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= Belews Lake = |
= Belews Lake = |
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'''Belews Lake''' is a [[reservoir]] in [[Stokes County, North Carolina|Stokes]], [[Rockingham County, North Carolina|Rockingham]], [[Guilford County, North Carolina|Guilford]] and [[Forsyth County, North Carolina|Forsyth]] counties of [[North Carolina]], near the towns of [[Stokesdale, North Carolina|Stokesdale]] and [[Pine Hall, North Carolina|Pine Hall]]. It was created in 1973 by the [[Duke Energy]] corporation as a cooling basin for the corporation's [[Belews Creek Steam Station]], a [[coal-burning power plant]]. Cooling water was pumped back and forth between the plant and reservoir until 1986 when the corporation decided to use other methods to dispose of their [[Fly ash|coal ash]] waste. From 1974-1986, contaminants such as vanadium, nickel, cobalt, barium, arsenic, |
'''Belews Lake''' is a [[reservoir]] in [[Stokes County, North Carolina|Stokes]], [[Rockingham County, North Carolina|Rockingham]], [[Guilford County, North Carolina|Guilford]] and [[Forsyth County, North Carolina|Forsyth]] counties of [[North Carolina]], near the towns of [[Stokesdale, North Carolina|Stokesdale]] and [[Pine Hall, North Carolina|Pine Hall]]. It was created in 1973 by the [[Duke Energy]] corporation as a cooling basin for the corporation's [[Belews Creek Steam Station]], a [[coal-burning power plant]]. Cooling water was pumped back and forth between the plant and reservoir until 1986 when the corporation decided to use other methods to dispose of their [[Fly ash|coal ash]] waste. From 1974-1986, contaminants such as vanadium, nickel, cobalt, barium, arsenic, were introduced into the lake through the release of contaminated cooling water from the power plant back into the lake.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Protecting Our Water from Power Plant Pollution|url=https://appvoices.org/resources/rww/Belews_Creek_Fact_Sheet.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Many scientific studies were undertaken at Belews Lake and their findings, along with those conducted at the [[Kesterson Reservoir]], are fundamental to today's understanding of the ecological risks associated with elevated selenium concentrations in aquatic systems. |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
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It was formed from Belews Creek, a small tributary of the [[Dan River]]. [[U.S. Route 158]] and [[North Carolina Highway 65]], as well as a number of secondary roads provide access to the lake. [[Boating]] and [[water skiing]] are common on the lake. Two marinas on the lake include Humphrey's Ridge, which has a grill that serves food, and Carolina Marina, which has boat sales and service facilities |
It was formed from Belews Creek, a small tributary of the [[Dan River]]. [[U.S. Route 158]] and [[North Carolina Highway 65]], as well as a number of secondary roads provide access to the lake. [[Boating]] and [[water skiing]] are common on the lake. Two marinas on the lake include Humphrey's Ridge, which has a grill that serves food, and Carolina Marina, which has boat sales and service facilities |
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== Timeline |
== Timeline == |
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The power plant, [[Belews Creek Power Station|Belews Creek Steam Station]], was created by [[Duke Energy]] in 1973 with the purpose of providing energy for the surrounding towns<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Lemly|first=A. Dennis|date=August 28, 1996|title=Ecosystem Recovery Following Selenium Contamination in a Freshwater Reservoir|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.436.6155&rep=rep1&type=pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> |
The power plant, [[Belews Creek Power Station|Belews Creek Steam Station]], was created by [[Duke Energy]] in 1973 with the purpose of providing energy for the surrounding towns.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Lemly|first=A. Dennis|date=August 28, 1996|title=Ecosystem Recovery Following Selenium Contamination in a Freshwater Reservoir|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.436.6155&rep=rep1&type=pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Belews Lake was formed by damming Belews Creek to serve as a source of [[Water cooling|cooling water]] for cooling each electrical unit<ref name=":0" />. |
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Production of energy began in 1974 which was when water was first pumped from the reservoir. Contamination of the lake started |
Production of energy began in 1974 which was when water was first pumped from the reservoir. Contamination of the lake started with the release of wastewater to the water basin.<ref name=":0" /> Many scientific studies were conducted at the lake between the late 1970s and through the 1980s and beyond and their findings inspired research at other sites to better understand the effects of selenium on aquatic systems. <ref name=":6" /> |
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Use of Belews Lake as a cooling basin concluded in 1986 when [[Duke Energy]] |
Use of Belews Lake as a cooling basin concluded in 1986 when [[Duke Energy]] changed its management of the coal ash waste stream. <ref name=":0" /> Duke Energy still uses the [[Belews Creek Power Station|Belews Creek Steam Station]] currently. It is one of the most efficient coal plants in the United States while also being [[Duke Energy]]'s largest plant.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Today, the lake is used as a recreational area where families can partake in |
Today, the lake is used as a recreational area where families can partake in recreational activities such as jet skiing, swimming and fishing. <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020|title=Belews Creek Lake Highlights|url=http://www.nclakefront.com/pages/Belews-Lake-NC.cfm|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=NCLakeFront}}</ref> As of September 17th, 2020, [[Forsyth County, North Carolina|Forsyth County, NC]] was awarded the North Carolina Land and Water Fund Grant to purchase the lake property from [[Duke Energy|Duke Energy.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Update on Potential Belews Lake Park Site|url=https://www.forsyth.cc/Parks/belews_lake.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Forsyth County, North Carolina}}</ref> |
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== Contamination |
== Contamination == |
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Belews Lake was contaminated with selenium as a result of the repeated release of wastewater generated by the adjacent Duke Energy coal-fired power plant into the lake beginning in 1974.<ref name=":0" /> [[Selenium]], when ingested in high |
Belews Lake was contaminated with selenium as a result of the repeated release of wastewater generated by the adjacent Duke Energy coal-fired power plant into the lake beginning in 1974.<ref name=":0" /> [[Selenium]], when ingested in high concentrations is toxic to animals.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Lemly|first=A. Dennis|date=2002-04-01|title=Symptoms and implications of selenium toxicity in fish: the Belews Lake case example|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X01002648|journal=Aquatic Toxicology|series=State of Science and Future Needs for Selenium Aquatic Criteria|language=en|volume=57|issue=1|pages=39–49|doi=10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00264-8|issn=0166-445X}}</ref> Selenium [[Bioaccumulation|bioaccumulates]] in both terrestrial and aquatic food chains and in animals found at high trophic levels.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hoffman|first=David J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6U3MBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA465&ots=lWq-eATn4Y&dq=selenium%20bioaccumulation&lr&pg=PA470#v=onepage&q=selenium&f=false|title=Handbook of Ecotoxicology|last2=Rattner|first2=Barnett A.|last3=Jr|first3=G. Allen Burton|last4=Jr|first4=John Cairns|date=2002-11-13|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-3250-5|language=en}}</ref> Elevated levels of selenium cause reproductive and [[Teratology|teratogenic]] defects in fish populations and also inhibit gill, liver, kidney, heart, and eye function.<ref name=":3" /> |
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The number of species of fish in the main basin of Belews Lake fell from 24 to 6 between 1975 and 2002.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Browne|first=Robert A.|last2=Lutz|first2=David|date=2010-11-01|title=Lake ecosystem effects associated with top-predator removal due to selenium toxicity|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0416-3|journal=Hydrobiologia|language=en|volume=655|issue=1|pages=137–148|doi=10.1007/s10750-010-0416-3|issn=1573-5117}}</ref> One explanation for the decrease in species diversity is the sharp decline in reproduction rates of piscivorous fish, such as |
The number of species of fish in the main basin of Belews Lake fell from 24 to 6 between 1975 and 2002.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Browne|first=Robert A.|last2=Lutz|first2=David|date=2010-11-01|title=Lake ecosystem effects associated with top-predator removal due to selenium toxicity|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0416-3|journal=Hydrobiologia|language=en|volume=655|issue=1|pages=137–148|doi=10.1007/s10750-010-0416-3|issn=1573-5117}}</ref> One explanation for the decrease in species diversity is the sharp decline in reproduction rates of piscivorous fish, such as largemouth bass and green sunfish, after 1975 following the introduction of selenium rich coal ash sluice into the lake.<ref name=":4" /> Another study found that 19 of the 20 original species found in Belews Lake experienced reproductive failure and no offspring successfully survived due to selenium poisoning.<ref name=":3" /> The species composition of the lake changed from a mix of fish species at several trophic levels to a near complete dominance by fish at lower trophic levels that consume plankton and were not greatly impacted by selenium bioaccumulation.<ref name=":4" /> Mosquitofish were found to be tolerant of heightened selenium levels and were able to thrive as other fish species were extirpated.<ref name=":3" /> |
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Hundreds of analyses were run at Belews Lake as part of an 1988 study measuring potentially hazardous substances in the lake such as metals, metalloids, and pesticides, in addition to |
Hundreds of analyses were run at Belews Lake as part of an 1988 study measuring potentially hazardous substances in the lake such as metals, metalloids, and pesticides, in addition to other physiochemical properties, but none were found to be of a level of concern except for selenium.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Hamilton|first=Steven J.|date=2004-06-29|title=Review of selenium toxicity in the aquatic food chain|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969704000609|journal=Science of The Total Environment|language=en|volume=326|issue=1|pages=1–31|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.019|issn=0048-9697}}</ref> This led the scientists to conclude that selenium was the direct cause of fish kills in the lake.<ref name=":6" /> Selenium was found to be the only inorganic element of an elevated concentration among the 16 elements that were measured in a 1985 review.<ref name=":6" /> |
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In 1986, the coal-fired power plant stopped releasing selenium rich wastewater into the lake and instead sent dry ash waste to a landfill for disposal.<ref name=":3" /> In the following years, sport fish, like |
In 1986, the coal-fired power plant stopped releasing selenium rich wastewater into the lake and instead sent dry ash waste to a landfill for disposal.<ref name=":3" /> In the following years, sport fish, like bluegill and largemouth bass, were stocked and were successfully re-established in the lake.<ref name=":3" /> Selenium concentrations in the water were measured at less than 1 microgram per liter in 1996 compared to a high of 20 micrograms per liter during the period of selenium loading into the system. Additionally, selenium concentrations in fish tissues were found to be 85-95% lower in 1996 compared with the period of active wastewater loading into the lake.<ref name=":3" /> Despite the decrease in selenium concentrations in the water and in fish tissue, reproductive impairment was still observed in fish ten years after the wastewater release was halted.<ref name=":3" /> This was due to the tendency selenium has to accumulate in sediments and slowly release back into the food web.<ref name=":3" /> The presence of high selenium concentrations in sediments at the bottom of the lake also poses risk for quick reintroduction into the lake's food web if there were a disturbance event like a storm that mobilized the sediments.<ref name=":3" /> Other factors extending the time it took the lake to recover was how long it takes the lake to flush out contaminated water because of its long retention time and the low rates of new water inflow both of which helped selenium persist in the lake ecosystem.<ref name=":3" /> |
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== Other Ecological Concerns |
== Other Ecological Concerns == |
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In 2011, a species of bass called Alabama bass was illegally introduced to Belews Lake for sportfishing<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Caranna|first=Kenwyn|date=|title=Invasive bass species poses threat to native largemouth and smallmouth bass in Belews Lake|url=https://greensboro.com/news/local_news/invasive-bass-species-poses-threat-to-native-largemouth-and-smallmouth-bass-in-belews-lake/article_107e0fde-1a45-11eb-9a4b-a712f0452248.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-18|website=Greensboro News and Record|language=en}}</ref> |
In 2011, a species of bass called Alabama bass was illegally introduced to Belews Lake for sportfishing.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Caranna|first=Kenwyn|date=|title=Invasive bass species poses threat to native largemouth and smallmouth bass in Belews Lake|url=https://greensboro.com/news/local_news/invasive-bass-species-poses-threat-to-native-largemouth-and-smallmouth-bass-in-belews-lake/article_107e0fde-1a45-11eb-9a4b-a712f0452248.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-18|website=Greensboro News and Record|language=en}}</ref> In 2017, a dramatic decrease in the Largemouth bass population in Belews Lake was observed while the number of invasive Alabama bass rose quickly.<ref name=":5" /> There are concerns that smallmouth bass may also be extirpated from the lake because of interbreeding and competition with Alabama Bass.<ref name=":5" /> To address this issue, North Carolina officials eliminated catch limits on the number and size of Alabama bass that can be caught from Belews Lake to help mitigate the ecological damage these invasive fish cause.<ref name=":5" /> A study undertaken at Lake Norman, another reservoir in North Carolina created by Duke Energy, found the introduction of Alabama bass caused a significant shift in species composition and a decline in Largemouth bass population over ten years that never recovered. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dorsey|first=Lawrence|date=2016|title=Changes in Black Bass Population Characteristics after the Introduction of Alabama Bass in Lake Norman, North Carolina|url=|journal=Journal of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies|volume=3|pages=161-166|via=}}</ref> |
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== Remediation |
== Remediation == |
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| ⚫ | In 2012, the Southern Environmental Law Center and local residents sued Duke Energy to clean up the coal ash in the local area, as well as to shut down all coal basins by 2030.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Wireback|first=Taft|date=|title=N.C. DEQ says recent Belews Creek contaminated groundwater filing is not troubling|url=https://journalnow.com/news/local/n-c-deq-says-recent-belews-creek-contaminated-groundwater-filing-is-not-troubling/article_75f2290d-abd8-5fa9-98b8-6bed89e4ef21.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Winston-Salem Journal}}</ref> Duke Energy is now subject to U.S. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] guidelines and standards regarding coal ash management as well as North Carolina's Coal Ash Management Act (CAMA<ref name=":2" />). Duke Energy must test and report any pollution detected from coal ash pits across their land.<ref name=":2" /> |
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<s>[[Belews Lake]] has not had a rich history of remediation. This is due in part to the lake being manmade and not a naturally occurring body of water, so certain regulations do not apply to it. It also has to do with the fact that it does not have to adhere to [[Federal Energy Regulatory Commission|FERC]] regulations due to the specific energy and power created on the lake.</s> |
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<s>There was little to no remediation done in the decades when the plant first opened in 1974. When the lake was first created, both the lake itself and surrounding ash ponds were unlined and thus able to permeate and pollute surrounding ecosystems with the coal ash that came from the plant itself. Selenium was able to leach into the land and water as a result causing damage to nearby ecosystems. Since Belews Lake was not held to any specific regulations or standards, this practice continued on for the several decades until the 2010s.</s> |
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<s>More remediation efforts are likely to happen in the upcoming decades to continue to drain any existing selenium from the ecosystem.</s> |
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| ⚫ | In 2020, Duke Energy agreed that they will remove 80 million tons of coal ash from the surrounding ponds at the Belews Creek Steam Station<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Duke Energy to Remove Belews Creek Coal Ash|url=https://www.thestokesnews.com/news/23728/duke-energy-to-remove-belews-creek-coal-ash|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Stokes News}}</ref> after litigation from [[Southern Environmental Law Center|SELC]] and local residents that started in 2012. The company will have until 2027 for smaller ponds and 2039 for larger sites to remediate the coal ash deposits.<ref name=":1" /> |
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== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
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<references group="" responsive="1"></references> |
<references group="" responsive="1"></references> |
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Latest revision as of 00:06, 21 December 2020
Belews Lake
[edit]Belews Lake is a reservoir in Stokes, Rockingham, Guilford and Forsyth counties of North Carolina, near the towns of Stokesdale and Pine Hall. It was created in 1973 by the Duke Energy corporation as a cooling basin for the corporation's Belews Creek Steam Station, a coal-burning power plant. Cooling water was pumped back and forth between the plant and reservoir until 1986 when the corporation decided to use other methods to dispose of their coal ash waste. From 1974-1986, contaminants such as vanadium, nickel, cobalt, barium, arsenic, were introduced into the lake through the release of contaminated cooling water from the power plant back into the lake.[1] Many scientific studies were undertaken at Belews Lake and their findings, along with those conducted at the Kesterson Reservoir, are fundamental to today's understanding of the ecological risks associated with elevated selenium concentrations in aquatic systems.
Background
[edit]The lake has a surface area of 3,864 acres (16 km2) and an 88-mile (142 km) shoreline. It is held back by a rolled earth dam and a concrete spillway. The northern portion of the lake commonly has depths of over 100 feet (30 m) and the lake reaches up to 130 feet (40 m) deep in the vicinity of the dam. There is no hydroelectric power generation at this dam, so the lake is not bound by many FERC regulations.
It was formed from Belews Creek, a small tributary of the Dan River. U.S. Route 158 and North Carolina Highway 65, as well as a number of secondary roads provide access to the lake. Boating and water skiing are common on the lake. Two marinas on the lake include Humphrey's Ridge, which has a grill that serves food, and Carolina Marina, which has boat sales and service facilities
Timeline
[edit]The power plant, Belews Creek Steam Station, was created by Duke Energy in 1973 with the purpose of providing energy for the surrounding towns.[2] Belews Lake was formed by damming Belews Creek to serve as a source of cooling water for cooling each electrical unit[2].
Production of energy began in 1974 which was when water was first pumped from the reservoir. Contamination of the lake started with the release of wastewater to the water basin.[2] Many scientific studies were conducted at the lake between the late 1970s and through the 1980s and beyond and their findings inspired research at other sites to better understand the effects of selenium on aquatic systems. [3]
Use of Belews Lake as a cooling basin concluded in 1986 when Duke Energy changed its management of the coal ash waste stream. [2] Duke Energy still uses the Belews Creek Steam Station currently. It is one of the most efficient coal plants in the United States while also being Duke Energy's largest plant.[2]
Today, the lake is used as a recreational area where families can partake in recreational activities such as jet skiing, swimming and fishing. [4] As of September 17th, 2020, Forsyth County, NC was awarded the North Carolina Land and Water Fund Grant to purchase the lake property from Duke Energy.[5]
Contamination
[edit]Belews Lake was contaminated with selenium as a result of the repeated release of wastewater generated by the adjacent Duke Energy coal-fired power plant into the lake beginning in 1974.[2] Selenium, when ingested in high concentrations is toxic to animals.[6] Selenium bioaccumulates in both terrestrial and aquatic food chains and in animals found at high trophic levels.[7] Elevated levels of selenium cause reproductive and teratogenic defects in fish populations and also inhibit gill, liver, kidney, heart, and eye function.[6]
The number of species of fish in the main basin of Belews Lake fell from 24 to 6 between 1975 and 2002.[8] One explanation for the decrease in species diversity is the sharp decline in reproduction rates of piscivorous fish, such as largemouth bass and green sunfish, after 1975 following the introduction of selenium rich coal ash sluice into the lake.[8] Another study found that 19 of the 20 original species found in Belews Lake experienced reproductive failure and no offspring successfully survived due to selenium poisoning.[6] The species composition of the lake changed from a mix of fish species at several trophic levels to a near complete dominance by fish at lower trophic levels that consume plankton and were not greatly impacted by selenium bioaccumulation.[8] Mosquitofish were found to be tolerant of heightened selenium levels and were able to thrive as other fish species were extirpated.[6]
Hundreds of analyses were run at Belews Lake as part of an 1988 study measuring potentially hazardous substances in the lake such as metals, metalloids, and pesticides, in addition to other physiochemical properties, but none were found to be of a level of concern except for selenium.[3] This led the scientists to conclude that selenium was the direct cause of fish kills in the lake.[3] Selenium was found to be the only inorganic element of an elevated concentration among the 16 elements that were measured in a 1985 review.[3]
In 1986, the coal-fired power plant stopped releasing selenium rich wastewater into the lake and instead sent dry ash waste to a landfill for disposal.[6] In the following years, sport fish, like bluegill and largemouth bass, were stocked and were successfully re-established in the lake.[6] Selenium concentrations in the water were measured at less than 1 microgram per liter in 1996 compared to a high of 20 micrograms per liter during the period of selenium loading into the system. Additionally, selenium concentrations in fish tissues were found to be 85-95% lower in 1996 compared with the period of active wastewater loading into the lake.[6] Despite the decrease in selenium concentrations in the water and in fish tissue, reproductive impairment was still observed in fish ten years after the wastewater release was halted.[6] This was due to the tendency selenium has to accumulate in sediments and slowly release back into the food web.[6] The presence of high selenium concentrations in sediments at the bottom of the lake also poses risk for quick reintroduction into the lake's food web if there were a disturbance event like a storm that mobilized the sediments.[6] Other factors extending the time it took the lake to recover was how long it takes the lake to flush out contaminated water because of its long retention time and the low rates of new water inflow both of which helped selenium persist in the lake ecosystem.[6]
Other Ecological Concerns
[edit]In 2011, a species of bass called Alabama bass was illegally introduced to Belews Lake for sportfishing.[9] In 2017, a dramatic decrease in the Largemouth bass population in Belews Lake was observed while the number of invasive Alabama bass rose quickly.[9] There are concerns that smallmouth bass may also be extirpated from the lake because of interbreeding and competition with Alabama Bass.[9] To address this issue, North Carolina officials eliminated catch limits on the number and size of Alabama bass that can be caught from Belews Lake to help mitigate the ecological damage these invasive fish cause.[9] A study undertaken at Lake Norman, another reservoir in North Carolina created by Duke Energy, found the introduction of Alabama bass caused a significant shift in species composition and a decline in Largemouth bass population over ten years that never recovered. [10]
Remediation
[edit]In 2012, the Southern Environmental Law Center and local residents sued Duke Energy to clean up the coal ash in the local area, as well as to shut down all coal basins by 2030.[11] Duke Energy is now subject to U.S. EPA guidelines and standards regarding coal ash management as well as North Carolina's Coal Ash Management Act (CAMA[11]). Duke Energy must test and report any pollution detected from coal ash pits across their land.[11]
In 2020, Duke Energy agreed that they will remove 80 million tons of coal ash from the surrounding ponds at the Belews Creek Steam Station[12] after litigation from SELC and local residents that started in 2012. The company will have until 2027 for smaller ponds and 2039 for larger sites to remediate the coal ash deposits.[12]
Bibliography
[edit]- ^ "Protecting Our Water from Power Plant Pollution" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d e f Lemly, A. Dennis (August 28, 1996). "Ecosystem Recovery Following Selenium Contamination in a Freshwater Reservoir".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d Hamilton, Steven J. (2004-06-29). "Review of selenium toxicity in the aquatic food chain". Science of The Total Environment. 326 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.019. ISSN 0048-9697.
- ^ "Belews Creek Lake Highlights". NCLakeFront. 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Update on Potential Belews Lake Park Site". Forsyth County, North Carolina.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lemly, A. Dennis (2002-04-01). "Symptoms and implications of selenium toxicity in fish: the Belews Lake case example". Aquatic Toxicology. State of Science and Future Needs for Selenium Aquatic Criteria. 57 (1): 39–49. doi:10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00264-8. ISSN 0166-445X.
- ^ Hoffman, David J.; Rattner, Barnett A.; Jr, G. Allen Burton; Jr, John Cairns (2002-11-13). Handbook of Ecotoxicology. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-3250-5.
- ^ a b c Browne, Robert A.; Lutz, David (2010-11-01). "Lake ecosystem effects associated with top-predator removal due to selenium toxicity". Hydrobiologia. 655 (1): 137–148. doi:10.1007/s10750-010-0416-3. ISSN 1573-5117.
- ^ a b c d Caranna, Kenwyn. "Invasive bass species poses threat to native largemouth and smallmouth bass in Belews Lake". Greensboro News and Record. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Dorsey, Lawrence (2016). "Changes in Black Bass Population Characteristics after the Introduction of Alabama Bass in Lake Norman, North Carolina". Journal of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. 3: 161–166.
- ^ a b c Wireback, Taft. "N.C. DEQ says recent Belews Creek contaminated groundwater filing is not troubling". Winston-Salem Journal.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "Duke Energy to Remove Belews Creek Coal Ash". The Stokes News.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)