User:Mirandaswinson/sandbox: Difference between revisions
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Hello, this is Miranda's sandbox! |
Hello, this is Miranda's sandbox! |
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<u>'''<br />'''</u> |
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<u>'''<br />Let's write about the taxonomy and evolutionary lineage/how it relates to other hominin species, maybe add a new section on it. Also what era this species lived during. Include it in the introduction.'''</u> |
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<nowiki>[[User:Dayanettedj(Wiki Ed)/Sandbox]]</nowiki> |
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== Discovery == |
== Discovery == |
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In August 2019, scientists announced the discovery of a nearly intact skull, for the first time, and dated to 3.8 million years ago, of ''A. anamensis'' in Ethiopia.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Haile-Selassie|first1=Yohannes|last2=M. Melillo|first2=Stephanie|last3=Vazzana|first3=Antonino|last4=Benazzi|first4=Stefano|last5=Timothy|first5=M. Ryan|year=2019|title=A 3.8-million-year-old hominin cranium from Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia|publisher=Nature|DOI=10.1038/s41586-019-1513-8}}</ref><ref name="GZM-20190828">{{cite news|url=https://gizmodo.com/incredible-fossil-discovery-finally-puts-a-face-on-an-e-1837657550|title=Incredible Fossil Discovery Finally Puts a Face on an Elusive Early Hominin|last=Dvorsky|first=George|date=28 August 2019|work=[[Gizmodo]]|accessdate=28 August 2019}}</ref> The skull itself was found by Afar herder Ali Bereino in 2016.<ref>Greshko, Michael, ''[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/08/unprecedented-fossil-skull-reveals-face-of-human-ancestor/ 'Unprecedented' skull reveals face of human ancestor]'', National Geographic, August 28, 2019</ref> This skull is important in supplementing the evolutionary lineage of [[Hominini|hominins]]. The skull has a unique combination of derived and ancestral characteristics.<ref name=":0" /> It was determined that the cranium is older than ''[[Australopithecus afarensis|A. afarensis]]'' through analyzing that the cranial capacity is much smaller and the face is very [[Prognathism|prognathic]], both of which indicate that it is earlier than ''[[Australopithecus afarensis|A. afarensis]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Known as the MRD cranium, it is that of a male who was at an "advanced developmental age" determined by the worn down post-canine teeth.<ref name=":0" /> The teeth show mesiodistal elongation, which differs from ''[[Australopithecus afarensis|A. afarensis]].''<ref name=":0" /> Similar to other [[Australopithecus|australopiths]], however, it has a narrow upper face (no forehead) and a large mid-face with broad [[Zygomatic bone|zygomatic]] bones.<ref name=":0" /> Before this new discovery, it was widely believed that ''Australopithecus anamensis'' and [[Australopithecus afarensis|''Australopithecus afarensis'']] evolved one right after the other in a single lineage.<ref name=":0" /> However, with the discovery of MRD, it suggests that ''[[Australopithecus afarensis|A. afarensis]]'' did not result from [[anagenesis]], but that the two hominin species lived side by side for at least 100,000 years.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/28/world/early-human-skull-discovery-australopithecus-anamensis-scn/index.html|title=Revealing the new face of a 3.8-million-year-old early human ancestor|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> |
In August 2019, scientists announced the discovery of a nearly intact skull, for the first time, and dated to 3.8 million years ago, of ''A. anamensis'' in Ethiopia.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Haile-Selassie|first1=Yohannes|last2=M. Melillo|first2=Stephanie|last3=Vazzana|first3=Antonino|last4=Benazzi|first4=Stefano|last5=Timothy|first5=M. Ryan|year=2019|title=A 3.8-million-year-old hominin cranium from Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia|publisher=Nature|DOI=10.1038/s41586-019-1513-8}}</ref><ref name="GZM-20190828">{{cite news|url=https://gizmodo.com/incredible-fossil-discovery-finally-puts-a-face-on-an-e-1837657550|title=Incredible Fossil Discovery Finally Puts a Face on an Elusive Early Hominin|last=Dvorsky|first=George|date=28 August 2019|work=[[Gizmodo]]|accessdate=28 August 2019}}</ref> The skull itself was found by Afar herder Ali Bereino in 2016.<ref>Greshko, Michael, ''[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/08/unprecedented-fossil-skull-reveals-face-of-human-ancestor/ 'Unprecedented' skull reveals face of human ancestor]'', National Geographic, August 28, 2019</ref> This skull is important in supplementing the evolutionary lineage of [[Hominini|hominins]]. The skull has a unique combination of derived and ancestral characteristics.<ref name=":0" /> It was determined that the cranium is older than ''[[Australopithecus afarensis|A. afarensis]]'' through analyzing that the cranial capacity is much smaller and the face is very [[Prognathism|prognathic]], both of which indicate that it is earlier than ''[[Australopithecus afarensis|A. afarensis]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Known as the MRD cranium, it is that of a male who was at an "advanced developmental age" determined by the worn down post-canine teeth.<ref name=":0" /> The teeth show mesiodistal elongation, which differs from ''[[Australopithecus afarensis|A. afarensis]].''<ref name=":0" /> Similar to other [[Australopithecus|australopiths]], however, it has a narrow upper face (no forehead) and a large mid-face with broad [[Zygomatic bone|zygomatic]] bones.<ref name=":0" /> Before this new discovery, it was widely believed that ''Australopithecus anamensis'' and [[Australopithecus afarensis|''Australopithecus afarensis'']] evolved one right after the other in a single lineage.<ref name=":0" /> However, with the discovery of MRD, it suggests that ''[[Australopithecus afarensis|A. afarensis]]'' did not result from [[anagenesis]], but that the two hominin species lived side by side for at least 100,000 years.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/28/world/early-human-skull-discovery-australopithecus-anamensis-scn/index.html|title=Revealing the new face of a 3.8-million-year-old early human ancestor|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> |
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''Australopithecus anamensis'' is the intermediate species between ''Ardipithecus ramidus'' and ''Australopithecus afarensis'' and has multiple shared traits with apes and humans.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":02" /> Fossil studies of the wrist morphology of ''A. anamensis'' suggest knuckle-walking, which is a derived trait shared with African apes. The ''A. anamensis'' hand portrays robust phalanges and metacarpals, and long middle phalanges, much like those shared by humans and apes. These characteristics show that the ''A. anamensis'' likely engaged in arboreal living but were largely bipedal, although not in an identical way to later ''[[Homo]]'' genus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/35006045#citeas|title=Evidence that Humans Evolved from a Knuckle-walking Ancestor|last=Richmond|first=Brian|date=23 March 2000|website=Nature|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> |
''Australopithecus anamensis'' is the intermediate species between ''Ardipithecus ramidus'' and ''Australopithecus afarensis'' and has multiple shared traits with apes and humans.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":02" /> Fossil studies of the wrist morphology of ''A. anamensis'' suggest knuckle-walking, which is a derived trait shared with African apes. The ''A. anamensis'' hand portrays robust phalanges and metacarpals, and long middle phalanges, much like those shared by humans and apes. These characteristics show that the ''A. anamensis'' likely engaged in arboreal living but were largely bipedal, although not in an identical way to later ''[[Homo]]'' genus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/35006045#citeas|title=Evidence that Humans Evolved from a Knuckle-walking Ancestor|last=Richmond|first=Brian|date=23 March 2000|website=Nature|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> |
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There are three major features of ''Australopithecus'': all were bipedal, small-brained, and had large teeth.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Understanding Humans: Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology|last=Lewis|first=Barry et al.|publisher=|year=2013|isbn=|edition=11th Edition|location=Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing|pages=}}</ref> ''A. anamensis'' is often confused with ''Australopithecus afarensis'' due to their similar bone structure, apelike and human-like traits, and their habitation of woodland areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Australopithecus|title=Australopithecus - Australopithecus afarensis and Au. garhi|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> These similarities include thick tooth enamel, which is a shared derived trait of all ''Australopithecus'' and shared with most Miocene hominoids.<ref name=":02" /> Tooth size variability in ''A. anamensis'' suggests that there was significant body size variation.<ref name=":02" /> In relation to their diet, ''A. anamensis'' has similarities with their predecessor ''[[Ardipithecus ramidus]]''.<ref name=":02" /> ''A. anamensis'' sometimes had much larger canines than later ''Australopithecus'' species.<ref name=":02" /> ''A. anamensis'' and ''A. afarensis'' have similarities in the humerus and the tibia.<ref name=":02" /> They both have human-like features and matching sizes.<ref name=":02" /> It has also been found that the bodies of ''A. anamensis'' are larger than those of ''A. afarensis''.<ref name=":02" /> Based on additional |
There are three major features of ''Australopithecus'': all were bipedal, small-brained, and had large teeth.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Understanding Humans: Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology|last=Lewis|first=Barry et al.|publisher=|year=2013|isbn=|edition=11th Edition|location=Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing|pages=}}</ref> ''A. anamensis'' is often confused with ''Australopithecus afarensis'' due to their similar bone structure, apelike and human-like traits, and their habitation of woodland areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Australopithecus|title=Australopithecus - Australopithecus afarensis and Au. garhi|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> These similarities include thick tooth enamel, which is a shared derived trait of all ''Australopithecus'' and shared with most [[Miocene]] hominoids.<ref name=":02" /> Tooth size variability in ''A. anamensis'' suggests that there was significant body size variation.<ref name=":02" /> In relation to their diet, ''A. anamensis'' has similarities with their predecessor ''[[Ardipithecus ramidus]]''.<ref name=":02" /> ''A. anamensis'' sometimes had much larger canines than later ''Australopithecus'' species.<ref name=":02" /> ''A. anamensis'' and ''A. afarensis'' have similarities in the [[humerus]] and the [[tibia]].<ref name=":02" /> They both have human-like features and matching sizes.<ref name=":02" /> It has also been found that the bodies of ''A. anamensis'' are larger than those of ''A. afarensis''.<ref name=":02" /> Based on additional ''afarensis'' collections from the Hadar, Ethiopia site, the ''A. anamensis'' radius is similar to that of ''afarensis'' in the [[Lunate bone|lunate]] and [[Scaphoid bone|scaphoid]] surfaces.<ref name=":02" /> Additional findings suggest that ''A. anamensis'' have long arms compared to modern humans.<ref name=":02" /> |
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== Era in which they lived == |
== Era in which they lived == |
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== More on diet == |
== More on diet == |
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''A. anamensis'' had thick, long, and narrow jaws with their side teeth arranged in parallel lines. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/australopithecus-anamensis|title=Australopithecus anamensis|date=2010-02-11|website=The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> The palate, rows of teeth, and other characteristics of A. ''anamensis'' dentition suggests that they were omnivores and their diets were composed heavily on fruit, similar to chimpanzees.<ref name=":02" /> These characteristics came from ''Ar. ramidus'', who were thought to have preceded ''A. anamensis''. Evidence of a dietary shift was also found, suggesting the consumption of harder foods. This was indicated by thicker enamel in teeth and more intense molar crowns.<ref name=":02" /><br /> |
''A. anamensis'' had thick, long, and narrow jaws with their side teeth arranged in parallel lines. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/australopithecus-anamensis|title=Australopithecus anamensis|date=2010-02-11|website=The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> The palate, rows of teeth, and other characteristics of A. ''anamensis'' dentition suggests that they were omnivores and their diets were composed heavily on fruit, similar to [[Chimpanzee|chimpanzees]].<ref name=":02" /> These characteristics came from ''Ar. ramidus'', who were thought to have preceded ''A. anamensis''. Evidence of a dietary shift was also found, suggesting the consumption of harder foods.<ref name=":02" /> This was indicated by thicker enamel in teeth and more intense molar crowns.<ref name=":02" /><br /> |
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Latest revision as of 20:18, 14 November 2019
Hello, this is Miranda's sandbox!
Discovery
[edit]In August 2019, scientists announced the discovery of a nearly intact skull, for the first time, and dated to 3.8 million years ago, of A. anamensis in Ethiopia.[1][2] The skull itself was found by Afar herder Ali Bereino in 2016.[3] This skull is important in supplementing the evolutionary lineage of hominins. The skull has a unique combination of derived and ancestral characteristics.[1] It was determined that the cranium is older than A. afarensis through analyzing that the cranial capacity is much smaller and the face is very prognathic, both of which indicate that it is earlier than A. afarensis.[1] Known as the MRD cranium, it is that of a male who was at an "advanced developmental age" determined by the worn down post-canine teeth.[1] The teeth show mesiodistal elongation, which differs from A. afarensis.[1] Similar to other australopiths, however, it has a narrow upper face (no forehead) and a large mid-face with broad zygomatic bones.[1] Before this new discovery, it was widely believed that Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis evolved one right after the other in a single lineage.[1] However, with the discovery of MRD, it suggests that A. afarensis did not result from anagenesis, but that the two hominin species lived side by side for at least 100,000 years.[1][4]
Relation to other hominin species
[edit]Australopithecus anamensis is the intermediate species between Ardipithecus ramidus and Australopithecus afarensis and has multiple shared traits with apes and humans.[5][6] Fossil studies of the wrist morphology of A. anamensis suggest knuckle-walking, which is a derived trait shared with African apes. The A. anamensis hand portrays robust phalanges and metacarpals, and long middle phalanges, much like those shared by humans and apes. These characteristics show that the A. anamensis likely engaged in arboreal living but were largely bipedal, although not in an identical way to later Homo genus.[7]
There are three major features of Australopithecus: all were bipedal, small-brained, and had large teeth.[8] A. anamensis is often confused with Australopithecus afarensis due to their similar bone structure, apelike and human-like traits, and their habitation of woodland areas.[9] These similarities include thick tooth enamel, which is a shared derived trait of all Australopithecus and shared with most Miocene hominoids.[6] Tooth size variability in A. anamensis suggests that there was significant body size variation.[6] In relation to their diet, A. anamensis has similarities with their predecessor Ardipithecus ramidus.[6] A. anamensis sometimes had much larger canines than later Australopithecus species.[6] A. anamensis and A. afarensis have similarities in the humerus and the tibia.[6] They both have human-like features and matching sizes.[6] It has also been found that the bodies of A. anamensis are larger than those of A. afarensis.[6] Based on additional afarensis collections from the Hadar, Ethiopia site, the A. anamensis radius is similar to that of afarensis in the lunate and scaphoid surfaces.[6] Additional findings suggest that A. anamensis have long arms compared to modern humans.[6]
Era in which they lived
[edit]A. anamensis is the earliest known species of Australopithecus and the least studied because of lack of skeletal findings. The first fossils of the A. anamensis are dated to around 3.8 and 4.2 million years ago and were found in Kanapoi and Allia Bay in Northern Kenya.[6] They are the earliest Australopithecus species, living during the Plio-Pleistocene era.[8]
More on diet
[edit]A. anamensis had thick, long, and narrow jaws with their side teeth arranged in parallel lines. [5] The palate, rows of teeth, and other characteristics of A. anamensis dentition suggests that they were omnivores and their diets were composed heavily on fruit, similar to chimpanzees.[6] These characteristics came from Ar. ramidus, who were thought to have preceded A. anamensis. Evidence of a dietary shift was also found, suggesting the consumption of harder foods.[6] This was indicated by thicker enamel in teeth and more intense molar crowns.[6]
References
[edit]https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1513-8
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6456/850.full
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-19349-2_7
 | This is a user sandbox of Mirandaswinson. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
- ^ a b c d e f g h Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; M. Melillo, Stephanie; Vazzana, Antonino; Benazzi, Stefano; Timothy, M. Ryan (2019). "A 3.8-million-year-old hominin cranium from Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1513-8.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Dvorsky, George (28 August 2019). "Incredible Fossil Discovery Finally Puts a Face on an Elusive Early Hominin". Gizmodo. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
- ^ Greshko, Michael, 'Unprecedented' skull reveals face of human ancestor, National Geographic, August 28, 2019
- ^ "Revealing the new face of a 3.8-million-year-old early human ancestor".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "Australopithecus anamensis". The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ward, Carol; Leakey, Meave; Walker, Alan (1999). "The new hominid species Australopithecus anamensis". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 7 (6): 197–205. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)7:63.0.CO;2-T. ISSN 1520-6505.
- ^ Richmond, Brian (23 March 2000). "Evidence that Humans Evolved from a Knuckle-walking Ancestor". Nature.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Lewis, Barry; et al. (2013). Understanding Humans: Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology (11th Edition ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help); Explicit use of et al. in:|first=(help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Australopithecus - Australopithecus afarensis and Au. garhi". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-11-10.