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{{Merge to|World Wireless System |discuss=Talk:Magnifying transmitter#Merge |date=February 2015}}
#REDIRECT [[Tesla coil#Magnifying transmitter]]
[[File:Original Tesla Coil.png|thumb|right|The magnifying transmitter was designed to implement [[Wireless energy transmission]] by means of the ''disturbed charge of ground and air method.'']]


{{R from merge}} {{R to section}}
The '''magnifying transmitter''' is an advanced version of [[Tesla coil|Tesla coil transmitter]]. It is a high power [[harmonic oscillator]] that [[Nikola Tesla]] intended for the [[Wireless energy transmission|wireless transmission of electrical energy]]. In his autobiography, Tesla stated that "...I feel certain that of all my inventions, the Magnifying Transmitter will prove most important and valuable to future generations."<ref name="My Inventions"><u>My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla</u>, Hart Brothers, 1982, Ch. 5, ISBN 0-910077-00-2</ref> The magnifying transmitter is an air-core, multiple-resonant transformer that can generate very [[high voltage]]s. <!--Tesla originally termed it self-[[Regenerative circuit|regenerative]] resonance transformer, a term that is no longer in general use.-->


==History==
[[Image:Tesla colorado.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.25|A publicity photo of Nikola Tesla sitting in the Colorado Springs experimental station with his "Magnifying Transmitter". The arcs are about 22 feet (7 m) long. (Tesla's notes identify this as a [[Multiple_exposure#Double_exposure|double exposure]].)]]

The first 'Magnifier' was assembled in New York City between 1895 - 1898.<ref name="My Inventions"/> In 1899 a larger magnifier was constructed in [[Colorado Springs, Colorado]]. This machine was used to conduct fundamental experiments in wireless telecommunications and electrical power transmission. Measuring fifty-one feet (15.5 m) in diameter, it developed a working potential estimated at 3.5 million to 4 million volts and was capable of producing electrical discharges exceeding one hundred feet (30 m) in length.<ref><u>Nikola Tesla: Guided Weapons & Computer Technology</u>, Leland I. Anderson, 21st Century Books, 1998, pp. 12-13, ISBN 0-9636012-9-6.</ref>

===Colorado arrival===
[[Image:Colorado GeoMag Map.png|thumb|right|Tesla's Colorado lab was located in a highly [[Earth's magnetic field|geomagnetic]] location.]]
[[File:Tesla_Colorado.jpg|thumbnail|right|Tesla's magnifying transmitter in Colorado Springs. c. 3 July 1899]]

In 1899, Tesla moved his research to Colorado Springs. He chose this location because the polyphase alternating current power distribution system had been introduced there and he had associates who were willing to give him all the power he needed without charging for it.<ref><u>Nikola Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power</u>, Leland I. Anderson, 21st Century Books, 2002, p. 109, ISBN 1-893817-01-6.</ref> <!--primarily because of the frequent thunderstorms, the high altitude (where the air, being at a lower pressure, had a lower dielectric breakdown strength, making it easier to ionize), and the dryness of the air (minimizing leakage of electric charge through insulators).-->He kept a handwritten [[diary]] of his experiments in the Colorado Springs lab where he spent nearly nine months. It consists of 500 pages of notes and nearly 200 drawings, recorded chronologically between June 1, 1899 and January 7, 1900, as the work occurred, containing explanations of his experiments.

{{see also| Colorado Springs Notes, 1899–1900}}

===Tuned electrical circuits===

While in Colorado, Tesla constructed many smaller resonance transformers and conducted further research on concatenated [[tuned electrical circuit]]s. Tesla also designed various sensitive devices for detecting received electrical energy, including rotating coherers. These used a [[clockwork]] mechanism of gears driven by a coiled spring-drive which rotated a small glass cylinder containing metal filings. These experiments were the final stage after years of work on synchronized tuned electrical circuits. These instruments were constructed to demonstrate how a wireless receiver could be "tuned" to respond to a specific complex signal while rejecting others. Tesla logged in his diary on January 2, 1900 that a separate [[Tesla coil|resonance transformer]] tuned to the same high frequency as a larger high-voltage resonance transformer (which acted as a transmitter) received energy from the larger coil, one of many demonstrations of the wireless ''transmission'' of electrical energy.

===Energy transmission===

On July 3, 1899, Tesla claimed to have discovered [[terrestrial stationary waves]] or [[standing wave]]s extending across the earth to the antipode opposite his transmitter. He also claimed according to his measurements that Earth behaved as a smooth polished conductor of very low resistance, and that it responded to certain predescribed frequencies of electrical vibrations. <!--He transmitted signals several kilometres and lit neon tubes conducting through the ground.-->Tesla researched ways to transmit energy wirelessly over long distances, first by [[transverse wave]]s, and then, according to him, by [[longitudinal wave]]s. He used this research to generate patents on what he thought was a wireless transmission method of generating [[standing wave]]s of electrical energy within the Earth.

The magnifying transmitter was the basis for Tesla's later [[Wardenclyffe Tower]] project. Although modern Tesla coils are designed to generate spark discharges, this system was designed for [[wireless communication|wireless telecommunications]] and electrical [[power transmission]]. In 1925, John B. Flowers advanced a proposal to test Tesla's system and to implement the system. H. L. Curtis, the chief of the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|Bureau of Standards]] Radio Laboratory in Washington D.C., and J. H. Dillinger, a physicist, reviewed the proposal but declined to implement the proposed plan. Flowers's mechanical analogy test was successful, though.<ref>Valone, Thomas, <u>Harnessing the Wheelwork of Nature</u>. ISBN 1-931882-04-5</ref>

===Electromechanical oscillator===
Tesla developed the reciprocating [[Tesla's electro-mechanical oscillator|electro-mechanical oscillator]] as a source of frequency stable or [[isochronous]] alternating electric current used in conjunction with both wireless transmitting and receiving apparatus. This circuit element was applied in the same manner as [[crystal oscillator|quartz crystal oscillators]] are now. He also proposed the use of this device for geophysical exploration by means of [[seismology]]&mdash;a technique that he called ''[[telegeodynamics]]''.

==Magnifying transmitter and the Wardenclyffe Tower==
{{See also|Wardenclyffe_Tower#Theory_of_wireless_transmission|l1=Wardenclyffe Tower|World Wireless System}}
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width:222px; text-align:left; clear:right;"
|''Transmitter details''
----
: The electrical oscillator, cited by Tesla as his most important and greatest [[invention]], consists of three inductors:

:* an air-core [[transformer]] (two-coil master oscillator)
:* a third coil (extra coil)

:The "extra coil" operates as a base-driven quarter-wave [[helical]] [[resonator]].
|-
|}

The layout of the Wardenclyffe magnifying transmitter is well known, based upon [[List of Tesla patents|Tesla's patents]]<ref>''Apparatus for Transmission of Electrical Energy'', U.S. Patent No. 649,621, 15 May 1900</ref><ref>''Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy'', Jan. 18, 1902, U.S. Patent 1,119,732, Dec. 1, 1914</ref> and various photographs<ref><u>Nikola Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power</u>, Leland I. Anderson, 21st Century Books, 2002, pp. 74, 89-90, 107, 111, ISBN 1-893817-01-6.</ref><ref><u>Nikola Tesla Colorado Springs Notes, 1899-1900</u>, Nikola Tesla Museum, Beograd, 1978.</ref> in which the concept was implemented. The Wardenclyffe magnifying transmitter was not identical to the classic Tesla coil. It had the short thick primary and secondary [[inductors|inductor]] characteristic of the Tesla coil, although magnetic coupling between the two was tighter. Because of this, more aggressive measures had to be taken in terms of primary spark quenching and providing additional insulation between the primary and secondary. In addition to these two large-diameter coils that comprise the master oscillator at Wardenclyffe, Tesla added a third inductor called the "extra coil."

===Construction and theory of operation===
{{Refimprove|date=May 2011}}
In a classic Tesla coil the primary drives the ground end of the secondary coil to form the driver transformer, which resonates the entire secondary coil. In the magnifying transmitter the driving and resonating parts of the secondary are separate coils. From a circuit analysis standpoint, there is little difference between the classic coil and the magnifier.

The extra coil or [[helical resonator]] can be physically separated from the two close-coupled coils, which comprise the ''[[oscillator|master oscillator]]'' or ''driver'' section. The power from the master oscillator is fed to the lower end of the extra coil resonator through a large diameter [[electrical conductor]] or pipe to minimize [[corona discharge]]. The magnifying transmitter's base-driven extra coil behaves as a slow-wave [[helical resonator]], the axial disturbance propagating at a velocity of less than 1% up to around 10% the speed of light in free space. The axial velocity of the resonator's charge-coupled [[electromagnetic field]] is established by the coil pitch and electrical charge propagation speed through the circuit.

===Operation===

<!--Using [[low frequency]] [[harmonic]] [[Longitudinal wave|Maxwellian oscillation]]s, -->
At Colorado Springs, Tesla used his magnifying transmitter in an attempt to artificially stimulate [[Terrestrial stationary waves|terrestrial standing waves]]. Based upon observations made with the device, Tesla reported that [[earth resonance]] [[Normal mode|modes]] involving an electric current flowing through the earth can be excited. He claimed to have discovered a [[resonance frequency|fundamental earth resonance frequency]] of nearly 11.78 [[hertz|Hz]], which is somewhat higher than the fundamental earth-ionosphere cavity [[Schumann resonance]] found to exist by researchers in the 1950s in the general vicinity of 7.3&nbsp;Hz.

In normal operation the magnifying transmitter is relatively silent, generating a high power [[electric field]], but if the output voltage exceeds the design voltage of the elevated terminal, high-voltage sparks will strike out from the electrode into the air.

==Related Tesla patents==

* "''System of Electric Lighting''," ''{{US patent|454622}}'', 23 June 1891
* "''Means for Generating Electric Currents''," ''{{US patent|514168}}'', 6 February 1894
* "''Electrical Transformer''," ''{{US patent|593138}}'', 2 November 1897
* "''Method of and Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vehicle or Vehicles ''", ''{{US patent|613809}}'', 8 November 1898
* "''Apparatus for Transmission of Electrical Energy''," ''{{US patent|649621}}'', 15 May 1900
* "''System of Transmission of Electrical Energy''," ''{{US patent|645576}}'', 20 March 1900
* "''Apparatus for Utilizing Effects Transmitted from a Distance to a Receiving Device through Natural Media''," ''{{US patent|685953}}'', Nov. 5, 1901
* "''Method of Utilizing Effects Transmitted through Natural Media''," ''{{US patent|685954}}'', Nov. 5, 1901
* "''Apparatus for Utilizing Effects Transmitted From A Distance To A Receiving Device Through Natural Media''," ''{{US patent|685955}}'', Nov. 5, 1901
* "''Apparatus for Utilizing Effects Transmitted through Natural Media''," ''{{US patent|685956}}'', Nov. 5, 1901
* "''Method Of Utilizing Radiant Energy," ''{{US patent|685958}}'', 5 November 1901
* "''Method of Signaling," ''{{US patent|723188}}'', Mar. 17, 1903
* "''System of Signaling," ''{{US patent|725605}}'', Apr. 14, 1903
* "''Art of Transmitting Electrical Energy through the Natural Mediums''," ''{{US patent|787412}}'', Apr. 18, 1905
* "''Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy''," Jan. 18, 1902, ''{{US patent|1119732}}'', Dec. 1, 1914

'''See also''': [[List of Tesla patents]]

==See also==
* [[Tesla's electro-mechanical oscillator|Electromechanical oscillator]]
* [[My_Inventions#Chapter_5_.E2.80.93_The_Magnifying_Transmitter|Magnifying Transmitter as described by Tesla in his Autobiography]]
* [[Cavity resonator]]
* [[Knob Hill, Colorado|Knob Hill]]
* [[Longitudinal wave]]
* [[Telluric current]]
* [[Wardenclyffe Tower]]
* [[World Wireless System]]

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==

'''Tesla writings'''
* Tesla, Nikola, "''On the Transmission of Electricity Without Wires''". Electrical World and Engineer, 5 March 1904.

'''Electrical World'''
* "''The Development of High Frequency Currents for Practical Application''"., The Electrical World, Vol 32, No. 8.
* "''Boundless Space: A Bus Bar''". The Electrical World, Vol 32, No. 19.
* "''Mr. Tesla's Application of the Hertz-Wave Transmission''". The Electrical World, Vol 32, No. 8.

'''Other publications'''
* Bass, Robert W., "''Self-Sustained Non-Hertzian Longitudinal Wave Oscillations as a Rigorous Solution of Maxwell's Equations for Electromagnetic Radiation''". Inventek Enterprises, Inc., Las Vegas, Nevada.
* Bieniosek, F. M., "''Triple Resonance Pulse Transformer Circuit''". Review of Scientific Instruments, 61 (6).
* Corum, J. F., and K. L. Corum, J. F. X. Daum "''Spherical Transmission Lines and Global Propagation, An Analysis of Tesla's Experimentally Determined Propagation Model''". 1987.
* Corum, J. F., and K. L. Corum, "''Disclosure Concerning the Operation of an ELF Oscillator''". CPG Communications, Inc., Newbury, Ohio.
* Corum, J. F., and K. L. Corum, "''A Physical Interpretation of the Colorado Springs Data''". CPG Communications, Inc., Newbury, Ohio.
* Corum, J. F., and K. L. Corum, "''Tesla's Colorado Spring Receivers (A Short Introduction'')". 2003.
* Corum, J. F., and K. L. Corum, "''RF Coils, Helical Resonators and Voltage Magnification by Coherent Spatial Modes''". IEEE, 2001.
* de Queiroz, Antonio Carlos M., "''Synthesis of Multiple Resonance Networks''". Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. EE/COPE.
* de Queiroz, Antonio Carlos M., "''Designing a Tesla Magnifier''". Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. EE/COPE.
* Grotz, Toby, "''Wireless Transmission of Power: An Attempt to Verify Nikola Tesla's 1899 Colorado Springs Experiment, Results of Research and Experimentation''". TESLA, Inc., Craig Colorado.
* Hartley, R. V. L., "''Oscillations with Non-linear Reactances''". Bell Systems Technical Journal, Sun Publishing. 1992.
* Wait, James, R., "''Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified Media''". Pergammon Press, 1972. (2nd edition)
* Reed,J.R.,"Analytical expression for the output voltage of the triple resonance Tesla transformer," Review of Scientific Instruments, 76, 104702,(2005).
* Reed,J.R.,"Designing triple resonance Tesla transformers of arbitrary frequency ratio," Review of Scientific Instruments, 77, 033301, (2006).

'''Other patents'''
* Armstrong, E. H., ''{{US patent|1113149}}'', "''Wireless receiving system''". 1914.
* Armstrong, E. H., ''{{US patent|1342885}}'', "''Method of receiving high frequency oscillation''". 1922.
* Armstrong, E. H., ''{{US patent|1424065}}'', "''Signalling system''". 1922.
* Fessenden, R. A., ''{{US patent|1108895}}'', "''Signalling by sound and other longitudal elastic impulses''". 1914.
* Weyrich, R., ''{{US patent|2044413}}'', "''Transmitter and receiver for electromagnertic waves''".
* Leydorf, G. F., ''{{US patent|3278937}}'', "''Antenna near field coupling system''". 1966.
* Tanner, R. L., ''{{US patent|3215937}}'', "''Extremely low-frequency antenna''". 1965.
* Eastlund, Bernard J., ''{{US patent|5038664}}'', "''Method for producing a shell of relativistic particles at an altitude above the earths surface''". 1991.
* Hansell, Clarence W., ''{{US patent|2389432}}'', "''Communication system by pulses through the Earth''".

==External links==
* [http://www.teslatechnologyresearch.com/ Tesla Technology Research] - [http://www.teslatechnologyresearch.com/corum/ Tesla Coils and the Failure of Lumped-Element Circuit Theory]
* [[Jean-Louis Naudin]]'s [http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/tmt.htm Magnifying Transmitter]
* Antonio Carlos M. de Queiroz [http://www.coe.ufrj.br/~acmq/tesla/magnifier.html "''Designing a Tesla Magnifier''"] (Theoretical and practical approaches to Tesla magnifier design)
* Nicholson, Paul [http://abelian.org/tssp/ The Tesla Secondary Simulation Project] (theoretical simulation of Tesla Coil resonators, confirmed by experiment)
* Nicholson, Paul, [http://capturedlightning.com/frames/Non-Herzian_Waves.html "The Real Science of "Non-Hertzian" Waves"]. Does not address the terrestrial transmission-line propagation modes nor the possibility of [[longitudinal waves]]; author's focus is on [[transverse wave|transverse radio waves]].
* Cooper, John. F., "''Defective Tesla coil transmitter circuit, [http://www.tesla-coil.com/images/Magnifier%201.jpg diagram #1],[http://www.tesla-coil.com/images/Magnifier%202.jpg diagram #2]''", but showing Tesla's techniques for wave-complex production. [http://www.Tesla-Coil.com Tesla-Coil.com].

{{Nikola Tesla}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Magnifying Transmitter}}
[[Category:Inventions by Nikola Tesla]]
[[Category:Inventions by Nikola Tesla]]
[[Category:Transformers (electrical)]]
[[Category:Wireless energy transfer]]

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