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'''{{IAST|Upekṣā}}''' ([[Sanskrit]]/[[Devanāgarī|Devanāgarī script]]: {{Unicode|उपेक्षा}}; [[Pali]]: '''Upekkhā'''), is the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] concept of [[equanimity]]. The [[Tibet]]an equivalent is བཏང་སྙོམས་ ''btang snyoms''. This is a purifying mental state cultivated through [[meditation]] on the Buddhist path to ''[[prajñā]]'' ([[wisdom]]) and [[bodhi]] (enlightenment). The analogous term in Greek philosophy is [[ataraxia]]. |
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==Pali literary contexts== |
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<table style="float:right"><tr><td>{{JhanaFactors}}<tr><td>{{Parami|float=right}}</table> |
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In the [[Pali Canon]] and post-canonical [[atthakatha|commentary]], ''upekkha'' is identified as an important step in one's spiritual development in a number of places: |
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* It is one of the Four Sublime States (''[[brahmavihara]]''), which are purifying mental states capable of counteracting the [[kilesa|defilements]] of lust, avarice and ignorance. As a ''brahmavihara'', it is also one of the forty traditionally identified subjects of [[Buddhist meditation]] (''[[kammatthana]]''). |
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* In the development of meditative [[samadhi|concentration]], ''upekkha'' arises as the quintessential factor of material absorption, present in the third and fourth ''[[jhana]]'' states. |
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* In the [[Seven Factors of Enlightenment]] (''bojjhanga''), ''upekkha'' is the ultimate factor to be developed. |
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* In the [[Theravada]] list of ten [[paramita]] (perfections), ''upekkha'' is the last-identified [[bodhisatta]] practice. |
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==Contemporary exposition== |
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American [[Buddhist]] monk [[Bhikkhu Bodhi]] wrote: |
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:“The real meaning of upekkha is equanimity, not [[indifference]] in the sense of unconcern for others. As a spiritual virtue, upekkha means equanimity in the face of the fluctuations of worldly fortune. It is evenness of [[mind]], unshakeable [[freedom (philosophy)|freedom]] of mind, a state of inner equipoise that cannot be upset by gain and loss, honor and dishonor, praise and blame, pleasure and pain. ''Upekkha'' is freedom from all points of self-reference; it is indifference only to the demands of the ego-self with its craving for pleasure and position, not to the well-being of one's fellow human beings. True equanimity is the pinnacle of the four social attitudes that the Buddhist texts call the '[[Brahma-viharas|divine abodes]]': boundless [[metta|loving-kindness]], [[karuna | compassion]], [[mudita|altruistic joy]], and equanimity. The last does not override and negate the preceding three, but perfects and consummates them.”<ref>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/bps-essay_30.html Bodhi (1998).]</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Brahma-viharas]] (divine abodes) |
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* [[Jhana]] (mental absorption) |
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* [[Paramita]] (practices of perfections) |
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* [[Ataraxia]] (Greek concept of mental equanimity) |
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== References == |
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<references/> |
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==Sources== |
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* [[Bhikkhu Bodhi|Bodhi, Bhikkhu]] (1995, 1998). ''Toward a Threshold of Understanding'' ([[Buddhist Publication Society|BPS]] Newsletter cover essays nos. 30 & 31). Retrieved 15 Jan. 2007 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/bps-essay_30.html. |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.buddhanet.net/ss06.htm Equanimity (''upekkha'')] by the Venerable Nyanaponika Thera. |
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*[http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/btang_snyoms Dharma Dictionary - RangjungYesheWiki - Btang Snyoms/Upeksa] |
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[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]] |
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Latest revision as of 08:51, 19 November 2019
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