History of Indigenous Australian self-determination: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Indigenous Australian self-determination]] {{R from merge}} |
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The '''history of Indigenous Australian self-determination''' covers various attempts by [[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]] to govern autonomously since [[History of Australia (1788–1850)|colonization,]] both within and outside the structures of the [[Government of Australia]]. |
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== 1960's-70's: The early times == |
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During this period, the [[Whitlam Government]] turned Australian indigneous policy around by moving away from [[assimilation]] and towards, in [[Gough Whitlam|Gough Whitlam's]] words: "''Aboriginal communities deciding the pace and nature of their future development as significant components within a diverse Australia",'' i.e. self-determination.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hocking|first=Jenny|date=2018|title=‘A transforming sentiment in this country’: The Whitlam government and Indigenous self-determination|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8500.12353|journal=Australian Journal of Public Administration|language=en|volume=77|issue=S1|pages=S5–S12|doi=10.1111/1467-8500.12353|issn=1467-8500}}</ref> |
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=== Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders === |
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The [[Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders]] (FCAATSI) was founded in 1957 as a [[non-governmental organization]] to advance Aboriginal rights, composed of various member organisations.<ref name=":1" /> |
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=== Department of Aboriginal Affairs === |
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The [[Department of Aboriginal Affairs]] was founded by the [[Whitlam Government]] to replace the government agencies responsible for Indigenous affairs, the [[Council for Aboriginal Affairs]], and the [[Office of Aboriginal Affairs]], while also providing a route for self-determination by employing Indigneous Australians.<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== National Aboriginal Consultative Committee === |
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The [[National Aboriginal Consultative Committee]] (NACC) was the first elected body representing [[Indigenous Australians]] on the national level, having been established by the [[Whitlam Government]] in [[1972 in Australia|1972.]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/selfdetermination/aboriginal-representative-bodies|title=Aboriginal representative bodies|last=Spirits|first=Jens Korff, Creative|date=2019-07-08|website=Creative Spirits|language=en-au|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> It was composed of 36 representatives elected by Aboriginal people in 36 regions of Australia.<ref name=":0" /> In 1983, the elections reached a turnout of approximately 78%.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/building-sustainable-national-indigenous-representative-body-issues-consideration-issues#fnB8|title=Building a sustainable National Indigenous Representative Body – Issues for consideration: Issues Paper 2008 {{!}} Australian Human Rights Commission|website=www.humanrights.gov.au|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> However, the organisation was marred by friction with the [[Department of Aboriginal Affairs]], while internally lacking coherence.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/building-sustainable-national-indigenous-representative-body-issues-consideration-issues#fnB8|title=Building a sustainable National Indigenous Representative Body – Issues for consideration: Issues Paper 2008 {{!}} Australian Human Rights Commission|website=www.humanrights.gov.au|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> |
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=== National Aboriginal Conference === |
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Following a review in 1976, the NACC was abolished by the new [[Fraser Government]] in 1977.<ref name=":2" /> To replace it, the [[National Aboriginal Conference]] (NAC) was founded. |
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== 1980's-90's: Independent institutions == |
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=== Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission === |
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Following the election of the [[Hawke Government]] in 1983, two reports were commissioned into a replacement of the NAC. The O'Donoghue report argued that the NAC did not effectively represent its constituents or advocate specific policies.<ref name=":1" /> The Coombs report made the case for an organisation with representation of regions and existing indigenous organisations.<ref name=":1" /> |
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To respond to these recommendations, the [[Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission]] was founded in 1989. |
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Following allegations of corruption, it was abolished by the [[Howard Government]] in 2004.<ref name="wsh">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/aboriginal-australia/we-should-have-kept-atsic-lowitja-odonoghue/story-e6frgd9f-1225789767951|title=We should have kept ATSIC: Lowitja O'Donoghue|author=Pia Akerman|date=22 October 2009|newspaper=The Australian|accessdate=18 January 2012|publisher=News Limited}}</ref> |
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=== Aboriginal Provisional Government === |
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The [[Aboriginal Provisional Government]] has campaigned for Aboriginal sovereignty in Australia, and is headed by an Elders Council.<ref name=":1" /> It also issues [[Aboriginal passport|Aboriginal passports.]] |
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== 2000's-10's: Stalled progress == |
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The dissolution of ATSIC in [[2004 in Australia|2004]] was seen by some as an end to self-determination as a policy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/howard-silences-aboriginal-advocates-20040416-gdiqvv.html|title=Howard silences Aboriginal advocates|date=2004-04-16|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> Nevertheless, calls for it have continued among Indigenous Australians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-21/bellear-indigenous-sovereignty/5032294|title=The case for Indigenous self-determination|last=Bellear|first=Sol|date=2013-10-21|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> |
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=== Uluru Statement === |
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The [[Uluru Statement from the Heart]] was a call for a 'First Nations Voice' and a '[[Makarrata]] Commission' to drive 'agreement-making' and 'truth-telling, made by a First Nations National Constitutional Convention in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1617/Quick_Guides/UluruStatement|title=Uluru Statement: a quick guide|last=Commonwealth Parliament|first=Canberra|date=|website=www.aph.gov.au|language=en-AU|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> This suggestion was refused by the [[Turnbull Government]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/oct/26/turnbulls-uluru-statement-rejection-mean-spirited-bastardry-legal-expert|title=Turnbull's Uluru statement rejection is 'mean-spirited bastardry' – legal expert|last=Wahlquist|first=Calla|date=2017-10-26|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-12-30|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |
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=== Victorian First People's Assembly === |
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In [[2018 in Australia|2018]] the state of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] passed legislation established the legal framework for an Aboriginal Representative Body which the state could negotiate a [[Indigenous treaties in Australia|treaty]] with.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/jun/22/victoria-passes-historic-law-to-create-indigenous-treaty-framework|title=Victoria passes historic law to create Indigenous treaty framework|last=Wahlquist|first=Calla|date=2018-06-21|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-12-30|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> This resulted in the [[2019 Victorian First Peoples' Assembly election]]. |
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== See also == |
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*[[Aboriginal self-determination]] |
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*[[Indigenous self-government in Canada]] |
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*[[Native American self-determination]] |
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{{Indigenous Australians}} |
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== References == |
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[[Category:History of Indigenous Australians]] |
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[[Category:History of Australia]] |
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Latest revision as of 04:24, 1 May 2020
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