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{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|taxon = Annonaceae
| taxon = Annonaceae
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Coniacian|recent|[[Coniacian]] - recent|ref=<ref name=mobot>{{Cite web |title=Magnoliales|url=https://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/magnolialesweb.htm|access-date=2023-06-18|website=www.mobot.org}}</ref>}}
|image = Annona squamosa.jpg
|image_caption = [[Sugar-apple|''Annona squamosa'' fruit]]
| image = Annona squamosa.jpg
| image_caption = [[Sugar-apple|''Annona squamosa'' fruit]]
|image_alt = Annona squamosa fruit
| image_alt = Annona squamosa fruit
|authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
|subdivision =
| subdivision = * [[Anaxagoreoideae]] <small>Chatrou et al. 2012</small>
* [[Anaxagoreoideae]] <small>Chatrou et al. 2012</small>
* [[Ambavioideae]] <small>Chatrou et al. 2012</small>
* [[Ambavioideae]] <small>Chatrou et al. 2012</small>
* [[Malmeoideae]] <small>Couvreur et al. 2012</small>
* [[Malmeoideae]] <small>Couvreur et al. 2012</small>
* [[Annonoideae]] <small>[[Rafinesque]] 1815</small>
* [[Annonoideae]] <small>[[Rafinesque]] 1815</small>
|synonyms =
| synonyms = {{unbulleted list
{{unbulleted list
|''Hornschuchiaceae'' <small>[[J. Agardh]]</small>
|''Hornschuchiaceae'' <small>[[J. Agardh]]</small>
|''Monodoraceae'' <small>J. Agardh</small><ref name="GRIN">{{cite web
|''Monodoraceae'' <small>J. Agardh</small><ref name="GRIN">{{cite web
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}}</ref>
}}</ref>
}}
}}
|type_genus =''[[Annona]]''
| type_genus = ''[[Annona]]''
}}
}}


The '''Annonaceae''' are a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s consisting of [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, or rarely [[liana]]s<ref name="FNA">{{cite journal |last=Flora of North America |author-link=Flora of North America |title=2. Annonaceae Jussieu |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10047 |url-status=live |volume=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421132654/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10047 |archive-date=21 April 2008 |access-date=2008-04-20}}</ref> commonly known as the '''custard apple family'''<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|id=18092|taxon=Annonaceae|access-date=18 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="FNA" /> or '''soursop family'''. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species,<ref name="Chatrou et al. 2012">{{cite journal |author1=Chatrou, L.W. |author2=M.D. Pirie |author3=R.H.J. Erkens |author4=T.L.P. Couvreur |author5=K. M. Neubig |author6=J.R. Abbott |author7=J.B. Mols |author8=P.J.M. Maas |author9=R.M.K. Saunders |author10=Mark W. Chase |year=2012 |title=A new subfamilial and tribal classification of the pantropical flowering plant family Annonaceae informed by molecular phylogenetics |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=169 |pages=S. 4–50 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01235.x}}</ref> it is the largest family in the [[Magnoliales]]. Several genera produce edible fruit, most notably ''[[Annona]]'', ''[[Anonidium]]'', ''[[Asimina]]'', ''[[Rollinia]]'', and ''[[Uvaria]]''.<!-- <ref name="Bridg"/> says 6, but overlooks anonidium mannii, definitely edible --> Its [[type genus]] is ''Annona''. The family is concentrated in the [[tropics]], with few species found in [[temperate]] regions. About 900 species are [[Neotropic]]al, 450 are [[Afrotropic]]al, and the remaining are [[Indomalaya]]n.
The '''Annonaceae''' are a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely [[liana]]s<ref name="FNA">{{cite journal |last=Flora of North America |author-link=Flora of North America |title=2. Annonaceae Jussieu |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10047 |url-status=live |volume=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421132654/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10047 |archive-date=21 April 2008 |access-date=2008-04-20}}</ref> commonly known as the '''custard apple family'''<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|id=18092|taxon=Annonaceae|access-date=18 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="FNA" /> or '''soursop family'''. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species,<ref name="Chatrou et al. 2012">{{cite journal |author1=Chatrou, L.W. |author2=M.D. Pirie |author3=R.H.J. Erkens |author4=T.L.P. Couvreur |author5=K. M. Neubig |author6=J.R. Abbott |author7=J.B. Mols |author8=P.J.M. Maas |author9=R.M.K. Saunders |author10=Mark W. Chase |year=2012 |title=A new subfamilial and tribal classification of the pantropical flowering plant family Annonaceae informed by molecular phylogenetics |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=169 |pages=S. 4–50 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01235.x|s2cid=82465841 |doi-access=free }}</ref> it is the largest family in the [[Magnoliales]]. Several genera produce edible fruit, most notably ''[[Annona]]'', ''[[Anonidium]]'', ''[[Asimina]]'', ''[[Rollinia]]'', and ''[[Uvaria]]''.<!-- <ref name="Bridg"/> says 6, but overlooks anonidium mannii, definitely edible --> Its [[type genus]] is ''Annona''. The family is concentrated in the [[tropics]], with few species found in [[temperate]] regions. About 900 species are [[Neotropic]]al, 450 are [[Afrotropic]]al, and the remaining are [[Indomalaya]]n.


==Description==
==Description==
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The species are mostly tropical, some are mid-latitude, [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen]] trees and shrubs, with some lianas, with aromatic bark, leaves, and flowers.<ref name="FNA"/>
The species are mostly tropical, some are mid-latitude, [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen]] trees and shrubs, with some lianas, with aromatic bark, leaves, and flowers.<ref name="FNA"/>


; Stems, stalks and leaves: Bark is fibrous and aromatic. [[Pith]] septate (fine tangential bands<ref name="nh1">{{cite journal |last=Chatrou |first=Dr. L.W. |author-link=National Herbarium of the Netherlands |title=Molecular Systematics of Annonaceae |url=http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforcemolecular/annonaceae.htm#Molecular%20Systematics%20of%20Annonaceae |journal=Annonaceae Research Projects |publisher=[[Nationaal Herbarium Nederland]] |date=2005-07-29 |access-date=2008-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113150056/http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforcemolecular/annonaceae.htm |archive-date=2008-01-13}}</ref> divided by partitions) to diaphragmed (divided by thin partitions with openings in them).<ref name="FNA"/> Branching distichous (arranged in two rows/on one plane) or spiral.<ref name="Johnson 2003"/> Leaves are [[Phyllotaxis#Pattern structure|alternate]], two-ranked,<ref name="Johnson 2003">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=D.M. |title=Phylogenetic significance of spiral and distichous architecture in the Annonaceae |journal=[[Systematic Botany]] |date=July–September 2003 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=503–511 |doi=10.1043/02-13.1 |doi-broken-date=2021-01-14 |url=https://bioone.org/journals/Systematic-Botany/volume-28/issue-3/02-13.1/Phylogenetic-Significance-of-Spiral-and-Distichous-Architecture-in-the-Annonaceae/10.1043/02-13.1.short}}</ref> simple, [[pinnate]]ly veined, and have [[Petiole (botany)|leaf stalks]]. [[Stipules]] absent.<ref name="FNA"/>
; Stems, stalks and leaves: Bark is fibrous and aromatic. [[Pith]] septate (fine tangential bands<ref name="nh1">{{cite journal |last=Chatrou |first=Dr. L.W. |author-link=National Herbarium of the Netherlands |title=Molecular Systematics of Annonaceae |url=http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforcemolecular/annonaceae.htm#Molecular%20Systematics%20of%20Annonaceae |journal=Annonaceae Research Projects |publisher=[[Nationaal Herbarium Nederland]] |date=2005-07-29 |access-date=2008-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113150056/http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforcemolecular/annonaceae.htm |archive-date=2008-01-13}}</ref> divided by partitions) to diaphragmed (divided by thin partitions with openings in them).<ref name="FNA"/> Branching distichous (arranged in two rows/on one plane) or spiral.<ref name="Johnson 2003"/> Leaves are [[Phyllotaxis#Leaf arrangement|alternate]], two-ranked,<ref name="Johnson 2003">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=D.M. |title=Phylogenetic significance of spiral and distichous architecture in the Annonaceae |journal=[[Systematic Botany]] |date=July–September 2003 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=503–511 |doi=10.1043/02-13.1 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |url=https://bioone.org/journals/Systematic-Botany/volume-28/issue-3/02-13.1/Phylogenetic-Significance-of-Spiral-and-Distichous-Architecture-in-the-Annonaceae/10.1043/02-13.1.short}}</ref> simple, [[pinnate]]ly veined, and have leaf stalks. [[Stipules]] absent.<ref name="FNA"/>


; Flowers: [[peduncle (botany)|Flower stalks]] are axillary to (on the opposite side of shoot from) leaf scars on old wood and sometimes from leaves on new shoots. The flowers are usually [[merosity|trimerous]]; borne singly or in compound [[inflorescence]]s; [[Sexual reproduction in plants|bisexual]] and rarely [[gonochorism|unisexual]]. The [[receptacle (botany)|receptacle]] might become enlarged, elevated or flat. The [[perianth|outer whorls]] are [[hypogynous|inserted below the ovaries]], and have valvate (overlapping) or imbricate (nonoverlapping) segments. Usually two to four persistent [[sepal]]s that are distinct or connate (fused) at the base. Six petals in two unequal whorls of three with larger outer whorls and fleshier inner whorls that might share the same [[nectar]] glands, or six to fifteen petals, with impressed veins on their inner face. Ten to twenty (or many more) stamens inserted below the ovary, spirally arranged and forming a ball or flat-topped mass with short and stout [[wiktionary:Filament|filament]]s and linear to oblong anthers which face outward and open longitudinally. Each flower can have from one to many pistils, distinct to connate, with stigmas distinct. Marginal placentation, each pistil bearing one [[locule]], with one to many ovules. Style short and thick, with terminal stigma.<ref name="FNA"/>
; Flowers: Flower stalks are axillary to (on the opposite side of shoot from) leaf scars on old wood and sometimes from leaves on new shoots. The flowers are usually [[merosity|trimerous]]; borne singly or in compound [[inflorescence]]s; [[Sexual reproduction in plants|bisexual]] and rarely [[gonochorism|unisexual]]. The [[receptacle (botany)|receptacle]] might become enlarged, elevated or flat. The [[perianth|outer whorls]] are [[hypogynous|inserted below the ovaries]], and have valvate (overlapping) or imbricate (nonoverlapping) segments. Usually two to four persistent [[sepal]]s that are distinct or connate (fused) at the base. Six petals in two unequal whorls of three with larger outer whorls and fleshier inner whorls that might share the same nectar glands, or six to fifteen petals, with impressed veins on their inner face. Ten to twenty (or many more) stamens inserted below the ovary, spirally arranged and forming a ball or flat-topped mass with short and stout [[wiktionary:filament#Noun|filaments]] and linear to oblong anthers which face outward and open longitudinally. Each flower can have from one to many pistils, distinct to connate, with stigmas distinct. Marginal placentation, each pistil bearing one [[locule]], with one to many ovules. Style short and thick, with terminal stigma.<ref name="FNA"/>


; Fruits and seeds: Fruits are single berries or coalesce from several pistils (into [[aggregate fruit]], syncarps). Seeds are one to many per pistil; have a fleshy and usually brightly colored cover, have ruminate endosperm (nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo) and are oily.<ref name="FNA"/>
; Fruits and seeds: Fruits are single berries or coalesce from several pistils (into [[aggregate fruit]], syncarps). Seeds are one to many per pistil; have a fleshy and usually brightly colored cover, have ruminate endosperm (nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo) and are oily.<ref name="FNA"/>
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[[Monophyly]] and inter-familial systematics have been well supported for Annonaceae by a combination of [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] and [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular evidence]].<ref name="Doyle 2004">{{cite journal |author=Doyle, J.A. |author2=H. Sauquet |author3=T. Scharaschkin |title=Phylogeny, molecular and fossil dating, and biogeographic history of Annonaceae and Myristicaceae (Magnoliales) |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:69050/UQ69050_OA.pdf |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |year=2004 |volume=165 |issue=4 |pages=55–67 |doi=10.1086/421068|s2cid=84131983 }}</ref> The [[APG II system]] places Annonaceae as most closely related to the small Magnoliid family [[Eupomatiaceae]].
[[Monophyly]] and inter-familial systematics have been well supported for Annonaceae by a combination of [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] and [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular evidence]].<ref name="Doyle 2004">{{cite journal |author=Doyle, J.A. |author2=H. Sauquet |author3=T. Scharaschkin |title=Phylogeny, molecular and fossil dating, and biogeographic history of Annonaceae and Myristicaceae (Magnoliales) |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:69050/UQ69050_OA.pdf |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |year=2004 |volume=165 |issue=4 |pages=55–67 |doi=10.1086/421068|s2cid=84131983 }}</ref> The [[APG II system]] places Annonaceae as most closely related to the small Magnoliid family [[Eupomatiaceae]].


[[File:Uvaria ovata II.JPG|thumb|''[[Uvaria ovata]]'' is part of the Family, Annonaceae.]]
[[File:Uvaria ovata II.JPG|thumb|''[[Uvaria ovata]]'']]


{|style="text-align:left"
{|style="text-align:left"
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|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=[[Monodoreae]]
|1=[[Monodoreae]]
|2=[[Uvariaeae]]
|2=[[Uvarieae]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
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}}
}}


In a [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|phylogeny-based reclassification]] of the family<ref name="Chatrou et al. 2012"/> four subfamilies are recognised: [[Anaxagoreoideae]] (including just ''[[Anaxagorea]]''), [[Ambavioideae]], [[Annonoideae]], and [[Malmeoideae]]. A number of the larger genera, including ''[[Guatteria]]'', with its 177 species,<ref name="MaasWestra2015">{{cite journal |last1=Maas |first1=P.J.M. |last2=Westra |first2=L.Y.T. |last3=Guerrero |first3=S. Arias |last4=Lobão |first4=A.Q. |last5=Scharf |first5=U. |last6=Zamora |first6=N.A. |last7=Erkens |first7=R.H.J. |title=Confronting a morphological nightmare: revision of the Neotropical genus ''Guatteria'' (''Annonaceae'') |journal=Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants |year=2015 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=1–219 |issn=0006-5196 |doi=10.3767/000651915X690341 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/588490}}</ref> ''[[Annona]]'', and ''[[Xylopia]]'' belong to Annonoideae. Together, Annonoideae and Malmeoideae comprise the majority of the species and each are further subdivided into a number of tribes. The subfamilial and tribal classification is followed in [http://annonaceae.myspecies.info/ World Annonaceae] which presents an overview of all Annonaceae genera and taxonomic, distribution and photographic information for a large number of species. Keys for the identification of Annonaceae genera (separately for Neotropical, African/Madagascan, and Asian/Australian taxa) are presented in:<ref name="CouvreurMaas2012">{{cite journal |last1=Couvreur |first1=Thomas L.P. |last2=Maas |first2=Paul J.M. |last3=Meinke |first3=Svenja |last4=Johnson |first4=David M. |last5=Keßler |first5=Paul J.A. |title=Keys to the genera of Annonaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2012 |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=74–83 |issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01230.x}}</ref> For a concise bibliographic overview of the taxonomic literature (1900 to 2012) see:<ref name="ErkensMennega2012">{{cite journal |last1=Erkens |first1=Roy H. J. |last2=Mennega |first2=Erik A. |last3=Westra |first3=Lubbert Y. Th. |title=A concise bibliographic overview of Annonaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2012 |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=41–73 |issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01232.x}}</ref>
In a [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|phylogeny-based reclassification]] of the family<ref name="Chatrou et al. 2012"/> four subfamilies are recognised: [[Anaxagoreoideae]] (including just ''[[Anaxagorea]]''), [[Ambavioideae]], [[Annonoideae]], and [[Malmeoideae]]. A number of the larger genera, including ''[[Guatteria]]'', with its 177 species,<ref name="MaasWestra2015">{{cite journal |last1=Maas |first1=P.J.M. |last2=Westra |first2=L.Y.T. |last3=Guerrero |first3=S. Arias |last4=Lobão |first4=A.Q. |last5=Scharf |first5=U. |last6=Zamora |first6=N.A. |last7=Erkens |first7=R.H.J. |title=Confronting a morphological nightmare: revision of the Neotropical genus ''Guatteria'' (''Annonaceae'') |journal=Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants |year=2015 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=1–219 |issn=0006-5196 |doi=10.3767/000651915X690341 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/588490}}</ref> ''[[Annona]]'', and ''[[Xylopia]]'' belong to Annonoideae. Together, Annonoideae and Malmeoideae comprise the majority of the species and each are further subdivided into a number of tribes. The subfamilial and tribal classification is followed in [http://annonaceae.myspecies.info/ World Annonaceae] which presents an overview of all Annonaceae genera and taxonomic, distribution and photographic information for a large number of species. Keys for the identification of Annonaceae genera (separately for Neotropical, African/Madagascan, and Asian/Australian taxa) are presented in:<ref name="CouvreurMaas2012">{{cite journal |last1=Couvreur |first1=Thomas L.P. |last2=Maas |first2=Paul J.M. |last3=Meinke |first3=Svenja |last4=Johnson |first4=David M. |last5=Keßler |first5=Paul J.A. |title=Keys to the genera of Annonaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2012 |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=74–83 |issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01230.x}}</ref> For a concise bibliographic overview of the taxonomic literature (1900 to 2012) see:<ref name="ErkensMennega2012">{{cite journal |last1=Erkens |first1=Roy H. J. |last2=Mennega |first2=Erik A. |last3=Westra |first3=Lubbert Y. Th. |title=A concise bibliographic overview of Annonaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2012 |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=41–73 |issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01232.x|doi-access=free }}</ref>


Both [[plastid]] DNA markers and morphological characters provide evidence that ''[[Anaxagorea]]'' is the sister [[clade]] to the rest of the family. This may confirm the hypothesis that morphological traits shared between ''[[Anaxagorea]]'' and other Magnoliales species (such as 2-ranked [[phyllotaxis]], monosulcate [[pollen]], and laminate [[stamen]]s) represent ancestral characters, while derived characters observed in other genera have evolved independently multiple times.<ref name="Scharaschkin and Doyle 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Scharaschkin |first1=T. |last2=Doyle |first2=J.A. |title=Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Anaxagorea (Annonaceae) using morphology and non-coding chloroplast sequence data |journal=Systematic Botany |year=2005 |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=712–735 |doi=10.1600/036364405775097888|s2cid=86018723 }}</ref><ref name="Scharaschkin and Doyle 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Scharaschkin |first1=T. |last2=Doyle |first2=J.A. |year=2006 |title=Character evolution in Anaxagorea (Annonaceae) |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/10259/1/10259a.pdf |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=36–54 |doi=10.3732/ajb.93.1.36}}</ref><ref name="DoyleLe Thomas2012">{{cite journal |last1=Doyle |first1=James A. |last2=Le Thomas |first2=Annick |title=Evolution and phylogenetic significance of pollen in Annonaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2012 |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=190–221 |issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01241.x}}</ref> The oldest fossil evidence of Annonaceae is described as the genus ''Futabanthus'', from the late Cretaceous of Japan,<ref name="TakahashiFriis2008">{{cite journal |last1=Takahashi |first1=Masamichi |last2=Friis |first2=Else Marie |author-link2=Else Marie Friis |last3=Uesugi |first3=Kentaro |last4=Suzuki |first4=Yoshio |last5=Crane |first5=Peter R. |title=Floral Evidence of Annonaceae from the Late Cretaceous of Japan |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |year=2008 |volume=169 |issue=7 |pages=908–917 |issn=1058-5893 |doi=10.1086/589693 |title-link=Cretaceous|s2cid=85308472 }}</ref> which represents a minimum age of c. 89 Mya for the [[most recent common ancestor]] (crown group) of the family.<ref name="PirieDoyle2012">{{cite journal |last1=Pirie |first1=Michael D. |last2=Doyle |first2=James A. |title=Dating clades with fossils and molecules: the case of Annonaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2012 |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=84–116 |issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01234.x}}</ref> The ages of Annonaceae clades inferred using fossil evidence and [[molecular clock]]-based dating techniques suggests that the pantropical distribution of the family originated subsequent to the break-up of the [[Gondwana]]n supercontinent, as the result of a combination of geodispersal tracking the expansion of the [[boreotropical flora]] during the [[Eocene]] and more recent long-distance dispersal events.<ref name="RichardsonChatrou2004">{{cite journal |last1=Richardson |first1=J.E. |last2=Chatrou |first2=L.W. |last3=Mols |first3=J.B. |last4=Erkens |first4=R.H.J. |last5=Pirie |first5=M.D. |title=Historical biogeography of two cosmopolitan families of flowering plants: Annonaceae and Rhamnaceae |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |year=2004 |volume=359 |issue=1450 |pages=1495–1508 |issn=0962-8436 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2004.1537 |pmid=15519968 |pmc=1693429}}</ref><ref name="CouvreurPirie2011">{{cite journal |last1=Couvreur |first1=Thomas L.P. |last2=Pirie |first2=Michael D. |last3=Chatrou |first3=Lars W. |last4=Saunders |first4=Richard M.K. |last5=Su |first5=Yvonne C.F. |last6=Richardson |first6=James E. |last7=Erkens |first7=Roy H.J. |title=Early evolutionary history of the flowering plant family Annonaceae: steady diversification and boreotropical geodispersal |journal=Journal of Biogeography |year=2011 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=664–680 |issn=0305-0270 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02434.x}}</ref>
Both [[plastid]] DNA markers and morphological characters provide evidence that ''[[Anaxagorea]]'' is the sister [[clade]] to the rest of the family. This may confirm the hypothesis that morphological traits shared between ''[[Anaxagorea]]'' and other Magnoliales species (such as 2-ranked [[phyllotaxis]], monosulcate [[pollen]], and laminate [[stamen]]s) represent ancestral characters, while derived characters observed in other genera have evolved independently multiple times.<ref name="Scharaschkin and Doyle 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Scharaschkin |first1=T. |last2=Doyle |first2=J.A. |title=Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Anaxagorea (Annonaceae) using morphology and non-coding chloroplast sequence data |journal=Systematic Botany |year=2005 |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=712–735 |doi=10.1600/036364405775097888|s2cid=86018723 }}</ref><ref name="Scharaschkin and Doyle 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Scharaschkin |first1=T. |last2=Doyle |first2=J.A. |year=2006 |title=Character evolution in Anaxagorea (Annonaceae) |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/10259/1/10259a.pdf |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=36–54 |doi=10.3732/ajb.93.1.36}}</ref><ref name="DoyleLe Thomas2012">{{cite journal |last1=Doyle |first1=James A. |last2=Le Thomas |first2=Annick |title=Evolution and phylogenetic significance of pollen in Annonaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2012 |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=190–221 |issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01241.x|s2cid=82733997 }}</ref> The oldest fossil evidence of Annonaceae is described as the genus ''Futabanthus'', from the Late Cretaceous ([[Coniacian]]) of Japan,<ref name="TakahashiFriis2008">{{cite journal |last1=Takahashi |first1=Masamichi |last2=Friis |first2=Else Marie |author-link2=Else Marie Friis |last3=Uesugi |first3=Kentaro |last4=Suzuki |first4=Yoshio |last5=Crane |first5=Peter R. |title=Floral Evidence of Annonaceae from the Late Cretaceous of Japan |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |year=2008 |volume=169 |issue=7 |pages=908–917 |issn=1058-5893 |doi=10.1086/589693 |title-link=Cretaceous|s2cid=85308472 }}</ref> which represents a minimum age of c. 89 million years ago for the [[most recent common ancestor]] (crown group) of the family.<ref name="PirieDoyle2012">{{cite journal |last1=Pirie |first1=Michael D. |last2=Doyle |first2=James A. |title=Dating clades with fossils and molecules: the case of Annonaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2012 |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=84–116 |issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01234.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> The ages of Annonaceae clades inferred using fossil evidence and [[molecular clock]]-based dating techniques suggests that the pantropical distribution of the family originated subsequent to the break-up of the [[Gondwana]]n supercontinent, as the result of a combination of geodispersal tracking the expansion of the [[boreotropical flora]] during the [[Eocene]] and more recent long-distance dispersal events.<ref name="RichardsonChatrou2004">{{cite journal |last1=Richardson |first1=J.E. |last2=Chatrou |first2=L.W. |last3=Mols |first3=J.B. |last4=Erkens |first4=R.H.J. |last5=Pirie |first5=M.D. |title=Historical biogeography of two cosmopolitan families of flowering plants: Annonaceae and Rhamnaceae |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |year=2004 |volume=359 |issue=1450 |pages=1495–1508 |issn=0962-8436 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2004.1537 |pmid=15519968 |pmc=1693429}}</ref><ref name="CouvreurPirie2011">{{cite journal |last1=Couvreur |first1=Thomas L.P. |last2=Pirie |first2=Michael D. |last3=Chatrou |first3=Lars W. |last4=Saunders |first4=Richard M.K. |last5=Su |first5=Yvonne C.F. |last6=Richardson |first6=James E. |last7=Erkens |first7=Roy H.J. |title=Early evolutionary history of the flowering plant family Annonaceae: steady diversification and boreotropical geodispersal |journal=Journal of Biogeography |year=2011 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=664–680 |issn=0305-0270 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02434.x|s2cid=85568637 }}</ref>


=== Taxonomic revisions within the subfamily Malmeoideae ===
=== Taxonomic revisions within the subfamily Malmeoideae ===


==== The reclassification and establishment of ''Huberantha'' ====
==== The reclassification and establishment of ''Huberantha'' ====
The genus ''[[Huberantha]]'' (synonym ''Hubera'') was resolved to be sister to ''[[Miliusa]]'', with certain species previously under ''[[Polyalthia]]'' being additionally reclassified.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Chaowasku |first1=Tanawat |last2=Johnson |first2=David M. |last3=Van Der Ham |first3=Raymond W.J.M. |last4=Chatrou |first4=Lars W. |title=Characterization of Hubera (Annonaceae), a new genus segregated from Polyalthia and allied to Miliusa |journal=Phytotaxa |date=2012-10-17 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=33 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.69.1.6 |issn=1179-3163}}</ref> This reclassification was highly supported by maximum parsimony, Bayesian analysis, and morphological characters. ''Hubera'' is characterized by reticulate tertiary venation, axillary inflorescences, 1 ovule per ovary, seeds with flat to slightly raised raphes, and other characters. ''Huberantha''<nowiki/>'s phylogenetic distance and morphological difference from ''Monoon'' and ''Polyalthia'', distinguish ''Huberantha'' on the generic level. Morphologically, ''Huberantha'' has a finely and densely granular infratectum whereas ''Monoon'' and ''Polyalthia'' have columellate or densely granular infratecta.<ref name=":0" />
The genus ''[[Huberantha]]'' (synonym ''Hubera'') was resolved to be sister to ''[[Miliusa]]'', with certain species previously under ''[[Polyalthia]]'' being additionally reclassified.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Chaowasku |first1=Tanawat |last2=Johnson |first2=David M. |last3=Van Der Ham |first3=Raymond W.J.M. |last4=Chatrou |first4=Lars W. |title=Characterization of Hubera (Annonaceae), a new genus segregated from Polyalthia and allied to Miliusa |journal=Phytotaxa |date=2012-10-17 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=33 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.69.1.6 |issn=1179-3163|doi-access=free }}</ref> This reclassification was highly supported by maximum parsimony, Bayesian analysis, and morphological characters. ''Hubera'' is characterized by reticulate tertiary venation, axillary inflorescences, 1 ovule per ovary, seeds with flat to slightly raised raphes, and other characters. ''Huberantha''<nowiki/>'s phylogenetic distance and morphological difference from ''Monoon'' and ''Polyalthia'', distinguish ''Huberantha'' on the generic level. Morphologically, ''Huberantha'' has a finely and densely granular infratectum whereas ''Monoon'' and ''Polyalthia'' have columellate or densely granular infratecta.<ref name=":0" />


==== The creation and establishment of ''Winitia'' ====
==== Controversy over ''Stelechocarpus/Winitia'' ====
''Winitia'' is sister to ''Stelechocarpus burahol'', with ''Stelechocarpus cauliflorus'' being reclassified under the new genus. The ''Winitia'' is characterized by mixed flowers, multicolumellar stigmas, and columellate/coarsely granular infratectum. This genus was created after phylogenetic analysis that highly supported an unclassified species from Thailand being sister to ''Stelechocarpus cauliflorus'' as a monophyletic group.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaowasku |first1=Tanawat |last2=Van Der Ham |first2=Raymond W.J.M. |title=Integrative systematics supports the establishment of Winitia, a new genus of Annonaceae (Malmeoideae, Miliuseae) allied to Stelechocarpus and Sageraea |journal=Systematics and Biodiversity |date=June 2013 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=195–207 |doi=10.1080/14772000.2013.806370 |s2cid=86528302 |issn=1477-2000}}</ref>
It was proposed that the genus ''[[Stelechocarpus]]'', which includes ''S. burahol'' and ''S. cauliflorus'' be reclassified under a new genus ''Winitia'', which is characterized by mixed flowers, multicolumellar stigmas, and columellate/coarsely granular infratectum. This genus was created after phylogenetic analysis that highly supported an unclassified species from Thailand being sister to ''S. cauliflorus'' as a monophyletic group.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaowasku |first1=Tanawat |last2=Van Der Ham |first2=Raymond W.J.M. |title=Integrative systematics supports the establishment of Winitia, a new genus of Annonaceae (Malmeoideae, Miliuseae) allied to Stelechocarpus and Sageraea |journal=Systematics and Biodiversity |date=June 2013 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=195–207 |doi=10.1080/14772000.2013.806370 |s2cid=86528302 |issn=1477-2000}}</ref> However this is no longer accepted.<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77130795-1 POWO]: ''Winitia'' Chaowasku is a synonym of ''Stelechocarpus'' Hook.f. & Thomson (retrieved 19 July 2022)</ref>


==== Reclassification of ''Annickia'' as tribe Annickieae ====
==== Reclassification of ''Annickia'' as tribe Annickieae ====
The genus ''Annickia'' was previously included within the tribe Piptostigmateae. However, it is highly supported to being sister to the rest of the Malmeoideae tribes, and weakly supported to being sister to the rest of the Piptostigmateae genera. For these reasons, ''Annickia'' is now classified within its own tribe in the Malmeoideae, the Annickieae.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Couvreur |first1=Thomas L.P. |last2=Helmstetter |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Koenen |first3=Erik J.M. |last4=Bethune |first4=Kevin |last5=Brandão |first5=Rita D. |last6=Little |first6=Stefan A. |last7=Sauquet |first7=Hervé |last8=Erkens |first8=Roy H.J. |date=2019-01-09 |title=Phylogenomics of the Major Tropical Plant Family Annonaceae Using Targeted Enrichment of Nuclear Genes |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=9 |pages=1941 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2018.01941 |issn=1664-462X |pmc=6334231 |pmid=30687347}}</ref>
The genus ''[[Annickia]]'' was previously included within the tribe Piptostigmateae. However, it is highly supported to being sister to the rest of the Malmeoideae tribes, and weakly supported to being sister to the rest of the Piptostigmateae genera. For these reasons, ''Annickia'' is now classified within its own tribe in the Malmeoideae, the Annickieae.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Couvreur |first1=Thomas L.P. |last2=Helmstetter |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Koenen |first3=Erik J.M. |last4=Bethune |first4=Kevin |last5=Brandão |first5=Rita D. |last6=Little |first6=Stefan A. |last7=Sauquet |first7=Hervé |last8=Erkens |first8=Roy H.J. |date=2019-01-09 |title=Phylogenomics of the Major Tropical Plant Family Annonaceae Using Targeted Enrichment of Nuclear Genes |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=9 |pages=1941 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2018.01941 |issn=1664-462X |pmc=6334231 |pmid=30687347|doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Genera==
==Subfamilies==
The taxonomy of the Annonaceae is based on the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]], which recognises four subfamilies<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/genera/annonaceaegen.html |title=List of Genera in ANNONACEAE |website=[[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] |year=2001 |version=13 |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Xing |first2=Chin Cheung |last2=Tang |first3=Daniel C. |last3=Thomas |first4=Thomas L.P. |last4=Couvreur | first5=Richard M.K. |last5=Saunders |title=A mega-phylogeny of the Annonaceae: taxonomic placement of five enigmatic genera and support for a new tribe, Phoenicantheae |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |year=2018 |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=7323 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-07252-2 |pmid=28779135 |pmc=5544705}}</ref> and the extinct genus {{extinct}}''[[Anonaspermum]]''<ref name="Manchester1994">{{cite journal |last1=Manchester |first1=S.R. |title=Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon |year=1994 |journal=[[Palaeontographica Americana]] |volume=58 |pages=30–31}}</ref>
The taxonomy of the Annonaceae is based on the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]], which recognises four subfamilies<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/genera/annonaceaegen.html |title=List of Genera in ANNONACEAE |website=[[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] |year=2001 |version=13 |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Xing |first2=Chin Cheung |last2=Tang |first3=Daniel C. |last3=Thomas |first4=Thomas L.P. |last4=Couvreur | first5=Richard M.K. |last5=Saunders |title=A mega-phylogeny of the Annonaceae: taxonomic placement of five enigmatic genera and support for a new tribe, Phoenicantheae |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |year=2018 |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=7323 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-07252-2 |pmid=28779135 |pmc=5544705}}</ref> and the extinct genus {{extinct}}''[[Anonaspermum]]''<ref name="Manchester1994">{{cite journal |last1=Manchester |first1=S.R. |title=Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon |year=1994 |journal=[[Palaeontographica Americana]] |volume=58 |pages=30–31}}</ref>

===[[Anaxagoreoideae]]===
===[[Anaxagoreoideae]]===
Auth.: Chatrou et al. 2012 (monotypic)
Auth.: Chatrou et al. 2012 (monotypic)
* ''[[Anaxagorea]]'' <small>St.-Hilaire 1825</small>
* ''[[Anaxagorea]]'' <small>St.-Hilaire 1825</small>

===Ambavioideae===
===Ambavioideae===
Auth.: Chatrou et al. 2012
Auth.: Chatrou et al. 2012
Line 166: Line 168:
* ''[[Mezzettia]]'' <small>[[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]]</small>
* ''[[Mezzettia]]'' <small>[[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]]</small>
* ''[[Tetrameranthus]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
* ''[[Tetrameranthus]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
===Annonoideae===
===[[Annonoideae]]===
Auth.: Rafinesque 1815
Auth. [[Raf.|Rafinesque]], 1815
⚫
* '''Tribe [[Annoneae]]''' <small>Endlicher 1839</small>
⚫
** ''[[Annona]]'' <small>L.</small> (synonym ''[[Rollinia]]'' <small>A. St.-Hil.</small>)
⚫
** ''[[Anonidium]]'' <small>Engl. & Diels</small>
⚫
** ''[[Asimina]]'' <small>Adans.</small>
⚫
** ''[[Diclinanona]]'' <small>Diels</small>
⚫
** ''[[Disepalum]]'' <small>Hook. f.</small>
⚫
** ''[[Goniothalamus]]'' <small>(Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson</small>
⚫
** ''[[Neostenanthera]]'' <small>Exell</small> (syn. ''Boutiquea'' <small>Le Thomas</small>)
* '''Tribe [[Bocageeae]]''' <small>Endlicher 1839</small>
* '''Tribe [[Bocageeae]]''' <small>Endlicher 1839</small>
** ''[[Bocagea]]'' <small>A.St.-Hil.</small>
** ''[[Bocagea]]'' <small>A.St.-Hil.</small>
** ''[[Cardiopetalum]]'' <small>Schltdl.</small>
** ''[[Cardiopetalum]]'' <small>Schltdl.</small>
** ''[[Cymbopetalum]]'' <small>Benth.</small><!-- Bird Conservation International (2007) 17:45–61. doi: 10.1017/S0959270906000554 -->
** ''[[Cymbopetalum]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
** ''[[Froesiodendron]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Froesiodendron]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Hornschuchia]]'' <small>Nees</small>
** ''[[Hornschuchia]]'' <small>Nees</small>
Line 177: Line 187:
** ''[[Porcelia]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small>
** ''[[Porcelia]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small>
** ''[[Trigynaea]]'' <small>Schltdl.</small>
** ''[[Trigynaea]]'' <small>Schltdl.</small>
* '''Tribe [[Xylopieae]]''' <small>Endlicher 1839</small>
** ''[[Artabotrys]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> [''[[Ropalopetalum]]'' <small>Griff.</small>]
⚫
** ''[[Xylopia]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Pseudannona]]'' <small>(Baillon) Safford</small>)
* '''Tribe [[Duguetieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
* '''Tribe [[Duguetieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
** ''[[Duckeanthus]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Duckeanthus]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Duguetia]]'' <small>A.St.-Hil.</small> (''[[Pachypodanthium]]'' <small>Engler & Diels</small>)<!-- AnnMOBotGard78:273. RevBrasOrnitol14:285. -->
** ''[[Duguetia]]'' <small>A.St.-Hil.</small>
** ''[[Fusaea]]'' <small>(Baill.) Saff.</small>
** ''[[Fusaea]]'' <small>(Baill.) Saff.</small>
** ''[[Letestudoxa]]'' <small>Pellegr.</small>
** ''[[Letestudoxa]]'' <small>Pellegr.</small>
** ''[[Pseudartabotrys]]'' <small>Pellegr.</small>
** ''[[Pseudartabotrys]]'' <small>Pellegr.</small>
* '''Tribe [[Guatterieae]]''' <small>Hooker & Thomson 1855</small>
* '''Tribe [[Guatterieae]]''' <small>Hooker & Thomson 1855</small>
** ''[[Guatteria]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small> [''[[Guatteriella]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>, ''[[Guatteriopsis]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>, ''[[Heteropetalum]]'' <small>Benth.</small>]
** ''[[Guatteria]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small>
⚫
* '''Tribe [[Annoneae]]''' <small>Endlicher 1839</small>
** ''[[Annona]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Guanabanus]]'' <small>Mill.</small>, ''[[Raimondia]]'' <small>Saff.</small>, ''[[Rollinia]]'' <small>A. St.-Hil.</small>, ''[[Rolliniopsis]]'' <small>Saff.</small>)
⚫
** ''[[Anonidium]]'' <small>Engl. & Diels</small>
** ''[[Asimina]]'' <small>Adans.</small> (''[[Deeringothamnus]]'' <small>Small</small>, ''[[Orchidocarpum]]'' <small>Michx.</small>, ''[[Pityothamnus]]'' <small>Small</small>)
⚫
** ''[[Diclinanona]]'' <small>Diels</small>
⚫
** ''[[Disepalum]]'' <small>Hook. f.</small>
⚫
** ''[[Goniothalamus]]'' <small>(Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson</small> (''[[Richella]]'' <small>A.Gray</small>)
⚫
** ''[[Neostenanthera]]'' <small>Exell</small> [''[[Boutiquea]]'' <small>Le Thomas</small>]
* '''Tribe [[Monodoreae]]''' <small>Baill. 1868</small>
* '''Tribe [[Monodoreae]]''' <small>Baill. 1868</small>
** ''[[Asteranthe]]'' <small>Engl. & Diels</small>
** ''[[Asteranthe]]'' <small>Engl. & Diels</small>
** ''[[Dennettia]]'' {{small|Baker f.}}<ref name = Dagallier/>
** ''[[Hexalobus]]'' <small>A.DC.</small>
** ''[[Hexalobus]]'' <small>A.DC.</small>
** ''[[Isolona]]'' <small>Engl.</small>
** ''[[Isolona]]'' <small>Engl.</small>
** ''[[Lukea]]'' {{small|Cheek & Gosline}}<ref name = Dagallier/>
** ''[[Mischogyne]]'' <small>Exell</small>
** ''[[Mischogyne]]'' <small>Exell</small>
** ''[[Monocyclanthus]]'' <small>Keay</small>
** ''[[Monocyclanthus]]'' <small>Keay</small>
** ''[[Monodora]]'' <small>Dunal</small>
** ''[[Monodora]]'' <small>Dunal</small>
⚫
** ''[[Ophrypetalum]]'' <small>Diels</small>
⚫
** ''[[Sanrafaelia]]'' <small>Verdc.</small>
** ''[[Uvariastrum]]'' <small>Engl.</small>
** ''[[Uvariastrum]]'' <small>Engl.</small>
** ''[[Uvariodendron]]'' <small>(Engl. & Diels) R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Uvariodendron]]'' <small>(Engl. & Diels) R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Uvariopsis]]'' <small>Engl.</small> (''[[Dennettia]]'' <small>Baker f.</small>)
** ''[[Uvariopsis]]'' <small>Engl.</small>
* '''Tribe [[Ophrypetaleae]]''' {{small|Dagallier & Couvreur}}<ref name = Dagallier>Dagallier LMJ, Mbago FM, Couderc M, Gaudeul M, Grall A, Loup C, Wieringa JJ, Sonké B, Couvreur TLP. Phylogenomic inference of the African tribe Monodoreae (Annonaceae) and taxonomic revision of Dennettia, Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis. PhytoKeys. 2023 Sep 22;233:1-200. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.233.103096. PMID 37811332; PMCID: PMC10552675.</ref>
⚫
** ''[[Ophrypetalum]]'' <small>Diels</small>
⚫
** ''[[Sanrafaelia]]'' <small>Verdc.</small>
* '''Tribe [[Uvarieae]]''' <small>Hooker & Thomson 1855</small>
* '''Tribe [[Uvarieae]]''' <small>Hooker & Thomson 1855</small>
** ''[[Afroguatteria]]'' <small>Boutique</small>
** ''[[Afroguatteria]]'' {{small|Boutique}}
** ''[[Cleistochlamys]]'' <small>Oliv.</small>
** ''[[Cleistochlamys]]'' <small>Oliv.</small>
** ''[[Dasymaschalon]]'' <small>(Hook.f. & Thomson) Dalla Torre & Harms</small>
** ''[[Dasymaschalon]]'' <small>(Hook.f. & Thomson) Dalla Torre & Harms</small>
** ''[[Desmos]]'' <small>Lour.</small>
** ''[[Desmos (genus)|Desmos]]'' <small>Lour.</small>
** ''[[Dielsiothamnus]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Dielsiothamnus]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Fissistigma]]'' <small>Griff.</small>
** ''[[Fissistigma]]'' <small>Griff.</small>
** ''[[Friesodielsia]]'' <small>Steenis</small>
** ''[[Friesodielsia]]'' <small>Steenis</small>
** ''[[Melodorum]]'' <small>Lour.</small>
** ''[[Monanthotaxis]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
** ''[[Pyramidanthe]]'' <small>Miq.</small> (synonym ''Mitrella'' {{small|Miq.}})<ref>Bangkomnate R., Damthongdee A., Baka A., Aongyong K. & Chaowasku T. 2021: ''Pyramidanthe'' and ''Mitrella'' (Annonaceae, Uvarieae) unified: molecular phylogenetic and morphological congruence, with new combinations in Pyramidanthe. – ''Willdenowia'' 51: 383–394.</ref>
⚫
** ''[[Mitrella (plant)|Mitrella]]'' <small>Miq.</small>
** ''[[Sphaerocoryne (plant)|Sphaerocoryne]]'' <small>(Boerl.) Ridl.</small>
** ''[[Monanthotaxis]]'' <small>Baill.</small> [''[[Gilbertiella]]'' <small>Boutique</small>; ''[[Exellia]]'' <small>Boutique</small>]
** ''[[Pyramidanthe]]'' <small>Miq.</small>
** ''[[Toussaintia]]'' {{small|Boutique}}
** ''[[Schefferomitra]]'' <small>Diels</small>
** ''[[Uvaria]]'' <small>L.</small> (synonyms ''Balonga'' <small>Le Thomas</small> and ''Melodorum'' <small>Lour.</small>)
** ''[[Sphaerocoryne]]'' <small>(Boerl.) Ridl.</small>
* '''Tribe [[Xylopieae]]''' <small>Endlicher 1839</small>
** ''[[Toussaintia]]'' <small>Boutique</small>
** ''[[Artabotrys]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
⚫
** ''[[Xylopia]]'' <small>L.</small>
** ''[[Uvaria]]'' <small>L.</small> (''[[Anomianthus]]'' <small>Zoll.</small>, ''[[Balonga]]'' <small>Le Thomas</small>, ''[[Cyathostemma]]'' <small>Griff.</small>, ''[[Dasoclema]]'' <small>J.Sinclair</small>, ''[[Ellipeia]]'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small>, ''[[Ellipeiopsis]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>, ''[[Rauwenhoffia]]'' <small>Scheff.</small>, * ''[[Xylopiastrum]]'' <small>Roberty</small>)


===Malmeoideae===
===[[Malmeoideae]]===
⚫
*'''Tribe''' '''[[Annickieae]]''' <small>Couvreur et al., 2019 <ref name=":1" /></small> ([[monotypic]])
Auth.: Chatrou et al. 2012
⚫
*'''Tribe''' '''[[Annickieae]]''' <small>Couvreur et al., 2019 <ref name=":1" /></small>
**''[[Annickia]]'' <small>Setten & Maas</small>
**''[[Annickia]]'' <small>Setten & Maas</small>
*'''Tribe [[Piptostigmateae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
*'''Tribe [[Piptostigmateae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
**''[[Brieya]]''
** ''[[Brieya]]'' {{small|De Wild.}}
**''[[Greenwayodendron]]'' <small>Verdc.</small>
** ''[[Greenwayodendron]]'' <small>Verdc.</small>
**''[[Mwasumbia]]'' <small>Couvreur & D.M. Johnson</small>
** ''[[Mwasumbia]]'' <small>Couvreur & D.M. Johnson</small>
**''[[Piptostigma]]'' <small>Oliv.</small>
** ''[[Piptostigma]]'' <small>Oliv.</small>
**''[[Polyceratocarpus]]'' <small>Engl. & Diels</small>
** ''[[Polyceratocarpus]]'' <small>Engl. & Diels</small>
**''[[Sirdavidia]]'' <small>Couvreur</small>
** ''[[Sirdavidia]]'' <small>Couvreur</small>
*'''Tribe [[Malmeeae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
*'''Tribe [[Malmeeae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
** ''[[Bocageopsis]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Bocageopsis]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Cremastosperma]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Cremastosperma]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Ephedranthus]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
** ''[[Ephedranthus]]'' {{small|S.Moore}}
** ''[[Klarobelia]]'' <small>Chatrou</small>
** ''[[Klarobelia]]'' {{small|Chatrou}}
** ''[[Malmea]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Malmea]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Mosannona]]'' <small>Chatrou</small>
** ''[[Mosannona]]'' {{small|Chatrou}}
** ''[[Onychopetalum]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Onychopetalum]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Oxandra]]'' <small>A.Rich.</small> (black lancewood)
** ''[[Oxandra]]'' <small>A.Rich.</small> (black lancewood)
** ''[[Pseudephedranthus]]'' <small>Aristeg.</small>
** ''[[Pseudephedranthus]]'' {{small|Aristeg.}}
** ''[[Pseudomalmea]]'' <small>Chatrou</small>
** ''[[Pseudomalmea]]'' {{small|Chatrou}}
** ''[[Pseudoxandra]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Pseudoxandra]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Ruizodendron]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Ruizodendron]]'' {{small|R.E.Fr.}}
** ''[[Unonopsis]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
** ''[[Unonopsis]]'' <small>R.E.Fr.</small>
*'''Tribe [[Maasieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
*'''Tribe [[Maasieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small> (monotypic)
** ''[[Maasia]]'' <small>Mols et al.</small>
** ''[[Maasia]]'' <small>Mols et al.</small>
*'''Tribe [[Fenerivieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
*'''Tribe [[Fenerivieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small> (monotypic)
** ''[[Fenerivia]]'' <small>Diels</small>
** ''[[Fenerivia]]'' <small>Diels</small>
*'''Tribe [[Phoenicantheae]]'''
*'''Tribe [[Phoenicantheae]]''' (monotypic)
** ''[[Phoenicanthus]]'' <small>Alston</small>
** ''[[Phoenicanthus]]'' <small>Alston</small>
*'''Tribe [[Dendrokingstonieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
*'''Tribe [[Dendrokingstonieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small> (monotypic)
** ''[[Dendrokingstonia]]'' <small>Rauschert</small>
** ''[[Dendrokingstonia]]'' <small>Rauschert</small>
*'''Tribe [[Monocarpieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
*'''Tribe [[Monocarpieae]]''' <small>Chatrou & Saunders 2012</small>
** ''[[Monocarpia]]'' <small>Miq.</small>
** ''[[Monocarpia]]'' <small>Miq.</small>
** ''[[Leoheo]]'' {{small|Chaowasku}}<ref>Chaowasku, T., A. Damthongdee, H. Jongsook, D.T. Ngo, H.T. Le, D.M. Tran & S. Suddee (2018). Enlarging the monotypic Monocarpieae (Annonaceae, Malmeoideae): recognition of a second genus from Vietnam informed by morphology and molecular phylogenetics. ''Candollea'' 73: 261–275. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2018v732a11</ref>
*'''Tribe [[Miliuseae]]''' <small>Hooker & Thomson 1855</small>
*'''Tribe [[Miliuseae]]''' <small>Hooker & Thomson 1855</small>
** ''[[Alphonsea]]'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small>
** ''[[Alphonsea]]'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small>
Line 266: Line 268:
** ''[[Marsypopetalum]]'' <small>Scheff.</small>
** ''[[Marsypopetalum]]'' <small>Scheff.</small>
** ''[[Meiogyne]]'' <small>Miq.</small> (synonyms: ''Ancana'' <small>F. Mueller</small>; ''Guamia'' <small>Merrill</small>; ''Fitzalania'' <small>F. Muell.</small>; ''Oncodostigma'' <small>Diels</small>, ''Polyaulax'' <small>Backer</small>)
** ''[[Meiogyne]]'' <small>Miq.</small> (synonyms: ''Ancana'' <small>F. Mueller</small>; ''Guamia'' <small>Merrill</small>; ''Fitzalania'' <small>F. Muell.</small>; ''Oncodostigma'' <small>Diels</small>, ''Polyaulax'' <small>Backer</small>)
** ''[[Miliusa]]'' <small>Lesch. ex A.DC.</small> (''[[Saccopetalum]]'' <small>Bennett</small>)
** ''[[Miliusa]]'' <small>Lesch. ex A.DC.</small> (''Saccopetalum'' <small>Bennett</small>)
** ''[[Mitrephora]]'' <small>(Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson</small> (''[[Kinginda]]'' <small>Kuntze</small>)
** ''[[Mitrephora]]'' <small>(Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson</small>
** ''[[Monoon]]'' <small>Miq.</small> (''Cleistopetalum'' <small>H. Okada</small>, ''Enicosanthum'' <small>Becc.</small>, ''Woodiellantha'' <small>Rauschert</small>)
** ''[[Monoon]]'' <small>Miq.</small> (''Cleistopetalum'' <small>H. Okada</small>, ''Enicosanthum'' <small>Becc.</small>, ''Woodiellantha'' <small>Rauschert</small>)
** ''[[Neo-uvaria]]'' <small>Airy Shaw</small>
** ''[[Neo-uvaria]]'' <small>Airy Shaw</small>
** ''[[Orophea]]'' (''Mezzettiopsis'' <small>Ridley</small>)
** ''[[Orophea]]'' <small>Blume</small>
** ''[[Phaeanthus]]'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small>
** ''[[Phaeanthus]]'' <small>Hook.f. & Thomson</small>
** ''[[Platymitra]]'' <small>Boerl.</small>
** ''[[Platymitra]]'' <small>Boerl.</small>
** ''[[Polyalthia]]'' <small>Blume</small> (''Haplostichanthus'' <small>F. Muell.</small>, ''Papualthia'' <small>Diels</small>)
** ''[[Polyalthia]]'' <small>Blume</small>
** ''[[Polyalthiopsis]]'' <small>Chaowasku</small>
** ''[[Polyalthiopsis]]'' <small>Chaowasku</small>
** ''[[Popowia]]'' <small>Endl.</small>
** ''[[Popowia]]'' <small>Endl.</small>
** ''[[Pseuduvaria]]'' <small>Miq.</small> (''[[Craibella]]'' <small>R.M.K. Saunders et al.</small>, ''[[Oreomitra]]'' <small>Diels</small>, ''[[Petalolophus]]'' <small>K. Schumann</small>)
** ''[[Pseuduvaria]]'' <small>Miq.</small>
** ''[[Sageraea]]'' <small>Dalzell</small>
** ''[[Sageraea]]'' <small>Dalzell</small>
** ''[[Sapranthus]]'' <small>Seem.</small>
** ''[[Sapranthus]]'' <small>Seem.</small>
** ''[[Stelechocarpus]]'' <small>Hook.f. & Thompson</small>
** ''[[Stelechocarpus]]'' <small>Chaowasku</small> (synonym ''Winitia'' <small>Chaowasku</small>) - ''[[Stelechocarpus burahol]]''<ref>[http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77130795-1 Plants of the World Online (PoWO): ''Wintia'' B. Xue, Y.H. Tan & Chaowasku (retrieved 9 April 2020)]</ref>
** ''[[Stenanona]]'' <small>Standl.</small> (''[[Reedrollinsia]]'' <small>J. W. Walker</small>)
** ''[[Stenanona]]'' <small>Standl.</small>
** ''[[Tridimeris]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
** ''[[Tridimeris]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
** ''[[Trivalvaria]]'' <small>(Miq.) Miq.</small>
** ''[[Trivalvaria]]'' <small>(Miq.) Miq.</small>
** ''[[Wangia (plant)|Wangia]]'' <small>X. Guo & R.M.K. Saunders</small> (central & southern China)
** ''[[Wangia (plant)|Wangia]]'' <small>X.Guo & R.M.K.Saunders</small>
** ''[[Wuodendron]]'' <small>B.Xue, Y.H.Tan & Chaowasku</small>
** ''[[Wuodendron]]'' <small>B.Xue, Y.H.Tan & Chaowasku</small>


==Uses==
==Uses==
[[Image:Asimina triloba red fern farm.jpg|thumb|200px|''Asimina triloba'' fruit.]]
[[Image:Asimina triloba red fern farm.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Asimina triloba]]'' fruit]]


===Food===
===Food===
The large, edible, pulpy fruits of some members, typically called ''anona'' by Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking people of the family's Neotropical range, include species of ''[[Annona]]'': [[custard apple]] (''[[Annona reticulata|A. reticulata]]''), [[cherimoya]] (''[[Annona cherimola|A. cherimola]]''), [[soursop]]/guanábana/graviola (''[[Annona muricata|A. muricata]]''), [[sweetsop]] (''[[Annona squamosa|A. squamosa]]''), [[ilama (fruit)|ilama]] (''[[Annona diversifolia|A. diversifolia]]''), [[Annona purpurea|soncoya]] (''[[Annona purpurea|A. purpurea]]''), ''[[atemoya]]'' (a cross between ''A. cherimola'' and ''A. squamosa''); and [[Rollinia deliciosa|biriba]] (''[[Rollinia deliciosa]]'', which may require reclassification under ''Annona'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?10530 |title=Genus: ''Rollinia'' A. St.-Hil. |access-date=2008-04-16 |author=Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) |author-link=Germplasm Resources Information Network |date=2008-02-14 |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, MD}}</ref> The names of many of those fruits are sometimes used interchangeably.
The large, edible, pulpy fruits of some members, typically called ''anona'' by Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking people of the family's Neotropical range, include species of ''[[Annona]]'': custard apple (''[[Annona reticulata|A.&nbsp;reticulata]]''), cherimoya (''[[Annona cherimola|A.&nbsp;cherimola]]''), soursop/guanábana/graviola (''[[Soursop|A.&nbsp;muricata]]''), sweetsop (''[[Annona squamosa|A.&nbsp;squamosa]]''), ilama (''[[Annona macroprophyllata|A.&nbsp;macroprophyllata]]''), soncoya (''[[Annona purpurea|A.&nbsp;purpurea]]''), ''[[atemoya]]'' (a cross between ''A.&nbsp;cherimola'' and ''A.&nbsp;squamosa''); and biriba (''[[Annona mucosa|A.&nbsp;mucosa]]'').<ref>Verspagen, N. & Erkens, R.H.J. 2020. ''[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/142423363/142423374 Annona mucosa]''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T142423363A142423374. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T142423363A142423374.en. Accessed 27 September 2024.</ref> The names of many of those fruits are sometimes used interchangeably.


Recently, consumption of the neotropical annonaceous plant ''Annona muricata'' (soursop, ''graviola, guanabana'') has been strongly associated as a causal agent in "atypical [[Parkinsonism]]". The causative agent, [[annonacin]], is present in the seeds and leaves of many of the Annonaceae, though not in any significant quantity in the fruit flesh. It is thought to be responsible for up to 70% of Parkinsonian conditions in Guadeloupe. Exposure is typically through traditional food and natural medicines.<ref name="health_parkinsons1">{{cite journal |last=Lannuzel |first=A |title=The mitochondrial complex i inhibitor annonacin is toxic to mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons by impairment of energy metabolism |journal=Neuroscience |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=287–296 |publisher=International Brain Research Organization |date=2003-10-06 |doi=10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00441-X |pmid=14521988 |s2cid=37873631 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Champy |first=Pierre |title=Quantification of acetogenins in Annona muricata linked to atypical parkinsonism in guadeloupe |journal=Movement Disorders |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1629–1633 |date=2005-08-02 |doi=10.1002/mds.20632 |pmid=16078200 |s2cid=31508365 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Is atypical parkinsonism in the Caribbean caused by the consumption of Annonacae? |pmid=17017523 |journal=J Neural Transm Suppl |year=2006 |pages=153–157 |issue=70 |vauthors=Lannuzel A, Höglinger GU, Champy P, Michel PP, Hirsch EC, Ruberg M |doi=10.1007/978-3-211-45295-0_24 |volume=70 |series=Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa |isbn=978-3-211-28927-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=10440304 |date=1999-07-24 |volume=354 |issue=9175 |pages=281–6 |title=Possible relation of atypical parkinsonism in the French West Indies with consumption of tropical plants: a case-control study |vauthors=Caparros-Lefebvre D, Elbaz A |journal=[[The Lancet]] |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10166-6|s2cid=24204451 }}</ref>
Consumption of the neotropical annonaceous plant ''Annona muricata'' (soursop, ''graviola, guanabana'') has been strongly associated as a causal agent in "atypical [[Parkinsonism]]". The causative agent, [[annonacin]], is present in the seeds and leaves of many of the Annonaceae, though not in any significant quantity in the fruit flesh. It is thought to be responsible for up to 70% of Parkinsonian conditions in Guadeloupe. Exposure is typically through traditional food and natural medicines.<ref name="health_parkinsons1">{{cite journal |last=Lannuzel |first=A |title=The mitochondrial complex i inhibitor annonacin is toxic to mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons by impairment of energy metabolism |journal=Neuroscience |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=287–296 |publisher=International Brain Research Organization |date=2003-10-06 |doi=10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00441-X |pmid=14521988 |s2cid=37873631 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Champy |first=Pierre |title=Quantification of acetogenins in Annona muricata linked to atypical parkinsonism in guadeloupe |journal=Movement Disorders |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1629–1633 |date=2005-08-02 |doi=10.1002/mds.20632 |pmid=16078200 |s2cid=31508365 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders |pmid=17017523 |journal=Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum |year=2006 |pages=153–157 |issue=70 |vauthors=Lannuzel A, Höglinger GU, Champy P, Michel PP, Hirsch EC, Ruberg M |chapter=Is atypical parkinsonism in the Caribbean caused by the consumption of Annonacae? |doi=10.1007/978-3-211-45295-0_24 |volume=70 |series=Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa |isbn=978-3-211-28927-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=10440304 |date=1999-07-24 |volume=354 |issue=9175 |pages=281–6 |title=Possible relation of atypical parkinsonism in the French West Indies with consumption of tropical plants: a case-control study |vauthors=Caparros-Lefebvre D, Elbaz A |journal=[[The Lancet]] |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10166-6|s2cid=24204451 }}</ref>


The American pawpaw (''[[Asimina triloba]]'') has an [[Eastern U.S.]] distribution, and is currently under investigation as a commercial agricultural crop.<ref name="Pomper">{{cite journal
The American pawpaw (''[[Asimina triloba]]'') has an Eastern United States distribution and has been investigated as a commercial agricultural crop.<ref name="Pomper">{{cite journal
| last =Pomper
| last =Pomper
| first =K.W.
| first =K.W.
Line 314: Line 316:
|access-date= 2 July 2015
|access-date= 2 July 2015
|quote=Flavoring of drinking chocolate
|quote=Flavoring of drinking chocolate
}}</ref> were traditionally used to flavor [[chocolate]]<ref name="uphof">{{cite book |last1=Uphof |first1=Johannes Cornelis Theodorus |author-link1=Johannes Cornelius Theodorus Uphof |year=1968 |orig-year=1959 |title=Dictionary of Economic Plants |language=en |edition=second |location=New York, NY |publisher=J. Cramer |page=167 |isbn=9783904144711 |oclc=48693661 }}</ref> before the arrival of [[cinnamon]] and the other [[Old World]] spices.<ref name=inventory>{{cite book
}}</ref> were traditionally used to flavor chocolate<ref name="uphof">{{cite book |last1=Uphof |first1=Johannes Cornelis Theodorus |author-link1=Johannes Cornelius Theodorus Uphof |year=1968 |orig-year=1959 |title=Dictionary of Economic Plants |language=en |edition=second |location=New York, NY |publisher=J. Cramer |page=167 |isbn=9783904144711 |oclc=48693661 }}</ref> before the arrival of cinnamon and the other [[Old World]] spices.<ref name=inventory>{{cite book
|date= May 1922
|date= May 1922
|editor1-last= U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry
|editor1-last= U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry
Line 328: Line 330:
|archive-date= 21 December 2016
|archive-date= 21 December 2016
|url-status= dead
|url-status= dead
}}</ref> The dried petals are still used to flavor [[atole]]s, [[pinole]]s, and [[coffee]].<ref name=names>{{cite book
}}</ref> The dried petals are still used to flavor [[atole]]s, [[pinole]]s, and coffee.<ref name=names>{{cite book
|last1= Murray
|last1= Murray
|first1= Nancy A.
|first1= Nancy A.
Line 344: Line 346:


===Folk medicine===
===Folk medicine===
The bark, leaves, and roots of some species are used in [[folk medicine]]s.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}
The bark, leaves, and roots of some species are used in folk medicines.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}


==Toxicology==
==Toxicology==
The compound [[annonacin]], which occurs in the seeds and leaves of many Annonaceae, including soursop (''[[Annona muricata]]''), is a [[neurotoxin]] and seems to be the cause of a neurodegenerative disease. The disorder is a so-called [[tauopathy]] associated with a pathologic accumulation of [[tau protein]] in the brain. Experimental results indicate that annonacin is responsible for this accumulation.<ref>Informationsdienst Wissenschaft: ''[http://idw.tu-clausthal.de/pages/de/news207375 Tauopathie durch pflanzliches Nervengift] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613202624/http://idw.tu-clausthal.de/pages/de/news207375 |date=June 13, 2007}}'', 4. Mai 2007</ref>
The [[acetogenin]] compounds, which occur in the fruit, seeds, and leaves of many Annonaceae, including soursop (''[[Annona muricata]]''), are [[neurotoxin|neurotoxins]] and seem to be the cause of a [[Neurodegenerative Disease|neurodegenerative disease]]. The disorder is a so-called [[tauopathy]] associated with a pathologic accumulation of [[tau protein]] in the brain. Experimental results indicate that acetogenins are responsible for this accumulation.<ref>Informationsdienst Wissenschaft: ''[http://idw.tu-clausthal.de/pages/de/news207375 Tauopathie durch pflanzliches Nervengift] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613202624/http://idw.tu-clausthal.de/pages/de/news207375 |date=June 13, 2007}}'', 4. Mai 2007</ref>


==Other uses==
==Other uses==
'''Lancewood''' (''[[Oxandra lanceolata]]'')<ref name="Lincoln">{{cite book |last=Lincoln |first=William A |title=World Woods in Colour |publisher=Stobard Davies Ltd |location=Hertford, UK |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-85442-028-5}}</ref> is a tough, elastic, and heavy wood obtained from the [[West Indies]] and [[the Guianas]]. It was often used for [[carriage]] shafts. It is brought into commerce in the form of taper poles of about 6&nbsp;m in length and from 15 to 20&nbsp;cm in breadth at the butt. The black lancewood or carisiri of the Guianas is of remarkably slender form.
'''Lancewood''' (''[[Oxandra lanceolata]]'')<ref name="Lincoln">{{cite book |last=Lincoln |first=William A |title=World Woods in Colour |publisher=Stobard Davies Ltd |location=Hertford, UK |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-85442-028-5}}</ref> is a tough, elastic, and heavy wood obtained from the [[West Indies]] and [[The Guianas]]. It was often used for [[carriage]] shafts. It is brought into commerce in the form of taper poles of about 6&nbsp;m in length and from 15 to 20&nbsp;cm in breadth at the butt. The black lancewood or carisiri of the Guianas is of remarkably slender form.


The yellow lancewood tree [[Calycophyllum|''Calycophyllum candididissimum'']], common names '''lemonwood''' or '''degame''', is from a different family ([[Rubiaceae]]).<ref name="Lincoln" /> It is used as an alternative to lancewood and is found in tolerable abundance throughout The Guianas, and used by the Amerinds for arrow-points, as well as for spars, beams, etc. Some bowyers use this wood for making longbows.
The yellow lancewood tree [[Calycophyllum|''Calycophyllum candididissimum'']], common names '''lemonwood''' or '''degame''', is from a different family ([[Rubiaceae]]).<ref name="Lincoln" /> It is used as an alternative to lancewood and is found in tolerable abundance throughout The Guianas, and used by the Amerinds for arrow-points, as well as for spars, beams, etc. Some [[Bowyer|bowyers]] use this wood for making [[Longbow|longbows]].


===Other===
===Other===
[[Image:Ylang-Eden.jpg|thumb|200px|Ylang-ylang (''[[Cananga odorata]])'' flowers.]]
[[Image:Ylang-Eden.jpg|thumb|200px|Ylang-ylang (''[[Cananga odorata]])'' flowers.]]


* Some species of the family, such as ''Cananga odorata'' ([[ylang-ylang]]) also have [[aromatic oil]] and are used for [[perfume]]s or [[spice]]s.<ref name="nh1"/>
* Some species of the family, such as ''Cananga odorata'' ([[ylang-ylang]]) also have [[aromatic oil]] and are used for perfumes or spices.<ref name="nh1"/>
* The strong bark is used for carrying burdens in the [[Amazon Rainforest]]<ref name="nh1"/> and for wooden implements, such as tool handles and pegs.<ref name="icuc">{{cite web
* The strong bark is used for carrying burdens in the [[Amazon Rainforest]]<ref name="nh1"/> and for wooden implements, such as tool handles and pegs.<ref name="icuc">{{cite web
|url=http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/files/News/Resources/Factsheets/annona.pdf
|url=http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/files/News/Resources/Factsheets/annona.pdf
Line 370: Line 372:
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720053635/http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/files/News/Resources/Factsheets/annona.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720053635/http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/files/News/Resources/Factsheets/annona.pdf
|archive-date=2011-07-20
|archive-date=2011-07-20
}}</ref> The wood is valued as [[firewood]].<ref name="nh1"/>
}}</ref> The wood is valued as firewood.<ref name="nh1"/>
* Yellow and brown [[dyes]]<ref name="icuc"/>
* Yellow and brown natural dyes<ref name="icuc"/>
* Some species are also grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, especially the Indian species ''[[Polyalthia longifolia]] pendula''.
* Some species are also grown as ornamental plants, especially the Indian species ''[[Polyalthia longifolia]] pendula''.
* The fruit and leaves of ''[[Uvariopsis tripetala]]'' (pepperfruit) are used as a spice for [[meats]] in some parts of [[Nigeria]], due to its "hot" peppery flavor.
* The fruit and leaves of ''[[Uvariopsis tripetala]]'' (pepperfruit) are used as a spice for meats in some parts of [[Nigeria]], due to its "hot" peppery flavor.


==Chemical constituents==
==Chemical constituents==
A large number of chemical compounds, including [[flavonoid]]s, [[alkaloid]]s, and [[acetogenin]]s, have been extracted from the seeds and many other parts of these plants. Flavonoids and alkaloids contained in the leaves and bark of several species of the family have shown insecticidal properties.<ref name="icuc"/>
A large number of chemical compounds, including [[flavonoid]]s, [[alkaloid]]s, and [[acetogenin]]s, have been extracted from the seeds and many other parts of these plants. Flavonoids and alkaloids contained in the leaves and bark of several species of the family have shown [[Insecticide|insecticidal]] properties.<ref name="icuc"/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Custard Apple|volume=7|page=667}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Custard Apple|volume=7|page=667}}


Line 390: Line 392:
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ANNONACEAE.html Annonaceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ANNONACEAE.html Annonaceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]


{{Angiosperm families}}
{{taxonbar|from=Q220025}}
{{taxonbar|from=Q220025}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Annonaceae| ]]
[[Category:Annonaceae| ]]
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[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Edible fruits]]
[[Category:Edible fruits]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]]

Latest revision as of 21:43, 25 November 2024

Annonaceae
Temporal range: Coniacian - recent[1]
Annona squamosa fruit
Annona squamosa fruit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Juss.
Type genus
Annona
Subfamilies
Synonyms

The Annonaceae are a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas[3] commonly known as the custard apple family[4][3] or soursop family. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species,[5] it is the largest family in the Magnoliales. Several genera produce edible fruit, most notably Annona, Anonidium, Asimina, Rollinia, and Uvaria. Its type genus is Annona. The family is concentrated in the tropics, with few species found in temperate regions. About 900 species are Neotropical, 450 are Afrotropical, and the remaining are Indomalayan.

Description

[edit]
Annona muricata

The species are mostly tropical, some are mid-latitude, deciduous or evergreen trees and shrubs, with some lianas, with aromatic bark, leaves, and flowers.[3]

Stems, stalks and leaves
Bark is fibrous and aromatic. Pith septate (fine tangential bands[6] divided by partitions) to diaphragmed (divided by thin partitions with openings in them).[3] Branching distichous (arranged in two rows/on one plane) or spiral.[7] Leaves are alternate, two-ranked,[7] simple, pinnately veined, and have leaf stalks. Stipules absent.[3]
Flowers
Flower stalks are axillary to (on the opposite side of shoot from) leaf scars on old wood and sometimes from leaves on new shoots. The flowers are usually trimerous; borne singly or in compound inflorescences; bisexual and rarely unisexual. The receptacle might become enlarged, elevated or flat. The outer whorls are inserted below the ovaries, and have valvate (overlapping) or imbricate (nonoverlapping) segments. Usually two to four persistent sepals that are distinct or connate (fused) at the base. Six petals in two unequal whorls of three with larger outer whorls and fleshier inner whorls that might share the same nectar glands, or six to fifteen petals, with impressed veins on their inner face. Ten to twenty (or many more) stamens inserted below the ovary, spirally arranged and forming a ball or flat-topped mass with short and stout filaments and linear to oblong anthers which face outward and open longitudinally. Each flower can have from one to many pistils, distinct to connate, with stigmas distinct. Marginal placentation, each pistil bearing one locule, with one to many ovules. Style short and thick, with terminal stigma.[3]
Fruits and seeds
Fruits are single berries or coalesce from several pistils (into aggregate fruit, syncarps). Seeds are one to many per pistil; have a fleshy and usually brightly colored cover, have ruminate endosperm (nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo) and are oily.[3]

Systematics

[edit]

Monophyly and inter-familial systematics have been well supported for Annonaceae by a combination of morphological and molecular evidence.[8] The APG II system places Annonaceae as most closely related to the small Magnoliid family Eupomatiaceae.

Uvaria ovata
Magnoliidae
Annonaceae

In a phylogeny-based reclassification of the family[5] four subfamilies are recognised: Anaxagoreoideae (including just Anaxagorea), Ambavioideae, Annonoideae, and Malmeoideae. A number of the larger genera, including Guatteria, with its 177 species,[9] Annona, and Xylopia belong to Annonoideae. Together, Annonoideae and Malmeoideae comprise the majority of the species and each are further subdivided into a number of tribes. The subfamilial and tribal classification is followed in World Annonaceae which presents an overview of all Annonaceae genera and taxonomic, distribution and photographic information for a large number of species. Keys for the identification of Annonaceae genera (separately for Neotropical, African/Madagascan, and Asian/Australian taxa) are presented in:[10] For a concise bibliographic overview of the taxonomic literature (1900 to 2012) see:[11]

Both plastid DNA markers and morphological characters provide evidence that Anaxagorea is the sister clade to the rest of the family. This may confirm the hypothesis that morphological traits shared between Anaxagorea and other Magnoliales species (such as 2-ranked phyllotaxis, monosulcate pollen, and laminate stamens) represent ancestral characters, while derived characters observed in other genera have evolved independently multiple times.[12][13][14] The oldest fossil evidence of Annonaceae is described as the genus Futabanthus, from the Late Cretaceous (Coniacian) of Japan,[15] which represents a minimum age of c. 89 million years ago for the most recent common ancestor (crown group) of the family.[16] The ages of Annonaceae clades inferred using fossil evidence and molecular clock-based dating techniques suggests that the pantropical distribution of the family originated subsequent to the break-up of the Gondwanan supercontinent, as the result of a combination of geodispersal tracking the expansion of the boreotropical flora during the Eocene and more recent long-distance dispersal events.[17][18]

Taxonomic revisions within the subfamily Malmeoideae

[edit]

The reclassification and establishment of Huberantha

[edit]

The genus Huberantha (synonym Hubera) was resolved to be sister to Miliusa, with certain species previously under Polyalthia being additionally reclassified.[19] This reclassification was highly supported by maximum parsimony, Bayesian analysis, and morphological characters. Hubera is characterized by reticulate tertiary venation, axillary inflorescences, 1 ovule per ovary, seeds with flat to slightly raised raphes, and other characters. Huberantha's phylogenetic distance and morphological difference from Monoon and Polyalthia, distinguish Huberantha on the generic level. Morphologically, Huberantha has a finely and densely granular infratectum whereas Monoon and Polyalthia have columellate or densely granular infratecta.[19]

Controversy over Stelechocarpus/Winitia

[edit]

It was proposed that the genus Stelechocarpus, which includes S. burahol and S. cauliflorus be reclassified under a new genus Winitia, which is characterized by mixed flowers, multicolumellar stigmas, and columellate/coarsely granular infratectum. This genus was created after phylogenetic analysis that highly supported an unclassified species from Thailand being sister to S. cauliflorus as a monophyletic group.[20] However this is no longer accepted.[21]

Reclassification of Annickia as tribe Annickieae

[edit]

The genus Annickia was previously included within the tribe Piptostigmateae. However, it is highly supported to being sister to the rest of the Malmeoideae tribes, and weakly supported to being sister to the rest of the Piptostigmateae genera. For these reasons, Annickia is now classified within its own tribe in the Malmeoideae, the Annickieae.[22]

Subfamilies

[edit]

The taxonomy of the Annonaceae is based on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, which recognises four subfamilies[23][24] and the extinct genus †Anonaspermum[25]

Anaxagoreoideae

[edit]

Auth.: Chatrou et al. 2012 (monotypic)

Ambavioideae

[edit]

Auth.: Chatrou et al. 2012

Annonoideae

[edit]

Auth. Rafinesque, 1815

Malmeoideae

[edit]

Uses

[edit]
Asimina triloba fruit

Food

[edit]

The large, edible, pulpy fruits of some members, typically called anona by Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking people of the family's Neotropical range, include species of Annona: custard apple (A. reticulata), cherimoya (A. cherimola), soursop/guanábana/graviola (A. muricata), sweetsop (A. squamosa), ilama (A. macroprophyllata), soncoya (A. purpurea), atemoya (a cross between A. cherimola and A. squamosa); and biriba (A. mucosa).[29] The names of many of those fruits are sometimes used interchangeably.

Consumption of the neotropical annonaceous plant Annona muricata (soursop, graviola, guanabana) has been strongly associated as a causal agent in "atypical Parkinsonism". The causative agent, annonacin, is present in the seeds and leaves of many of the Annonaceae, though not in any significant quantity in the fruit flesh. It is thought to be responsible for up to 70% of Parkinsonian conditions in Guadeloupe. Exposure is typically through traditional food and natural medicines.[30][31][32][33]

The American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) has an Eastern United States distribution and has been investigated as a commercial agricultural crop.[34]

Flower petals from sacred earflower (Cymbopetalum penduliflorum) and from related species C. costaricense[35] were traditionally used to flavor chocolate[36] before the arrival of cinnamon and the other Old World spices.[37] The dried petals are still used to flavor atoles, pinoles, and coffee.[38]

Folk medicine

[edit]

The bark, leaves, and roots of some species are used in folk medicines.[citation needed]

Toxicology

[edit]

The acetogenin compounds, which occur in the fruit, seeds, and leaves of many Annonaceae, including soursop (Annona muricata), are neurotoxins and seem to be the cause of a neurodegenerative disease. The disorder is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain. Experimental results indicate that acetogenins are responsible for this accumulation.[39]

Other uses

[edit]

Lancewood (Oxandra lanceolata)[40] is a tough, elastic, and heavy wood obtained from the West Indies and The Guianas. It was often used for carriage shafts. It is brought into commerce in the form of taper poles of about 6 m in length and from 15 to 20 cm in breadth at the butt. The black lancewood or carisiri of the Guianas is of remarkably slender form.

The yellow lancewood tree Calycophyllum candididissimum, common names lemonwood or degame, is from a different family (Rubiaceae).[40] It is used as an alternative to lancewood and is found in tolerable abundance throughout The Guianas, and used by the Amerinds for arrow-points, as well as for spars, beams, etc. Some bowyers use this wood for making longbows.

Other

[edit]
Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata) flowers.
  • Some species of the family, such as Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) also have aromatic oil and are used for perfumes or spices.[6]
  • The strong bark is used for carrying burdens in the Amazon Rainforest[6] and for wooden implements, such as tool handles and pegs.[41] The wood is valued as firewood.[6]
  • Yellow and brown natural dyes[41]
  • Some species are also grown as ornamental plants, especially the Indian species Polyalthia longifolia pendula.
  • The fruit and leaves of Uvariopsis tripetala (pepperfruit) are used as a spice for meats in some parts of Nigeria, due to its "hot" peppery flavor.

Chemical constituents

[edit]

A large number of chemical compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and acetogenins, have been extracted from the seeds and many other parts of these plants. Flavonoids and alkaloids contained in the leaves and bark of several species of the family have shown insecticidal properties.[41]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Magnoliales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
  2. ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2007-05-12). "Family: Annonaceae Juss., nom. cons". Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Flora of North America. "2. Annonaceae Jussieu". 3. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-20. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ "Annonaceae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  5. ^ a b Chatrou, L.W.; M.D. Pirie; R.H.J. Erkens; T.L.P. Couvreur; K. M. Neubig; J.R. Abbott; J.B. Mols; P.J.M. Maas; R.M.K. Saunders; Mark W. Chase (2012). "A new subfamilial and tribal classification of the pantropical flowering plant family Annonaceae informed by molecular phylogenetics". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 169: S. 4–50. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01235.x. S2CID 82465841.
  6. ^ a b c d Chatrou, Dr. L.W. (2005-07-29). "Molecular Systematics of Annonaceae". Annonaceae Research Projects. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland. Archived from the original on 2008-01-13. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
  7. ^ a b Johnson, D.M. (July–September 2003). "Phylogenetic significance of spiral and distichous architecture in the Annonaceae". Systematic Botany. 28 (3): 503–511. doi:10.1043/02-13.1 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  8. ^ Doyle, J.A.; H. Sauquet; T. Scharaschkin (2004). "Phylogeny, molecular and fossil dating, and biogeographic history of Annonaceae and Myristicaceae (Magnoliales)" (PDF). International Journal of Plant Sciences. 165 (4): 55–67. doi:10.1086/421068. S2CID 84131983.
  9. ^ Maas, P.J.M.; Westra, L.Y.T.; Guerrero, S. Arias; Lobão, A.Q.; Scharf, U.; Zamora, N.A.; Erkens, R.H.J. (2015). "Confronting a morphological nightmare: revision of the Neotropical genus Guatteria (Annonaceae)". Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants. 60 (1): 1–219. doi:10.3767/000651915X690341. ISSN 0006-5196.
  10. ^ Couvreur, Thomas L.P.; Maas, Paul J.M.; Meinke, Svenja; Johnson, David M.; Keßler, Paul J.A. (2012). "Keys to the genera of Annonaceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 169 (1): 74–83. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01230.x. ISSN 0024-4074.
  11. ^ Erkens, Roy H. J.; Mennega, Erik A.; Westra, Lubbert Y. Th. (2012). "A concise bibliographic overview of Annonaceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 169 (1): 41–73. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01232.x. ISSN 0024-4074.
  12. ^ Scharaschkin, T.; Doyle, J.A. (2005). "Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Anaxagorea (Annonaceae) using morphology and non-coding chloroplast sequence data". Systematic Botany. 30 (5): 712–735. doi:10.1600/036364405775097888. S2CID 86018723.
  13. ^ Scharaschkin, T.; Doyle, J.A. (2006). "Character evolution in Anaxagorea (Annonaceae)" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 93 (1): 36–54. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.1.36.
  14. ^ Doyle, James A.; Le Thomas, Annick (2012). "Evolution and phylogenetic significance of pollen in Annonaceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 169 (1): 190–221. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01241.x. ISSN 0024-4074. S2CID 82733997.
  15. ^ Takahashi, Masamichi; Friis, Else Marie; Uesugi, Kentaro; Suzuki, Yoshio; Crane, Peter R. (2008). "Floral Evidence of Annonaceae from the Late Cretaceous of Japan". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 169 (7): 908–917. doi:10.1086/589693. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 85308472.
  16. ^ Pirie, Michael D.; Doyle, James A. (2012). "Dating clades with fossils and molecules: the case of Annonaceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 169 (1): 84–116. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01234.x. ISSN 0024-4074.
  17. ^ Richardson, J.E.; Chatrou, L.W.; Mols, J.B.; Erkens, R.H.J.; Pirie, M.D. (2004). "Historical biogeography of two cosmopolitan families of flowering plants: Annonaceae and Rhamnaceae". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 359 (1450): 1495–1508. doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1537. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1693429. PMID 15519968.
  18. ^ Couvreur, Thomas L.P.; Pirie, Michael D.; Chatrou, Lars W.; Saunders, Richard M.K.; Su, Yvonne C.F.; Richardson, James E.; Erkens, Roy H.J. (2011). "Early evolutionary history of the flowering plant family Annonaceae: steady diversification and boreotropical geodispersal". Journal of Biogeography. 38 (4): 664–680. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02434.x. ISSN 0305-0270. S2CID 85568637.
  19. ^ a b Chaowasku, Tanawat; Johnson, David M.; Van Der Ham, Raymond W.J.M.; Chatrou, Lars W. (2012-10-17). "Characterization of Hubera (Annonaceae), a new genus segregated from Polyalthia and allied to Miliusa". Phytotaxa. 69 (1): 33. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.69.1.6. ISSN 1179-3163.
  20. ^ Chaowasku, Tanawat; Van Der Ham, Raymond W.J.M. (June 2013). "Integrative systematics supports the establishment of Winitia, a new genus of Annonaceae (Malmeoideae, Miliuseae) allied to Stelechocarpus and Sageraea". Systematics and Biodiversity. 11 (2): 195–207. doi:10.1080/14772000.2013.806370. ISSN 1477-2000. S2CID 86528302.
  21. ^ POWO: Winitia Chaowasku is a synonym of Stelechocarpus Hook.f. & Thomson (retrieved 19 July 2022)
  22. ^ a b Couvreur, Thomas L.P.; Helmstetter, Andrew J.; Koenen, Erik J.M.; Bethune, Kevin; Brandão, Rita D.; Little, Stefan A.; Sauquet, Hervé; Erkens, Roy H.J. (2019-01-09). "Phylogenomics of the Major Tropical Plant Family Annonaceae Using Targeted Enrichment of Nuclear Genes". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 1941. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01941. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 6334231. PMID 30687347.
  23. ^ Stevens, P.F. (2001). "List of Genera in ANNONACEAE". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. 13. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  24. ^ Guo, Xing; Tang, Chin Cheung; Thomas, Daniel C.; Couvreur, Thomas L.P.; Saunders, Richard M.K. (2018). "A mega-phylogeny of the Annonaceae: taxonomic placement of five enigmatic genera and support for a new tribe, Phoenicantheae". Scientific Reports. 7 (7): 7323. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07252-2. PMC 5544705. PMID 28779135.
  25. ^ Manchester, S.R. (1994). "Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon". Palaeontographica Americana. 58: 30–31.
  26. ^ a b c Dagallier LMJ, Mbago FM, Couderc M, Gaudeul M, Grall A, Loup C, Wieringa JJ, Sonké B, Couvreur TLP. Phylogenomic inference of the African tribe Monodoreae (Annonaceae) and taxonomic revision of Dennettia, Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis. PhytoKeys. 2023 Sep 22;233:1-200. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.233.103096. PMID 37811332; PMCID: PMC10552675.
  27. ^ Bangkomnate R., Damthongdee A., Baka A., Aongyong K. & Chaowasku T. 2021: Pyramidanthe and Mitrella (Annonaceae, Uvarieae) unified: molecular phylogenetic and morphological congruence, with new combinations in Pyramidanthe. – Willdenowia 51: 383–394.
  28. ^ Chaowasku, T., A. Damthongdee, H. Jongsook, D.T. Ngo, H.T. Le, D.M. Tran & S. Suddee (2018). Enlarging the monotypic Monocarpieae (Annonaceae, Malmeoideae): recognition of a second genus from Vietnam informed by morphology and molecular phylogenetics. Candollea 73: 261–275. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2018v732a11
  29. ^ Verspagen, N. & Erkens, R.H.J. 2020. Annona mucosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T142423363A142423374. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T142423363A142423374.en. Accessed 27 September 2024.
  30. ^ Lannuzel, A; et al. (2003-10-06). "The mitochondrial complex i inhibitor annonacin is toxic to mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons by impairment of energy metabolism". Neuroscience. 121 (2). International Brain Research Organization: 287–296. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00441-X. PMID 14521988. S2CID 37873631.
  31. ^ Champy, Pierre; et al. (2005-08-02). "Quantification of acetogenins in Annona muricata linked to atypical parkinsonism in guadeloupe". Movement Disorders. 20 (12): 1629–1633. doi:10.1002/mds.20632. PMID 16078200. S2CID 31508365.
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