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Glossary of biology#extracellular

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+#REDIRECT [[Glossary of biology#extracellular]]
-In [[cell biology]], [[molecular biology]] and related fields, the word '''extracellular''' (or sometimes '''extracellular space''') means "outside the [[cell (biology)|cell]]". This space is usually taken to be outside the [[plasma membrane]]s, and occupied by fluid. The term is used in contrast to [[intracellular]] (inside the cell).
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-According to the [[Gene Ontology]] database the Extracellular Space is a Cellular Component defined as: "That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. Note that for multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term".<ref>Extracellular Space by Gene Ontology database (EMBL-EBI)</ref>
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-The composition of the extracellular space includes [[metabolites]], [[ion]]s, various [[protein]]s and non-protein substances (i.e. DNA, RNA, lipids, microbial products etc) that might affect cellular function. For example, [[hormone]]s, [[growth factor]]s, [[cytokine]]s and [[chemokine]]s act by travelling the extracellular space towards [[biochemical receptor]]s on cells. Other proteins that are active outside the cell are various [[enzymes]], including digestive enzymes ([[Trypsin]], [[Pepsin]]), extracellular proteinases ([[Matrix metalloproteinase]]s, [[ADAMTS]]s, [[Cathepsin]]s) and antioxidant enzymes (extracellular [[superoxide dismutase]]). Often, proteins present in the extracellular space are stored outside the cells by attaching to various [[Extracellular matrix]] components ([[Collagen]]s, [[Proteoglycan]]s, etc).<ref>Didangelos A, Yin X, Mandal K, Baumert M, Jahangiri M, Mayr M. Proteomics characterization of extracellular space components in the human aorta. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2010 Sep;9(9):2048-62. Epub 2010 Jun 15. PMID 20551380; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2938114.</ref> In addition, [[Extracellular matrix]] proteolytic products are also present in the extracellular space, especially in tissues undergoing remodelling [[Extracellular#cite_note-1|[2]]].
-The term 'extracellular' is often used in reference to the [[extracellular fluid]] (ECF) compartment which composes about 15 [[litre]]s of an average adult 70&nbsp;kg human body which is assumed to contain a total of about 50 [[litre]]s of water (thus, about 30% of the body's water is in the ECF compartment).
-The [[cell membrane]] (and, in plants and fungi, the [[cell wall]]) is the barrier between the two, and chemical composition of intra- and extracellular [[wiktionary:milieu|milieu]] can be radically different. In most organisms, for example, a [[Na+/K+-ATPase|Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase]] pump maintains a high [[concentration]] of [[sodium]] [[ion]]s outside cells while keeping that of [[potassium]] low, leading to chemical excitability. Many cold-tolerant plants force water into the extracellular space when the temperature drops below 0&nbsp;degrees Celsius, so that when it freezes, it does not [[lysis|lyse]] the plants' cells.<ref>Taiz, Lincoln. Plant Physiology, 4th ed. 2006. Sinaeur Associates, Inc.</ref>
-Two compartments comprise the extracellular space: the [[vascular space]] and the [[interstitial space (biology)|interstitial space]].<ref name="Fleischhauer95">
-{{
-cite journal |author=Fleischhauer J, Lehmann L, Kléber AG |title=Electrical resistances of interstitial and microvascular space as determinants of the extracellular electrical field and velocity of propagation in ventricular myocardium |journal=Circulation |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=587–94 |year=1995 |month=August |pmid=7634473 |doi= |url=http://www.circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/92/3/587
 }}
-</ref>
-==See also==
-* [[Intracellular]]
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-[[Category:Cell anatomy]]
-[[Category:Cell biology]]
-[[ca:Extracel·lular]]
-[[cs:Mezibuněčný prostor]]
-[[de:Extrazellularraum]]