Extracellular: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Glossary of biology#extracellular]] |
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In [[cell biology]], [[molecular biology]] and related fields, the word '''extracellular''' (or sometimes '''extracellular space''') means "outside the [[cell (biology)|cell]]". This space is usually taken to be outside the [[plasma membrane]]s, and occupied by fluid (see '''[[extracellular matrix]]'''). The term is used in contrast to [[intracellular]] (inside the cell). |
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According to the [[gene ontology]] database the extracellular space is a cellular component defined as: "That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. For multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism that are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term".<ref>Extracellular Space by Gene Ontology database (EMBL-EBI)</ref> |
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{{R to list entry}} |
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The composition of the extracellular space includes [[metabolite]]s, [[ion]]s, various [[protein]]s and non-protein substances (e.g. DNA, RNA, lipids, microbial products etc.) that might affect cellular function. For example, [[hormone]]s, [[growth factor]]s, [[cytokine]]s and [[chemokine]]s act by travelling the extracellular space towards [[biochemical receptor]]s on cells. Other proteins that are active outside the cell are various [[enzymes]], including digestive enzymes ([[Trypsin]], [[Pepsin]]), extracellular proteinases ([[Matrix metalloproteinase]]s, [[ADAMTS]]s, [[Cathepsin]]s) and antioxidant enzymes (extracellular [[superoxide dismutase]]). Often, proteins present in the extracellular space are stored outside the cells by attaching to various extracellular matrix components ([[Collagen]]s, [[Proteoglycan]]s, etc.).<ref>{{Cite journal |
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| last1 = Didangelos | first1 = A. |
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| last2 = Yin | first2 = X. |
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| last3 = Mandal | first3 = K. |
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| last4 = Baumert | first4 = M. |
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| last5 = Jahangiri | first5 = M. |
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| last6 = Mayr | first6 = M. |
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| doi = 10.1074/mcp.M110.001693 |
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| title = Proteomics Characterization of Extracellular Space Components in the Human Aorta |
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| journal = Molecular & Cellular Proteomics |
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| volume = 9 |
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| issue = 9 |
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| pages = 2048–2062 |
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| year = 2010 |
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| pmid = 20551380 |
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| pmc =2938114 |
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}}.</ref> In addition, extracellular matrix proteolytic products are also present in the extracellular space, especially in tissues undergoing remodelling [[Extracellular#cite note-1|[2]]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fleischhauer J, Lehmann L, Kléber AG |title=Electrical resistances of interstitial and microvascular space as determinants of the extracellular electrical field and velocity of propagation in ventricular myocardium |journal=Circulation |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=587–94 |date=August 1995 |pmid= 7634473|doi= 10.1161/01.CIR.92.3.587|url=http://www.circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/92/3/587 |
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}} |
}} |
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</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Cell anatomy]] |
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[[Category:Cell biology]] |
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