Upper Sepik languages: Difference between revisions

Upper Sepik
Upper Sepik
Upper Sepik River
Geographic; distribution	Sandaun Province and western East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea
Linguistic classification	Sepik Upper Sepik;
Subdivisions	Abau–Iwam; Yellow and Wanibe Rivers;
Language codes
Glottolog	None
	The Sepik languages as classified by Foley (2018)

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The Upper Sepik languages are a group of ten to a dozen languages generally classified among the Sepik languages of northern Papua New Guinea.^[1]

Languages

The Upper Sepik languages are:^[2]

Abau–Iwam
- Abau
- Iwam languages
Yellow and Wanibe Rivers
- Amal–Kalou
  - Amal
  - Kalou
- Ram languages (see)
- Yellow River languages (see)

Although even the pronouns do not appear to be cognate, Foley classifies the Abau–Iwam languages with the Wogamus languages rather than with the Yellow and Wanibe River languages on the basis of a unique noun-class system in the numeral systems (see Wogamus languages#Noun classes). Additionally, Foley considers Sepik Iwam and Wogamusin noun class prefixes to be likely cognate with each other. Abau is more divergent, but its inclusion by Foley (2018) is based on the similarity of Abau verbal morphology to that of the Iwam languages. Foley observes that much of the lexicon and pronouns of these languages do not derive from proto-Sepik.^[1]

Numerals

Upper Sepik morphological numerals are (Foley 2018):^[1]

gloss	Abau	Sepik Iwam	Wogamusin	Chenapian
‘one’	-eyn ~ -mon ~ -ron	-or	-Vd	-rə
‘two’	-(r)eys	-is	-us	-si
‘three’	-(r)ompri	-um	-um	-mu

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
^ Upper Sepik River, NewGuineaWorld

Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.

[Foley-Sepik-1] Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

[2] Upper Sepik River, NewGuineaWorld

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox language family
 |name=Upper Sepik
+|altname=Upper Sepik River
 |region=[[Sandaun Province]] and western [[East Sepik Province]], [[Papua New Guinea]]
 |familycolor=Papuan
 |fam1=[[Sepik languages|Sepik]]
-|child1=[[Wogamus languages|Wogamus]]
+|child1=Abau–Iwam
-|child2=[[Iwam languages|Iwam]]
+|child2=Yellow and Wanibe Rivers
-|child3=''[[Abau language|Abau]]''
 |map=Sepik_as_classified_by_William_A._Foley.svg
 |mapcaption=The Sepik languages as classified by [[William A. Foley|Foley]] (2018)
 |glotto=none
-|glotto2=woga1248
-|glottoname2=Wogamusin-Chenapian
-|glotto3=abau1245
-|glottoname3=Abau
 }}
-The '''Upper Sepik languages''' are a group of languages generally classified among the [[Sepik languages]] of northern [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref name="Foley-Sepik">{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=197-432 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>
+The '''Upper Sepik languages''' are a group of ten to a dozen languages generally classified among the [[Sepik languages]] of northern [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref name="Foley-Sepik">{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=197–432 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>
-They include the [[Wogamus languages]] and [[Iwam languages]]. Foley (2018) also includes ''[[Abau language|Abau]]''.<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>
 ==Languages==
+The Upper Sepik languages are:<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/sepik-river/upper-sepik-river Upper Sepik River], NewGuineaWorld</ref>
-The Upper Sepik languages are:
-*'''[[Wogamus languages]]''': [[Wogamusin language|Wogamusin]], [[Chenapian language|Chenapian]]
-*'''[[Iwam languages]]''': [[Sepik Iwam language|Sepik Iwam]], [[May River Iwam language|May River Iwam]]
-*''[[Abau language|Abau]]''
+*'''Abau–Iwam'''
-Being typologically and lexically diverse, the three groups are not closely related to each other.<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/> Even pronouns in the three groups do not appear to be cognate. Foley classifies the three groups together on the basis of a unique noun classification system present in the numeral systems of all three groups, with numerals up to ‘four’ agreeing with the classes of head nouns (see ''[[Wogamus languages#Noun classes]]''). Additionally, Foley considers [[Sepik Iwam language|Sepik Iwam]] and [[Wogamusin language|Wogamusin]] noun class prefixes to be likely cognate with each other. [[Abau language|Abau]] is more divergent, but its inclusion by Foley (2018) is based on the similarity of Abau verbal morphology to that of the Iwam languages.
+**[[Abau language|Abau]]
+**[[Iwam languages]]
+*'''Yellow and [[Wanibe River]]s'''
+**Amal–Kalou
+***[[Amal language|Amal]]
+***[[Kalou language|Kalou]]
+**[[Ram languages]] (see)
+**[[Yellow River languages]] (see)
+Although even the pronouns do not appear to be cognate, Foley classifies the Abau–Iwam languages with the [[Wogamus languages]] rather than with the Yellow and Wanibe River languages on the basis of a unique noun-class system in the numeral systems (see ''[[Wogamus languages#Noun classes]]''). Additionally, Foley considers [[Sepik Iwam language|Sepik Iwam]] and [[Wogamusin language|Wogamusin]] noun class prefixes to be likely cognate with each other. [[Abau language|Abau]] is more divergent, but its inclusion by Foley (2018) is based on the similarity of Abau verbal morphology to that of the Iwam languages.
-Foley observes that much of the lexicon and pronouns of Upper Sepik languages do not derive from proto-Sepik.<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>
+Foley observes that much of the lexicon and pronouns of these languages do not derive from proto-Sepik.<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>
 ==Numerals==
-Upper Sepik numerals are:<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>
+Upper Sepik morphological numerals are (Foley 2018):<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>
 :{| {{table}}