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+#REDIRECT [[Anti-Masonry]] {{R from merge}}
-{{Freemasonry}}
-A number of governments have treated [[Freemasonry]] as a potential source of opposition due to its secret nature and international connections.  After the founding of modern speculative Masonry in England in 1717, several Protestant states restricted Masonic lodges: the Netherlands banned the lodge in 1735; Sweden and Geneva, in 1738; Zurich, in 1740; and Berne, in 1745. Catholic Spain, Portugal, France and Italy attempted to suppress Freemasonry after 1738. Bavaria followed in 1784; Austria, in 1795; Baden, in 1813; Russia, in 1822.<ref name="ncewhalen">Whalen, W.J., "Freemasonry" [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022194829/http://www.trosch.org/bks/freemasonry.html ''The New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1967)] article hosted at ''https://web.archive.org/web/20111022194829/http://www.trosch.org/bks/freemasonry.html''. Retrieved 2017-11-03.</ref> It was  also banned in Pakistan in 1972.<ref name=Dawnmystique>[http://www.dawn.com/news/508406/masonic-mystique "Masonic mystique], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', December 13, 2009</ref>
-Masonic scholar Paul Bessel has noted that the language used by modern totalitarian regimes is similar to that used by some other modern critics of Freemasonry.<ref name="BatMoF">
-{{Cite web
-|url= http://bessel.org/naziartl.htm
-|title= Bigotry and the Murder of Freemasonry
-|author= Bessel, Paul M.
-|date=November 1994
-|accessdate= 2011-10-19
-}}</ref>
-Freemasonry was persecuted in all the communist countries,<ref name="BatMoF" /><ref name="communist"/> but the organization has survived in Cuba, allegedly providing safe haven for dissidents.<ref>[http://www.rosslyntemplars.org.uk/CubanMasons.htm Cuba's muzzled mavericks find haven among Masons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231131019/http://www.rosslyntemplars.org.uk/CubanMasons.htm |date=2006-12-31 }}, by Gary Marx, published April 14, 2005</ref>
-==The Americas==
-After the 1826 disappearance of [[William Morgan (anti-Mason)|William Morgan]], who was allegedly kidnapped by Freemasons<ref>Ridley, Jasper;''The Freemasons: A History of the World's Most Powerful Secret Society'', pp. 180-181 (Arcade Publishing 1999).</ref> after publishing an exposé and then apparently killed,<ref>Finney, Charles Grandison; [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=olbp33154 ''The Character, Claims, and Practical Workings of Freemasonry''].</ref> the Morgan affair resulted in increased suspicion of Freemasonry and the formation of the [[Anti-Masonic Party]].  [[William A. Palmer]] of Vermont and [[Joseph Ritner]] of Pennsylvania were both elected governor of their respective states on anti-Masonic platforms.
-[[John Quincy Adams]], President of the United States during the Morgan affair, later declared, objecting to the oath of secrecy, in particular to keeping undefined secrets, and to the penalties for breaking the oath, "Masonry ought forever to be abolished.  It is wrong - essentially wrong - a seed of evil which can never produce any good."<ref>Adams, John Quincy [https://books.google.com/books?id=pf6gu_ayrYkC&dq Letters on the Masonic Institution], p. 68-71, 1847
-Press of T.R. Marvin</ref>
-Though few states passed laws directed at Freemasonry by name, laws regulating and restricting it were passed and many cases dealing with Freemasonry were seen in the courts.<ref name="books.google.com">Mackey, Albert Gallatin and H. L. Haywood [Encyclopedia of Freemasonry Part 3 https://books.google.com/books?id=Shs3fYPy7V0C&dq], p. 1286, Kessinger Publishing 1909</ref>  Antimasonic legislation was passed in Vermont in 1833, including a provision by which the giving and willing taking of an unnecessary oath was made a crime. (Pub. Stat., sec. 5917),<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15354b.htm Vermont] Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911, Accessed June 26, 2008</ref> and the state of New York enacted a Benevolent Orders Law to regulate such organizations.<ref name="books.google.com"/>
-==Asia==
-In 1938, a Japanese representative to the [[Ulrich Fleischhauer|''Welt-Dienst'' / ''World-Service'']] congress hosted by [[Ulrich Fleischhauer]] stated, on behalf of [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], that "[[Judeo-Masonry]] is forcing the Chinese to turn [[Republic of China (1912–49)|China]] into a spearhead for an attack on Japan, and thereby forcing Japan to defend herself against this threat. Japan is at war not with China but with [[Freemasonry]] ([[Tiandihui]]), represented by General [[Chiang Kai-shek]], the successor of his master, the Freemason [[Sun Yat-sen]]."<ref name="BatMoF"/>
-==Europe==
-Freemasonry was outlawed in the [[Soviet Union]] during the [[Communist]] era and suppressed throughout [[Central Europe]] (Hungary and Czechoslovakia).<ref name="communist">Whalen, W.J., "Freemasonry" [http://www.trosch.org/bks/freemasonry.html ''The New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1967)] article hosted at ''trosch.org''. Retrieved 2011-10-19. "Soviet Russia outlawed Masonry in 1922. Freemasonry does not exist today in the Soviet Union, China, or other Communist states. Postwar revivals of Freemasonry in Czechoslovakia and Hungary were suppressed in 1950."</ref>
-===Fascist Italy===
-[[Benito Mussolini]] decreed in 1924 that every member of his [[Fascist Party]] who was a Mason must abandon either one or the other organization, and in 1925, he dissolved Freemasonry in Italy, claiming that it was a political organization.  One of the most prominent Fascists, General [[Luigi Capello|Capello]], who had also been Deputy Grand Master of the Grande Oriente, Italy's leading [[Grand Lodge]], gave up his membership in the Fascist Party rather than in Masonry. He was later arrested on false charges and sentenced to 30 years in jail.<ref name="TTISTF">'The Truth Is Stranger Than Fiction', Alphonse Cerza, published by the Masonic Service Association, September 1967</ref>
-===Hungary===
-In 1919, [[Béla Kun]]<ref name="masonicinfo">{{cite web|url=http://www.masonicinfo.com/famousanti.htm|title="Famous" Anti-Masons|first=Edward L.|last=King|website=www.masonicinfo.com|accessdate=14 August 2017}}</ref> proclaimed the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] in Hungary and Masonic properties were taken into public ownership. After the fall of the dictatorship of the proletariat the leaders of counter-revolution as [[Miklós Horthy]] blamed the Hungarian freemasons for their First World War defeat and for the revolution. Masonry was outlawed by a decree in 1920. This marked the start of raids by army officers on Masonic lodges<ref name="L. Nagy Zsuzsa">L. Nagy Zsuzsa: Szabadkőművesség a XX. században, Budapest, 1977, Kossuth Könyvkiadó; L. Nagy Zsuzsa: Szabadkőművesség, Budapest, 1988, Akadémiai kiadó</ref> along with theft, and sometimes destruction, of Masonic libraries, records, archives, paraphernalia, and works of art. Several Masonic buildings were seized and used for anti-Masonic exhibitions. The masonic documents were archived, preserved and may still used for research.
-In post war Hungary, lodges were re-established, but after five years<ref name="L. Nagy Zsuzsa"/> the government described them as "meeting places of the enemies of the people's democratic republic, of capitalistic elements, and of the adherents of Western imperialism". They were banned again in 1950.<ref name="BatMoF" />
-===Nazi Germany and occupied Europe===
-{{See also|The Holocaust|Freemasonry|Liberté chérie (Freemasonry)}}
-The Nazis claimed that high-degree Masons were willing members of the Jewish conspiracy and that Freemasonry was one of the causes of Germany's defeat in [[World War&nbsp;I]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Art DeHoyos and S. Brent Morris|title=Freemasonry in Context: History, Ritual, Controversy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXq4lJeX_DUC&pg=PA101|year=2004|pages=100–101}}</ref> In ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', [[Adolf Hitler]] wrote that Freemasonry has succumbed to the Jews and has become an excellent instrument to fight for their aims and to use their strings to pull the upper strata of society into their designs. He continued, "The general pacifistic paralysis of the national instinct of self-preservation begun by Freemasonry" is then transmitted to the masses of society by the press.<ref>[[Adolf Hitler]], ''Mein Kampf'', pages 315 and 320.</ref> In 1933 [[Hermann Göring]], the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] President and one of the key figures in the process of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' ("[[synchronising|synchronization]]"), stated "in National Socialist Germany, there is no place for Freemasonry".<ref name="mercury" />
-[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-W1028-507, Erlangen, Freimaurer bei Zeremonie.jpg|thumb|Lodge "Libanon zu den 3 Zedern" in [[Erlangen]], Germany. First meeting after World War II with guests from USA, France and Czechoslovakia; May 1948.]]
-The [[Enabling Act]] (''Ermächtigungsgesetz'' in [[German language|German]]) was passed by Germany's parliament (the Reichstag) on March 23, 1933. Using the Act, on January 8, 1934, the [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Ministry of the Interior]] ordered the disbandment of Freemasonry, and confiscation of the property of all Lodges; stating that those who had been members of Lodges when Hitler came to power, in January 1933, were prohibited from holding office in the [[Nazi party]] or its [[paramilitary]] arms, and were ineligible for appointment in public service.<ref>[http://www.nationalsozialismus.de/index.php? ''The ''Enabling Act''] Accessed February 23, 2006.</ref> Consistently considered an ideological foe of Nazism in their world perception (''Weltauffassung''), special sections of the Security Service ([[Sicherheitsdienst|SD]]) and later the Reich Security Main Office ([[RSHA]]) were established to deal with Freemasonry.<ref name="mill-valley.freemasonry.biz">"[http://mill-valley.freemasonry.biz/persecution.htm Documented evidence from the [[U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum]] pertaining to the persecution of the Freemasons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210071945/http://mill-valley.freemasonry.biz/persecution.htm |date=2012-12-10 }}" accessed 21 May 2006</ref> Masonic concentration camp inmates were graded as political prisoners, and wore an inverted (point down) [[Nazi concentration camp badges|red triangle]].<ref>''The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust'', volume 2, page 531, citing Katz, ''Jews and Freemasons in Europe''.</ref>
-On August 8, 1935, as [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor]], Adolf Hitler announced in the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi]] Party newspaper, ''[[Voelkischer Beobachter]]'', the final dissolution of all Masonic Lodges in Germany. The article accused a conspiracy of the Fraternity and World Jewry of seeking to create a [[New World Order (conspiracy)|World Republic]].<ref>Bro. E Howe, ''Freemasonry in Germany'', Quatuor Coronati Lodge, No 2076 (UGLE), 1984 Yearbook.</ref> In 1937 Joseph Goebbels inaugurated an "Anti-Masonic Exposition" to display objects seized by the state.<ref name="mercury">[http://mill-valley.freemasonry.biz/amermerc.htm The American Mercury Newspaper, 1941] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813052953/http://mill-valley.freemasonry.biz/amermerc.htm |date=2012-08-13 }} accessed 21 May 2006</ref>  The Ministry of Defence forbade officers from becoming Freemasons, with officers who remained as Masons being sidelined.<ref name="BatMoF"/>
-During the war, Freemasonry was banned by edict in all countries that were either allied with the Nazis or under Nazi control, including [[Norway]] and [[France]].  Anti-Masonic exhibitions were held in many occupied countries. [[Friedrich Paulus|Field-Marshal Friedrich Paulus]] was denounced as a "High-grade Freemason" when he surrendered to the Soviet Union in 1943.<ref name="Denslow">Denslow, Freemasonry in the Eastern Hemisphere, at page 111, citing a letter from Otto Arnemann in 1947, cited as [http://www.bessel.org/naziartl.htm#N_22_ Note 22] in ''Bigotry and the Murder of Freemasonry'' by Paul M. Bessel</ref>
-In 1943, the anti-Masonic [[propaganda]] film ''[[Forces occultes]]'' was produced in [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Nazi-occupied France]], accusing the Freemasons of conspiring with Jews and Anglo-American nations to encourage France into a war with Germany.
-The preserved records of the [[RSHA]]—i.e., ''[[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'' or the Office of the High Command of Security Service, which pursued the racial objectives of the SS through the Race and Resettlement Office—document the persecution of Freemasons.<ref name="mill-valley.freemasonry.biz"/> The number of Freemasons from Nazi occupied countries who were killed is not accurately known, but it is estimated that between 80,000 and 200,000 Freemasons were murdered under the Nazi regime.<ref name="holocaust">{{cite book |last=Hodapp |first=Christopher |date=2013 |title=Freemasonry for Dummies, 2. Edition |url= |location= |publisher=Wiley Publishing Inc. |page= |isbn=1118412087 |accessdate= }}</ref>
-===Papal States===
-{{See also|Papal ban of Freemasonry}}
-In 1736 the [[Florentine Inquisition]] investigated a Masonic Lodge in [[Florence]], [[Italy]],<ref name="crudelibcy1">From the biography of [http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/crudeli_t/crudeli_t.html Tommaso Crudeli] on the
-website of the Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon</ref> and the Lodge was condemned in June 1737 by the Chief Inquisitor in Rome. The lodge had originally been founded by English Masons, but accepted Italian members.
-In 1738, Pope [[Clement XII]] issued ''[[In eminenti apostolatus]]'', the first Papal prohibition on Freemasonry.
-A more contemporary call for suppression is found in the encyclical ''[[Humanum genus]]'' of 1884, which calls Masonry a dangerous sect and demands that all bishops be vigilant on its abuses.
-===Francoist Spain===
-It is claimed that the dictator [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]] ordered the abolition of Freemasonry in Spain.<ref name="primo">
-"In 1925, Spain's first dictator of this generation, General Primo de Rivera, ordered the abolition of Freemasonry in his country." [http://www.grandlodgescotland.com/glos/Literature/Articles/Annihilation-of-Freemasonry.htm The Anhilation of Freemasonry] by Sven G. Lunden by [[The American Mercury]] Newspaper, 1941.  Hosted by the Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland</ref> In September 1928, one of the two Grand Lodges in Spain was closed and approximately two-hundred (200) masons, most notably the Grand Master of the Grand Orient, were imprisoned for allegedly plotting against the government.<ref name="freemasonrytoday.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.freemasonrytoday.com/29/p10.php |title=Freemasonry and the Spanish Civil War: Part I, the Path to War |first=Matthew |last=Scanlan |accessdate=19 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828085718/http://www.freemasonrytoday.com/29/p10.php |archivedate=28 August 2010 }}</ref>
-Following the military coup of 1936, many Freemasons trapped in areas under Nationalist control were arrested and summarily killed in the [[White Terror (Spain)]], along with members of left wing parties and trade unionists. It was reported that Masons were tortured, [[garrote]]d, shot, and murdered by organized death squads in every town in Spain. At this time one of the most rabid opponents of Freemasonry, Father [[Juan Tusquets Terrats]], began to work for the Nationalists with the task of exposing masons. One of his close associates was Franco’s personal chaplain, and over the next two years, these two men assembled a huge index of 80,000 suspected masons, even though there were little more than 5,000 masons in Spain. The results were horrific. Among other countless crimes, the lodge building in Cordoba was burnt, the [[Masonic Temple of Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] in the [[Canary Islands]] was confiscated and transformed into the headquarters of the Falange, and another was shelled by artillery. In Salamanca thirty (30) members of one lodge were shot, including a priest. Similar atrocities occurred across the country: fifteen (15) masons were shot in Logrono, seventeen (17) in Ceuta, thirty-three (33) in Algeciras, and thirty (30) in Valladolid, among them the Civil Governor. Few towns escaped the carnage as Freemasons in Lugo, Zamora, Cadiz and Granada were brutally rounded up and shot, and in Seville, the entire membership of several lodges were butchered. The slightest suspicion of being a mason was often enough to earn a place in a firing squad, and the blood-letting was so fierce that, reportedly, some masons were even hurled into working engines of steam trains. By 16 December 1937, according to the annual masonic assembly held in Madrid, all masons that had not escaped from the areas under nationalist control had been murdered.<ref name="freemasonrytoday.com"/>
-After the victory of dictator General [[Francisco Franco]], Freemasonry was officially outlawed in Spain on 2 March 1940. Being a mason was automatically punishable by a minimum jail term of 12 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/franco.html|title=Freemasonry banned in Spain by General Franco|website=www.freemasons-freemasonry.com|accessdate=14 August 2017}}</ref> Masons of the 18º and above were deemed guilty of ‘Aggravated Circumstances’, and usually faced the death penalty.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.freemasonrytoday.com/30/p09.php|title="Freemasonry and the Spanish Civil War: Part II", by Matthew Scanlan retrieved 19 August 2009|accessdate=14 August 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711034852/http://www.freemasonrytoday.com/30/p09.php|archivedate=11 July 2011}}</ref>
-According to Francoists, the Republican Regime which Franco overthrew had a strong Masonic presence.{{citation needed|date=January 2010}} In reality Spanish Masons were present in all sectors of politics and the armed forces.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVx2rFJIyQQC&pg=PA1&dq=spain+during+wwII#v=onepage&q=&f=false |first=Wayne H. |last=Bowen |title=Spain during World War II |publisher= University of Missouri press |year=2006 |page=249}}</ref>  At least four (4) of the Generals who supported Franco's rebellion were Masons, although many lodges contained fervent but generally conservative Republicans. Freemasonry was formally outlawed in the Law for the Repression of Freemasonry and Communism.<ref name="Ruiz, Julius p. 25">Ruiz, Julius, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sNk61qkjop0C&dq Franco's justice: repression in Madrid after the Spanish Civil War], p. 25 Oxford Univ. Press</ref> After Franco's decree outlawing masonry, Franco's supporters were given two months to resign from any lodge they might be a member. Many masons chose to go into exile instead, including prominent monarchists who had whole-heartedly supported the Nationalist rebellion in 1936. The common components in Spanish Masonry seems to have been upper or middle class conservative liberalism and strong anti-clericism.<ref>Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, Penguin, 1965 p. 47-48</ref>
-The Law for the Repression of Freemasonry and Communism was not abrogated until 1963.<ref name="Ruiz, Julius p. 25"/> References to a "Judeo-Masonic plot" are a standard component of Francoist speeches and propaganda and reveal the intense and paranoid obsession of the dictator with masonry. Franco produced at least 49 pseudonymous anti-masonic magazine articles and an anti-masonic book during his lifetime. According to Franco:
-:"The whole secret of the campaigns unleashed against Spain can be explained in two words: masonry and communism... we have to extirpate these two evils from our land."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
-===United Kingdom===
-It was the [[Unlawful Societies Act]] of 1799 that saw the first statute "for the more effectual suppression of societies established for seditious and treasonable purposes"; once enacted it affected all societies whose members were required to take an oath not authorised by law, shall be deemed "unlawful combinations." It was as a result of the intervention of the Grand Master of the Antients, The 4th Duke of Atholl, and the Acting Grand Master of the Moderns, the earl of Moira that a special exempting clause was inserted into this legislation in favour of societies "held under the Denomination of Lodges of Freemasons" provided that they had been "usually held before the Act" and their names, places and times of meeting and the names of the members were annually registered with the local Clerk to the Justices of the Peace. This continued on until 1967 when this Act was repealed by a section of the Criminal Justice Act which meant that the annual returns of all the Lodges to the authorities ceased.<ref>[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/prescott15.html Pietre Stones] The Unlawful Societies Act of 1799, Dr Andrew Prescott, retrieved 13th July 2012</ref>
-Since 1997, several members of the British Government have attempted to pass laws requiring Freemasons who join the police or judiciary<ref name="Newjudgesmustdeclaremasonicmembership">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk/politics/57381.stm "New judges must declare masonic membership"], BBC, March 5, 1998, retrieved Feb 26, 2006</ref> to declare their membership publicly to the government amid accusations of Freemasons performing acts of mutual advancement and favour-swapping. This movement was initially led by [[Jack Straw (politician)|Jack Straw]], [[Home Secretary]] from 1997 until 2001.<ref name="Newjudgesmustdeclaremasonicmembership" /> In 1999, the [[Welsh Assembly]] became the only body in the United Kingdom to place a legal requirement on membership declaration for Freemasons.<ref name="Freemasonpolicyreviewdue">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1699189.stm "Freemason policy review due "], BBC, Dec 8, 2001, retrieved Feb 26, 2006</ref> Currently, existing members of the police and judiciary in England are asked to voluntarily admit to being Freemasons.<ref name="HouseofCommonsresponce">[http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.com/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/vo050721/text/50721w69.htm#50721w69.html_sbhd0 "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 21 Jul 2005 (pt 69) "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215024717/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.com/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/vo050721/text/50721w69.htm#50721w69.html_sbhd0 |date=15 February 2012 }}, UK House of Commons, July 21, 2005, retrieved Oct 2, 2007</ref> However, all first time successful judiciary candidates "must declare their freemasonry status" before appointment.<ref name="HouseofCommonsresponce" /> Conversely, new members of the police are not required to declare their status.<ref name="HouseofCommonsresponce" />
-In 2004, [[Rhodri Morgan]], the [[First Minister of Wales|First Minister of the Welsh Assembly]], said that he blocked Gerard Elias' appointment to counsel general because of links to hunting and Freemasonry,<ref name="Morgancriticisedoverjobblocking">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/3557279.stm "Morgan criticised over job blocking"], BBC, March 22, 2004, retrieved February 26, 2006</ref> although it was claimed by non-Labour politicians that the real reason was in order to have a Labour supporter, Malcolm Bishop, in the role.<ref name="mbishop">"Mr Morgan wanted another QC, Malcolm Bishop, who has stood as a Labour candidate and is a close associate of former Lord Chancellor Derry Irvine." [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/3530987.stm Morgan 'blocked' QC appointment]</ref>
-==Islamic world==
-After the condemnation of Freemasonry by [[Pope Clement XII|Clement&nbsp;XII]] in 1738, Sultan [[Mahmud I]] followed suit outlawing the organization and since that time Freemasonry was equated with [[atheism]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the broader Islamic world.<ref name=FitIW>Layiktez, Cecil "[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/layiktez1.html Freemasonry in the Islamic World]", Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry, 1996</ref> The opposition in the Islamic world has been reinforced by the [[anticlerical]] and atheistic slant of the [[Grand Orient of France]].<ref name=FitIW />
-On July 15, 1978, the Islamic Jurisdictional College—one of the most influential entities that interpret [[Sharia]], or Islamic law—issued an opinion that deemed Freemasonry to be "dangerous" and "clandestine".<ref name=FitIW />
-After [[World War&nbsp;I]], while under the [[Mandatory Iraq|British Mandate]], Iraq used to have several lodges. This all changed with the [[14 July Revolution]] in 1958, however, with the abolition of the [[Hashemite]] [[Monarchy]] and Iraq's declaration as a republic. The licences permitting lodges to meet were rescinded, and later, laws were introduced banning any further meetings. This position was later reinforced under [[Saddam Hussein]] the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim [[Zionist]] principles, including Freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organizations".<ref>
-{{Cite news|title= Saddam To Be Formally Charged|publisher= Washington Times
-|date = 1 July 2004}}</ref>
-Freemasonry is illegal in all Arab countries except [[Lebanon]] and [[Morocco]].
-==See also==
-*[[Anti-Masonry]]
-==References==
-{{Reflist|2}}
-==External links==
-*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/bernheim3.html The Blue Forget Me Not, Another Side of the Story by W.Bro. Alain Bernheim 33rd]
-*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/bernheim12.html German Freemasonry and its Attitudes towards the Nazi Regime, by W. Bro. Alain Bernheim 33rd Degree]
-*[http://bessel.org/naziartl.htm Masons who were killed by the Nazis for being Masons]
-*http://www.masonicinfo.com/famousanti.htm
-*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060525062030/http://personal.telefonica.terra.es/web/logiahermes13/ Freemasonry from Spain (Banned by Franco)]
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Suppression Of Freemasonry}}
-[[Category:Anti-Masonry]]
-[[Category:Political and cultural purges]]
-[[Category:Political repression]]