barrier|Mexican-American border]] at [[Rio Grande]], the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], [[Fuerteventura]] and the [[Strait of Otranto]], [[people smuggling|people smuggler]]s (known as "coyotes" along the US/Mexican border) receive money from migrants to get them into the new country. Sometimes migrants are abandoned if there are difficulties, often dying in the process. Others may be victims of intentional killing. The official estimate is that between [[1998]]-[[2004]] there were 1,954 people who died in [[Immigrant deaths along the U.S.-Mexico border|illegal crossings]] of the [[US]]/[[Mexico]] border.  These smugglers often charge a hefty fee, and have been known to abuse their customers in attempts to have the debt repaid.
-The [[Snakeheads]] gang of [[Fujian]], [[China]] has been smuggling labor into Pacific Rim nations for over a century, making Chinatowns frequent centers of illegal immigrants.[http://www.geocities.com/humanperil/FUZHOU.html]
-People smuggling may also be involuntary. Following the close of the legal international [[slave trade]] by the [[Europe]]an nations and the US in the early [[18th century]] the illegal importation of slaves into America continued for decades, albeit at much reduced levels. More recently, a [[sweatshop]] in [[Los Angeles, California]] was discovered in [[1995]] to be staffed by more than 30 imprisoned [[Thai]] persons who had been smuggled in for the purpose and in [[1997]] 57 deaf Mexicans were found to have been kidnapped and enslaved as pan handlers in [[New York City]], these people were deported to Mexico after being placed under house arrest to secure their testimony for the trial.
-The so-called "[[white slave trade]]" referred to the smuggling of women, almost always under duress or fraud, for the purposes of prostitution. Now more generically called "[[sexual slavery]]" it continues to be a problem, particularly in Europe and [[Asia]].
-==Legal and political status==
-Many countries have or had laws restricting immigration for economic, political or ethnic reasons. Whether or not a person is permitted to stay in a country legally may be decided on by quotas or point systems or may be based on considerations such as family ties (marriage, elderly mother, etc.). Immigrants who do not participate in these legal proceedings or who are denied permission under them and still enter or stay in the country are considered illegal immigrants.
-In response to the outcry following popular knowledge of [[the Holocaust]], the newly-established [[U.N.]] held an international conference on [[refugees]], where it was decided that refugees (legally defined to be people who are persecuted in their original country and then enter another country seeking safety) should be exempted from immigration laws, however it is up to the countries involved to decide if a particular immigrant is a refugee or not, and hence whether or not they are subject to the immigration controls.
-Since immigrants without proper legal status have limited use of their [[identity card]]s or other official identification documents, they may have reduced or even no access to [[public health]] systems, proper housing, [[education]] and [[bank]]s, which may result in the creation or expansion of an underground economy to provide these services.
-:''See also: [[Immigration to the United States]], [[Australian immigration]], [[Immigration to the United Kingdom]]''
-==Economic and social involvement==
-Most countries have laws requiring workers to have proper documentation, often intended to prevent the employment of illegal imigrants. However the penalties against employers are not always enforced consistently and fairly, which means that employers can easily use illegal immigrant labor. [[Agriculture]], [[construction]], domestic service, [[restaurant]]s, [[resort]]s, and [[prostitute|prostitution]] are the leading legal and illegal jobs that undocumented workers are most likely to fill.  For example, it is estimated that over 85% of [[United States|US]] crop workers are without valid legal status.
-The presence of illegal immigrants often generates opposition. A perception may exist among some parts of the public in receiving countries linking illegal (or even legal) immigrants to [[crime]] increases, an accusation that others may claim is "[[anti-immigrant]]" or "[[xenophobia|xenophobic]]". When the authorities are overwhelmed in their efforts to stop immigration, they may issue periods of regularization (amnesties) for those who can demonstrate their integration into the receiving country.
-==United States==
-Restricting immigration to the [[United States]] has been driven by [[nativism]] or by economic fears of [[labor union|union busting]] and other labor concerns. In the U.S. the first laws requiring passports for [[American]] citizens and creating a [[quota]] for immigrants were passed around the turn of the 20th century, in response to increased [[Irish]], [[Italian]] and [[Jewish]] immigration. A few years earlier the [[Chinese_Exclusion_Act_(United_States)|Chinese Exclusion Act]] had restricted [[Chinese]] immigration. The quota for Jews was 5,000 a year in the 1930s and 1940s, and the waiting list for these immigration spots grew enormously when [[Hitler]] came to power in [[Germany]]. In the 1960s the US removed most nation-specific quotas in the immigration law, while retaining an overall quota, this changed the composition of the immigrants from mostly Western European, to a variety including many [[Asia|Asians]]. But in the 1990s the U.S. government again tightened restrictions on immigration. It is alleged that [[Ex post facto law|Ex post facto]] residency restrictions led to the imprisonment and deportation of over one million legal immigrants between 1997 and 2004. This has caused concern among some [[civil liberties]] advocates.
-In the United States, the [[Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986]] (IRCA) made the hiring of an individual without documents an offense for the first time. Enforcement has been lax, but major businesses have occasionally been found to use illegal workers. [[Tyson Foods]] was accused of actively importing illegal labor for its [[chicken]] packing plants, and [[Wal-Mart]] was accused of using undocumented [[janitor|janitorial]] workers, though it claimed they were hired by a subcontractor without company knowledge. [[Philippe Kahn]], who wanted to stay in the United States, created the successful computer software company [[Borland International]] without [[green card|proper legal status]]. During his [[2003]] campaign for California governor, it was revealed that [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] had violated his visa by working without a permit in the [[1970s]]. The employment by prominent individuals of persons without work permits has been a recurring issue in politics ever since the practice was banned in the [[1990s]]. [[Linda Chavez]], [[Tom Tancredo]] are among those accused of hiring illegal aliens, the resulting scandals sometimes being dubbed "Nannygate".
-A controversial alternative to fake IDs and other illegal practices is the [[Matricula Consular]] ID being used in the US, which is issued by Mexican consulates. In the US, the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th Amendment]] requires that citizenship be granted to all children born in the country. Thus, if a child is born in the US, his or her family may be allowed to stay, as the child is a citizen and cannot be deported. Opponents of immigration refer to the children of families with mixed immigration status as ''[[Anchor baby|anchor babies]]''.
-==Illegal Emigrants==
-There are also illegal ''emigrants''. During the [[Cold War]], and even today, countries have prohibited both immigration and emigration. During the [[Cold War]] the [[Berlin Wall]] was the site of many fatal attempts to leave a country, and [[defector|defection]] was a common concern. In the same period, the [[US]] seized the [[passport]]s of suspected communists and restricted the movement of citizens with highly prized knowledge. After the end of the Cold War many of these restrictions were removed. Today the only restriction on the emigration of US citizens in good standing is taxation of any income emigrants earn while living outside the country. Since the end of the Cold War, restrictions are driven primarily by a concern over [[Brain Drain]], this is when the professional classes leave in larger numbers than less skilled workers.
-==See also==
-*[[Free immigration]]
-*[[History of US immigration]]
-*[[Immigrant deaths along the United States Border]]
-*[[Nativism]]
-*[[Migra]]
-[[fr:Sans-papiers]]
-[[Category:Human migration]]
-[[Category:Crimes]]