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+#REDIRECT [[Peaceful Revolution]] {{R from merge}}
-{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{lang|de|Die Wende|nocat=y}}}}
-{{other|Wende (disambiguation)}}
-{{merge to|Peaceful Revolution|date=March 2018}}
-[[File:BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Berlin Wall at the [[Brandenburg Gate]], 10 November 1989]]
-'''''{{lang|de|Die Wende}}''''' ({{IPA-de|diː ˈvɛndə}}, "The Turn" or "The Turnaround") is a German term that has come to signify the complete process of change from the rule of the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]] and a centrally [[planned economy]] to the revival of [[parliamentary democracy]] and [[market economy]] in the German Democratic Republic ([[East Germany|GDR]]) around 1989 and 1990. It encompasses several processes and events which later have become synonymous with the overall process. These processes and events are:
-*the [[Peaceful revolution (German)|Peaceful Revolution]] during the presidency of [[President of the Soviet Union]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], a time of massive protest and demonstrations ({{lang|de|[[Monday demonstrations in East Germany|Montagsdemonstrationen]]}} – "Monday demonstrations" and [[Alexanderplatz demonstration]]) against the political system of the GDR and for [[civil rights|civil]] and [[human rights]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Geschichte der Bundesrepublik |url=https://www.hdg.de/lemo/kapitel/deutsche-einheit/friedliche-revolution.html |website=www.hdg.de |publisher=Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum |accessdate=29 June 2018 |language=de}}</ref> in late 1989.
-*the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] on 9 November 1989 following a press conference held by the {{lang|de|[[Politbüro]]|italic=no}} during which [[Günter Schabowski]] announced the introduction of unconditional travelling permissions, which was very unusual after four decades of severe travelling restrictions and intended to tone down the protesters but instead because of Schabowski's unclear and ambiguous wording led to an onrush of people willing to leave the country and the accidental opening of the border checkpoints at the same night.
-* the transition to democracy in East Germany following the Peaceful Revolution, leading to [[East German general election, 1990|the only truly democratic elections]] to the {{lang|de|[[Volkskammer]]}} in the GDR on 18 March 1990.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chronik der Wende | url=http://www.chronikderwende.de/_/english/overview_jsp.html | work= | publisher= | date= | accessdate= }}</ref>
-*the process of [[German reunification]] leading to the {{lang|de|Einigungsvertrag}} (''Treaty of Unification'') on 31 August 1990, the [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany]] on 12 September 1990 and finally the joining of the five re-established East German [[States of Germany|Länder]] to the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]].
-In hindsight, the [[German language|German]] word {{lang|de|Wende}} (meaning "The Turn") then took on a new meaning; the phrase ''{{lang|de|seit der Wende}}'', literally "since the change", means "since reunification" or "since the Wall fell". This period is marked by West German aid to East Germany, a total reaching an estimated $775 billion over 10 years. To some extent, Germany is still in the midst of the {{lang|de|Nachwendezeit}} (post-{{lang|de|Wende}} period): differences between East and West still exist, and a process of "[[inner reunification]]" is not yet finished.
-This fundamental change has marked the reunification of [[Germany]]. The term was first used publicly in East Germany on 18 October 1989 in a speech by interim GDR leader [[Egon Krenz]] (the term having been used on the cover of influential West German news magazine {{lang|de|[[Der Spiegel]]}} two days previously).<ref>{{cite web |title=Der Spiegel 42/1989 | url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/index-1989-42.html}}</ref> Whilst it initially referred to the end of the old East German government, {{lang|de|die Wende}} has become synonymous with the fall of the Wall and of the [[Allied-occupied_Germany#Soviet_Zone_of_Occupation|East German]] state, and indeed of the entire [[Iron Curtain]] and [[Eastern Bloc]] [[state socialism]].
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-==External links==
-{{Commonscat|Die Wende}}
-*[https://www.wir-waren-so-frei.de Moments in Time 1989/1990. Films and photos from private collections]
-{{Fall of Communism}}
-{{Cold War}}
-{{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Wende, Die}}
-[[Category:Die Wende| ]]
-[[Category:1989 in East Germany]]
-[[Category:1990 in East Germany]]
-[[Category:1990 in politics]]
-[[Category:20th-century revolutions]]
-[[Category:Cold War history of Germany]]
-[[Category:Contemporary German history]]
-[[Category:German reunification]]
 [[Category:German words and phrases]]
-[[Category:History of East Germany]]
-[[Category:Protests in Germany]]
-[[Category:Rebellions in Germany]]
-[[Category:Revolutions of 1989]]
-[[de:Wende (DDR)]]