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==Katy O'Brien== |
==Katy O'Brien== |
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Back up [https://www.crfashionbook.com/celebrity/g25859451/aaliyahs-secret-moments/?slide=19] |
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==Tahnee== |
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==The Civil Rights Movement and Native Americans== |
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Future add [https://trib.com/sports/high-school/basketball-girls/robinson-returns-to-wyoming-in-time-to-help-chiefs-become/article_186256fe-604e-5188-a556-cafa270bb44d.html] |
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The [[Civil Rights Movement]] was very significant for the rights of Native Americans and other people of color. Native Americans faced racism and prejudice for hundreds of years, and this increased after the [[American Civil War]]. Native Americans like African Americans were subjected to the [[Jim Crow Laws]] and segregation especially in the [[Deep South]] especially after they were made citizens through the [[Indian Citizenship Act]] of 1924. As a body of law, Jim Crow institutionalized economic, educational, and social disadvantages for Native Americans, and other people of color living in the south.<ref name="tperd">{{cite web |last1=Perdue |first1=Theda |title=Legacy of Jim Crow for Southern Native Americans |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?302379-1/legacy-jim-crow-southern-native-americans |website=C-SPAN |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |accessdate=27 November 2018 |date=October 28, 2011}}</ref><ref name="jimlu">{{cite web |last1=Lowery |first1=Malinda Maynor |title=Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity, and the Making of a Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLY3XbAqDUwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |accessdate=27 November 2018 |pages=0–339 |date=January 1, 2010}}</ref><ref name="jewolf">{{cite journal |last1=Wolfley |first1=Jeanette |title=Jim Crow, Indian Style: The Disenfranchisement of Native Americans |journal=Indian Law Review |date=1990 |volume=16 |pages=167–202 |url=http://health-equity.lib.umd.edu/567/1/JimCrowAIStyle.pdf |accessdate=27 November 2018}}</ref> Native American identity was especially targeted by a system that only wanted to recognize white or colored, and the government began to question the legitimacy of some tribes because they had intermarried with African Americans.<ref name="tperd">{{cite web |last1=Perdue |first1=Theda |title=Legacy of Jim Crow for Southern Native Americans |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?302379-1/legacy-jim-crow-southern-native-americans |website=C-SPAN |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |accessdate=27 November 2018 |date=October 28, 2011}}</ref><ref name="jimlu">{{cite web |last1=Lowery |first1=Malinda Maynor |title=Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity, and the Making of a Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLY3XbAqDUwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |accessdate=27 November 2018 |pages=0–339 |date=January 1, 2010}}</ref> Native Americans were also discriminated and discouraged from voting in the southern and western states.<ref name="jewolf">{{cite journal |last1=Wolfley |first1=Jeanette |title=Jim Crow, Indian Style: The Disenfranchisement of Native Americans |journal=Indian Law Review |date=1990 |volume=16 |pages=167–202 |url=http://health-equity.lib.umd.edu/567/1/JimCrowAIStyle.pdf |accessdate=27 November 2018}}</ref> |
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===more citations=== |
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In the [[Deep South|south]] segregation was a major problem for Native Americans seeking education, but the NAACP's legal strategy would later change this.<ref name="naalega">{{cite web |author1=Robert J. Cottrol |author2=Raymond T. Diamond |author3=Leland B. Ware |title=NAACP v. Jim Crow |url=https://www.aft.org/periodical/american-educator/summer-2004/naacp-v-jim-crow |website=American Federation of Teachers |accessdate=7 April 2019 |language=en |date=8 August 2014}}</ref> Movements such as [[Brown v. Board of Education]] was a major victory for the Civil Rights Movement headed by the [[NAACP]], and inspired Native Americans to start participating in the Civil Rights Movement.<ref>[http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis54.htm#1954bvbe ''Brown v Board of Education'' Decision] ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans</ref><ref name="kingcreek"/> [[Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.]] began assisting Native Americans in the south in the late 1950s after they reached out to him.<ref name="kingcreek">{{cite web |last1=Bender |first1=Albert |title=Dr. King spoke out against the genocide of Native Americans |url=http://www.peoplesworld.org/article/dr-king-spoke-out-against-the-genocide-of-native-americans/ |website=People's World |publisher=People's World |accessdate=25 November 2018 |date=February 13, 2014}}</ref> At that time the remaining [[Creek tribe|Creek]] in Alabama were trying to completely desegregate schools in their area. The South had so many seemingly outlandish racial problems: In this case, light-complexioned Native children were allowed to ride school buses to previously all white schools, while dark-skinned Native children from the same band were barred from riding the same buses.<ref name="kingcreek"/> Tribal leaders, upon hearing of King's desegregation campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, contacted him for assistance. He promptly responded and through his intervention the problem was quickly resolved.<ref name="kingcreek"/> Dr. King would later make trips to Arizona visiting Native Americans on reservations, and in churches encouraging them to be involved in the Civil Rights Movement.<ref name="kingindrez">{{cite web |last1=Leighton |first1=David |title=Street Smarts: MLK Jr. visited 'Papago' reservation near Tucson, was fascinated |url=https://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-mlk-jr-visited-papago-reservation-near-tucson-was/article_cbc4d8f3-6d53-54f3-a783-359646fe2c82.html |website=The Arizona Daily Star |publisher=[[The Arizona Daily Star]] |accessdate=26 November 2018 |date=Apr 2, 2017}}</ref> In King's book "Why We Can't Wait" he writes: |
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:Bitter Fight to Determine Who Is an American Indian Turns to DNA Testing [https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/bitter-fight-to-determine-who-is-an-american-indian-turns-to-dna-testing-h3R3B-YnvU6iLbGk04MhmQ/] |
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:dawes commission che herit [http://www.cherokeeheritage.org/cherokeeheritagegenealogy-html/dawes-commission/] |
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<blockquote>Our nation was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race. Even before there were large numbers of Negroes on our shores, the scar of racial hatred had already disfigured colonial society. From the sixteenth century forward, blood flowed in battles over racial supremacy. We are perhaps the only nation which tried as a matter of national policy to wipe out its indigenous population. Moreover, we elevated that tragic experience into a noble crusade. Indeed, even today we have not permitted ourselves to reject or to feel remorse for this shameful episode. Our literature, our films, our drama, our folklore all exalt it.<ref name="kingnatspeech">{{cite web |last1=Rickert |first1=Levi |title=Dr. Martin Luther King Jr: Our Nation was Born in Genocide |url=https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/dr-martin-luther-king-jr-nation-born-genocide/ |website=Native News Online |publisher=Native News Online |accessdate=November 25, 2018 |date=January 16, 2017}}</ref></blockquote> |
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:cherok phoenix [https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/Article/index/1854] |
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:dawes incomplete never meant to be used [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vd7DNx_l83EC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=dawes+rolls+inaccurate&source=bl&ots=Mqfq3GPNNf&sig=ACfU3U2JO6bo23-5HcQhcjkL0t5hFAKFOw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi4ytf-5rXiAhUCnawKHTxwBvs4FBDoATAEegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=dawes%20rolls%20inaccurate&f=false] |
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: rolls always incomplete [https://books.google.com/books?id=HF37vLFfYGgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=AND+STILL+THE+WATERS+RUN%22+The+Betrayal+Of+The+Five+Civilized+Tribes&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiE3Obe47XiAhVOAqwKHQ12CbEQ6AEIKDAA#v=snippet&q=incomplete&f=false] |
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===sexual violence citation=== |
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Native Americans would then actively participate and support the NAACP, and in the [[Civil Rights Movement]].<ref name="hufponat">{{cite web |last1=Ross |first1=Gyasi |title=Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Black People and Indigenous People: How We Cash This Damn Check |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/dr-martin-luther-king-jr-black-people-and-indigenous_us_5a57c671e4b03a1e6098bc6d |website=Huffington Post |publisher=[[Huffington Post]] |accessdate=25 November 2018 |date=January 11, 2018}}</ref> The National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) would soon rise in 1961 to fight for Native American rights during the Civil Rights Movement, and were strong supporters of [[Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.]].<ref name="scielo.org.za"/><ref name=COBB>Cobb, Daniel M.(2008). ''Native Activism In Cold War America: The Struggle for Sovereignty'', University Press of Kansas, Kansas. {{ISBN|978-0-7006-1597-1}}.</ref> During the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|1963 March on Washington]] there was a sizable Native American contingent, including many from South Dakota, and many from the [[Navajo nation]].<ref name="kingcreek"/><ref name="navtimes">{{cite web |last1=Pineo |first1=Christopher |title=Navajos and locals in Gallup celebrate Martin Luther King Jr. Day |url=https://www.navajotimes.com/reznews/navajos-and-locals-in-gallup-celebrate-martin-luther-king-jr-day/ |website=Navajo Times |publisher=Navajo Times |accessdate=26 November 2018 |date=January 21, 2016}}</ref> Native Americans also participated the [[Poor People's Campaign]] in 1968.<ref name="scielo.org.za">{{cite journal |last1=Garcia |first1=Kevin |title=The American Indian Civil Rights Movement: A case study in Civil Society Protest |journal=Yesterday and Today |date=December 1, 2014 |volume=12 |pages=60–74 |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2223-03862014000200004 |accessdate=25 November 2018 |issn=2309-9003}}</ref> The NIYC were very active supporters of the [[Poor People's Campaign]] unlike the [[National Congress of American Indians]] (NCAI), the NIYC, and other Native organizations met with King in March 1968 but the NCAI disagreed on how to approach the anti-poverty campaign; the NCAI decided against participating in the march.<ref name="COBB"/> The NCAI wished to pursue their battles in the courts and with Congress, unlike the NIYC.<ref name="scielo.org.za"/><ref name=COBB>Cobb, Daniel M.(2008). ''Native Activism In Cold War America: The Struggle for Sovereignty'', University Press of Kansas, Kansas. {{ISBN|978-0-7006-1597-1}}.</ref> The NAACP inspired the creation of the [[Native American Rights Fund]] (NARF) which was patterned after the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund.<ref name="kingcreek">{{cite web |last1=Bender |first1=Albert |title=Dr. King spoke out against the genocide of Native Americans |url=http://www.peoplesworld.org/article/dr-king-spoke-out-against-the-genocide-of-native-americans/ |website=People's World |publisher=People's World |accessdate=25 November 2018 |date=February 13, 2014}}</ref> The NAACP continued to organize to stop mass incarceration and end the criminalization of Native Americans and other communities of people of color.<ref name="naanative">{{cite web |last1=Needle |first1=Elana |title=Nationwide Racial Equity Groups Organize in Support of Racial Healing Groups Support NDORH with Prayer Vigil and Tele Town Hall |url=https://www.naacp.org/latest/nationwide-racial-equity-groups-organize-support-racial-healing%E2%80%AF-groups-support-ndorh-prayer-vigil-tele-town-hall%E2%80%AF/ |website=NAACP |accessdate=7 April 2019 |date=18 January 2019}}</ref> |
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1 in 3 Native American women have been raped or experienced an attempted rape, according to the findings of the Justice Department, more than twice the national average.(New York) The difficulties facing Native American women who have been raped are numerous, and include a shortage of sexual assault kits at Indian Health Service hospitals, where there is also a lack of access to birth control and sexually transmitted infection testing. There is also a shortage of nurses trained to perform rape examinations, which are generally necessary to bring cases to trial.(NY TImes) National rates of homicide victimization against Native American and Alaska Native |
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women are second to those of their African American counterparts, but these national averages hide the extremely high rates of murder against Native American and Alaska Native women present in some counties comprised primarily of tribal lands.(Justice Reference) Certain counties have rates of murder against Native American and Alaska Native women that are ten times greater than the national average.(Justice Reference) Currently, tribal courts don't have the jurisdiction to prosecute non-tribal members for a lot of crimes like rape and, sexual assault even if they happen on tribal land.(HighCountry) This is a major issue, because non-Native American men commit the majority of assaults against Native American women.(HighCountry) |
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The high levels of violence against Native American women were first highlighted in 1999, when the Department of Justice released its initial report.(HighCountry)(Bureau1999) Since the report, several studies on the topic have confirmed the severity of the crisis indicating that Native Americans are 2.5 times more likely to experience sexual assault and rape than any other ethnic group in the United States.(Highcountry) Furthermore, the Violence Against Women Act (first enacted in 1994) was reauthorized in 2013, with amendments to add protections for Native American women.(HighCountry) It gave tribal nations the power to prosecute non-tribal members for domestic violence, but not other crimes like sexual assault, child abuse or rape.(HighCountry) Women on reservations say the tribal police often discourage them from reporting sexual assaults, and Indian Health Service hospitals complain they lack cameras to document injuries.(NY Times) |
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In 2010, UIHI and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Violence Prevention to administered a poll in Seattle, Washington.(Seattle) The results indicated that 94% of Native American women had experienced some form of sexual violence. (Seattle) UIHI stated, "the 94 percent figure and other results “cannot be generalized to all urban Native women in Seattle nor generalized across all urban Native women throughout the United States because participants were predominantly low-income and homeless women.”(Seattle) Nationwide, an arrest is made in just 13 percent of the sexual assaults reported by Native American women, according to the Justice Department, compared with 35 percent for African-American women and 32 percent for white women.(NY Times) In South Dakota, Native Americans constitute ten percent of the population, but account for 40 percent of the victims of sexual assault. Alaska Natives are 15 percent of that state’s population, but add up to 61 percent of its victims of sexual assault.(NY Times) |
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The Justice Department did not prosecute 65 percent of the rape cases on Indian reservations in 2011.(NY Times) |
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:Seattle [https://www.nbcnews.com/know-your-value/feature/these-stats-sexual-assault-rates-among-native-women-will-shock-ncna935661] |
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:Hight Country News[https://www.hcn.org/articles/tribal-affairs-why-native-american-women-still-have-the-highest-rates-of-rape-and-assault] |
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:CNN [https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/09/us/native-american-murdered-missing-women/index.html] |
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:NY Times[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/us/native-americans-struggle-with-high-rate-of-rape.html] |
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:Justice Department [https://www.justice.gov/archives/ovw/blog/protecting-native-american-and-alaska-native-women-violence-november-native-American] |
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:New York Times [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/12/us/native-american-women-violence.html] |
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:Justice Reference [https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/223691.pdf] |
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:Bureau of Justice 1999 [https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/aic.pdf] |
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Latest revision as of 03:02, 5 September 2019
Asia Jackson
[edit]Asia Jackson is an American actress and model. She has been featured in the television series such as Speechless, and Alone Together.
Early life
[edit]based in Los Angeles, CA. She is of African-American and Filipino descent. An Air Force brat, Asia moved from California to Mississippi when she was just two weeks old. Since then, she'd moved nine times around the world by the time she was thirteen. She spent two years of her elementary studies in Tokyo, Japan as well as Baguio City, Philippines. She discovered her passion for modeling and acting while attending college for computer science.[1]
Sydney Viengluang
[edit]Katy O'Brien
[edit]Back up [1]
Tahnee
[edit]Future add [2]
more citations
[edit]- Bitter Fight to Determine Who Is an American Indian Turns to DNA Testing [3]
- dawes commission che herit [4]
- cherok phoenix [5]
- dawes incomplete never meant to be used [6]
- rolls always incomplete [7]
sexual violence citation
[edit]1 in 3 Native American women have been raped or experienced an attempted rape, according to the findings of the Justice Department, more than twice the national average.(New York) The difficulties facing Native American women who have been raped are numerous, and include a shortage of sexual assault kits at Indian Health Service hospitals, where there is also a lack of access to birth control and sexually transmitted infection testing. There is also a shortage of nurses trained to perform rape examinations, which are generally necessary to bring cases to trial.(NY TImes) National rates of homicide victimization against Native American and Alaska Native women are second to those of their African American counterparts, but these national averages hide the extremely high rates of murder against Native American and Alaska Native women present in some counties comprised primarily of tribal lands.(Justice Reference) Certain counties have rates of murder against Native American and Alaska Native women that are ten times greater than the national average.(Justice Reference) Currently, tribal courts don't have the jurisdiction to prosecute non-tribal members for a lot of crimes like rape and, sexual assault even if they happen on tribal land.(HighCountry) This is a major issue, because non-Native American men commit the majority of assaults against Native American women.(HighCountry)
The high levels of violence against Native American women were first highlighted in 1999, when the Department of Justice released its initial report.(HighCountry)(Bureau1999) Since the report, several studies on the topic have confirmed the severity of the crisis indicating that Native Americans are 2.5 times more likely to experience sexual assault and rape than any other ethnic group in the United States.(Highcountry) Furthermore, the Violence Against Women Act (first enacted in 1994) was reauthorized in 2013, with amendments to add protections for Native American women.(HighCountry) It gave tribal nations the power to prosecute non-tribal members for domestic violence, but not other crimes like sexual assault, child abuse or rape.(HighCountry) Women on reservations say the tribal police often discourage them from reporting sexual assaults, and Indian Health Service hospitals complain they lack cameras to document injuries.(NY Times)
In 2010, UIHI and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Violence Prevention to administered a poll in Seattle, Washington.(Seattle) The results indicated that 94% of Native American women had experienced some form of sexual violence. (Seattle) UIHI stated, "the 94 percent figure and other results “cannot be generalized to all urban Native women in Seattle nor generalized across all urban Native women throughout the United States because participants were predominantly low-income and homeless women.”(Seattle) Nationwide, an arrest is made in just 13 percent of the sexual assaults reported by Native American women, according to the Justice Department, compared with 35 percent for African-American women and 32 percent for white women.(NY Times) In South Dakota, Native Americans constitute ten percent of the population, but account for 40 percent of the victims of sexual assault. Alaska Natives are 15 percent of that state’s population, but add up to 61 percent of its victims of sexual assault.(NY Times) The Justice Department did not prosecute 65 percent of the rape cases on Indian reservations in 2011.(NY Times)
- Seattle [8]
- Hight Country News[9]
- CNN [10]
- NY Times[11]
- Justice Department [12]
- New York Times [13]
- Justice Reference [14]
- Bureau of Justice 1999 [15]
- ^ Escobar, Allyson (May 31, 2017). "Actress Asia Jackson Wants to Take On 'Colorism,' Redefine Filipino Beauty". NBC. NBC. Retrieved 26 November 2018.