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{{Short description|Letter used to represent the /ɡ/ sound in Persian alphabet.}}
{{Other uses|GAF (disambiguation){{!}}GAF}}
{{SpecialChars}}
{{SpecialChars}}
{{Phoenician glyph|letname=Gaf|previouslink=Že|previousletter=Že|perchar=گ|ipa=ɡ|num=32|gem=5000}}
{{dablink|In psychiatry, GAF is an abbreviation for [[Global Assessment of Functioning]].}}
[[Image:Gaf.svg|120px|thumb|One form of gaf]]
{{Arabic-script sidebar|Persian}}
{{Arabic alphabet}}
{{Arabic alphabet}}
'''Gaf''' may be the name of three different [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic letters]], all representing the sound of "g". They are all forms of the letter [[Kaph|kāf]], with additional [[diacritic]]s, such as dots and lines. There are three forms, each used in different places:
'''Gaf''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|گاف}}}}; {{transl|fa|gāf}}), is the name of different [[Perso-Arabic alphabet|Perso-Arabic letters]], all representing {{IPAslink|ɡ}}. They are all derived from the letter [[Kaph|kāf]], with additional [[diacritic]]s, such as dots and lines. It is also one of the ten letters the [[Persian alphabet]] added from the twenty-two inherited from the [[Phoenician alphabet]] (the others being ''[[ṯāʾ|s̱e]]'', ''[[ḫāʾ|xe]]'', ''[[ḏāl|ẕâl]]'', ''[[ḍād|zâd]]'', ''[[ẓāʾ|ẓâ]]'', ''[[ghayn|ġayn]]'', ''[[pe (Persian letter)|pe]]'', ''[[che (Persian letter)|che]]'', and ''[[že]]''). In name and shape, it is a variant of ''[[kaph|kaf]]''. Its numerical value is 5000 (see [[Abjad numerals]]). There are four forms, each used in different alphabets:
*گ in several languages
*ݢ in Malay
*ݣ in Moroccan Arabic


* {{big|{{script/Arabic|گ}}}} in the [[Persian alphabet]], [[Tausug language|Tausug written in Arabic Script]]
==Gaf with line==
* {{big|{{script/Arabic|ݢ}}}} in the [[Jawi script]]
[[Image:Gaf.png|120px|thumb|One form of gaf]]
* {{big|{{script/Arabic|ࢴ/ڮ}}}} in the [[Pegon script]]
'''گ''' is based on kāf with an additional line. It is not used in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] itself, but may be used to represent a [[voiced velar stop]] ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) when writing other languages.
* {{big|{{script/Arabic|ګ}}}} in [[Pashto language|Pashto]]


== Use in Arabic ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
The standard practice in [[Egypt]] (for [[Modern Standard Arabic|Literary]] and [[Egyptian Arabic]]),<ref>{{Cite book |last=al Nassir |first=Abdulmunʿim Abdulamir |url=https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10917/1/354409.pdf |title=Sibawayh the Phonologist |publisher=University of New York |year=1985 |pages=80 |language=ar |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> as in coastal [[Yemen]] and southwestern and eastern [[Oman]], is to use {{transl|ar|DIN|[[Gimel|ǧīm]]}} ({{script/Arabic|ج}}) for {{IPAslink|g}}, while in Arabic dialects like [[Algerian Arabic]], [[Hejazi Arabic]] and [[Najdi Arabic]] it is {{transl|ar|DIN|[[Qoph|qāf]]}} ({{script/Arabic|ق}}), so the name ''gāf'' can be used for the letter when trying to explain a pronunciation or a spelling of a word, whether the word is foreign or dialectal.
!colspan="4"| Contextual forms
|-
! Final !! Medial !! Initial !! Isolated
|- style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"
| ﮓ
| ﮕ
| ﮔ
| ﮒ
|}
==Gaf with single dot==
'''ݢ''' is derived from a variant form (ک) of [[kāf]] with the addition of a [[dot (diacritic)|dot]]. It is not used in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] itself, but is used in the [[Jawi script]] of [[Malay language|Malay]] to represent a [[voiced velar stop]] ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|/ɡ/}}). [[Unicode]] includes two forms on this letter: one based on the standard Arabic kāf, ك, and one based on the variant form ک. The latter is the preferred form.
{| class="wikitable"
! Appearance || Code point || Name ||
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| ڬ
| U+06AC || <small>ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH DOT ABOVE</small> ||
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| ݢ
| U+0762 || <small>ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH DOT ABOVE</small> || (preferred)
|}


If not ''gāf'' ({{script/Arabic|گ}}), {{transl|ar|DIN|[[Kaph|kāf]]}} ({{script/Arabic|ك}}) has been traditionally used in the Levant and [[Iraq]] for {{IPAslink|g}}. In Iraq, ''gāf'' ({{script/Arabic|گ}}) is more used. In Morocco, ''gāf'' ({{script/Arabic|ݣ}}) or ''kāf'' ({{script/Arabic|ك}}) is used. In [[Tunisia]] and [[Algeria]], {{script/Arabic|ڨ}} or {{transl|ar|DIN|qāf}} {{script/Arabic|ق}} is used.
==Gaf with three dots==
{{unicode|'''ݣ'''}} is based on a variant form (ک) of [[kāf]] with the addition of three [[dot (diacritic)|dots]]. While it is not used in [[Standard Arabic]], it is used in informal [[Moroccan Arabic]] to represent a [[voiced velar stop]] ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|/ɡ/}}).


{{transl|ar|DIN|[[Ghayn|Ġayn]]}} ({{script/Arabic|غ}}) is preferred in the Levant (nowadays) and by [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] TV channel to represent {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, e.g., [[w:ar:هونغ كونغ|هونغ كونغ]] ([[Hong Kong]]), [[w:ar:البرتغال|البرتغال]] ([[Portugal]]), {{lang|ar|[[w:ar:أغسطس|أغسطس]]}} ([[August]]), and [[w:ar:غاندالف|غاندالف]] ([[Gandalf]]). Foreign publications and TV channels in Arabic, e.g. [[Deutsche Welle]]<ref>{{cite web| title=Leningrad لينينغراد spelled with غ rather than ج| website=[[Deutsche Welle]]| url=https://m.dw.com/ar/%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7/a-64054336|access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> and [[Alhurra]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alhurra.com/egypt/2022/12/13/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%B6%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9 | title= "Blogger" بلوغر is spelled with غ, not ج about an article on Egypt quoting an Egyptian official Facebook post spelling it بلوجر with ج |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> follow this practice.
Its initial and medial forms are identical to [[ڭ]], which represents a [[velar nasal]] ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|/ŋ/}}) in some languages. However, their final and isolated forms are different.


== Variant forms ==
==External links==
=== Kaf with line ===
*[http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/render_download.php?site_id=nrsi&format=file&media_id=arabicletterusagenotes&filename=ArabicLetterUsageNotes.pdf Notes on some Unicode Arabic characters: recommendations for usage] ([[PDF]])


The most common form of ''gāf'' ({{script/Arabic|گ}}) is based on ''kāf'' with an additional line. It is rarely used in [[Modern Standard Arabic|Standard Arabic]] itself but is used to represent the sound {{IPAslink|ɡ}} when writing other languages.
[[Category:Arabic letters|Gaf]]
{{Arabic alphabet Naskh and Nastaliq shapes|گ}}
[[als:Gaf (Persischer Buchstabe)]]
When representing this sound in transliteration of Persian into Hebrew, it is written as כ׳ ''kaph'' and a ''[[geresh]]''.
[[de:Gaf (Persischer Buchstabe)]]

[[fr:Gāf]]
It is frequently used in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Urdu]] and [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], and is one of four Perso-Arabic letters not found in Arabic. It is also commonly used in [[Mesopotamian Arabic]].<ref>Alkalesi, Yasin M. (2001) "Modern iraqi arabic: A textbook". Georgetown University Press. {{ISBN|978-0878407880}}</ref>

=== Kaf with ring ===

In [[Pashto language|Pashto]], this letter is used for {{IPAslink|ɡ}}.
{{Arabic alphabet Naskh and Nastaliq shapes|ګ}}

=== Kaf with single dot above ===

This ''gāf'' ({{script/Arabic|ݢ}}) is derived from a variant form of ''kāf'' ({{script/Arabic|ک}}), with the addition of a [[dot (diacritic)|dot]]. It is not used in the [[Arabic language]] itself, but is used in the [[Jawi script]] to represent {{IPAslink|ɡ}}.
{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ݢ}}

[[Unicode]] includes two forms on this letter: one based on the standard Arabic ''kāf'' ({{script/Arabic|ك}}), and one based on the variant form ({{script/Arabic|ک}}). The latter is the preferred form.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03176-gafs.pdf|author=Jonatha Kew|title=Proposal to encode Jawi and Moroccan Arabic GAF characters|date=2003}}</ref>
{{Charmap
|06AC|name1=Arabic Letter Kaf with Dot Above
|0762|name2=Arabic Letter Keheh with Dot Above
}}

=== Kaf with three dots below ===

This letter ({{script/Arabic|ڮ}}) is derived from a form of ''kāf'' ({{script/Arabic|ك}}), with the addition of three [[dot (diacritic)|dots]] below.
{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ڮ}}

=== Gaf with inverted stroke ===

In [[Chechen language|Chechen]], [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]], and [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]], the Arabic character {{script/Arabic|ࢰ}} is used to spell {{IPAslink|kʼ}} or {{IPAslink|t͡ʃʼ}}. In Chechen, ⟨{{script/Arabic|گ}}⟩ is alternatively used as well.
{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ࢰ}}

=== Kaf with a dot below ===

This letter ({{script/Arabic|ࢴ}}) is derived from a form of ''kāf'' ({{script/Arabic|ك}}), with the addition of three a dot below. It is not used in the Arabic language itself, but is used in the [[Arwi alphabet]] for the [[Tamil language]] and the [[Pegon script]] for [[Languages of Indonesia|Indonesian languages]] to represent {{IPAslink|ɡ}}.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pournader |first=Roozbeh |date=June 24, 2013 |title=Proposal to encode three Arabic characters for Arwi |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13130-arwi.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Nasrullah |first=Febri Muhammad |date=2022-09-11 |title=On ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH DOT BELOW |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22221-arabic-kaf-with-dot-below.pdf |website=UTC Document Register for 2022}}</ref>
{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ࢴ}}

=== Kaf with three dots ===
{{See also|Ng (Arabic letter)}}
[[File:Top Floors Cafe Argana in 2006 (Cropped).png|thumb|300px|The Arabic signage for the Argana cafe in Marrakesh's [[Jemaa el-Fnaa]] features a prominent gaf with three dots.]]
[[File:کتاب الابنیه عن حقایق الادویه، برگی از دستنویس محفوظ در کتابخانه مجلس در تهران.jpg|thumb|253x253px|A page from a 12th century Persian manuscript of "Kitab al-Abniya 'an Haqa'iq al-Adwiya" by [[Abu Mansur Muwaffaq]] with letter gāf written as (ڭـ).]]

The letter {{script/Arabic|ڭ}} is used in [[Berber languages|Berber]] and [[Moroccan Arabic]] to represent {{IPAslink|ɡ}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 November 2009 |title=Learn Moroccan Arabic |url=http://www.31best-riad-marrakesh.com/learn-moroccan-arabic/ |work=Best Riad Marakkesh |script-quote=ar:واش كتهدر بالإنݣليزية}}</ref> Examples of its use include city names (e.g., [[Agadir]]: {{script/Arabic|أݣادير}}) and family names (e.g., [[Hicham El Guerrouj|El Guerrouj]]: {{script/Arabic|الݣروج}}). The preferred form is {{script/Arabic|ڭ}}.
{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ڭ}}It was also used in [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] for {{IPAslink|ŋ}}. Both forms are based on variant forms of ''kāf'' ({{script/Arabic|ك}}/{{script/Arabic|ک}}), with the addition of three [[dot (diacritic)|dots]]. The preferred form is {{script/Arabic|ݣ}}.
{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ݣ}}

== Character encoding ==
{{charmap
|06AB|name1=Arabic Letter Kaf with Ring
|06AC|name2=Arabic Letter Kaf with Dot Above
|06AE|name3=Arabic Letter Kaf with Three Dots Below
|06AF|name4=Arabic Letter Gaf
|08B0|name5=Arabic Letter Gaf with Inverted Stroke
}}
{{charmap
|0762|name1=Arabic Letter Keheh with<br />Dot Above
|0763|name2=Arabic Letter Keheh with<br />Three Dots Above
|06AD|name3=ARABIC LETTER NG
|08B4|name4=Arabic Letter Kaf with<br />Dot Below
}}

== See also ==
* {{big|{{script/Arabic|[[ڨ]]}}}}, a letter derived from {{transl|ar|ALA-LC|[[qāf]]}} and used for {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in [[Tunisia]] and [[Algeria]]
* [[Ng (Arabic letter)]]
* [[Gueh]]
* [[Ayin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/render_download.php?site_id=nrsi&format=file&media_id=arabicletterusagenotes&filename=ArabicLetterUsageNotes.pdf Notes on some Unicode Arabic characters: recommendations for usage] ([[PDF]])

[[Category:Persian letters|Gaf]]
[[Category:Urdu letters|Gaf]]

Latest revision as of 02:58, 9 January 2025

For other uses, see GAF.
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
Gaf
Persian
گ‎
Phonemic representationɡ
Position in alphabet32
Numerical value5000
Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician
One form of gaf
Persian alphabet
ا ب پ ت ث ج چ ح خ د ذ ر ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن و ه ی
Perso-Arabic script
Arabic alphabet
Arabic script

Gaf (Persian: گاف; gāf), is the name of different Perso-Arabic letters, all representing /ɡ/. They are all derived from the letter kāf, with additional diacritics, such as dots and lines. It is also one of the ten letters the Persian alphabet added from the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being s̱e, xe, ẕâl, zâd, ẓâ, ġayn, pe, che, and že). In name and shape, it is a variant of kaf. Its numerical value is 5000 (see Abjad numerals). There are four forms, each used in different alphabets:

Use in Arabic

[edit]

The standard practice in Egypt (for Literary and Egyptian Arabic),[1] as in coastal Yemen and southwestern and eastern Oman, is to use ǧīm (ج‎) for /g/, while in Arabic dialects like Algerian Arabic, Hejazi Arabic and Najdi Arabic it is qāf (ق‎), so the name gāf can be used for the letter when trying to explain a pronunciation or a spelling of a word, whether the word is foreign or dialectal.

If not gāf (گ‎), kāf (ك‎) has been traditionally used in the Levant and Iraq for /g/. In Iraq, gāf (گ‎) is more used. In Morocco, gāf (ݣ‎) or kāf (ك‎) is used. In Tunisia and Algeria, ڨ‎ or qāf ق‎ is used.

Ġayn (غ‎) is preferred in the Levant (nowadays) and by Al Jazeera TV channel to represent /ɡ/, e.g., هونغ كونغ (Hong Kong), البرتغال (Portugal), أغسطس (August), and غاندالف (Gandalf). Foreign publications and TV channels in Arabic, e.g. Deutsche Welle[2] and Alhurra,[3] follow this practice.

Variant forms

[edit]

Kaf with line

[edit]

The most common form of gāf (گ‎) is based on kāf with an additional line. It is rarely used in Standard Arabic itself but is used to represent the sound /ɡ/ when writing other languages.

Position in word: Isolated Final Medial Initial
Naskh glyph form:
(Help) 		گ‎ ـگ‎ ـگـ‎ گـ‎
Nastaʿlīq glyph form: گ ــــگ ــــگــــ گــــ

When representing this sound in transliteration of Persian into Hebrew, it is written as כ׳ kaph and a geresh.

It is frequently used in Persian, Pashto, Uyghur, Urdu and Kurdish, and is one of four Perso-Arabic letters not found in Arabic. It is also commonly used in Mesopotamian Arabic.[4]

Kaf with ring

[edit]

In Pashto, this letter is used for /ɡ/.

Position in word: Isolated Final Medial Initial
Naskh glyph form:
(Help) 		ګ‎ ـګ‎ ـګـ‎ ګـ‎
Nastaʿlīq glyph form: ګ ــــګ ــــګــــ ګــــ

Kaf with single dot above

[edit]

This gāf (ݢ‎) is derived from a variant form of kāf (ک‎), with the addition of a dot. It is not used in the Arabic language itself, but is used in the Jawi script to represent /ɡ/.

Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ݢ‎ ـݢ‎ ـݢـ‎ ݢـ‎

Unicode includes two forms on this letter: one based on the standard Arabic kāf (ك‎), and one based on the variant form (ک‎). The latter is the preferred form.[5]

Character information
Preview ڬ ݢ
Unicode name ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH DOT ABOVE ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH DOT ABOVE
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 1708 U+06AC 1890 U+0762
UTF-8 218 172 DA AC 221 162 DD A2
Numeric character reference &#1708; &#x6AC; &#1890; &#x762;

Kaf with three dots below

[edit]

This letter (ڮ‎) is derived from a form of kāf (ك‎), with the addition of three dots below.

Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ڮ‎ ـڮ‎ ـڮـ‎ ڮـ‎

Gaf with inverted stroke

[edit]

In Chechen, Kabardian, and Adyghe, the Arabic character ࢰ‎ is used to spell /kʼ/ or /t͡ʃʼ/. In Chechen, ⟨گ‎⟩ is alternatively used as well.

Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ࢰ‎ ـࢰ‎ ـࢰـ‎ ࢰـ‎

Kaf with a dot below

[edit]

This letter (ࢴ‎) is derived from a form of kāf (ك‎), with the addition of three a dot below. It is not used in the Arabic language itself, but is used in the Arwi alphabet for the Tamil language and the Pegon script for Indonesian languages to represent /ɡ/.[6][7]

Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ࢴ‎ ـࢴ‎ ـࢴـ‎ ࢴـ‎

Kaf with three dots

[edit]
See also: Ng (Arabic letter)
The Arabic signage for the Argana cafe in Marrakesh's Jemaa el-Fnaa features a prominent gaf with three dots.
A page from a 12th century Persian manuscript of "Kitab al-Abniya 'an Haqa'iq al-Adwiya" by Abu Mansur Muwaffaq with letter gāf written as (ڭـ).

The letter ڭ‎ is used in Berber and Moroccan Arabic to represent /ɡ/.[8] Examples of its use include city names (e.g., Agadir: أݣادير‎) and family names (e.g., El Guerrouj: الݣروج‎). The preferred form is ڭ‎.

Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ڭ‎ ـڭ‎ ـڭـ‎ ڭـ‎

It was also used in Ottoman Turkish for /ŋ/. Both forms are based on variant forms of kāf (ك‎/ک‎), with the addition of three dots. The preferred form is ݣ‎.

Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ݣ‎ ـݣ‎ ـݣـ‎ ݣـ‎

Character encoding

[edit]
Character information
Preview ګ ڬ ڮ گ ࢰ
Unicode name ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH RING ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH DOT ABOVE ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH THREE DOTS BELOW ARABIC LETTER GAF ARABIC LETTER GAF WITH INVERTED STROKE
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 1707 U+06AB 1708 U+06AC 1710 U+06AE 1711 U+06AF 2224 U+08B0
UTF-8 218 171 DA AB 218 172 DA AC 218 174 DA AE 218 175 DA AF 224 162 176 E0 A2 B0
Numeric character reference &#1707; &#x6AB; &#1708; &#x6AC; &#1710; &#x6AE; &#1711; &#x6AF; &#2224; &#x8B0;
Character information
Preview ݢ ݣ ڭ ࢴ
Unicode name ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH
DOT ABOVE 		ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH
THREE DOTS ABOVE 		ARABIC LETTER NG ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH
DOT BELOW
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 1890 U+0762 1891 U+0763 1709 U+06AD 2228 U+08B4
UTF-8 221 162 DD A2 221 163 DD A3 218 173 DA AD 224 162 180 E0 A2 B4
Numeric character reference &#1890; &#x762; &#1891; &#x763; &#1709; &#x6AD; &#2228; &#x8B4;

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ al Nassir, Abdulmunʿim Abdulamir (1985). Sibawayh the Phonologist (PDF) (in Arabic). University of New York. p. 80. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  2. ^ "Leningrad لينينغراد spelled with غ rather than ج". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  3. ^ ""Blogger" بلوغر is spelled with غ, not ج about an article on Egypt quoting an Egyptian official Facebook post spelling it بلوجر with ج". Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  4. ^ Alkalesi, Yasin M. (2001) "Modern iraqi arabic: A textbook". Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878407880
  5. ^ Jonatha Kew (2003). "Proposal to encode Jawi and Moroccan Arabic GAF characters" (PDF).
  6. ^ Pournader, Roozbeh (June 24, 2013). "Proposal to encode three Arabic characters for Arwi" (PDF).
  7. ^ Nasrullah, Febri Muhammad (2022-09-11). "On ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH DOT BELOW" (PDF). UTC Document Register for 2022.
  8. ^ "Learn Moroccan Arabic". Best Riad Marakkesh. 8 November 2009. واش كتهدر بالإنݣليزية
[edit]
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