Extracellular: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Glossary of biology#extracellular]] |
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In [[cell biology]], [[molecular biology]] and related fields, the word '''extracellular''' (or sometimes '''extracellular space''') means "outside the [[cell (biology)|cell]]". This space is usually taken to be outside the [[plasma membrane]]s, and occupied by fluid. The term is used in contrast to [[intracellular]] (inside the cell). |
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According to the [[Gene Ontology]] database the extracellular space is a cellular component defined as: "That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. Note that for multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism that are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term".<ref>Extracellular Space by Gene Ontology database (EMBL-EBI)</ref> |
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The composition of the extracellular space includes [[metabolites]], [[ion]]s, various [[protein]]s and non-protein substances (i.e. DNA, RNA, lipids, microbial products etc.) that might affect cellular function. For example, [[hormone]]s, [[growth factor]]s, [[cytokine]]s and [[chemokine]]s act by travelling the extracellular space towards [[biochemical receptor]]s on cells. Other proteins that are active outside the cell are various [[enzymes]], including digestive enzymes ([[Trypsin]], [[Pepsin]]), extracellular proteinases ([[Matrix metalloproteinase]]s, [[ADAMTS]]s, [[Cathepsin]]s) and antioxidant enzymes (extracellular [[superoxide dismutase]]). Often, proteins present in the extracellular space are stored outside the cells by attaching to various [[Extracellular matrix]] components ([[Collagen]]s, [[Proteoglycan]]s, etc.).<ref>{{Cite pmid|20551380|noedit}}.</ref> In addition, [[Extracellular matrix]] proteolytic products are also present in the extracellular space, especially in tissues undergoing remodelling [[Extracellular#cite_note-1|[2]]]. |
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cite journal |author=Fleischhauer J, Lehmann L, Kléber AG |title=Electrical resistances of interstitial and microvascular space as determinants of the extracellular electrical field and velocity of propagation in ventricular myocardium |journal=Circulation |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=587–94 |date=August 1995 |pmid= 7634473|doi= 10.1161/01.CIR.92.3.587|url=http://www.circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/92/3/587 |
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</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Cell anatomy]] |
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[[Category:Cell biology]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:35, 15 June 2020
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