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#REDIRECT[[Jet fighter generations‎‎#Second generation]]
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'''Second-[[Jet fighter generations|generation]] jet fighters''' are [[jet aircraft|jet]] [[fighter aircraft]] that were developed between the mid-1950s and the early 1960s. They generally featured the capability to fly at supersonic speeds and an increased reliance on [[radar]] and [[air to air missiles]].
[[Image:Lightning.inflight.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[English Electric Lightning]]]]

==Development==
The development of second-generation fighters was shaped by technological breakthroughs, lessons learned from the aerial battles of the [[Korean War]], and a focus on conducting operations in a [[nuclear warfare]] environment. Technological advances in [[aerodynamics]], [[Aircraft engine|propulsion]] and aerospace building materials (primarily [[aluminum alloy]]s) permitted designers to experiment with [[aeronautics|aeronautical]] innovations, such as [[swept wing]]s, [[delta wing]]s, and [[area rule|area-ruled]] fuselages. Widespread use of after-burning turbojet engines made these the first production aircraft to break the sound barrier, and the ability to sustain supersonic speeds in level flight became a common capability amongst fighters of this generation.
[[Image:Two Mirage III of the Royal Australian Air Force 1.JPEG|thumb|left|[[Dassault Mirage III]]]]

==Electronics==
Fighter designs also took advantage of new electronics technologies that made effective radars small enough to be carried aboard smaller aircraft. Onboard radars permitted detection of enemy aircraft beyond visual range, thereby improving the handoff of targets by longer-ranged ground-based warning and tracking radars. Similarly, advances in guided missile development allowed air-to-air missiles to begin supplementing the gun as the primary offensive weapon for the first time in fighter history. During this period, passive [[Infrared homing]] became commonplace, but early IR missile sensors had poor sensitivity and a very narrow [[field of view]] (typically no more than 30°), which limited their effective use to only close-range, [[tail-chase engagement]]s. Radar-guided (RF) missiles were introduced as well, but early examples proved unreliable. These [[semi-active radar homing]] (SARH) missiles could track and intercept an enemy aircraft "painted" by the launching aircraft's onboard radar. Medium- and long-range RF air-to-air missiles promised to open up a new dimension of "[[Beyond Visual Range missile|beyond-visual-range]]" (BVR) combat, and much effort was placed in further development of this technology.
[[Image:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21PF USAF.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21F]] interceptor]]

==Weapons==
The prospect of a potential third world war featuring large mechanized armies and nuclear weapon strikes led to a degree of specialization along two design approaches: [[Interceptor aircraft|interceptors]] (like the [[English Electric Lightning]] and [[Sukhoi Su-9]]) and [[fighter-bomber]]s (such as the [[F-105 Thunderchief|Republic F-105 Thunderchief]] and the [[Sukhoi Su-7]]). [[Dogfight]]ing, per se, was deemphasized in both cases. The interceptor was an outgrowth of the vision that guided missiles would completely replace guns and combat would take place at beyond visual ranges. As a result, interceptors were designed with a large missile payload and a powerful radar, sacrificing agility in favour of high speed, altitude ceiling and [[rate of climb]]. With a primary air defence role, emphasis was placed on the ability to intercept strategic bombers flying at high altitudes. Specialized point-defence interceptors often had limited range and little, if any, ground-attack capabilities. Fighter-bombers could swing between air superiority and ground-attack roles, and were often designed for a high-speed, low-altitude dash to deliver their ordnance. [[Television]]- and IR-guided air-to-surface missiles were introduced to augment traditional [[gravity bomb]]s, and some were also equipped to deliver a [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear bomb]].

==Types==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|-
! Aircraft
! Origin
! Number<br/>built
! First<br/>flight
! Service<br/>life
! Length<br/>m
! Wingspan<br/>m
! Wing area<br/>sq. m
! Empty<br/>weight
! Max takeoff<br/>weight
! Max Speed<br />km/h
! Range<br />km
! Ceiling<br />m
! Engine<br />×<br />thrust
|-
| [[Vought F-8 Crusader]] || {{flag|United States|USA}} || 1,219 || 1955 || 1957–1999 || 16.53 || 10.87 || 34.80 || data-sort-value="7956" | 7,956&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="13000" | 13,000&nbsp;kg || 1,975 || 2,795 || 17,700 || 1 × 47.6&nbsp;kN/80.1&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Convair F-102 Delta Dagger]] || {{flag|United States|USA}} || 1,000 || 1953 || 1956–1979 || 20.83 || 11.61 || 64.57 || data-sort-value="8777" | 8,777&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="14300" | 14,300&nbsp;kg || 1,304 || 2,175 || 16,300 || 1 × 52.0&nbsp;kN/76.5&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Convair F-106 Delta Dart]] || {{flag|United States|USA}} || 342 || 1956 || 1959–1988 ||21.55 || 11.67 || 64.57 || data-sort-value="11077" | 11,077&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="15670" | 15,670&nbsp;kg || 2,455 || 2,900 || 17,000 || 1 × 109.0&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Douglas F4D Skyray]] || {{flag|United States|USA}} || 422 || 1951 || 1956–1964 || 13.80 || 10.21 || 52.00 || data-sort-value="7268" | 7,268&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="10273" | 10,273&nbsp;kg || 1,162 || 1,100 || 17,000 || 1 × 45.0&nbsp;kN/71.0&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Grumman F-11 Tiger]] || {{flag|United States|USA}} || 200 || 1954 || 1956–1969 || 14.3 || 9.6 || 23.00 || data-sort-value="6277" | 6,277&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="10663" | 10,663&nbsp;kg || 1,170 || 2,050 || 14,900 || 1 × 32.9&nbsp;kN/46.7&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter]] || {{flag|United States|USA}} || 2,578 || 1954 || 1958–2004 || 16.66 || 6.36 || 18.22 || data-sort-value="6350" | 6,350&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="13170" | 13,170&nbsp;kg || 2,137 || 2,623 || 15,000 || 1 × 48.0&nbsp;kN/69.0&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[McDonnell F-101 Voodoo]] || {{flag|United States|USA}} || 807 || 1954 || 1957–1984 || 20.55 || 12.09 || 34.20 || data-sort-value="12925" | 12,925&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="23770" | 23,770&nbsp;kg || 1,825 || 2,450 || 17,800 || 2 × 53.3&nbsp;kN/75.2&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[North American F-100 Super Sabre]] || {{flag|United States|USA}} || 2,294 || 1953 || 1954–1988 || 15.20 || 11.81 || 37.00 || data-sort-value="9500" | 9,500&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="15800" | 15,800&nbsp;kg || 1,390 || 3,320 || 15,000 || 1 × 45.0&nbsp;kN/71.0&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Northrop F-5|F-5 Freedom Fighter]] || {{flag|United States|USA}} || 2,246 || 1959 || 1962-1998 || 14.30 || 7.69 || 15.79 || data-sort-value="5973" | 5,973&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="9008" | 9,008&nbsp;kg || 1,715 || 2,253 || 15,240 || 2 × 18.15&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Republic F-105 Thunderchief]] || {{flag|United States|USA}} || 833 || 1955 || 1958–1984 || 19.63 || 11.25 || 35.76 || data-sort-value="12470" | 12,470&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="23834" | 23,834&nbsp;kg || 2,208 || 3,550 || 14,800 || 1 × 63.74&nbsp;kN/109.0&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[English Electric Lightning]] || {{flag|United Kingdom|UK}} || 337 || 1954 || 1959–1988 || 16.80 || 10.60 || 44.08 || data-sort-value="14092" | 14,092&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="20752" | 20,752&nbsp;kg || 2,400 || 1,370 || 18,240 || 2 × 55.74&nbsp;kN/71.17&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Folland Gnat]] || {{flag|United Kingdom|UK}} || 449 || 1955 || 1959–1991 || 8.74 || 6.73 || 12.69 || data-sort-value="2175" | 2,175&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="4100" | 4,100&nbsp;kg || 1,120 || 800 || 14,630 || 1 × 20.9&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Supermarine Scimitar]] || {{flag|United Kingdom|UK}} || 76 || 1956 || 1957–1969 || 16.84 || 11.33 || 45.06 || data-sort-value="10869" | 10,869&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="15513" | 15,513&nbsp;kg || 1,185 || 2,289 || 14,000 || 2 × 50.1&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Dassault Super Mystère]] || {{flag|France|FRA}} || 180 || 1955 || 1957–1977 || 14.13 || 10.51 || 32.00 || data-sort-value="6390" | 6,390&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="10000" | 10,000&nbsp;kg || 1,195 || 1,175 || 17,000 || 1 × 33.3&nbsp;kN/44.1&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Dassault Étendard IV]] || {{flag|France|FRA}} || 90 || 1958 || 1962–1991 || 14.40 || 9.60 || 29.00 || data-sort-value="5900" | 5,900&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="10200" | 10,200&nbsp;kg || 1,099 || 3,300 || 15,500 || 1 × 43.16&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Dassault Mirage III]] || {{flag|France|FRA}} || 1,422 || 1956 || 1961–present || 15.03 || 8.22 || 34.85 || data-sort-value="7050" | 7,050&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="13700" | 13,700&nbsp;kg || 2,350 || 4,000 || 17,000 || 1 × 41.97&nbsp;kN/60.8&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Dassault Mirage 5]] || {{flag|France|FRA}} || 582 || 1967 || 1969–present || 15.03 || 8.22 || 34.85 || data-sort-value="7050" | 7,050&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="13700" | 13,700&nbsp;kg || 2,350 || 4,000 || 18,000 || 1 × 41.97&nbsp;kN/60.8&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Fiat G.91]] || {{flag|Italy|ITA}} || 770 || 1956 || 1958–1995 || 10.03 || 8.56 || 16.4 || data-sort-value="3100" | 3,100&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="5500" | 5,500&nbsp;kg || 1,075 || 1,150 || 13,100 || 1 × 22.2&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[IAI Nesher]] || {{flag|Israel|ISR}} || 61 || 1971 || 1972–2012 || 15.65 || 8.22 || 34.80 || data-sort-value="6600" | 6,600&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="13500" | 13,500&nbsp;kg || 2,230 || 1,300 || 17,680 || 1 × 41.97&nbsp;kN/60.8&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Saab 35 Draken]] || {{flag|Sweden|SWE}} || 651 || 1955 || 1960–2005 || 15.35 || 9.42 || 49.22 || data-sort-value="7865" | 7,865&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="11400" | 11,400&nbsp;kg || 2,124 || 3,250 || 18,000 || 1 × 56.5&nbsp;kN/78.4&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19]] || {{flag|Soviet Union|USSR}} || 2,172 || 1953 || 1955–present || 12.54 || 9.00 || 25.00 || data-sort-value="5447" | 5,447&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="7560" | 7,560&nbsp;kg || 1,455 || 2,200 || 17,500 || 2 × 25.5&nbsp;kN/31.8&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]] || {{flag|Soviet Union|USSR}} || 11,496 || 1955 || 1959–present|| 15.00 || 7.15 || 23.00 || data-sort-value="5339" | 5,339&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="8725" | 8,725&nbsp;kg || 2,237 || 1,210 || 17,800 || 1 × 40.21&nbsp;kN/69.62&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Sukhoi Su-7]] || {{flag|Soviet Union|USSR}} || 1,847 || 1955 || 1959–1990|| 16.80 || 9.31 || 34.00 || data-sort-value="8937" | 8,937&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="15210" | 15,210&nbsp;kg || 2,150 || 1,650 || 17,600 || 1 × 66.6&nbsp;kN/94.1&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Sukhoi Su-9]] || {{flag|Soviet Union|USSR}} || 1,150 || 1956 || 1959-1970s || 17.37 || 8.43 || 34.00 || data-sort-value="8620" | 8,620&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="12250" | 12,250&nbsp;kg || 2,135 || 1,125 || 16,760 || 1 × 67.1&nbsp;kN/98.1&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Shenyang J-6]] || {{flag|People's Republic of China|PRC}} || 3,000 || 1958 || 1961–2002 || 12.54 || 9.20 || 25.00 || data-sort-value="5447" | 5,447&nbsp;kg|| data-sort-value="7560" | 7,560&nbsp;kg || 1,540 || 2,200 || 17,900 || 2 × 29.0&nbsp;kN/36.78&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Chengdu J-7]] || {{flag|People's Republic of China|PRC}} || 2,400 || 1966 || 1960s–present || 14.88 || 8.32 || 24.88 || data-sort-value="5292" | 5,292&nbsp;kg|| data-sort-value="9100" | 9,100&nbsp;kg || 2,200 || 2,200 || 17,500 || 1 × 44.1&nbsp;kN/64.7&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[HAL HF-24 Marut]] || {{flag|India|IND}} || 147 || 1961 || 1964–1985 || 15.87 || 9.00 || 28.00 || data-sort-value="6195" | 6,195&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="10908" | 10,908&nbsp;kg || 1,112 || || 13,750 || 2 × 21.57&nbsp;kN
|-
|}
Note: Thrust Dry/Afterburner (in some cases only data for one of the two might be available)

This generational era also saw the introduction of [[VTOL]] aircraft such as:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|-
! Aircraft
! Primary<br/>Builder
! Number<br/>built
! First<br/>flight
! Service<br/>life
! Length<br/>m
! Wingspan<br/>m
! Wing area<br/>sq. m
! Empty<br/>weight
! Max takeoff<br/>weight
! Max Speed<br />km/h
! Range<br />km
! Ceiling<br />m
! Engines<br />×<br />Thrust
|-
| [[Hawker Siddeley Harrier]] || {{flag|United Kingdom|UK}} || 278 || 1967 || 1969–2006 || 14.27 || 7.70 || 18.68 || data-sort-value="6140" | 6,140&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="11430" | 11,430&nbsp;kg || 1,176 || 3,425 || 15,600 || 1 × 95.6&nbsp;kN
|-
| [[Yakovlev Yak-38]] || {{flag|Soviet Union|USSR}} || 231 || 1971 || 1976–1991 || 16.37 || 7.32 || 18.50 || data-sort-value="7385" | 7,385&nbsp;kg || data-sort-value="11300" | 11,300&nbsp;kg || 1,280 || 1,300 || 11,000 || 1 × 66.7&nbsp;kN<br />2 × 31.9&nbsp;kN
|-
|}

===Operational===
* {{USA}}
** [[Northrop F-5A Freedom Fighter]] (used by the [[Botswana Air Force]], [[Republic of China Air Force]], and the [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]]).
* {{USSR}}
** [[Mikoyan MiG-21]]
* {{PRC}}
** [[Chengdu J-7]]
** [[Shenyang J-6]] (used by the [[North Korean Air Force]], [[Sudanese Air Force]], [[Tanzanian Air Force]] and [[Zambian Air Force]]).
* {{FRA}}
** [[Dassault Mirage 5]] (used by the [[Gabon Air Force]] and the [[Pakistani Air Force]]).
** [[Dassault Mirage III]] (used by the [[Pakistani Air Force]]).

===Retired===
* {{USA}}
** [[Convair F-102 Delta Dagger]]
** [[Convair F-106 Delta Dart]]
** [[McDonnell F3H Demon]]
** [[Douglas F4D Skyray]]
** [[Grumman F-11 Tiger]]
** [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter]]
** [[McDonnell F-101 Voodoo]]
** [[North American F-100 Super Sabre]]
** [[Republic F-105 Thunderchief]]
** [[Vought F-8 Crusader]]
* {{UK}}
** [[English Electric Lightning]]
** [[Folland Gnat]]
** [[Gloster Javelin]]
* {{FRA}}
** [[Dassault Super Mystère]]
* {{ITA}}
** [[Fiat G91]]
* {{ISR}}
** [[IAI Nesher]]
* {{SWE}}
** [[Saab 35 Draken]]
* {{IND}}
** [[HAL HF-24 Marut]]
* {{USSR}}
** [[Mikoyan MiG-19]]
** [[Sukhoi Su-7]]
** [[Sukhoi Su-9]]
** [[Sukhoi Su-11]]
** [[Yakovlev Yak-38]]

===Canceled Aircraft===
{{incomplete list|date=October 2018}}
* {{ARG}}
** [[FMA I.Ae. 37|FMA I.Ae. 37 Ala Delta]]
** [[FMA I.Ae. 48]]
* {{flag|Canada|1957}}
** [[Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow]] <small>(maiden flight on 25 March 1958)</small>
* {{flag|Egypt|1958}}
** [[Helwan HA-300]] <small>(maiden flight on 7 March 1964)</small>
* {{FRA}}
** [[Nord 1500 Griffon]]
** [[SNCASO Trident]]
* {{ESP}}
** [[Helwan HA-300|Hispano Ha-300]] (became [[Helwan HA-300]]).
* {{USA}}
** [[Convair XF-92]]
** [[North American XF-108 Rapier]]
** [[North American F-107]]
* {{PRC}}
** [[Nanchang J-12]]
* {{UK}}
** [[Saunders-Roe SR.177]]
** [[Saunders-Roe SR.53]]
** [[Hawker P.1121]]
** [[Hawker P.1103]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jet Fighter Generations}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2012}}


[[Category:Jet fighter generations|2nd generation]]

Latest revision as of 14:00, 7 January 2021