Indo-European vocabulary: Difference between revisions
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شلیمه فانتا (talk | contribs) Added the Persian words, "kalle", "kal, kačal" |
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{{Short description|Proposed reconstructed word list for the Proto-Indo-European language}} |
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The following is a table of many of the most fundamental [[Proto-Indo-European language]] (PIE) words and roots, with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants. |
The following is a table of many of the most fundamental [[Proto-Indo-European language]] (PIE) words and roots, with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants. |
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** For [[Classical Latin|Latin]], the [[Baltic languages]], and the [[Slavic languages]], the first-person singular present indicative is given, with the infinitive supplied in parentheses. |
** For [[Classical Latin|Latin]], the [[Baltic languages]], and the [[Slavic languages]], the first-person singular present indicative is given, with the infinitive supplied in parentheses. |
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** For [[Ancient Greek|Greek]], [[Old Irish]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and [[Albanian language|Albanian]] (modern), only the first-person singular present indicative is given. |
** For [[Ancient Greek|Greek]], [[Old Irish]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and [[Albanian language|Albanian]] (modern), only the first-person singular present indicative is given. |
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** For [[Sanskrit]], [[Avestan]], [[Old Persian]], [[Parthian language|Parthian]], the third-person singular present indicative is given. |
** For [[Sanskrit]], [[Avestan]], [[Old Persian]], [[Parthian language|Parthian]], the third-person singular present indicative is given. Where useful, Sanskrit root forms are provided using the symbol ''√''. |
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** For [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]], the stem is given. |
** For [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]], the stem is given. |
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** For [[Hittite language|Hittite]], either the third-person singular present indicative or the stem is given. |
** For [[Hittite language|Hittite]], either the third-person singular present indicative or the stem is given. |
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* In place of Latin, an [[Oscan]] or [[Umbrian]] cognate is occasionally given when no corresponding Latin cognate exists. Similarly, a cognate from another [[Anatolian language]] (e.g. [[Luvian language|Luvian]], [[Lycian language|Lycian]]) may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Hittite. |
* In place of Latin, an [[Oscan]] or [[Umbrian]] cognate is occasionally given when no corresponding Latin cognate exists. Similarly, a cognate from another [[Anatolian language]] (e.g. [[Luvian language|Luvian]], [[Lycian language|Lycian]]) may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Hittite. |
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* For Tocharian, both the [[Tocharian A]] and [[Tocharian B]] cognates are given whenever possible. |
* For Tocharian, both the [[Tocharian A]] and [[Kuchean language|Tocharian B]] cognates are given whenever possible. |
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* For the [[Celtic languages]], both [[Old Irish]] and [[Welsh language|Welsh]] cognates are given when possible. For Welsh, normally the [[Modern Welsh|modern]] form is given, but occasionally the form from [[Old Welsh]] is supplied when it is known and displays important features lost in the modern form. A [[Middle Irish]] cognate is given when the [[Old Irish]] form is unknown, and [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]], [[Cornish language|Cornish]] and/or [[Breton language|Breton]] (modern) cognates may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Welsh. |
* For the [[Celtic languages]], both [[Old Irish]] and [[Welsh language|Welsh]] cognates are given when possible. For Welsh, normally the [[Modern Welsh|modern]] form is given, but occasionally the form from [[Old Welsh]] is supplied when it is known and displays important features lost in the modern form. A [[Middle Irish]] cognate is given when the [[Old Irish]] form is unknown, and [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]], [[Cornish language|Cornish]] and/or [[Breton language|Breton]] (modern) cognates may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Welsh. |
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* For the [[Baltic languages]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] (modern) and [[Old Prussian]] cognates are given when possible. (Both Lithuanian and Old Prussian are included because Lithuanian often includes information missing in Old Prussian, e.g. due to lack of written accent marks in the latter.) Similarly to the Celtic situation, [[Old Lithuanian]] forms may occasionally be given in place of modern Lithuanian; [[Latvian language|Latvian]] (modern) may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Lithuanian. |
* For the [[Baltic languages]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] (modern) and [[Old Prussian]] cognates are given when possible. (Both Lithuanian and Old Prussian are included because Lithuanian often includes information missing in Old Prussian, e.g. due to lack of written accent marks in the latter.) Similarly to the Celtic situation, [[Old Lithuanian]] forms may occasionally be given in place of modern Lithuanian; [[Latvian language|Latvian]] (modern) may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Lithuanian. |
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! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
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| '''{{PIE|*méh₂tēr}}''' "mother"{{efn|Reflexes of the stem in daughter languages also refer to deified beings and deities within their respective mythologies/religions: [[Old English]] ''[[Mōdraniht|<u>Mōdra</u>niht]]'' ('Night of the Mothers'); [[Celtic mythology|Celtic]] and [[Germanic mythology|Germanic]] ''[[Matres and Matronae]]'' ([[Latin]] for 'Mothers and Matrons'); [[Latvian language|Latvian]] ''[[Mahte|Māte]]'' ('Mother'); [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] ''[[Dea Matrona]]'' ('Divine Mother Goddess'); [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Matrikas]]'' ('Divine Mothers').}}<ref>Dnghu, pp. 1993-1994.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 700-701.</ref> |
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! style="font-weight:normal;" | '''{{PIE|*méH₂tēr-}}''' "mother" |
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| '''mother''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mōdor'') |
| '''mother''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mōdor'') |
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| '''mōdar''' "mother" |
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| '''māter''' "mother" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''maternal, maternity, matron, matrimony, matrix, matriculate, material, matter, madeira''', alma '''mater''', etc.}} |
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| '''māter''' "mother" |
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| '''mḗtēr''' "mother" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''Dēmḗtēr''' [[Demeter]];<br />'''mētrópolis''' "metropolis, lit., mother-city"}} |
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| '''mḗtēr''' "mother" |
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| '''mā́tṛ, mātṛ́''' "mother" |
| '''mā́tṛ, mātṛ́''' "mother" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''mātar-''' "mother" [[Modern Persian|NPers]] mādar |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''mātar-''' "mother"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''mādar''' "mother"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''mak''' "mother" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''mati, mater-''' "mother" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''mati, mater-''' "mother" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''móteris''' "woman", '''motina'''; [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''muti''' "mother" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''móteris''' "woman", '''motina'''; [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''muti''' "mother" |
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| [[Gaulish language|Gaul.]] '''mātīr''' "mother", |
| [[Gaulish language|Gaul.]] '''mātīr''' "mother", |
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[[Old Irish|OIr]] ''' |
[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''máthir''' "mother"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''modryb''' "auntie" |
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| '''mayr''' "mother" |
| '''mayr''' "mother" |
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| '''motër''' "sister" |
| '''motër''' "sister" |
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| '''{{PIE|*ph₂tḗr}}''' "father" <br /><ref name=Dnghu2394>Dnghu, p. 2394.</ref><ref name=Pokorny829>Pokorny, p. 829.</ref><ref name=MnA210>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 210.</ref> |
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! style="font-weight:normal;" | '''{{PIE|*pH₂tér-}}''' "father" |
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| '''father''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''fæder'') |
| '''father''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''fæder'') |
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| '''fadar''' "father" |
| '''fadar''' "father" |
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| '''pater''' "father" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''paternal, paternity, patron, patronize, pattern, patrimony, patriot, expatriate, patrician, perpetrate, compadre''', etc.}} |
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| '''pater''' "father" |
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| '''patḗr''' "father" |
| '''patḗr''' "father" (> '''patriarch''') |
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| '''pitṛ́''' "father" |
| '''pitṛ́''' "father"; '''[[Pitrs]]''' "spirits of the ancestors" (litt. "the fathers") |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''pitar-''' (nom. also '''pta, ta'''), [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''pita''' "father", [[Modern Persian|NPers]] |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''pitar-''' (nom. also '''pta, ta'''), [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''pita''' "father", [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''pedar''' |
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| '''otets''' "father" [[Russian language|Russian]] |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] ''' |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''athair''' "father"; [[Welsh language|Welsh]] '''edrydd''' "paternal domain" |
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| '''hayr''' "father" |
| '''hayr''' "father" |
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| '''atë''' "father" |
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| A '''pācar''', B '''pācer''' "father" |
| A '''pācar''', B '''pācer''' "father" |
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| '''{{PIE|*bʰréh₂tēr}}''' "brother"<ref>Dnghu, pp. 485-486.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 163-164.</ref><ref name=MnA214>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 214.</ref> |
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! '''{{PIE|*bʰréH₂ter-}}''' "brother" |
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| '''brother''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''brōþor'') |
| '''brother''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''brōþor'') |
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| '''brōþar''' "brother" |
| '''brōþar''' "brother" |
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| '''frāter''' "brother" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''fraternal, fraternity, fraternize, friar,{{efn|e.g., black friar}} confrere'''}} |
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| '''frāter''' "brother" |
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| '''pʰrā́tēr''' "member of a phratry (brotherhood)" |
| '''pʰrā́tēr''' "member of a phratry (brotherhood)" (> '''phratry''') |
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| '''bʰrā́tṛ ''' "brother"; [[Romany language|Rom]] '''phral''' "brother" (> '''pal''')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yūsuke |first1=Sumi |title=New Express Romani (Gypsy) |date=2018|page=142}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kenrick |first1=Donald |title=Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-8108-5468-0|pages=195, 204|publisher=Scarecrow Press }}</ref>{{efn|'''Phralipe''', or '''Pralipe''', "brotherhood", name of several Gypsy/Romany organizations, including a music band and a literary magazine.}} |
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| '''bʰrā́tṛ ''' "brother" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''brātar-''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''brātar-''', [[Ossetic language|Ossetian]] '''ärvád''' "brother, relative", [[Modern Persian|NPers]] barādar [[Kurdish languages| |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''brātar-''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''brātar-''', [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''brādar-''', [[Ossetic language|Ossetian]] '''ärvád''' "brother, relative", [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''barādar''', [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''bira/birader''' |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''bratrŭ''' "brother" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''bratrŭ''' "brother" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''brõlis''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''brati''' "brother |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''brõlis''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''brati''' "brother" |
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| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''Bratronos''' (pers. name);<ref>Zair |
| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''Bratronos''' (pers. name);<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zair|first1= Nicholas|title=The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Celtic|publisher= Brill|date=2012|page= 110|isbn=978-90-04-22539-8|doi=10.1163/9789004233096}}</ref> [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''bráthair''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''brawd''' (pl. '''brodyr''') "brother" |
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| '''ełbayr''' (gen. '''ełbawr''') "brother" |
| '''ełbayr''' (gen. '''ełbawr''') "brother" |
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|[[Lydian language|Lyd]] '''brafr(-sis)''' "brother"<ref>Campbell, George L. with King, Gareth. ''Compendium of the World's Languages''. Routledge. 2013. p. 86. {{ISBN|978-0-415-62191-5}}</ref> |
|[[Lydian language|Lyd]] '''brafr(-sis)''' "brother"<ref>Campbell, George L. with King, Gareth. ''Compendium of the World's Languages''. Routledge. 2013. p. 86. {{ISBN|978-0-415-62191-5}}</ref> |
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| '''{{PIE|*swésōr}}''' "sister"<ref>Dnghu, p. 3027.</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 1051.</ref><ref name=MnA214/> |
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| '''sister''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sweostor'', influenced by [[Old Norse|ON]] ''systir'') |
| '''sister''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sweostor'', influenced by [[Old Norse|ON]] ''systir'') |
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| '''swistar''' "sister" |
| '''swistar''' "sister" |
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| '''soror''' "sister" |
| '''soror''' "sister" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''sorority'''}} |
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| '''éor''' " |
| '''éor''' "cousin's daughter" |
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| '''svásṛ''' "sister" |
| '''svásṛ''' "sister" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] ''' |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''x̌vaŋhar-''' "sister"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''ḫwāhar''' "sister"; |
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[[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''xwişk''' "sister"{{efn|sw- > xw-}} |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sestra''' "sister" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sestra''' "sister" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] ''' |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''sesuo, seser-''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''sestra''' "sister" |
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| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''suiorebe''' "with two sisters" ([[Dual (grammatical number)|dual]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Witczak |first1=Krzysztof Tomasz |title=Gaulish SUIOREBE 'with two sisters' |journal=Lingua Posnaniensis |date=1 December 2015 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=59–62 |doi=10.1515/linpo-2015-0011 |s2cid=56122374 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''siur''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''chwaer''' "sister" |
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| ''' |
[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''siur''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''chwaer''' "sister" |
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| '''kʿuyr (kʿiṙ)''', nom.pl '''kʿur-kʿ''' "sister"{{efn|'''kʿoyr''' {{PIE|*swesōr}}; '''kʿeʿ''' < {{PIE|*swesros}}; '''kʿor-kʿ''' < {{PIE|*swesŏres}}.}} |
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| '''vashë''', '''vajzë''' "girl" (< ''*varjë'' < ''*vëharë'' < [[Proto-Albanian|PAlb]] ''*swesarā'') |
| '''vashë''', '''vajzë''' "girl" (< ''*varjë'' < ''*vëharë'' < [[Proto-Albanian|PAlb]] ''*swesarā'') |
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| A '''ṣar''', B ''ṣer''' "sister" |
| A '''ṣar''', B ''ṣer''' "sister" |
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|{{anchor|somo-ph₂tōr}} '''{{PIE|*somo-ph₂tōr}}'''<br /> "sibling, lit. same-father(ed)" <br /><ref name=Dnghu2394/><ref name=Pokorny829/><ref name=MnA210/> |
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! '''{{PIE|*dʰugH₂-tér-}}''' "daughter" |
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|<!--Gmc-->[[Old Norse language|ON]] '''samfeðra''' |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel-->'''homopátōr''' |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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|<!--Irn-->[[Old Persian language|OP]] '''hamapitar-''' |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc-->A '''ṣomapacar''' |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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| '''{{PIE|*dʰugh₂tḗr}}''' "daughter"<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789401200325_009 |chapter=The accentuation of the PIE word for 'daughter' |title=Accent Matters |year=2011 |pages=235–243 |isbn=978-90-420-3332-0 |first1=Alwin |last1=Kloekhorst }}</ref><ref>Dnghu, pp. 757-758.</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 277.</ref><ref name=MnA213>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 213.</ref> |
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| '''daughter''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''dohtor'') |
| '''daughter''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''dohtor'') |
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| '''daúhtar''' "daughter" |
| '''daúhtar''' "daughter" |
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| [[Oscan]] '''futír''' "daughter" |
| [[Oscan]] '''futír''' "daughter" |
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| '''θugátēr''' "daughter"; [[Mycenaean Greek|Myc]] '''tu-ka-te''' "daughter"<ref>García, Carlos Varias. "''De synonymia Mycenaea'': términos griegos equivalentes de distintos reinos micénicos". In: ''Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico''. Coord. por Jesús de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, José Francisco González Castro, María José Muñoz Jiménez, Vol. 1, 2017. pp. 382-383. {{ISBN|978-84-697-8214-9}}</ref>{{efn|Varias García (2017) pointed out that a tablet from [[Mycene]] uses "tu-ka-te", whereas tablets from [[Knossos]], [[Pylos]] and [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] use "ko-wa" (''*korwa'', later ''koré'' 'maiden, girl').<ref>García, Carlos Varias. "''De synonymia Mycenaea'': términos griegos equivalentes de distintos reinos micénicos". In: ''Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico''. Coord. por Jesús de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, José Francisco González Castro, María José Muñoz Jiménez, Vol. 1, 2017. p. 388. {{ISBN|978-84-697-8214-9}}</ref>}} |
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| '''tʰugátēr''' "daughter" |
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| '''dúhitṛ''' "daughter" |
| '''dúhitṛ''' "daughter" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dugədar-, duɣδar-''', [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''doḫtar''' "daughter" [[Kurdish languages| |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dugədar-, duɣδar-''', [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''doḫtar''' "daughter" [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''dot''' "daughter" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''dŭšti, dŭšter-''' "daughter" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''dŭšti, dŭšter-''' "daughter" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] ''' |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''duktė, dukter-''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''dukti''' "daughter" |
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| [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] '''duxtir''' "daughter"; [[Celtiberian language|Celtib]] '''TuaTer''' ('''duater''') "daughter"<ref>Bernardo Stempel |
| [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] '''duxtir''' "daughter"; [[Celtiberian language|Celtib]] '''TuaTer''' ('''duater''') "daughter"<ref name="Celtic 'son', 'daughter', other des">{{cite journal |last1=Bernardo Stempel |first1=Patrizia de |title=Celtic 'son', 'daughter', other descendants, and *sunus in Early Celtic |journal=Indogermanische Forschungen |date=January 2013 |volume=118 |issue=2013 |doi=10.1515/indo.2013.118.2013.259 |s2cid=199664295 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stifter |first1=David |title=Contributions to Celtiberian Etymology II |journal=Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua |date=2006 |issue=6 |pages=237–245 |url=https://ifc.dpz.es/ojs/index.php/palaeohispanica/article/view/297 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Art J. |title=A synchronic and diachronic reappraisal of Indo-European *dʱug̑ʱh2ter- 'daughter' and *suhxnú- 'son' in Celtic dialects, Insular and Continental |journal=Dialectologia et Geolinguistica |volume=31 |issue=1 |date=2023 |pages=117–134 |doi=10.1515/dialect-2023-0006}}</ref> |
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| '''dustr''' "daughter" |
| '''dustr''' "daughter" |
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| A '''ckācar''', B '''tkācer''' "daughter" |
| A '''ckācar''', B '''tkācer''' "daughter" |
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| [[Hieroglyphic Luwian|HLuw]] '''túwatara''' "daughter";<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oshiro |first1=Terumasa |title=On Kinship Terms in Hieroglyphic Luwian |journal=Orient |date=1990 |volume=26 |pages=86–93 |id={{INIST|6146291}} |doi=10.5356/orient1960.26.86 |s2cid=162342792 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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| '''túwatara''' "daughter" |
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?[[Lydian language|Lyd]] '''datro''' "daughter"; [[Cuneiform Luwian|CLuw]]/[[Hittite language|Hitt]] '''duttarii̯ata-''';{{efn|Although this word is attested in Hittite, it is considered a loanword from Luwian. While scholarship recognizes the likelihood of its being the reflex of the root in [[Anatolian language|Anatolian]], its appearance in Hittite and Luwian would indicate a different meaning, however.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004413122_015 |chapter=MUNUS/Fduttarii̯ata/I- and Some Other Indo-European Maidens |title=Hrozný and Hittite |year=2019 |pages=277–294 |isbn=978-90-04-41312-2 |s2cid=213576150 |first1=Veronika |last1=Milanova }}</ref><ref>[[Alwin Kloekhorst|Kloekhorst, Alwin]]. ''Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon''. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5. Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston, 2008. pp. 1042-1044. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11996</ref>}} |
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[[Lycian language|Lyc]] '''kbatra''' "daughter"{{efn|The root could also be found in [[Anatolian languages]] with later attestation: [[Isaurian language|Isaurian]] personal name Τουάτρης ''Touatris''; [[Pisidian language|Pisidian]] name Δωταρι ''Dotari''.<ref>Blažek, Václav. “Indo-European kinship terms in *-ə̯2TER.” (2001). In: ''Grammaticvs: studia linguistica Adolfo Erharto quinque et septuagenario oblata''. Šefčík, Ondřej (editor); Vykypěl, Bohumil (editor). Vyd. 1. V Brně: Masarykova univerzita, 2001. p. 25. http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/123188</ref> However, Simon Zsolt questions the interpretation of ''Dotari'' as a reflex, since this word is attested as a compound in ''male'' names.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=Zsolt |title=Selected Pisidian problems and the position of Pisidian within the Anatolian languages |journal=Journal of Language Relationship |date=2017 |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=37 |doi=10.31826/jlr-2017-151-207 |s2cid=212688432 |doi-access=free }}</ref>}} |
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| {{anchor|suHnús}} '''{{PIE|*suHnús}}''' "son" <br /><ref name=Dnghu2642/><ref name=Pokorny913914/><ref name=MnA211/><ref name=MWW1240/><br />(See also [[#sewh₁-|*sewh₁-]]) |
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! '''{{PIE|*suHnú- }}''' "son" |
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| '''son''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sunu'') |
| '''son''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sunu'') |
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| '''sunus''' "son" |
| '''sunus''' "son" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''synŭ''' "son" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''synŭ''' "son" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''sūnùs''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''suns''' "son" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''sūnùs''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''suns''' "son" |
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|? [[Celtiberian language|Celtib]] '''EBURSUNOS''' "son of Eburos (?)"{{Efn|Other interpretations are "son of the [[yew]]" or "son of the [[boar]]".<ref>Schrijver, P. C. H. (2015). "The meaning of Celtic ''*eburos''". In: Oudaer, Guillaume, Hily, Gael, Le Bihan, Herve (eds.). ''Mélanges en l'honneur de Pierre-Yves Lambert''. pp. 65-76. {{ISBN|978-2-917681-27-5}}</ref>}}{{Efn|The word is attested in Plate III of the [[Botorrita plaque]]s. [[Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel]] interprets "-SUNOS" as the remnant of the root in the [[Celtic language|Celtic branch]].<ref name="Celtic 'son', 'daughter', other des"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stempel |first1=Patrizia de Bernardo |title=El Tercer Bronce de Botorrita, veinte años después |journal=Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua |date=2013 |issue=13 |pages=637–660 |url=https://ifc.dpz.es/ojs/index.php/palaeohispanica/article/view/186 }}</ref>}} |
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? [[Celtic languages|Celt]]/[[Lusitanian language|Lus]] '''EQUEUNUBO''' (< ''*ek<sup>w</sup>ei-sūnu-bʰos'') "to the sons on the horse"{{efn|This is the other possible attestation of the root in the Celtic branch.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Danka |first1=Ignacy Ryszard |last2=Witczak |first2=Krzysztof Tomasz |title=Deis Equeunubo: The Divine Twins in Asturia |journal=Studia Celto-Slavica |date=2010 |volume=4 |pages=17–26 |doi=10.54586/ZLYB6908 |doi-access=free}}</ref>}} |
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| '''ustr''' "son" |
| '''ustr''' "son" |
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| '''çun''' "boy/son" |
| '''çun''' "boy/son" |
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| A '''se''', B '''soyä''' "son"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winter |first1=Werner |title=Tocharian B soy, A se and Related Forms |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=April 1985 |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=259–264 |doi=10.2307/601705 |jstor=601705 }}</ref> |
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| A '''se''', B '''soyä''' "son" |
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|{{anchor|putló-}} '''{{PIE|*putló-}}'''<br /> "son" <br /><ref name=MnA211/><ref>Monier Williams, p. 632.</ref><ref>Fortson, §13.7</ref> |
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! '''{{PIE|*nepot- }}''' "nephew, grandson" |
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| obsolete '''neve''' "nephew, male cousin, grandson" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''nefa'') |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl-->[[Oscan|Osc]] '''puklo-'''<br /> "son" |
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|<!--Hel-->'''paîs''' "son" |
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|<!--Skt-->'''putrá-'''<br /> "son" |
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|<!--Irn-->[[Avestan|Av]] '''puθra''' "son" |
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[[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''pis, put''' |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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| '''{{PIE|*(h₂)népōts}}''' "nephew, grandson" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 2188-2189.</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 764.</ref> |
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| '''nephew'''; obsolete '''neve''' "nephew, male cousin, grandson" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''nefa'') |
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| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''nevo''' "nephew" |
| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''nevo''' "nephew" |
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| '''nepōs (nepōtis)''' "grandson, nephew" |
| '''nepōs (nepōtis)''' "grandson, nephew" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''nepotism'''}} |
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| '''népodes''' "descendants" |
| '''népodes''' "descendants" |
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| '''nápāt-''' "grandson, descendant" |
| '''nápāt-''' "grandson, descendant" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''napāt-, naptar-''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''napāt-''' "grandson, descendant" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''napāt-, naptar-''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''napāt-''', [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''naveh-''', "grandson, descendant"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''nevî''' "grandchild" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''netii''' "nephew" |
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| [[Old Lithuanian|OLith]] '''nepotis''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''neputs''' "grandson" |
| [[Old Lithuanian|OLith]] '''nepotis''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''neputs''' "grandson" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] ''' |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''nïa''' "sister's son", [[Welsh language|W]] '''nai''' "nephew" |
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| '''nip''' "grandson, nephew" |
| '''nip''' "grandson, nephew" |
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| '''{{PIE|*(h₂)néptih₂}}''' "granddaughter, niece" |
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| '''niece'''; obsolete '''nift''' "niece" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''nift'') |
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| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''nift''' "niece" |
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| '''neptis''' "granddaughter" |
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| '''naptī́''' "granddaughter" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''necht''' "niece" |
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| '''{{PIE|*dayh₂wḗr}}''' "husband's brother, brother-in-law" |
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| [[Old English language|OE]] '''tācor''' "husband's brother" |
| [[Old English language|OE]] '''tācor''' "husband's brother" |
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| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''zeihhor''' "husband's brother" |
| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''zeihhor''' "husband's brother" |
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| '''dāēr''' "husband's brother" |
| '''dāēr''' "husband's brother" |
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| '''devṛ́, devará''' "husband's brother" |
| '''devṛ́, devará''' "husband's brother" |
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| [[Pashto|Past]] '''lewar''' "brother-in-law" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''děverĭ''' "brother-in-law" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''děverĭ''' "brother-in-law" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''dieveris''' "husband's brother" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''dieveris''' "husband's brother" |
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| [[Welsh language|W]] '''daw(f)''' "brother-in-law" |
| [[Welsh language|W]] '''daw(f)''' "brother-in-law" |
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| '''taygr''' "husband's brother" |
| '''taygr''', '''tekʿr''' "husband's brother" |
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| '''dhëndër''', '''dhëndër''' "son-in-law" from [[Proto-Albanian|PAlb]] ''*ĝāmtḗr-'' or ''*dzanra'' or ''*jantura-''.All ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵem- (“to marry”). |
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| '''{{PIE|*snusós}}''' "daughter-in-law" |
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| [[Old English language|OE]] '''snoru''' "daughter-in-law" |
| [[Old English language|OE]] '''snoru''' "daughter-in-law" |
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| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''snur''' "daughter-in-law" |
| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''snur''' "daughter-in-law" |
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| '''nurus''' "daughter-in-law" |
| '''nurus''' "daughter-in-law" |
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| ''' |
| '''nuós''' "daughter-in-law" |
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| '''snuṣā-''' "daughter-in-law" |
| '''snuṣā-''' "daughter-in-law" |
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| Old Ir. '''*(s)nušáh''' [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] '''ασνωυο''' (asnōuo) [[Persian language|NPers.]] '''sunoh''' / '''sunhār''' "daughter-in-law" |
| Old Ir. '''*(s)nušáh''' [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] '''ασνωυο''' (asnōuo) [[Persian language|NPers.]] '''sunoh''' / '''sunhār''' "daughter-in-law" |
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| [[Welsh language|W]] '''gwaudd''' "daughter-in-law" |
| [[Welsh language|W]] '''gwaudd''' "daughter-in-law" |
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| '''nuse''' "bride" |
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| '''nu''' "daughter-in-law" |
| '''nu''' "daughter-in-law" |
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| '''nuse''' "bride" |
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| B '''santse''' "daughter-in-law"{{efn|As argued by Peyrot and Meng (2021).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peyrot |first1=Michaël |last2=Xiaoqiang |first2=Meng |title=Tocharian B santse 'daughter-in-law' |journal=Indogermanische Forschungen |date=8 November 2021 |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=405–410 |doi=10.1515/if-2021-016 |s2cid=245007778 |url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3247569/view |doi-access=free |hdl=1887/3247568 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>}} |
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|'''{{PIE|*wedʰ-}}''' "pledge, bind, secure, lead"<ref name=Beekesp38>Beekes, p. 38.</ref> |
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! '''{{PIE|*su̯ek̂rū́-}}''' "mother-in-law" |
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|'''wed''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''weddian'' "to pledge, wed") |
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|'''vadhū́''' "bride" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''voditi''' "to lead" |
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| '''{{PIE|*swéḱuros}}''' "father-in-law" |
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| [[Old English language|OE]] '''swēor''' "father-in-law" |
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| '''swaihra''' "father-in-law" |
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| '''socer''' "father-in-law" |
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| '''hekurós''' "father-in-law" |
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| '''śváśura''' "father-in-law" |
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| [[Avestan language|Av]] '''xᵛasura''' "father-in-law" |
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[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] xwesûr |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''svekrŭ''' "father-in-law" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''šešuras''' "father-in-law" |
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| '''skesrayr''' "father-in-law" |
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| '''vjehërr''' "father-in-law" |
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| '''{{PIE|*sweḱrúh₂}}''' "mother-in-law" |
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| [[Old English language|OE]] '''sweger''' "mother-in-law" |
| [[Old English language|OE]] '''sweger''' "mother-in-law" |
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| ''' |
| '''swaihro''' "mother-in-law" |
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| '''socrus''' "mother-in-law" |
| '''socrus''' "mother-in-law" |
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| ''' |
| '''hekurá''' "mother-in-law" |
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| '''śvaśrū́-''' "mother-in-law" |
| '''śvaśrū́-''' "mother-in-law" |
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| [[Pashto|Past]] '''xwāše''' "mother-in-law" |
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[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] |
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xwesû |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''svekry''' "mother-in-law" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''svekry''' "mother-in-law" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''šešuras''' "father-in-law", [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''swasri''' "mother-in-law" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''šešuras''' "father-in-law", [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''swasri''' "mother-in-law" |
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| [[Welsh language|W]] '''chwegr''' "mother-in-law" |
| [[Welsh language|W]] '''chwegr''' "mother-in-law" |
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| '''skesur''' "mother-in-law" |
| '''skesur''' "mother-in-law" |
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| ''' |
| '''vjehrrë''' "mother-in-law" |
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| '''{{PIE|*h₂éwh₂os}}''' "maternal grandfather, maternal uncle" |
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| '''awō''' "grandmother" |
| '''awō''' "grandmother" |
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| '''avus''' "grandfather"; '''avunculus''' "maternal uncle" |
| '''avus''' "grandfather"; '''avunculus''' "maternal uncle" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''avuncular'''}} |
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| [[Russian language|Rus]] '''uj''', '''vuj''' "uncle" (obsolete); [[Ukrainian language|Ukr]] '''vuyko''' "maternal uncle"<ref>{{Cite news|title=вуйко - Словник української мови - значення слова, це|url=http://ukrlit.org/slovnyk/%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE|newspaper=Укрліт.org|access-date=2021-02-07}}</ref> |
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| [[Russian language|Rus]] '''uj''', '''vuj''' "uncle" (obsolete); |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''avynas''' "maternal uncle", [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''awis''' "uncle" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''avynas''' "maternal uncle", [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''awis''' "uncle" |
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| [[Middle Welsh|MW]] '''ewythr''', [[Middle Breton|MBre]] '''eontr''', [[Middle Cornish|MCo]] '''eviter''' "maternal uncle" (< [[Proto-Celtic|PCelt]] ''awon-tīr'' "uncle") |
| [[Middle Welsh|MW]] '''ewythr''', [[Middle Breton|MBre]] '''eontr''', [[Middle Cornish|MCo]] '''eviter''' "maternal uncle" (< [[Proto-Celtic|PCelt]] ''awon-tīr'' "uncle"); [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''aue''' "descendant, grandchild"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Qiu |first1=Fangzhe |title=Old Irish aue 'descendant' and its descendants |journal=Indogermanische Forschungen |date=18 September 2019 |volume=124 |issue=1 |pages=343–374 |doi=10.1515/if-2019-0013 |s2cid=208141257 |url=http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/12899/1/Qiu%20aue%20descendant.pdf }}</ref> |
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| [[Old Armenian|OArm]] '''haw''' "grandfather" |
| [[Old Armenian|OArm]] '''haw''' "grandfather" |
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| B '''āwe''' "grandfather" |
| B '''āwe''' "grandfather" |
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| ''' |
| '''ḫuḫḫa-''', [[Lycian language|Lyc]] '''χuga-''' "grandfather"; |
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[[Cuneiform Luwian|CLuw]] '''ḫu-u-ḫa-ti''' "grandfather" (abl.-ins.)<ref name="Syllable Weight Gradation in the Lu">{{cite journal |last1=Vertegaal |first1=Alexander |title=Syllable Weight Gradation in the Luwic Languages |journal=Transactions of the Philological Society |date=July 2020 |volume=118 |issue=2 |pages=211–236 |doi=10.1111/1467-968X.12186 |s2cid=213929727 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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|'''{{PIE|*yemH-}}''' "twin; to hold"<ref>Dnghu, p. 1370</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 505</ref> |
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|[[Old Norse|ON]] '''Ymir''' |
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|'''geminus''' "twin";<br />'''Remus''' "twin, Remus" |
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|'''yáma-''' "twin; first man to die" |
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|[[Avestan|Av]] '''Yema''' |
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|[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''emon''', [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''Iemurioi''' "twin?"<ref>Delamarre, Xavier (2003). ''Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental''. Errance. p. 188. {{ISBN|9782877723695}}.</ref> |
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|'''{{PIE|*h₁widʰéwh₂}}''' "widow" < '''*h₁weydʰh₁-''' "to separate"{{efn|cf. ''divide''}}<ref name="Derksen, p. 346">Derksen, p. 346.</ref> |
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|'''widow''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''widwe'') |
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|'''widuwō''' "widow" |
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|'''vidua''' "widow" |
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|'''ēḯtheos''' "widow" |
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|'''vidhávā''' "widow" |
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|'''viδauua''' "widow" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vŭdova''' "widow" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OP]] '''widdewū''' "widow" |
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| [[Old Irish|OI]] '''fedb''' "widow"; [[Middle Welsh|MW]] '''gweddw''' "widow, widower" |
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|'''vejë''' "widow" |
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! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*mon-}}''' "human beings" |
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| '''man''' (< OE "Mann") |
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| '''manna''' "human beings" |
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|'''Amazon''' < ''*n̥-mn̥-g<sup>(w)</sup>-iōn'' 'man-less, without husband' (debatable) |
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|'''manuṣya''' "human being" |
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|[[Avestan|Av]] '''manuš''' "human" |
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[[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''maneš''' "human habitude" |
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|[[Old East Slavic|OES]]/[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''mǫžĭ''' "man" |
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| {{anchor|dʰǵʰemṓn}} '''{{PIE|*dʰǵʰemṓn}}''' "person, human (litt. of the earth)"<br />(See also [[#dʰeǵʰom-|*dʰeǵʰom-]]) |
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| [[Old English language|OE]] '''guma''' "person, man", brȳd'''guma''' "bride'''groom'''"{{efn|'''bridegome''' in [[Middle English]], subsequently influenced by '''groom''' (archaically "servant, man").}} |
| [[Old English language|OE]] '''guma''' "person, man", brȳd'''guma''' "bride'''groom'''"{{efn|'''bridegome''' in [[Middle English]], subsequently influenced by '''groom''' (archaically "servant, man").}} |
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| '''guma''' "man" |
| '''guma''' "man" |
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| '''homō''' "person" |
| '''homō''' "person" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''human, , humanity, ad hominem''', etc}} |
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|'''khthōn''' "the earth"; '''khamai''' "on the ground" |
|'''khthōn''' "the earth" (> '''autochthonous'''); <br />'''khamai''' "on the ground" |
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|'''kṣám''', gen. '''gmás/jmás''' "ground, earth" |
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|[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] '''zevî''' "farmland" [[Persian language|NPers]] '''zamin''' "ground, soil" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''zem(l)janinъ''' "earthling" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''zem(l)janinъ''' "earthling" |
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| [[Old Lithuanian|OLith]] '''žmuõ''' "person"; [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''žmoná''' "wife"; [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''zmunents''' "human" |
| [[Old Lithuanian|OLith]] '''žmuõ''' "person"; [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''žmoná''' "wife"; [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''zmunents''' "human" |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₂ner-}}''' "man, hero" |
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| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''Njǫrðr''' (name of a God) |
| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''[[Njǫrðr]]''' (name of a God) |
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| '''Ner'''-ō (personal name), '''neriōsus''' "strong" |
| '''Ner'''-ō (personal name), '''neriōsus''' "strong" |
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| '''anḗr (andros)''' "man" |
| '''anḗr (andros)''' "man" (> '''Andreas, Andrew''') |
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| '''nár-''' (nom. '''nā''') "man, person" |
| '''nár-''' (nom. '''nā''') "man, person" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''nar-''' (nom. '''nā''') "man, person" [[Kurdish languages| |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''nar-''' (nom. '''nā''') "man, person",[[Pashto|Past]] '''nar''' "male, brave" [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''nar-''', [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''nêr''' "male animal, masculine" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''naravŭ''' "character, custom"; <!-- '''narodŭ''' "people, nation" what? na- is a prefix, -rod- is a stem--> |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''naravŭ''' "character, custom"; <!-- '''narodŭ''' "people, nation" what? na- is a prefix, -rod- is a stem--> |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''nóras''' "wish, want", '''narsa'''; '''narsùs''' "brave;" [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''nàrs''' "courage" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''nóras''' "wish, want", '''narsa'''; '''narsùs''' "brave;" [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''nàrs''' "courage" |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*wiHrós}}''' "man" |
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| '''were'''wolf (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wer'' "man") |
| '''[[were]]'''wolf (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wer'' "man") |
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| '''waír''' "man" |
| '''waír''' "man" |
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| '''vir''' "man" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''virile, virtue, triumvir(ate)''', etc.{{efn|But not '''virus'''}}}} |
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| '''vir''' "man" |
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| '''hiérāx''' "a type of hawk" |
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| '''vīrá-''' "man, hero" |
| '''vīrá-''' "man, hero" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vīra-''' "man, hero" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vīra-''' "man, hero", [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''mêr''' |
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| [[Belarusian language|Belar]] ([[Smolensk]]) '''вір''' "a rite of passage for young men into adulthood"; ([[Mogilev]]) '''віра''' "a feast or meal organized by a young man, after reaching adulthood, for his companions"{{efn|These reflexes are suggested by [[Belarus]]ian scholar Siarhiej Sanko.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sańko |first1=Siarhiej |title=Podstawowe składniki białoruskiej narracji sakralnej w perspektywie porównawczej |trans-title=The basic components of the Belarusian sacred narrative in a comparative perspective |language=pl |journal=Politeja |date=2012 |issue=22 |pages=153–182 |jstor=24920134 }}</ref>}} |
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| (possibly) [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''viro-''' "self-minded" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''výras''' "man"; [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''wirs''' "man, husband" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''výras''' "man"; [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''wirs''' "man, husband" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''fer''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''gŵr''' "man" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''fer''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''gŵr''' "man" |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*gʷḗn}}''' "woman, wife" |
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| '''queen''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cwēn'' "queen, woman, wife") |
| '''queen''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cwēn'' "queen, woman, wife") |
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| '''qēns (qēnáis), qinō''' "woman, wife" |
| '''qēns (qēnáis), qinō''' "woman, wife" |
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| '''gunḗ'''{{efn|See also [[Thracian language|Thr]] '''goni''' "woman".<ref>{{cite book|title=Thracian Language and Greek and Thracian Epigraphy|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4438-1325-9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gkaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|first=Peter A.|last=Dimitrov|chapter=The Thracian Inscriptions|page=18}}</ref>}} '''(gunaikos)'''{{efn|See also [[Phrygian language|Phry]] '''knaiko''', '''knaikan''' "woman".<ref name="Woudhuizen Phrygian & Greek"/>}} "woman, wife" < ''{{PIE|*gʷ<sub>u</sub>n-eh₂}}'' (> '''gynecology'''); [[Boeotian Greek|Boet]] '''baná''' "woman"; Myc '''ku-na-ja''' (''gunaia'') |
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| '''gunḗ (gunaikos)''' "woman, wife" < ''{{PIE|*gʷ<sub>u</sub>n-eH₂}}'' |
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| '''gnā (gnā́s-)''' "wife of a god", ''' |
| '''gnā (gnā́s-)''' "wife of a god", '''jánis, jánī''' "woman, wife" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''gǝnā, γnā, ǰaini-''', [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''zan''' "woman, wife" [[Kurdish languages| |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''gǝnā, γnā, ǰaini-''', [[Pashto|Past]] '''jinə́i''', '''njlə́i''' "girl"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''zan''' "woman, wife"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''jin''' "woman, wife" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''žena''' "woman, wife" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''žena''' "woman, wife" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''gena''' "woman, wife" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''gena''' "woman, wife" |
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| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''bnanom''' "of the women" (g. pl.);<ref |
| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''bnanom''' "of the women" (g. pl.);<ref name="Blažek 2008 Gaulish language"/> |
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[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ben (mná)''' "woman, wife" < ''{{PIE|*gʷén-eH₂}} ({{PIE|*gʷn-eH₂-s}})'', '''bé''' (neut.) "wife < ''{{PIE|*gʷén}}''; [[Welsh language|W]] '''benyw''' "woman" |
[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ben (mná)''' "woman, wife" < ''{{PIE|*gʷén-eH₂}} ({{PIE|*gʷn-eH₂-s}})'', '''bé''' (neut.) "wife < ''{{PIE|*gʷén}}''; [[Welsh language|W]] '''benyw''' "woman" |
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| '''kin (knoǰ)''' "woman" |
| '''kin (knoǰ)''' "woman" |
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| '''zonjë''' "lady, wife, woman" < ''{{PIE|*gʷen-yeH₂}}''; [[Gheg]] '''grue''', [[Tosk]] '''grua''' "wife" < ''{{PIE|*gʷn-ōn}}'' |
| '''zonjë''' "lady, wife, woman" < ''{{PIE|*gʷen-yeH₂}}''; [[Gheg]] '''grue''', [[Tosk]] '''grua''' "wife" < ''{{PIE|*gʷn-ōn}}'' |
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| A '''śäṁ''' (pl. '''śnu'''), B '''śana''' "woman, wife" |
| A '''śäṁ''' (pl. '''śnu'''), B '''śana''' "woman, wife" |
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| [[Hittite language|Hitt]] '''ku(w)an(a)''' "woman";<ref>Puhvel, Jaan. ''Hittite Etymological Dictionary - Volume 4: Words beginning with Κ''. Trends in Linguistics 14. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1997. pp. 306-308. |
| [[Hittite language|Hitt]] '''ku(w)an(a)''' "woman";<ref>Puhvel, Jaan. ''Hittite Etymological Dictionary - Volume 4: Words beginning with Κ''. Trends in Linguistics 14. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1997. pp. 306-308.</ref> [[Luwian language|Luw]] '''wanatti''' "woman, wife"; [[Lydian language|Lyd]] '''kãna-''' "wife",<ref>Melchert, Harold Craig. ''Anatolian Historical Phonology''. Amsterdam; Atlanta, GA: Rodopi. 1994. p. 264. {{ISBN|90-5183-697-X}}</ref> "woman"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Woudhuizen |first1=Fred C. |title=Two Notes on Lydian |journal=Talanta |volume=XLII - XLIII |issue=2010–2011 |pages=207–213 |url=https://www.talanta.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/TAL-42-43-kaft-2010-2011-pag-207-214.pdf }}</ref> |
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|- |
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|'''*pótis''' "master, ruler, husband"<ref name="Derksen, p. 346"/> |
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|'''-faþs''' "lord, leader" |
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|'''potis''' "able, capable, possible" |
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|'''pósis''' "husband" |
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|'''páti''' "master, husband, ruler" |
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|[[Avestan|Av]] '''paiti''', [[Parthian language|Parthian]] '''pet''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''fáti''' "master, lord, husband, commander" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''gos<u>podĭ</u>''' "lord, master" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''pats''' "husband" |
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|'''hay''' "husband, chief of family" |
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|'''pata''' "in possession of something" |
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|'''*déms pótis''' "master of the house" |
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|'''despótēs''' "lord, master, owner" (> '''despot'''); '''[[despoina]]''' (< ''*dés-pot-ni̯a'') "lady" (fem. of ''despotes'') |
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|'''dámpati''' "lord of the house; (dual) husband and wife"; '''patír dán'''<ref>{{harvnb|Beekes|2009|p=319}}</ref> |
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| '''də̃ṇg paitiś''' "lord"<ref>{{harvnb|Beekes|2009|p=319}}</ref> |
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|'''*gʰóstis''' "guest, host, stranger"<ref>Mallory, p. 269.</ref> |
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|'''guest''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''giest''); <br /> '''host''' < Lat. hostis; <br /> '''hospital''', <br /> '''hostel''', <br /> '''hotel''' <br /> < Lat. '''hospes''' |
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|'''gasts''' "guest" |
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|'''hostis''' "stranger, guest"; '''hostīlis''' "hostile"; '''hospes, hospit-''' "host, guest, visitor" < hostipotis < PIE '''*gʰóstipotis''' ('''*gʰóstis''' + '''*pótis''') |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''gostĭ''' "guest"; '''[[Gospodin|gospodĭ]]''' "lord, master" < PIE '''*gʰóstipotis''' |
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|'''*weyḱ-''' "settlement, to enter, settle"<ref name=Beekesp38/> |
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|'''-wick, -wich''' < Lat. ''vīcus'' |
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|'''weihs''' "village, countryside" |
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|'''vīcus''' "village, settlement" |
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|'''oîkos''' "house, dwelling place"; '''oiko·nomía''' "management of household administration" (> '''economy''') |
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|'''viś''' "settlement, dwelling space" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vĭsĭ''' "hamlet, village" |
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|[[Old Lithuanian|OLith]] '''viešė''' "settlement" |
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|'''vis''' "land, country, place" |
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|B '''īke''' "place,location" |
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|<!-- PIE -->{{anchor|wiḱpótis}} '''{{PIE|*wiḱpótis}}'''<br /> "master of the household; lord, clan chief" <br /><ref>Dnghu, p. 3264.</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 1131.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''viśpáti'''<br /> "chief of a tribe or settlement, lord" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt-->[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''viēšpats''' "lord" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|'''*h₃rḗǵs''' "king, ruler"<ref name=Beekesp39>Beekes, p. 39.</ref> |
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| '''bishop<u>ric</u>''', '''rich''' (< OE ''rīċe'' "king, dominion") |
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|'''[[reiks]]''', '''-ric''' (in personal names) "king" |
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|'''rēx, rēg-''' "king" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''regal, regalia, regicide, royal''', etc.}} |
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|'''rāj-, rājan''' "king" (> '''maharaja, Raj''' (as in [[British Raj]])) |
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|[[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''*rīx''' "king" (In personal names. E.g., ''Vercingeto<u>rix</u>'', etc.) |
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| '''{{PIE|*tewtéh₂}}''' "community, people"{{efn|[[Joseph Vendryes]] had suggested that compound names with the stem seem to be common around the southeast and the Balkans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vendryes |first1=Joseph |title=Teutomatos |journal=Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres |date=1939 |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=466–480 |doi=10.3406/crai.1939.77232 }}</ref> However, the stem "is attested ... in [[Messapic language|Messapic]], in [[Osco-Umbrian languages|Osco-Umbrian]], in [[Venetic language|Venetic]], in [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]], in [[Celtiberian language|Celtiberian]], in [[Brittonic languages]], in [[Welsh language|Welsh]], in [[German language|German]] and in the [[Baltic languages]]",<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bader |first1=Françoise |title=Le nom des Vénètes et leur expansion |journal=MOM Éditions |date=2009 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=31–77 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/mom_0184-1785_2009_act_43_1_2653 }}</ref> as seen, for instance, in [[Illyrian languages|Illyrian]] '''[[Teuta]]''' (a Illyrian female ruler); [[Messapic]] '''teuta''' (community) and '''Taotor''' (name of deity); tribal name [[Teutons]].}}{{efn|However, Robert Beekes suggests a non-Indo-European, substrate origin for the stem and its reflexes.<ref name=Beekes1998>{{cite journal |id={{INIST|2019018}} {{ProQuest|206848589}} |last1=Beekes |first1=Robert |title=The origin of Lat. Aqua, and of *teuta 'people' |journal=The Journal of Indo-European Studies |date=1998 |volume=26 |issue=3–4 |pages=459–466 }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bichlmeier |first1=Harald |last2=Blažek |first2=Václav |title='Cimbri' et 'Teutoni' |journal=Acta Linguistica Lithuanica |date=2020 |issue=83 |pages=27–54–27–54 |doi=10.35321/all83-02 |s2cid=234930889 |url=https://journals.lki.lt/actalinguisticalithuanica/article/view/2041 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meini |first1=Linda |title=Some remarks on the etymology of *teutā, πλῆθος, plēbs |journal=Linguistic Studies and Essays |date=16 January 2012 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=25–56 |doi=10.4454/ssl.v50i1.68 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |url=https://www.studiesaggilinguistici.it/ssl/article/view/68 }}</ref> |
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| [[Old English|OE]] ''þeod'' "people, nation" |
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| [[Gothic language|Goth]] '''thiuda''' "folk"; [[German language|ModGerm]] '''Deutsch''' < Proto-Germ ''*[[Theodiscus#Etymology|þeudō]]'' |
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| [[Oscan language|Osc]] '''touto''' "community"; [[Umbrian language|Umbr]] '''totam''' "tribe" |
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| {{efn|Woudhuizen lists possible reflexes: Phrygian ''totos'', ''teutous''; Mycenaean ''te-u-ta-(ko-ro)''.<ref name="Woudhuizen Phrygian & Greek"/> Another reflex appears in [[Thracian language|Thracian]] personal name ''Tautomedes'', cited by [[J. P. Mallory]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mallory |first1=J.P. |title=Indo-European Warfare |journal=Journal of Conflict Archaeology |date=October 2006 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=77–98 |doi=10.1163/157407706778942312 |s2cid=162297933 }}</ref> and [[Macedon|Ancient Macedonian]] (Pelasgian?) general ''[[Teutamus]]''.<ref name=Beekes1998/>}} |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''tautà''' "people"; [[Old Prussian|OPru]] '''tauto''' "country" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''tuath''' "tribe, people" (e.g., ''[[Tuatha Dé Danann]]'' "tribe of goddess Danu"); [[Celtic languages|Celt]] '''[[Toutatis]]''' (Teutates) "name of a god" |
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| ?[[Hittite language|Hitt]] '''tuzzi-''' "army"; ?[[Luwian language|Luw]] '''tuta''' "army" |
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|'''{{PIE|*h₁lewdʰ-}}''' "people" |
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|[[Old English|OE]] '''leode''', '''lēod''' "a people, a group, nation", |
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|[[Old High German|OHG]] '''liut''' "people, population" |
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|[[Proto-Italic]] ''*louðeros'' > [[Latin]] '''līber''' "free; name of a [[Liber|deity]]", [[Faliscan language|Faliscan]] '''loiferto'''; [[Paelignian|Pael]] '''loufir''' "free man"; [[Venetic language|Ven]] '''louderos''' "child"; |
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| '''eleútheros''' "free", '''Eleutherios''' "the liberator (epithet of Dionysus)" ; [[Mycenaean Greek|Myc]] '''e-re-u-te-ro/a''' "a free allowance", '''e-re-u-te-ro-se''' "to make free, remit"<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9781501501746-015 |chapter=Homeric – Mycenaean Word Index (MYC) |title=Prolegomena |year=2015 |last1=Wachter |first1=Rudolf |pages=236–258 |isbn=978-1-61451-737-5 }}</ref> |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ljudinŭ''' "free man"; [[Polish language|Pol]] '''lud''' "people, folk" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''liaudis''' "people" |
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==Pronouns |
==Pronouns and particles== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |
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! width="10%"| [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] |
! width="10%"| [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] |
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| Line 303: | Line 554: | ||
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*éǵh₂}}''' "I" |
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| '''I''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] '' |
| '''I''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''iċ'') |
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| '''ik''' "I" |
| '''ik''' "I" |
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| '''egō''' "I" < ''{{PIE|*egoH₂}}'' |
| '''egō''' "I" < ''{{PIE|*egoH₂}}'' |
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| '''egṓ, egṓn''' "I" |
| '''egṓ, egṓn''' "I" |
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| '''ahám''' "I" < ''{{PIE|*egH₂-om}}'' |
| '''ahám''' "I" < ''{{PIE|*egH₂-om}}'' |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''azǝm''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''adam''', Parth. '''az''' "I" < ''{{PIE|*egH₂-om}}''[[Kurdish languages| |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''azǝm''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''adam''', Parth. '''az''' "I" < ''{{PIE|*egH₂-om}}''; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''ez''' "I (direct case)" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''azŭ''' "I" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''azŭ''' "I" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''àš''', [[Old Lithuanian|OLith]] '''eš''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''as''', [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''es''' "I" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''àš''', [[Old Lithuanian|OLith]] '''eš''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''as''', [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''es''' "I" |
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| Line 318: | Line 569: | ||
| '''ūk''' "I" influenced by '''ammuk''' "me" |
| '''ūk''' "I" influenced by '''ammuk''' "me" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₁me}}''' "me (acc.)" |
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| '''me''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mē'', ''mec'' < ''{{PIE|*H₁me-ge}}'') |
| '''me''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mē'', ''mec'' < ''{{PIE|*H₁me-ge}}'') |
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| '''mik''' "me (acc.)" |
| '''mik''' "me (acc.)" |
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| Line 324: | Line 575: | ||
| '''emé, me''' "me (acc.)" |
| '''emé, me''' "me (acc.)" |
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| '''mām''' "me (acc.)" < ''{{PIE|*H₁mē-m}}'', '''mā''' "me (acc. encl.)" |
| '''mām''' "me (acc.)" < ''{{PIE|*H₁mē-m}}'', '''mā''' "me (acc. encl.)" |
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| |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''mąm''' "me" |
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[[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''mi''' "me" |
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[[Pashto|Past]] '''mā''' "I [oblique case]" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''mę''' "me (acc.)" < ''{{PIE|*H₁mē-m}}'' |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''mę''' "me (acc.)" < ''{{PIE|*H₁mē-m}}'' |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''manè''' "me (acc.)" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''manè''' "me (acc.)" |
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| '''ammuk''' "me (acc., dat.)" < ''{{PIE|*H₁me-ge}}'', '''-mu''' "me (acc. encl.)" |
| '''ammuk''' "me (acc., dat.)" < ''{{PIE|*H₁me-ge}}'', '''-mu''' "me (acc. encl.)" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₁meǵʰye}}''' "me (dat.)", '''{{PIE|*(h₁)moy}}''' "me (dat. encl.)" |
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| '''me''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mē'') |
| '''me''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mē'') |
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| '''mis''' "me (dat.)" |
| '''mis''' "me (dat.)" |
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| Line 346: | Line 600: | ||
| '''meje''' |
| '''meje''' |
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| |
| |
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| '''ammuk''' "me (acc., dat.)" < ''{{PIE|* |
| '''ammuk''' "me (acc., dat.)" < ''{{PIE|*h₁me-ge}}'', '''-mi''' "me (dat. encl.)" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₁meme-, *h₁mene-}}''' "of me, mine"; '''{{PIE|*h₁mo-yo-, * h₁me-yo-}}''' "my" |
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| '''my, mine''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mīn'' < ''{{PIE|*H₁mei-no-}}'') |
| '''my, mine''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mīn'' < ''{{PIE|*H₁mei-no-}}'') |
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| '''meins''' "my"; '''meina''' "of me" |
| '''meins''' "my"; '''meina''' "of me" |
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| Line 354: | Line 608: | ||
| '''emeĩo''' "of me"; '''emós''' "my" |
| '''emeĩo''' "of me"; '''emós''' "my" |
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| '''máma''' "of me"; '''ma/mā''' "my" < ''{{PIE|*H₁mo-}}'' |
| '''máma''' "of me"; '''ma/mā''' "my" < ''{{PIE|*H₁mo-}}'' |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''mana''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''manā''' "of me"; [[Avestan|Av]] '''ma''' (m/n), '''mā''' (f) "my" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''mana''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''manā''' "of me"; [[Avestan|Av]] '''ma''' (m/n), '''mā''' (f) "my", [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''az āne man-'''; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''a/ê min''' |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''mene''' "to me", '''moj/a/e''' (m/f/n) "mine" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''mene''' "to me", '''moj/a/e''' (m/f/n) "mine" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''mana(s)''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''mais/maia''' "my" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''mana(s)''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''mais/maia''' "my" |
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| '''miš''' "my" < ''{{PIE|*H₁me-yo-}}'' |
| '''miš''' "my" < ''{{PIE|*H₁me-yo-}}'' |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*túh₂}}''' "you" (nom. sg.) |
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| '''thou''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''þū'' "you") |
| '''thou''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''þū'' "you") |
||
| '''þu''' "you" |
| '''þu''' "you" |
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| Line 371: | Line 625: | ||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''tū''' "you" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''tū''' "you" |
||
[[Persian language|NPers]] '''to''' "you" |
[[Persian language|NPers]] '''to''' "you" |
||
[[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''tu, ti''' |
|||
[[Pashto|Past]] '''tə''' "you" |
|||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ty''' "you" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ty''' "you" |
||
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''tù''', [[Old Prussian|OPr]] '''tu''' "you" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''tù''', [[Old Prussian|OPr]] '''tu''' "you" |
||
| Line 379: | Line 636: | ||
| '''zik, zikka''' "you" < ''*tega'' < ''*te'' + ''*egō'' |
| '''zik, zikka''' "you" < ''*tega'' < ''*te'' + ''*egō'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*wéy}}''' "we"; '''{{PIE|*n̥smé}}''', [[enclitic|encl.]] '''{{PIE|*nos}}''' "us" |
||
| '''we''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wē''), '''us''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ūs'' < [[Proto-Germanic|PGerm]] ''*uns'' < ''{{PIE|*n̥s}}'') |
| '''we''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wē''), '''us''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ūs'' < [[Proto-Germanic|PGerm]] ''*uns'' < ''{{PIE|*n̥s}}'') |
||
| '''weis''' "we", '''uns''' "us" |
| '''weis''' "we", '''uns''' "us" |
||
| '''nōs''' "we, us" |
| '''nōs''' "we, us" |
||
| '''hēm-''' "we, us";{{efn|'''hēm-''' < ''*ām-'' (with ''h-'' after ''hum-'' "you (pl.)") < ''*asm-'' < ''*n̥sm-''.}} [[Aeolic Greek|Aeol]] '''ámme''' "us" < ''*asme'' < ''*n̥sme'' |
| '''hēm-''' "we, us";{{efn|'''hēm-''' < ''*ām-'' (with ''h-'' after ''hum-'' "you (pl.)") < ''*asm-'' < ''*n̥sm-''.}} [[Aeolic Greek|Aeol]] '''ámme''' "us" < ''*asme'' < ''*n̥sme'' |
||
| '''vay-ám''' "we" < ''*wei-óm'', '''asmān''' "us" < ''*n̥sme'' + acc. ''-ān'', encl. ''' |
| '''vay-ám''' "we" < ''*wei-óm'', '''asmān''' "us" < ''*n̥sme'' + acc. ''-ān'', encl. '''nas''' "us" < ''*nos'' |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vaēm''' "we", '''ahma''' "us", encl. '''nǝ̄, nā̊, nō''' "us" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vaēm''' "we", '''ahma''' "us", encl. '''nǝ̄, nā̊, nō''' "us" |
||
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''nìe''' "we", [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] gen. '''nasŭ''' "us" < ''*nōs-sōm'' |
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''nìe''' "we", [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] gen. '''nasŭ''' "us" < ''*nōs-sōm'' |
||
| Line 394: | Line 651: | ||
| '''wēs''' "we" < ''*wei-es'', '''anzāš''' "us", encl. '''naš''' "us" |
| '''wēs''' "we" < ''*wei-es'', '''anzāš''' "us", encl. '''naš''' "us" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*yū́}}''' "you (nom. pl.)"; '''{{PIE|*uswé, *usmé}}''',<ref name="uswe">'''{{PIE|*us-we}}''' is the original form, modified to '''{{PIE|*us-me}}''' in many languages under the influence of 1st. pl. '''{{PIE|*n̥s-mé}}'''. Very often when '''{{PIE|*us-we}}''' remained, the initial ''u-'' was lost; this happened at least in Germanic, Avestan and Celtic.</ref> [[enclitic|encl.]] '''{{PIE|*wos}}''' "you (acc./dat. pl.)" |
||
| '''ye''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''gē'' "you (nom. pl.)"), '''you''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ēow''<ref name="izwis"/> "you (acc./dat. pl.)") |
| '''ye''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''gē'' "you (nom. pl.)"), '''you''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ēow''<ref name="izwis" group="lower-alpha"/> "you (acc./dat. pl.)") |
||
| '''jūs''' "you (nom. pl.)", '''izwis'''<ref name="izwis">[[Old English language|OE]] ''ēow'' (acc., dat.) and ''ēow-ic̣'' (acc., with the same ''-c̣'' ending visible in 1st. sg. acc. ''mēc̣'' "me", also modern German ''mich'' "me"), likewise [[Old High German]] ''iuwih'' "you (acc./dat. pl.)" (modern ''euch''), appear to have the same origin as ''izw-'' in Gothic ''izwis'' "you (acc./dat. pl)", with unexplained loss of ''-z-''. ''izwis'' appears to come from stem ''izw-'' plus originally genitive ''-is'', where ''izw-'' comes ultimately from PIE ''{{PIE|*us-we}}'' with the loss of ''u-'' also visible in Avestan and Celtic, followed by the addition of a prothetic ''i-''. (Ringe, 2006)</ref> "you (acc./dat. pl.)" |
| '''jūs''' "you (nom. pl.)", '''izwis'''<ref name="izwis" group="lower-alpha">[[Old English language|OE]] ''ēow'' (acc., dat.) and ''ēow-ic̣'' (acc., with the same ''-c̣'' ending visible in 1st. sg. acc. ''mēc̣'' "me", also modern German ''mich'' "me"), likewise [[Old High German]] ''iuwih'' "you (acc./dat. pl.)" (modern ''euch''), appear to have the same origin as ''izw-'' in Gothic ''izwis'' "you (acc./dat. pl)", with unexplained loss of ''-z-''. ''izwis'' appears to come from stem ''izw-'' plus originally genitive ''-is'', where ''izw-'' comes ultimately from PIE ''{{PIE|*us-we}}'' with the loss of ''u-'' also visible in Avestan and Celtic, followed by the addition of a prothetic ''i-''. (Ringe, 2006)</ref> "you (acc./dat. pl.)" |
||
| '''vōs''' "you (nom./acc. pl.)" |
| '''vōs''' "you (nom./acc. pl.)" |
||
| '''hum-''' "you (pl.)"; [[Aeolic Greek|Aeol]] '''úmme''' "you (acc. pl.)" < ''*usme'' |
| '''hum-''' "you (pl.)"; [[Aeolic Greek|Aeol]] '''úmme''' "you (acc. pl.)" < ''*usme'' |
||
| '''yūyám''' "you (nom. pl.)", '''yuṣmā́n''' "you (acc. pl.)" < ''y-'' + ''*usme'' + acc. ''-ān'', encl. ''' |
| '''yūyám''' "you (nom. pl.)", '''yuṣmā́n''' "you (acc. pl.)" < ''y-'' + ''*usme'' + acc. ''-ān'', encl. '''vas''' "you (obl. pl.)" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''yūžǝm, yūš''' "you (nom. pl.)", '''yūšmat̃''' "you (abl. pl.)", encl. '''vā̊''' "you (obl. pl.)" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''yūžǝm, yūš''' "you (nom. pl.)", '''yūšmat̃''' "you (abl. pl.)", encl. '''vā̊''' "you (obl. pl.)"; |
||
[[Kurdish languages|Kur]] '''Win''' |
|||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vy''' "you (nom./acc. pl.)", '''vasŭ''' "yours (pl.)" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vy''' "you (nom./acc. pl.)", '''vasŭ''' "yours (pl.)" |
||
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''jũs''' "you (nom. pl.)", '''jũsų''' "yours (pl.)"; [[Old Prussian|OPr]] '''iouson''' "yours (pl.)" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''jũs''' "you (nom. pl.)", '''jũsų''' "yours (pl.)"; [[Old Prussian|OPr]] '''iouson''' "yours (pl.)" |
||
| Line 408: | Line 666: | ||
| A '''yas''', B '''yes''' "you (nom. pl.)" |
| A '''yas''', B '''yes''' "you (nom. pl.)" |
||
| '''sumes''' < ''*usme'' |
| '''sumes''' < ''*usme'' |
||
|- |
|||
| '''{{PIE|*só|}}''' "that" ([[demonstrative pronoun]]) |
|||
| '''the''' (< [[Old English|OE]] ''se''), '''that''' (< [[Old English|OE]] ''þæt''), '''there''' (< [[Old English|OE]] ''þēr, þǣr, þār'') |
|||
| '''sa''', '''þata''' "the", "that" |
|||
| '''sī''' "if", '''tum''' "then" |
|||
| '''ho''', '''to''' "the" |
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| '''sá''' "that, the" |
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| [[Avestan]] '''ha''' "this" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''tŭ''' "this, that" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''tàs''' "that" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''so''' "this" |
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| '''ayd''' "this" |
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| '''tërë'''"whole" |
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| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|*s(w)e-}}''' "oneself"; ([[reflexive pronoun]]) |
| '''{{PIE|*s(w)e-}}''' "oneself"; ([[reflexive pronoun]]) |
||
| Line 416: | Line 689: | ||
| '''sva-''' (ref. pn.) |
| '''sva-''' (ref. pn.) |
||
| [[Avestan]] '''hva-''' (ref. pn.) |
| [[Avestan]] '''hva-''' (ref. pn.) |
||
[[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''xwe''' "itself, myself, etc."[[Persian language|NPers]] '''xod''' "self, itself" |
|||
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''sèbe''' "oneself", [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''svoji''' (ref. [[genitive|gn.]] pn.) |
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''sèbe''' "oneself", [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''svoji''' (ref. [[genitive|gn.]] pn.) |
||
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''sava(s)''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''swajs''' "my own, myself" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''sava(s)''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''swajs''' "my own, myself" |
||
| Line 422: | Line 696: | ||
| '''vetë''' |
| '''vetë''' |
||
| A '''ṣn-i''', B '''ṣañ''' "(one's) own" |
| A '''ṣn-i''', B '''ṣañ''' "(one's) own" |
||
| |
| [[Lydian language|Lydian]] '''s'fa-''' (ref. pn.), [[Carian language|Carian]] '''sfes''' (ref. pn.) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*kʷíd, kʷód}}''' "what" |
||
| '''what''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hwæt'') |
| '''what''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hwæt'') |
||
| '''ƕa''' "what" |
| '''{{transliteration|got|ƕa}}''' "what" |
||
| '''quid''' "what?", '''quod''' "what…, that…" |
| '''quid''' "what?", '''quod''' "what…, that…" |
||
| '''tí''' "what?", '''tì''' "what…" |
| '''tí''' "what?", '''tì''' "what…" |
||
| Line 432: | Line 706: | ||
|[[Persian language|NPers]] '''či, če''' "what" |
|[[Persian language|NPers]] '''či, če''' "what" |
||
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''kakvò''' "what", [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''čь-to''' "what?" |
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''kakvò''' "what", [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''čь-to''' "what?" |
||
| |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''kàd''' "that..."; [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''kawids''' "which, what a" |
||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''cid''' "what?" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''cid''' "what?" |
||
| '''*i (ēr)''' (''< *hi''), '''inčʿ''' (''< *hi-nč’'') "what?" |
| '''*i (ēr)''' (''< *hi''), '''inčʿ''' (''< *hi-nč’'') "what?" |
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| Line 439: | Line 713: | ||
| '''kuit''' (?) "what", '''kuit-ki''' "whatever"; [[Luvian]] '''kuit''' "what?" |
| '''kuit''' (?) "what", '''kuit-ki''' "whatever"; [[Luvian]] '''kuit''' "what?" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*kʷís, kʷós, kʷéy/kʷóy}}''' "who" |
||
| '''who''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hwā'' < ''{{PIE|*kʷoi}}'') |
| '''who''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hwā'' < ''{{PIE|*kʷoi}}'') |
||
| '''ƕas''' "who?" |
| '''{{transliteration|got|ƕas}}''' "who?" |
||
| '''quis''' "who?", '''quī''' "who..." |
| '''quis''' "who?", '''quī''' "who..." |
||
| '''tís''', [[Thessalonian Greek|Thess]] '''kís''', [[Cypro-Arcadian Greek|CyprArc]] '''sís''' "who?", '''tìs''' "who…" |
| '''tís''', [[Thessalonian Greek|Thess]] '''kís''', [[Cypro-Arcadian Greek|CyprArc]] '''sís''' "who?", '''tìs''' "who…" |
||
| ''' |
| '''kás, kís''' "who?" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''kō (ka-hyā, ča-hyā)''' "who?, which?", '''čiš''' "who" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''kō (ka-hyā, ča-hyā)''' "who?, which?", '''čiš''' "who"[[Persian language|NPers]] '''ke, ki''' "who?" |
||
'''kas''' "who, another person" |
|||
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''kòj''' "who", [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''kъ-to (česo)''' "who?" |
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''kòj''' "who", [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''kъ-to (česo)''' "who?" |
||
| |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''kàs''' "who?"; [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''kas''' "who" |
||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''cia''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''pwy''' "who" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''cia''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''pwy''' "who" |
||
| '''о (oyr)''' "who?" |
| '''о (oyr)''' "who?" |
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| Line 456: | Line 731: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|*-kʷe}}''' "and; any" |
| '''{{PIE|*-kʷe}}''' "and; any" |
||
| '''thou<u>gh</u>''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''þeah'' < ''{{PIE|*to-we-kʷe}}'') |
|||
| |
|||
| '''-(u)h''' "and", '''ƕaz-uh''' "whoever" |
| '''-(u)h''' "and", '''{{transliteration|got|ƕaz-uh}}''' "whoever" |
||
| '''-que''' "and", '''quis-que''' "each one, whoever"; [[Venetic]] '''-ke''' "and"; [[South Picenian]] '''-p''' "and" |
| '''-que''' "and", '''quis-que''' "each one, whoever"; [[Venetic]] '''-ke''' "and"; [[South Picenian]] '''-p''' "and" |
||
| '''-te''' "and", '''tís te, hós-te''' "whoever" |
| '''-te''' "and", '''tís te, hós-te''' "whoever" |
||
| Line 466: | Line 741: | ||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''na-ch''', [[Middle Welsh|MW]] '''nac''' "not" < "*and not";{{efn|Cf. Latin '''ne-que''', Gothic '''ni-h''', Hittite '''ni-kku''', Lydian '''ni-k''' "and not, nor".}} [[Lepontic]] '''-pe''' "and" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''na-ch''', [[Middle Welsh|MW]] '''nac''' "not" < "*and not";{{efn|Cf. Latin '''ne-que''', Gothic '''ni-h''', Hittite '''ni-kku''', Lydian '''ni-k''' "and not, nor".}} [[Lepontic]] '''-pe''' "and" |
||
| '''o-kʿ''' "whoever" |
| '''o-kʿ''' "whoever" |
||
| '''dhe''' "and" |
|||
| |
|||
| |
| |
||
| [[Lydian language|Lydian]] '''-k''' "and"; [[Hittite language|Hitt]] '''kuis-ki''', [[Lycian language|Lycian]] '''ti-ke''' "whoever" |
| [[Lydian language|Lydian]] '''-k''' "and"; [[Hittite language|Hitt]] '''kuis-ki''', [[Lycian language|Lycian]] '''ti-ke''' "whoever" |
||
| Line 476: | Line 751: | ||
| '''a-, an-''' "un-" |
| '''a-, an-''' "un-" |
||
| '''a-, an-, na-''' "un-" |
| '''a-, an-, na-''' "un-" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]], [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''a-, an-''' "un-" |
| [[Avestan|Av]], [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''a-, an-''' "un-", [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''nā-''' "un-" |
||
[[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''ni/ne/nek''' |
|||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ne-''' "not" < ''{{PIE|*ne-}}'' |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ne-''' "not" < ''{{PIE|*ne-}}'' |
||
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''ne-''' < ''{{PIE|*ne-}}'', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''ni-''' "not" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''ne-''' < ''{{PIE|*ne-}}'', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''ni-''' "not" |
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| Line 488: | Line 764: | ||
==Numbers== |
==Numbers== |
||
{{See also|Proto-Indo-European numerals |
{{See also|Proto-Indo-European numerals}} |
||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |
||
! width="10%"| [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] |
! width="10%"| [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] |
||
| Line 506: | Line 782: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|*sem-}}''' "one, together" |
| '''{{PIE|*sem-}}''' "one, together" |
||
| '''same''' (< [[Old Norse|ON]] ''samr''); |
| '''same''' (< [[Old Norse|ON]] ''samr''); [[Old English language|OE]] '''sam-''' "together"; [also [[German language|German]] ''zusammen''] |
||
| '''sama''' "same" |
| '''sama''' "same" |
||
| '''sem-el''' "once", '''sem-per''' "always", '''sim-plex''' "single, simple", '''sin-gulī''' "one each, single" |
| '''sem-el''' "once", '''sem-per''' "always", '''sim-plex''' "single, simple", '''sin-gulī''' "one each, single" |
||
| '''heĩs, hén, mía''' "one" < '''{{PIE|*sems, *sem, *smiH₂}}''' |
| '''heĩs, hén, mía''' "one" < '''{{PIE|*sems, *sem, *smiH₂}}''' |
||
| '''sam-''' "together", '''samá''' "same, equal, any" |
| '''sam-''' "together", '''samá''' "same, equal, any" |
||
| |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''hama-''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''hama-''' "any, all" |
||
[[Pashto|Past]] '''sam''' "even, fine" |
|||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''samŭ''' "self, alone, one" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''samŭ''' "self, alone, one" |
||
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''sam-, są-''' "with"; [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''sa-, sen-''' "with, dividing" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''sam-, są-''' "with"; [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''sa-, sen-''' "with, dividing" |
||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''samlith''' "at the same time"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''hafal''' "equal" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''samlith''' "at the same time"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''hafal''' "equal" |
||
| '''mi''' "one" |
| '''mi''' "one" |
||
|'''gjithë''' “all” < PAlb ''*semdza'' |
|||
| |
|||
| A '''sas''', B '''ṣe''' "one" < ''{{PIE|*sems}}'' |
| A '''sas''', B '''ṣe''' "one" < ''{{PIE|*sems}}'' |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*(h₁)óynos, (h₁)óywos}}''' "one" |
||
| '''one''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ān'') |
| '''one''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ān'') |
||
| '''ains''' "one" |
| '''ains''' "one" |
||
| '''ūnus''' (archaic '''oinos''') |
| '''ūnus''' (archaic '''oinos''') |
||
| '''oĩnos''' "one (on a die)", '''oĩ(w)os''' "alone" |
| '''oĩnos''' "one (on a die)", '''oĩ(w)os''' "alone" |
||
| ('''ēka-''' < ''*oi-ko-''; |
| ('''ēka-''' < ''*oi-ko-''; [[Mitanni#Indo-Aryan linguistic influences|Mitanni-Aryan]] '''aika-vartana''' "one turn (around a track)")<ref name=":1">Fournet, Arnaud (2010). "About the Mitanni Aryan gods". ''Journal of Indo-European Studies''. 38 (1–2): 26-27.</ref> |
||
| |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''aēva-''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''aiva-''', ([[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''yek-''' "one, only, alone") |
||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''inŭ''' "one, another" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''inŭ''' "one, another" |
||
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''víenas''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''ains''' "one" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''víenas''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''ains''' "one" |
||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ōen''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''un''' "one" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ōen''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''un''' "one" |
||
| '''andr-ēn''' "right there", '''ast-ēn''' "right here" |
| '''andr-ēn''' "right there", '''ast-ēn''' "right here" |
||
| ? [[Gheg]] '''tânë''', [[Tosk]] '''tërë''' "all" < PIE ''{{PIE|*tod-oino-}}''; ??? '''një''' "one" < ''*ňân'' < PIE ''{{PIE|*eni-oino-}}''<ref>All suggested etymologies of '''një''' "one" are highly speculative, at best. This etymology is one of two given by E. Hamp in ''Indo-European Numerals'' (Jadranka Gvozdanović, ed., 1992), pp. 903-904; the other is simply from PIE ''{{PIE|*eni-}}'' (or ''{{PIE|H₂en-}})'', a PIE [[deictic]] particle visible in Sanskrit ''anyá-'' "the other", OCS ''onŭ'' "that one", Lithuanian ''anàs'' "that one". Michiel de Vaan, in a review of Demiraj's ''Sistemi i numerimit'', suggests PIE ''{{PIE|*H₂en-io-no-}}'' > pre-Proto-Albanian ''*ëńán'' > Proto-Albanian ''*ńâ'' > ''një''. M. Huld (''Basic Albanian Etymologies'', p. 101) attempts to derive '''një''' from PIE ''{{PIE|*sm-iH₂}}'', feminine of ''{{PIE|*sem}}'' "one" and reflected in [[Ancient Greek]] ''mía''; this etymology is also tentatively suggested in Don Ringe et al. "IE and Computational Cladistics", p. 75 (''Transactions of the Philological Society'' 100, 2002).</ref> |
| ? [[Gheg]] '''tânë''', [[Tosk]] '''tërë''' "all" < PIE ''{{PIE|*tod-oino-}}''; ??? '''një''' "one" < ''*ňân'' < PIE ''{{PIE|*eni-oino-}}''<ref group="lower-alpha">All suggested etymologies of '''një''' "one" are highly speculative, at best. This etymology is one of two given by E. Hamp in ''Indo-European Numerals'' (Jadranka Gvozdanović, ed., 1992), pp. 903-904; the other is simply from PIE ''{{PIE|*eni-}}'' (or ''{{PIE|H₂en-}})'', a PIE [[deictic]] particle visible in Sanskrit ''anyá-'' "the other", OCS ''onŭ'' "that one", Lithuanian ''anàs'' "that one". Michiel de Vaan, in a review of Demiraj's ''Sistemi i numerimit'', suggests PIE ''{{PIE|*H₂en-io-no-}}'' > pre-Proto-Albanian ''*ëńán'' > Proto-Albanian ''*ńâ'' > ''një''. M. Huld (''Basic Albanian Etymologies'', p. 101) attempts to derive '''një''' from PIE ''{{PIE|*sm-iH₂}}'', feminine of ''{{PIE|*sem}}'' "one" and reflected in [[Ancient Greek]] ''mía''; this etymology is also tentatively suggested in Don Ringe et al. "IE and Computational Cladistics", p. 75 (''Transactions of the Philological Society'' 100, 2002).</ref> |
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| B '''-aiwenta''' "group" < "*unit" |
| B '''-aiwenta''' "group" < "*unit" |
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| '''ās''' "one" |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*dwóh₁ }}''', neut. '''{{PIE|*dwóy(H₁)}}''' "two" |
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| '''two''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''twā'') |
| '''two''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''twā'') |
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| '''twái''' (fem. '''twōs''', neut. '''twa''') "two" |
| '''twái''' (fem. '''twōs''', neut. '''twa''') "two" |
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| Line 541: | Line 818: | ||
| '''dúō''' "two" |
| '''dúō''' "two" |
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| '''dvā́(u)''' "two" |
| '''dvā́(u)''' "two" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dva''', fem. neut. '''baē''' "two" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dva''', fem. neut. '''baē''' "two"; [[Persian language|NPers]] '''do''' "two"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''diwa''' "two (fem.)" |
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[[Persian language|NPers]] '''do "'''two'''"''' |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''dŭva''' "two" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''dŭva''' "two" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''dù''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''dwai''' "two" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''dù''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''dwai''' "two" |
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| Line 548: | Line 824: | ||
| '''erku''' "two" |
| '''erku''' "two" |
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| '''dy''' "two" |
| '''dy''' "two" |
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| A '''wu''', B '''wi''' "two" |
| A '''wu''', B '''wi''' "two"(<[[Proto-Tocharian|PTC]] *tuwó) |
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| '''dā-''', '''ta-'''; [[Hieroglyphic Luwian|HLuw]] '''tuwa/i-''' "two"; [[Lycian language|Lyc]] '''kbi-''' "two"; [[Milyan language|Mil]] '''tba''' "two"{{efn|For example, '''qñnã-tba''' "twelve" (litt. "ten" plus "two").<ref>[[Vitaly Shevoroshkin|Shevoroshkin, Vitaly]]. "Anatolian laryngeals in Milyan". In: ''The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics''. Edited by Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead. Museum Tusculanum Press. 2012. p. 481. {{ISBN|978-87-635-3838-1}}</ref>}}<ref>Kassian, Alexei. "Anatolian *meyu- ‘4, four’ and its cognates". In: ''[[Journal of Language Relationship]]'' 2 (2009). pp. 68 (footnote nr. 9), 69.</ref> |
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| '''dā-''', [[Lycian language|Lycian]] '''cbi-/tbi-''' "two" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*tréyes}}''' (fem. '''{{PIE|*tisres}}''',<ref>Accent location unknown.</ref> neut. '''{{PIE|*tríH₂}}''') "three" |
| '''{{PIE|*tréyes}}''' (fem. '''{{PIE|*tisres}}''',<ref>Accent location unknown.</ref> neut. '''{{PIE|*tríH₂}}''') "three" |
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| Line 556: | Line 832: | ||
| '''trēs''' "three" |
| '''trēs''' "three" |
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| '''treĩs''' "three" |
| '''treĩs''' "three" |
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| ''' |
| '''tráyas''' (fem. '''tisrás''') "three" |
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| |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''θrayō, θrayas''' (fem. '''tisrō''', neut. '''θri'''), [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''çi-''', [[Parthian language|Parth]] '''hrē''' "three" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''trĭje''' "three" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''trĭje''' "three" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''trỹs''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''tris''', [[Latgalian language|Latg]] '''treis''' "three" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''trỹs''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''tris''', [[Latgalian language|Latg]] '''treis''' "three" |
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| Line 564: | Line 840: | ||
| '''tre''' masc., '''tri''' fem. "three" |
| '''tre''' masc., '''tri''' fem. "three" |
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| A '''tre''', B '''trai''' "three" |
| A '''tre''', B '''trai''' "three" |
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| '''tri-''' "three" |
| '''tri-''' "three"; '''teriyas-''' (gen. pl.) |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*kʷetwóres}}''' (fem. '''{{PIE|*kʷétesres}}''', neut. '''{{PIE|*kʷetwṓr}}''') "four" |
| '''{{PIE|*kʷetwóres}}''' (fem. '''{{PIE|*kʷétesres}}''', neut. '''{{PIE|*kʷetwṓr}}''') "four" |
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| '''four''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''fēower'') |
| '''four''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''fēower'') |
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| '''fidwor''' "four" (In Germanic influenced by pénkʷe "five") |
| '''fidwor''' "four" (In Germanic influenced by pénkʷe "five") |
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| '''quattuor''' "four" |
| '''quattuor''' "four"{{efn|See also: [[Umbrian language|Umb]] '''peturpursus''' "quadruped".}} |
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| '''téssares''' "four" |
| '''téssares''' "four" |
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| masc. ''' |
| masc. '''catvā́ras''' (acc. '''catúras'''), neut. '''catvā́ri''', fem. '''cátasras''' "four" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] masc. ''' |
| [[Avestan|Av]] masc. '''čaθwārō''' (acc. '''čaturąm'''), fem. '''čataŋrō''' "four"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''čahār''' "four"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''çwar''' |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''četyre''' "four" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''četyre''' "four" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''keturì''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''ketturei''' "four" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''keturì''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''ketturei''' "four"{{efn|Cf. [[Thracian language|Thr]] '''ketri-''' "four".<ref>{{cite book|first=Ivan|last=Duridanov | title=Die Sprache der Thraker | series=Bulgarische Sammlung | volume= 5 | publisher=Hieronymus Verlag | year=1985 | page = 60 | isbn=3-88893-031-6 | language= de}}</ref>}} |
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| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''petuar[ios]''' "four"<ref |
| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''petuar[ios]''' "four"<ref name="Blažek 2008 Gaulish language">{{cite journal |last1=Blažek |first1=Václav |title=Gaulish language |journal=Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity. N, Řada klasická |date=2008 |volume=57 |issue=13 |pages=37–65 |hdl=11222.digilib/114125 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ceth(a)ir''' (fem. '''cethēoir''', influenced by fem. '''tēoir''' "three") "four"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''pedwar''' (fem. '''pedair''') "four" |
[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ceth(a)ir''' (fem. '''cethēoir''', influenced by fem. '''tēoir''' "three") "four"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''pedwar''' (fem. '''pedair''') "four" |
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| '''čʿorkʿ''', '''kʿaṙ''' ''(rare)'' "four |
| '''čʿorkʿ''', '''kʿaṙ''' ''(rare)'' "four |
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| '''katër''' "four" |
| '''katër''' "four" |
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| A '''śtwar''', B '''śtwer''' "four" |
| A '''śtwar''', B '''śtwer''' "four" |
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|(remodelled in Hittite and Luwian) |
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| |
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[[Lycian language|Lyc]] Teteri |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*pénkʷe}}''' "five" |
| '''{{PIE|*pénkʷe}}''' "five" |
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| '''five''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''fīf'') |
| '''five''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''fīf'') |
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| '''fimf''' "five" |
| '''fimf''' "five" |
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| '''quīnque''' "five"{{efn|See also: [[Oscan language|Osc]] '''pomp-''' "five".<ref>HOLMER, N. M. (1990), “The semantics of numerals”. In: ''Fontes linguae vasconum'', 22: 16.</ref>}} |
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| '''quīnque''' "five" |
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| '''pénte''' "five" |
| '''pénte''' "five" |
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| '''páñca''' "five"; [[Mitanni#Indo-Aryan linguistic influences|Mitanni-Aryan]] '''panza-''' "five"<ref name=":1"/> |
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| '''páñca''' "five" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''panča''' "five" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''panča''' "five"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''pênc/pênz''' |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''pętĭ''' "five" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''pętĭ''' "five" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''penkì''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''penkei''' "five" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''penkì''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''penkei''' "five"{{efn|See also [[Phrygian language|Phry]] '''pinke''' "five".<ref name="Woudhuizen Phrygian & Greek">{{cite journal |last1=Woudhuizen |first1=Fred C. |title=Phrygian & Greek |journal=Talanta |volume=XL-XLI |issue=2008–2009 |pages=187–217 |url=https://talanta.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/08-Fred_C._Woudhuizen-Frits_Waanders.pdf }}</ref>}} |
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| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''pinpe-''', '''pompe''' "five"<ref |
| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''pinpe-''', '''pompe''' "five"<ref name="Blažek 2008 Gaulish language"/> |
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[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''cóic''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''pum(p)''' "five" |
[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''cóic''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''pum(p)''' "five" |
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| '''hing''' "five" |
| '''hing''' "five" |
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| '''pesë''' "five" |
| '''pesë''' "five" |
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| A '''päñ''', B '''piś''' "five" |
| A '''päñ''', B '''piś''' "five" |
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| Luw '''paⁿta''' "five" |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*swéḱs}}''' "six" |
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| '''six''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''siex'') |
| '''six''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''siex'') |
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| '''sáihs''' "six" |
| '''sáihs''' "six" |
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| Line 607: | Line 884: | ||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''šestĭ''' "six" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''šestĭ''' "six" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''šešì''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''uššai''' "six" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''šešì''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''uššai''' "six" |
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| [[Celtiberian language|Celtib]] '''sues''' "six";<ref name="Blažek 2008 Gaulish language"/> |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''sé''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''chwe(ch)''' "six" |
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[[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''suexos''' "sixth"; |
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[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''sé''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''chwe(ch)''' "six" |
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| '''vecʿ''' "six" |
| '''vecʿ''' "six" |
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| '''gjashtë''' "six" |
| '''gjashtë''' "six" |
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| Line 618: | Line 897: | ||
| '''septem''' "seven" |
| '''septem''' "seven" |
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| '''heptá''' "seven" |
| '''heptá''' "seven" |
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| '''saptá''' "seven"; [[Mitanni#Indo-Aryan linguistic influences|Mitanni-Aryan]] '''šatta-''' "seven"<ref name=":1"/> |
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| '''saptá''' "seven" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''hapta''' "seven" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''hapta''', [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''haft-''', "seven" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sedmĭ''' "seven" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sedmĭ''' "seven" |
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| |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''septynì''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''septinnei''' "seven" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''secht''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''saith''' "seven" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''secht''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''saith''' "seven" |
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| '''eawtʿn''' "seven" |
| '''eawtʿn''' "seven" |
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| Line 628: | Line 907: | ||
| '''sipta-''' "seven" |
| '''sipta-''' "seven" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₁oḱtṓ(w)}}''' "eight" |
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| '''eight''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''eahta'') |
| '''eight''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''eahta'') |
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| '''ahtáu''' "eight" |
| '''ahtáu''' "eight" |
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| Line 637: | Line 916: | ||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''osmĭ''' "eight"{{efn|Built upon '''osmŭ''' "eighth" < ''{{PIE|*H₁ok̂t-mo-}}''.}} |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''osmĭ''' "eight"{{efn|Built upon '''osmŭ''' "eighth" < ''{{PIE|*H₁ok̂t-mo-}}''.}} |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''aštuonì''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''astonei''', [[Latgalian language|Latg]] '''ostoni''' "eight" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''aštuonì''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''astonei''', [[Latgalian language|Latg]] '''ostoni''' "eight" |
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| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''oxtu-''' "eight"<ref |
| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''oxtu-''' "eight"<ref name="Blažek 2008 Gaulish language"/> |
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[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ocht n-''' "eight";{{efn|With nasalization after '''{{PIE|*septḿ̥}}''' "seven".}} [[Welsh language|W]] '''wyth''' "eight" |
[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ocht n-''' "eight";{{efn|With nasalization after '''{{PIE|*septḿ̥}}''' "seven".}} [[Welsh language|W]] '''wyth''' "eight" |
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| '''utʿ''' "eight" |
| '''utʿ''' "eight" |
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| '''tetë''' "eight" < ''{{PIE|*H₁ok̂tō-t-}}'' |
| '''tetë''' "eight" < ''{{PIE|*H₁ok̂tō-t-}}'' |
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| A '''okät''', B '''okt''' "eight" |
| A '''okät''', B '''okt''' "eight" |
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|[[Lycian language|Lyc]] '''aitãta''' "eight"<ref name=Melchert1989>{{cite journal |last1=Melchert |first1=H. Craig |title=New Luvo-Lycian Isoglosses |journal=Historische Sprachforschung |date=1989 |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=23–45 |jstor=40848962 }}</ref> |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*( |
| '''{{PIE|*(h₁)néwn̥}}''' "nine" |
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| '''nine''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''nigon'') |
| '''nine''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''nigon'') |
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| '''niun''' "nine" |
| '''niun''' "nine" |
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| Line 650: | Line 929: | ||
| '''ennéa''' "nine" |
| '''ennéa''' "nine" |
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| '''náva''' "nine" |
| '''náva''' "nine" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''nava''' "nine" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''nava''', [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''noh-''' "nine" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''devętĭ''' "nine" < ''*newn̥-ti-'' (Influenced by ''{{PIE|dékm̥t}}'' "ten") |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''devętĭ''' "nine" < ''*newn̥-ti-'' (Influenced by ''{{PIE|dékm̥t}}'' "ten") |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''devynì''' (influenced by ''{{PIE|dékm̥t}}'' "ten"), [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''newinei''' "nine" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''devynì''' (influenced by ''{{PIE|dékm̥t}}'' "ten"), [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''newinei''' "nine" |
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| Line 657: | Line 936: | ||
| '''nëntë''' "nine" < ''*newn̥-ti-'' |
| '''nëntë''' "nine" < ''*newn̥-ti-'' |
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| AB '''ñu''' |
| AB '''ñu''' |
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|[[Lycian language|Lyc]] '''nuñtãta''' "nine"<ref>"This numeral ... is obviously derived from the word for "nine". (...) The etymological connection with PIE ''*newn'' ... is evident ...". Eichner, Heiner. "Anatolian". In: Gvozdanovic, Jadranka (ed.). ''Indo-European numerals''. Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs n. 57. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1991. p. 87. {{ISBN|3-11-011322-8}}</ref> |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*déḱm̥t}}''' "ten" |
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| '''ten''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tien'') |
| '''ten''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tien'') |
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| '''taíhun''' "ten" |
| '''taíhun''' "ten" |
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| Line 665: | Line 944: | ||
| '''déka''' "ten" |
| '''déka''' "ten" |
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| '''dáśa''' "ten" |
| '''dáśa''' "ten" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dasa''' "ten" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dasa''', [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''dah-''' "ten" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''desętĭ''' "ten" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''desętĭ''' "ten" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''dẽšimt''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''desimtan''' "ten" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''dẽšimt''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''desimtan''' "ten" |
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| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''decam-''' "ten";<ref |
| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''decam-''' "ten";<ref name="Blažek 2008 Gaulish language"/> |
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[[Celtiberian language|Celtib]] '''tekam-''' "ten";<ref>Wodtko, d. S. "Remarks on Celtiberian Etymology". In: Villar, Francisco y Beltrán, Francisco (eds.). ''Pueblos, lengua y escrituras en la Hispania Prerromana''. Actas del VII Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas paleohispánicas (Zaragoza, 12 a 15 de Marzo de 1997). Ediciones Universidad Salamanca. 1999. p. 734. {{ISBN|84-7800-094-1}}</ref> |
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[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''deich''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''deg, deng''' "ten" |
[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''deich''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''deg, deng''' "ten" |
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| '''tasn''' "ten" |
| '''tasn''' "ten" |
||
| '''dhjetë''' "ten" < ''{{PIE|*dék̂m̥t-i-}}'' |
| '''dhjetë''' "ten" < ''{{PIE|*dék̂m̥t-i-}}'' |
||
| A '''śäk''', B '''śak''' "ten" |
| A '''śäk''', B '''śak''' "ten" |
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|{{efn|There is the possibility that [[Lycian language|Lycian]] ''sñta'' could mean either "ten" or "(one) hundred".<ref name=Melchert1989/><ref>Anthony, David W. (2007). ''The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World''. Princeton University Press. p. 28. {{ISBN|978-1-4008-3110-4}}</ref>}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*wídḱm̥ti(h₁)}}''' "twenty" < '''{{PIE|*dwi-dḱm̥t-i(h₁)}}''' "two tens" |
||
| (remodelled) |
| (remodelled) |
||
| (remodelled) |
| (remodelled) |
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| Line 690: | Line 970: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*ḱm̥tóm}}''' "hundred" < '''{{PIE|*dḱm̥tóm}}''' |
||
| '''hundred''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hund, hund-red'') |
| '''hundred''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hund, hund-red'') |
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| '''hunda''' (pl.) "hundred" |
| '''hunda''' (pl.) "hundred" |
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| Line 700: | Line 980: | ||
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''šim̃tas''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''simtan''' "hundred" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''šim̃tas''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''simtan''' "hundred" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''cét''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''can(t)''' "hundred" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''cét''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''can(t)''' "hundred" |
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| <!-- etymology of hariwr is uncertain. Will not put for seeing myself, but idk if it should be shown--> |
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| '''qind''' "hundred" (possibly borrowed from [[Latin language|Latin]] '''centum''') |
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| A '''känt''', B '''kante''' "hundred" |
| A '''känt''', B '''kante''' "hundred" |
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|-<!--- |
|-<!--- |
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| *'''(sm̥-) |
| *'''(sm̥-)ǵhéslo-''' "thousand" |
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| Line 720: | Line 1,000: | ||
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| '''{{PIE|*tuHsont-}}''' "thousand" |
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| '''thousand'''| [[Old english|OE]] '''þūsend''' |
| '''thousand'''| [[Old english|OE]] '''þūsend''' |
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| '''þūsundi''' "thousand" |
| '''þūsundi''' "thousand" |
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| Line 737: | Line 1,017: | ||
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==Body |
==Body== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |
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| Line 754: | Line 1,034: | ||
! width="7%"| [[Tocharian language|Tocharian]] |
! width="7%"| [[Tocharian language|Tocharian]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|krep-}} '''{{PIE|*krep-}}'''<br /> "body"<ref>Dnghu, p. 1625</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 620</ref> |
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|(mid)'''riff''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hrif'') |
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|'''corpus, corporis'''<br /> "body" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''corps''', '''corpse''', '''corporal''', '''corporation, incorporate''', etc.}} |
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|'''kṛ́p'''<br /> "beautiful appearance, beauty" |
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|[[Avestan language|Av]] '''kéhrp''' "corpse, body" |
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|'''kurm''' “torso” and '''krep''' |
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|{{anchor|káput}} '''{{PIE|*káput ~ *kapwéts}}'''<br /> "head"<ref>Dnghu, p. 1445</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 529-530</ref> |
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|'''head''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hēafod'');<br />[[Old English language|OE]] ''hafela, hafola'' "head" |
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|'''caput, capitis'''<br /> "head" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''cap, cape, chapeau, capital, chapter, capitulate''', '''decapitate''', '''per capita''', '''kaput''', etc.}} |
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|{{efn|But not '''kephalḗ'''!}} |
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|'''kapā́la'''<br /> "skull, cranium; bowl" |
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|'''kapelë''' |
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"hat" ; Latin caput |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*dáḱru}}''', '''{{PIE|*h₂éḱru}}''' "tear" |
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| '''tear''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tēar, tæhher'') |
| '''tear''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tēar, tæhher'') |
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| '''tagr''' "tear" |
| '''tagr''' "tear" |
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| '''lacrima''' "tear" |
| '''lacrima''' (archaic '''lacruma''' / '''dacrima''') "tear" (> '''lachrymose''') |
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| '''dákru''' "tear" |
| '''dákru''' "tear" |
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| '''áśru''' "tear" |
| '''áśru''' "tear" |
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| [[Avestan language|Av]] '''asrū-''' "tear" |
| [[Avestan language|Av]] '''asrū-''' "tear"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''hêsir''' "tear" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''assara''' "tear", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''ašara''' "tear |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''assara''' "tear", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''ašara''' "tear |
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| Line 770: | Line 1,081: | ||
| '''isḫaḫru''' "tear" |
| '''isḫaḫru''' "tear" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*dn̥ǵʰuh₂-, *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂}}''' "tongue" |
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| '''tongue''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tunge'') |
| '''tongue''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tunge'') |
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| '''tuggō''' "tongue" |
| '''tuggō''' "tongue" |
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| '''lingua''' "tongue" (archaic '''dingua''') |
| '''lingua''' "tongue" (archaic '''dingua''') ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''language, lingo''' etc.}} |
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| '''jihvā́''' "tongue" < ''*ĝiĝʰwā'', '''juhū́''' |
| '''jihvā́''' "tongue" < ''*ĝiĝʰwā'', '''juhū́''' |
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| [[Avestan language|Av]] '''hizvā''' < ''*ĝiĝʰwā'', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''hizān''', [[Parthian language|Parth]] '''ezβān''' "tongue"<ref> |
| [[Avestan language|Av]] '''hizvā''' < ''*ĝiĝʰwā'', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''hizān''', [[Parthian language|Parth]] '''ezβān''' "tongue", [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''zabān'''; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''izman''' "tongue"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parsig.org/uploads/2/3/2/8/2328777/phonology.pdf |title=Raham Asha, Phonology of Pārsīg |access-date=2010-11-16 |archive-date=2010-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525085830/http://www.parsig.org/uploads/2/3/2/8/2328777/phonology.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''języ-kŭ''' "tongue" < ''*n̥ĝʰū-k-'' |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''języ-kŭ''' "tongue" < ''*n̥ĝʰū-k-'' |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''inzuws''' "tongue", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''liežuvis''' "tongue" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''inzuws''' "tongue", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''liežuvis''' "tongue" |
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| '''teng''' "tongue"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''tafod''' "tongue, language" |
| '''teng''' "tongue"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''tafod''' "tongue, language" |
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| '''lezu''' "tongue" (influenced by lizem, "I lick") |
| '''lezu''' "tongue" (influenced by lizem, "I lick") |
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|'''gjuhë''' "tongue" |
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| A '''käntu''', B '''kantwo''' "tongue" (''*kantwa'' < ''*tankwa'') |
| A '''käntu''', B '''kantwo''' "tongue" (''*kantwa'' < ''*tankwa'') |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₁ésh₂r̥, *h₁esh₂nés}}''' "blood" |
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| archaic '''aser''', '''sanguis''' "blood" (< possibly ''h₁sh₂-én-'' obl. stem + ''guen'') |
| archaic '''aser''', '''sanguis''' "blood" (< possibly ''h₁sh₂-én-'' obl. stem + ''guen'') (> '''sanguine''', etc.) |
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| '''éar''' "blood" |
| '''éar''' "blood" |
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| '''ásṛj, |
| '''ásṛj, asnás''' "blood" |
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| [[Old Persian|OP]] '''ahr̥''' "blood" |
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| [[Latvian language|Lat]] '''asins''', [[Latgalian language|Ltg]] '''asnis (gen. ašņa)''' "blood" |
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| [[Latvian language|Lat]] '''asins''', [[Latgalian language|Ltg]] '''asnis (gen. ašņa)''' "blood" |
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|'''īsarnom''' “blood-colored, iron” |
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|'''ariwn''' "blood" |
|'''ariwn''' "blood" |
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| Line 800: | Line 1,111: | ||
| '''ēsḫar (esḫanas)''' "blood" |
| '''ēsḫar (esḫanas)''' "blood" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE| |
| '''{{PIE|ǵ(o)nH₂dʰos}}''' "jaw, cheek, chin" |
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| '''chin''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''c̣inn'') |
| '''chin''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''c̣inn'') |
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| '''kinnus''' "cheek" |
| '''kinnus''' "cheek" |
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| '''gena''' "cheek" |
| '''gena''' "cheek" |
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| '''génus (génuos)''' "chin, jaw"; '''gnátʰos, gnatʰmós''' "jaw" < ''{{PIE|*ĝnH₂dʰ-}}'' |
| '''génus (génuos)''' "chin, jaw"; '''gnátʰos, gnatʰmós''' "jaw" < ''{{PIE|*ĝnH₂dʰ-}}'' |
||
| '''hánu-ṣ''' "jaw" < ''{{PIE|* |
| '''hánu-ṣ''' "jaw" < ''{{PIE|*ǵʰenu-s}}'', '''gaṇḍa''' "cheek" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zānu-''' "jaw-" < ''{{PIE|* |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zānu-''' "jaw-" < ''{{PIE|*ǵʰenu-s}}'', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''danūg''' < ''*danu-ka-'', [[Parthian language|Parth]] '''zanax''' "chin, jaw"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''gune''' "cheek", '''chune''' "jaw"; |
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[[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''gup''' "cheek" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''żauna''' "jaw", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''žándas''' "cheek" |
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[[Pashto|Past]] '''žā́ma''' "jaw" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''żauna''' "jaw", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''žándas''' "cheek", '''žiaunos''' "gills"<!-- Please add the accentuation --> |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''gi(u)n''' "mouth"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''gên''', pl. '''geneu''' "cheek, chin"; [[Old Cornish]] pl. '''genau''' < ''*genewes'' "cheeks, chins" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''gi(u)n''' "mouth"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''gên''', pl. '''geneu''' "cheek, chin"; [[Old Cornish]] pl. '''genau''' < ''*genewes'' "cheeks, chins" |
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| '''cn-awt''' "jaw, cheek" |
| '''cn-awt''' "jaw, cheek" |
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| A '''śanwe-m''' "jaw" |
| A '''śanwe-m''' "jaw" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*ǵónu, ǵnéws}}''' "knee" |
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| '''knee''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cnēo'') |
| '''knee''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cnēo'') |
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| '''kniu''' "knee" |
| '''kniu''' "knee" |
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| '''genū''' "knee" |
| '''genū''' "knee" (> '''genuflect''') |
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| '''gónu''' ([[Homeric Greek|Hom]] gen. '''gounós''' < ''*gonwós'') "knee", '''pró-kʰnu''' "with outstretched knee" < |
| '''gónu''' ([[Homeric Greek|Hom]] gen. '''gounós''' < ''*gonwós'') "knee", '''pró-kʰnu''' "with outstretched knee" < ''*pró-gʰnu'' |
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| '''jā́nu''' "knee", '''pra- |
| '''jā́nu'''- "knee", '''pra-jñus''' "bow-legged" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] acc. '''žnūm''', dat./abl. pl. '''žnubyō''' "knee", '''fra-šnu-''' "holding the knee forward"; [[Parthian language|Parth]] '''zānūk''', [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''zānū''' "knee" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zānu-''' acc. '''žnūm''', dat./abl. pl. '''žnubyō''' "knee", '''fra-šnu-''' "holding the knee forward"; [[Parthian language|Parth]] '''zānūk''', [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''zānū''' "knee" |
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|[[Russian language|Rus]] '''zvenó''' "knee" |
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|[[Old Irish|OI]] '''glún''' "knee" |
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| '''cunr''', nom pl. '''cungkʿ''' "knee" |
| '''cunr''', nom pl. '''cungkʿ''' "knee" |
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| '''gjuni''' "knee" < Post-PIE ''{{PIE|*ĝnu-n(o)-}}'' |
| '''gjuni''' "knee" < Post-PIE ''{{PIE|*ĝnu-n(o)-}}'' |
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| Line 845: | Line 1,159: | ||
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₃dónts, *h₃dn̥t-}}''' "tooth" |
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| '''tooth''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tōþ'' < ''{{PIE|*H₁dont-}}'') |
| '''tooth''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tōþ'' < ''{{PIE|*H₁dont-}}'') |
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| '''tunþus''' "tooth" < ''{{PIE|*H₁dn̥t-}}'' |
| '''tunþus''' "tooth" < ''{{PIE|*H₁dn̥t-}}'' |
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| '''dēns (dentis)''' "tooth" < ''{{PIE|*H₁dn̥t-}}'' |
| '''dēns (dentis)''' "tooth" < ''{{PIE|*H₁dn̥t-}}'' (> '''dental''') |
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| '''odṓn (odóntos)''' "tooth" < [[Proto-Greek]] ''*edónt-'', cf. Aeol. '''édontes''' "teeth" |
| '''odṓn (odóntos)''' "tooth" < [[Proto-Greek]] ''*edónt-'', cf. Aeol. '''édontes''' "teeth" (> '''orthodontist''', etc.) |
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| '''dán, |
| '''dán, dántas''' "tooth" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dantan-, dātā''' "tooth" [[Modern Persian|NPers]] dandân "tooth" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dantan-, dātā''' "tooth"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''dandân''' "tooth"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''diran, didan, dan''' "tooth" |
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| [[Russian language|Russ |
| [[Russian language|Russ]] '''desná''' "gum" < ''{{PIE|*H₁dent-sn-}}'' |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''dants''' "tooth", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''dantis''' "tooth" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''dants''' "tooth", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''dantis''' "tooth" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''dēt''' "tooth", [[Welsh language|W]] '''dant''' "tooth" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''dēt''' "tooth", [[Welsh language|W]] '''dant''' "tooth" |
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| Line 860: | Line 1,174: | ||
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''*h₃ésth₁, {{PIE|*h₂óst-}}''' "bone" |
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| '''os (ossis)''' "bone" |
| '''os (ossis)''' "bone" |
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| '''ostéon''' "bone" |
| '''ostéon''' "bone" ('''osteoporosis''', etc.) |
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| '''ásthi ( |
| '''ásthi (asthnás)''' "bone" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ast-, asti-''' (gen. pl. '''astąm''', instr. pl. '''azdbīš''') "bone" [[Modern Persian|NPers]] ostoxan "bone" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ast-, asti-''' (gen. pl. '''astąm''', instr. pl. '''azdbīš''') "bone" [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''ostoxan''' "bone"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''hestî, hestû''' "bone" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''kostĭ''' "bone" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''kostĭ''' "bone" |
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| Line 881: | Line 1,195: | ||
| '''oũs''' "ear" |
| '''oũs''' "ear" |
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| '''ūṣa''' "cavity of the ear" |
| '''ūṣa''' "cavity of the ear" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''uši''' "both ears"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] ''' |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''uši''' "both ears"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''guš''' "ear" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ucho (ušese)''' "ear" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ucho (ušese)''' "ear" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''auss''' "ear", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''ausis''' "ear" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''auss''' "ear", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''ausis''' "ear" |
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| Line 890: | Line 1,204: | ||
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₃ókʷs}}''' "eye" |
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| '''eye''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ēage'') |
| '''eye''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ēage'') |
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| '''áugō''' "eye" |
| '''áugō''' "eye" |
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| '''oculus''' "eye" < ''*ōkʷelo-s'' |
| '''oculus''' "eye" < ''*ōkʷelo-s'' ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''ocular''', '''binoculars''', etc.}} |
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| '''ósse''' "both eyes"; '''ómma''' "eye" < ''*óp-mn̥''; ''' |
| '''ósse''' "both eyes"; '''ómma''' "eye" < ''*óp-mn̥''; '''ókkon'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%29%2Fkkon|title = Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ὄκκον}}</ref> "eye" |
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| '''ákṣi ( |
| '''ákṣi (akṣṇás)''' "eye" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''aši''' "both eyes" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''aši''' "both eyes" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''oko''' "eye" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''oko''' "eye" |
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| Line 905: | Line 1,219: | ||
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₁óh₃(e)s}}''' "mouth" |
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| [[Scottish English|Scot]] '''ure''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ōr, ōra'') |
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| [[Norse language|Nor]] '''óss''' "river mouth" |
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| '''ōs''', '''ōris''' "mouth" (> '''oral''') |
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| [[Vedic Sanskrit|Ved]] '''ā́s''' "mouth, face" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''āh''' "mouth" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''usta''' "mouth" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''úostas''' "mouth of a river, harbor" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''á''' "mouth" |
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| '''aiš''', [[genitive case|gen]]. '''iššāš''' "mouth" |
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|- |
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| {{anchor|ḱerd-}} '''{{PIE|*ḱerd-}}''' "heart"; '''{{PIE|*ḱred-dʰē-}}''' "to believe"<br />(See also [[#ḱréd·dʰh₁eti|ḱréd·dʰh₁eti]]) |
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| '''heart''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''heorte'') |
| '''heart''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''heorte'') |
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| '''haírtō''' "heart" |
| '''haírtō''' "heart" |
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| '''cor (cordis)''' "heart"; '''crēdō''' "I believe" < ''*krezdō-'' < ''{{PIE|* |
| '''cor (cordis)''' "heart"; '''crēdō''' "I believe" < ''*krezdō-'' < ''{{PIE|*ḱred-dʰē-}}'' ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''core, cordial, record, accord, discord, concord, accordion, misericordia, courage''', etc.}} |
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| '''kardíā''', [[Homeric Greek|Homeric]] '''kradíē''', [[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]] '''korízdā''' "heart" < ''{{PIE|* |
| '''kardíā''', [[Homeric Greek|Homeric]] '''kradíē''', [[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]] '''korízdā''' "heart" < ''{{PIE|*ḱr̥d(y)ā}}''; poetic '''kẽr (kẽros)''' "heart" < ''{{PIE|*ḱḗr}}'' (> '''cardiac''', '''cardiology'''. etc.) |
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| '''hṛd''' "heart" < post-PIE ''{{PIE|* |
| '''hṛd''' "heart" < post-PIE ''{{PIE|*ǵʰr̥d}}''; '''hṛdaya, hārdi''' "heart"; |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zǝrǝd''' "heart" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zǝrǝd''' "heart" , [[Pashto]] '''zṛə''' "heart" < post-PIE ''{{PIE|*ǵʰr̥d}}''; |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sŭrdĭce''' "heart", '''serda''' "medium, core" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sŭrdĭce''' "heart", '''serda''' "medium, core" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''siran''' "heart", '''serds''' "core", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''širdis''' "heart", '''šerdis''' "core" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''siran''' "heart" (acc.), '''seyr''' "heart", '''serds''' "core", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''širdis''' "heart", '''šerdis''' "core" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''cride''' "heart"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''craidd''' "center"; [[ |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''cride''' "heart"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''craidd''' "center";<br />[[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''crid''' "heart"<ref>Delamarre (2003), p. 129.</ref> |
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| '''sirt''' "heart" |
| '''sirt''' "heart" |
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| Line 920: | Line 1,249: | ||
| [[Hittite language|Hitt]] '''karz (kardias)''' "heart"; [[Luwian language|Luw]] '''zarza''' "heart"<ref>Morpurgo Davies, Anna, and J. David Hawkins. "A Luwian Heart". In: F. Imparati (ed.). ''Studi di storia e di filologia anatolica dedicate a Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli''. Firenze: Elite. 1988. pp. 169-182.</ref> |
| [[Hittite language|Hitt]] '''karz (kardias)''' "heart"; [[Luwian language|Luw]] '''zarza''' "heart"<ref>Morpurgo Davies, Anna, and J. David Hawkins. "A Luwian Heart". In: F. Imparati (ed.). ''Studi di storia e di filologia anatolica dedicate a Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli''. Firenze: Elite. 1988. pp. 169-182.</ref> |
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|'''{{PIE|*h₃nebʰ-}}''' "navel, hub";<br />'''{{PIE|*h₃nóbʰōl}}''' "navel"<ref>Dnghu, p. 863</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 313</ref> |
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| '''{{PIE|*kréwh₂-}}''' "gore, blood (blood outside the body)"<ref>Hamp, Eric P. "Indo-European ''*kreuH''-". In: ''Indogermanische Forschungen'' 82, 1977 (1977): 75-76, doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110243246.75</ref> |
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|'''navel''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''nafola'');<br />'''nave''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''nafu'') |
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|'''umbilīcus''' "navel";<br />'''umbō''' "elbow" |
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|'''omphalós''' "navel; umbilical cord" |
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|'''nā́bhi''' "navel, belly button; center";<br />'''nábhya''' "nave, center part of a wheel" |
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|[[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''nāf''' "navel", '''nāv-''' "deep" |
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[[Pashto|Past]] '''nom, naw''' "navel" |
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| '''{{PIE|*kréwh₂-}}''' "gore, blood (blood outside the body)"<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1305007584}} |last1=Hamp |first1=Eric P.|title=Indo-European *'kreuH' |journal=Indogermanische Forschungen |volume=82 |date=1 January 1977 |pages=75–76 }}</ref> |
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| '''raw''' "uncooked food" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hræw'' "corpse, carrion") |
| '''raw''' "uncooked food" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hræw'' "corpse, carrion") |
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| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''hrár''' "raw" |
| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''hrár''' "raw" |
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| '''cruor''' "thick blood, gore"; ''' |
| '''cruor''' "thick blood, gore"; '''crūdus''' "raw, bloody", '''crūdēlis''' "cruel, rude" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''cruel''', '''crude'''}} |
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| '''kréas''' "flesh, meat"; '''kréa''' "raw flesh" |
| '''kréas''' "flesh, meat"; '''kréa''' "raw flesh" |
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| '''krávis-''' "raw flesh"; '''kravyá''' "raw flesh, carrion", '''krūrá''' "bloody, raw" |
| '''krávis-''' "raw flesh"; '''kravyá''' "raw flesh, carrion", '''krūrá''' "bloody, raw" |
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| [[Avestan language|Av]] '''xrūra''', '''xrūma''' "bloody"; '''vi-xrūmant-''' "bloodless"; '''xrvi.dru''' "of the bloody mace [of [[Aeshma]]]" [[Young Avestan|YAv]] '''xrvišyant''' "grim, bloodthirsty"<ref>Kuiper |
| [[Avestan language|Av]] '''xrūra''', '''xrūma''' "bloody"; '''vi-xrūmant-''' "bloodless"; '''xrvi.dru''' "of the bloody mace [of [[Aeshma]]]" [[Young Avestan|YAv]] '''xrvišyant''' "grim, bloodthirsty"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kuiper |first1=F. B. J. |title=Old east Iranian dialects |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |date=1 November 1976 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=241–253 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00162691 |jstor=24652490 |s2cid=161218715 |doi=10.1163/000000076790079753}}</ref> |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''kry''' "blood"; [[Russian language|Rus]] '''krovǐ''' "blood" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''kry''' "blood"; [[Russian language|Rus]] '''krovǐ''' "blood" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''crauyo''', '''krawian'''; [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''kraũjas''' "blood"; [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''kreve''' "coagulated blood |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''crauyo''', '''krawian'''; [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''kraũjas''' "blood"; [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''kreve''' "coagulated blood,<ref>Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). ''Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture''. London: Routledge. p. 71. {{ISBN|978-1-884964-98-5}}.</ref> bloody scab"<ref>''Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics''. Edited by Jared Klein, Brian Joseph, Matthias Fritz. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. 2018. p. 1647. {{ISBN|978-3-11-054036-9}}.</ref><ref>Gagliano, Maria Teresa Ademollo (2007). "[http://journals.lki.lt/actalinguisticalithuanica/article/view/1066 Le denominazioni del sangue in area baltica]". In: ''Acta Linguistica Lithuanica'' 56: 1-21.</ref> |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''crúaid''', [[Middle Irish|MIr]] '''crū''' "blood" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''crúaid''', [[Middle Irish|MIr]] '''crū''' "blood" |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*néh₂s}}''' "nose" |
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| '''nose''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''nosu'') |
| '''nose''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''nosu'') |
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| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''nǫs''' "nose" |
| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''nǫs''' "nose" |
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| '''nāsus, nāris''' "nose" |
| '''nāsus, nāris''' "nose" (> '''nasal''') |
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| '''nas-''' "nose" |
| '''nas-''' "nose" |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| {{anchor|pṓds}}'''{{PIE|*pṓds, *ped-}}''' "foot"<br />(See also [[#ped-|*ped-]]) |
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| '''foot''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''fōt'') |
| '''foot''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''fōt'') |
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| '''fōtus''' "foot" |
| '''fōtus''' "foot" |
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| '''pēs (pedis)''' "foot" |
| '''pēs (pedis)''' "foot" (> '''pedal''', etc.) |
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| '''poús (podós)''' "foot" |
| '''poús (podós)''' "foot" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''tripod''', '''podium''', etc.}} |
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| ''' |
| '''pā́d- (padás)''' "foot" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''pad-''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''pād''', [[Parthian Language|Parth]] '''pāδ''' "foot" [[Modern Persian|NPers]] pa "foot" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''pad-''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''pād''', [[Parthian Language|Parth]] '''pāδ''' "foot" [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''pa''' "foot"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''pê''' |
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[[Pashto|Past]] '''px̌a''' "foot |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''pěšǐ''' "on foot", '''pęta''' "heel" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''pida''' "foot", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''pėda''' "foot" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''pida''' "foot", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''pėda''' "foot" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''īs''' "below" < PIE loc. pl. ''*pēd-su''; [[Welsh language|W]] '''is(od)''' "below, under; lower (than)" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''īs''' "below" < PIE loc. pl. ''*pēd-su''; [[Welsh language|W]] '''is(od)''' "below, under; lower (than)" |
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| Line 963: | Line 1,309: | ||
| '''poshtë''' "below" |
| '''poshtë''' "below" |
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| A '''pe''' "foot", B '''paiyye''' "foot" |
| A '''pe''' "foot", B '''paiyye''' "foot" |
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| '''pata-''', [[ |
| '''pata-''', [[Cuneiform Luwian|CLuw]] '''pāta-''', [[Lycian language|Lyc]] '''pedi-''' "foot" |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|tpḗrsneh₂}} '''{{PIE|*tpḗrsneh₂}}'''<br /> "heel, upper thigh"<br /><ref>Dnghu, p. 2387</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 823</ref><ref name=":5">Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 183</ref> |
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|[[Old English language|OE]] ''fiersn'' "heel, calx" |
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|'''fairzna'''<br /> "heel" |
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|'''perna'''<br /> "gammon";<br />[[Spanish language|Spa]] '''pierna'''<br /> "leg" |
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|'''ptérnē'''<br /> "heel, hoof; footstep" |
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|'''pā́rṣṇi'''<br /> "heel; rear of the army; kick" |
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|'''paršna-''' "loins" |
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|- |
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<!-- h₂(e)rmós, arm --> |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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{{anchor|h₂(e)rmós}} |
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'''{{PIE|*h₂(e)rmós}}'''<br /> "arm, forequarter" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, pp. 178-179.</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, pp. 55-61.</ref> |
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<ref>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 179.</ref> |
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<ref>Monier Williams, p. 170.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''arm''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''earm'') |
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|<!-- Goth --> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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'''armus'''<br /> "shoulder, forequarter" |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''harmós'''<br /> "joint (anatomy); <br />link; bolt" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''īrmá-'''<br /> "arm, forequarter (of an animal)" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] |
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'''ramo''' "shoulder" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|h₃nṓgʰs}} '''{{PIE|*h₃nṓgʰs}}'''<br /> "nail (finger or toe)"<br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 2243-2244.</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 780</ref><ref>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 176.</ref> |
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|'''nail''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''næġel'') |
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|'''nagls'''<br /> "nail" |
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|'''unguis'''<br /> "fingernail, toenail; claw; hoof";<br />'''ungula'''<br /> "hoof, claw; an aromatic spice" |
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|'''ónux'''<br /> "claw, nail, hoof; a kind of aromatic substance; onyx (the gem)" |
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|'''nakhá'''<br /> "nail";<br />'''áṅghri'''<br /> "foot; foot of a seat; tree root" |
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|[[New Persian|Npers]] '''nâxon''' "nail" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''noga''' "foot, leg";<br />'''nogŭtĭ''' "nail" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''nãgas''' "fingernail,talon" |
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|[[Modern Irish|Irsh]] '''ionga''' "nail" |
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|'''ełung''' "nail" |
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|'''nyell''' "nail" |
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|A '''maku''', B '''mekwa''' "nail" |
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|'''ša-an-ku-wa-''' "nail" |
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| '''{{PIE|*yḗkʷr̥, yekʷnés}}''' "liver" |
| '''{{PIE|*yḗkʷr̥, yekʷnés}}''' "liver" |
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| Line 970: | Line 1,374: | ||
| '''jecur (jecinoris)''' "liver" |
| '''jecur (jecinoris)''' "liver" |
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| '''hẽpar (hḗpatos)''' "liver" |
| '''hẽpar (hḗpatos)''' "liver" |
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| '''yákr̥t ( |
| '''yákr̥t (yaknás)''' "liver" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''yākarǝ''', [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''ǰigar''', [[Pashto language|Pashto]] ''' |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''yākarǝ''', [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''ǰigar''', [[Pashto language|Pashto]] '''iná''' "liver" |
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| [[Serbian language|Serbian]] '''jetra''' "liver", [[Serbian language|Serbian]] and [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] '''ikra''' "fish roe" |
| [[Serbian language|Serbian]] '''jetra''' "liver", [[Serbian language|Serbian]] and [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] '''ikra''' "fish roe" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''jakna''', [[Latvian language|Lat]] '''aknas''' "liver", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''jeknos''' |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''jakna''', [[Latvian language|Lat]] '''aknas''' "liver", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''jeknos'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Petit |first1=Daniel |title=Vieux pruss. lagno, lit. jẽknos: apophonie radicale et formation hétéroclitique |journal=Res Balticae |volume=8 |year=2002 |pages=67–91 |url=https://resbalticae.fileli.unipi.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/67-91.pdf }}</ref> |
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| [[Welsh language|W]] '''(i)afu''' "liver"; [[Middle Irish|MIr]] '''i(u)chair (i(u)chrach)''' "fish roe" |
| [[Welsh language|W]] '''(i)afu''' "liver"; [[Middle Irish|MIr]] '''i(u)chair (i(u)chrach)''' "fish roe" |
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| '''leard''' "liver" |
| '''leard''' "liver" |
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| A '''ykär''', B '''yakär*''' "liver"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Itkin |first=Ilya B. |title=On Tocharian A cognates of the Tocharian B words meaning 'spleen' and 'liver' |trans-title=О тохарских A соответствиях тохарским B словам со значением ʽселезенкаʼ и ʽпечень" |journal=Journal of Language Relationship |volume=20 |issue=3–4 |date=2023 |pages=177–180 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jlr-2023-203-404/html |doi=10.1515/jlr-2023-203-404|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 }}</ref> |
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|[[Luwian language|Luwian]] ''' |
|[[Luwian language|Luwian]] '''ikkwar/n-''' "liver"{{efn|Possible Anatolian reflex of the root, as posited by Sasseville (2020).<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004436299_006 |chapter=The Lydian Stems in -o-(d), Luwian /-(a)u-/, Lyc. -u- |title=Anatolian Verbal Stem Formation |year=2020 |pages=180–205 |isbn=978-90-04-43629-9 |s2cid=242268076 |last1=Sasseville |first1=David }}</ref>}} |
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|- |
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| '''*ǵʰésr̥ ~ * |
| '''*ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰsrés''' "hand" |
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|'''hir''' "hand" (rare, anatomical) |
|'''hir''' "hand" (rare, anatomical) |
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|'''kheír''' "hand" |
|'''kheír''' "hand" (> '''chiropractor''', '''surgery (chirurgy)''', '''enchiridion''', etc.) |
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|'''hás-ta''' "hand" |
|'''hás-ta''' "hand" |
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|Av '''zas-ta''' "hand" |
|[[Avestan|Av]] '''zas-ta''' "hand", [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''dast''' "hand" |
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| Line 993: | Line 1,397: | ||
|'''dorë''' "hand" |
|'''dorë''' "hand" |
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|A '''tsar''', B '''ṣar''' "hand" |
|A '''tsar''', B '''ṣar''' "hand" |
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|'''keššar''' "hand",<ref>Puhvel |
|'''keššar''' "hand",<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Puhvel |first1=Jaan |title=Shaft-shedding Artemis and mind-voiding Ate: Hittite determinants of Greek etyma |journal=Historische Sprachforschung |date=1992 |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=4–8 |jstor=40849348 }}</ref> |
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[[Luwian language|Luwian]] '''īssaris''' "hand" |
[[Luwian language|Luwian]] '''īssaris''' "hand" |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|méh₂r̥}} '''{{PIE|*méh₂r̥ ~ *mh₂én- ~ *mh₂ntéh₂}}'''<br /> "hand, the pointing one"<br /><ref>Dnghu, p. 2124</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 740-741</ref><ref name=":4">Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 179</ref> |
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|'''mound''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mund'' "hand, hand of protection, protector) |
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|[[German language|Ger]] vor'''mund'''<br /> "legal guardian" |
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|'''manus, manūs'''<br /> "hand" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''manual, manufacture, manuscript, manipulate, manifest, maintain, manage, manumission, emancipate, mandate, demand, commend, countermand, mandatory, masturbate''' etc.}} |
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|'''márē'''<br /> "hand" (dubious) |
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|'''manii̯aḫḫ-i''', “to distribute, entrust” |
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|'''*bʰeh₂ǵʰús''' "arm"<ref>Dnghu, p. 322</ref> |
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|'''bough''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''bōg'') |
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|'''pêkhus''' "forearm" |
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|'''bāhú''' "arm" |
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|[[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''bāzū''' "arm" |
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|'''{{PIE|*h₃bʰrúHs}}''' "eyebrow"<ref>Dnghu, p. 514</ref> |
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|'''brow''', [[Scottish English|Scot]] '''broo''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''brū'') |
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|'''ophrū́s''' "eyebrow" |
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|'''bhrū́''' "eyebrow" |
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|[[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''abrū''' "eyebrow" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''bry''' "eyebrow" |
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|{{anchor|péth₂r̥}} '''{{PIE|*péth₂r̥}}'''<br /> "wing, feather" <br /><ref name=":6">Dnghu, pp. 2373-2376</ref><ref name=":7">Pokorny, pp. 825-826</ref><ref name=":4"/><ref>Monier Williams, p. 581.</ref><br />(See also [[#peth₂-|*peth₂-]]) |
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|'''feather''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''feþer'') |
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|'''penna''' < '''*petna'''<br /> "wing; feather; quill pen"<br /> (> '''pen''') |
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|'''pterón'''<br /> "feather, wing; winged creature" |
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|'''pát·tra-'''<br /> "wing, pinion, feather; leaf, petal (as the plumage of a tree)" |
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|[[Avestan|Av]] '''Karšiptar''' (''Karšift'') "black-winged" |
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[[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''par''' "feather" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''perije''' "feather" |
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|'''trnum''' "to fly" |
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| Line 1,016: | Line 1,481: | ||
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*éḱwos}}''', '''{{PIE|*h₁éḱwos}}''' "horse, fast animal" |
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| [[Old English language|OE]] '''eoh''' "horse" |
| [[Old English language|OE]] '''eoh''' "horse" |
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| '''aíƕa-''' "horse"{{efn|Only in |
| '''{{transliteration|got|aíƕa-}}''' "horse"{{efn|Only in {{transliteration|got|*aíƕatundi}} "bramble", literally "horse-tooth".}} |
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| '''equus''' "horse" |
| '''equus''' "horse" (< '''equos''') |
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| '''híppos''' "horse"; [[Mycenaean Greek|Myc]] '''i-qo''' "horse" ( < ''*ïkkʷos'')<ref>Duhoux |
| '''híppos''' "horse"; [[Mycenaean Greek|Myc]] '''i-qo''' "horse" ( < ''*ïkkʷos'')<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duhoux |first1=Yves |title=Minos. Revista de Filologia Egea |journal=L'Antiquité Classique |date=1991 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=716–717 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1991_num_60_1_2329_t1_0716_0000_2 }}</ref> |
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| '''[[Ashva|áśva]]-''' "horse"; [[Mitanni#Indo-Aryan linguistic influences|Mitanni-Aryan]] '''aššu-''' "horse" |
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| '''áśvaḥ''' "horse" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''aspa-''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''asa-''' "horse"; [[Ossetic language|Ossetian]] '''yäfs''' "horse" < ''{{PIE|* |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''aspa-''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''asa-''' "horse"; [[Ossetic language|Ossetian]] '''yäfs''' "horse" < ''{{PIE|*yéḱwos}}''; [[Persian language|NPers]] '''asp''' "horse"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''hesp''' "horse" |
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[[Persian language|NPers]] '''asp''' "horse" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''jastrębъ''' "hawk" (literally "a fast bird") |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''jastrębъ''' "hawk" (literally "a fast bird") |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] ''' |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''aswīnan''' "mare's milk", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''ašva''' "mare |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ech'''; [[Middle Welsh|MW]] '''ebawl''' |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ech'''; [[Welsh language|W]] '''ebol''' "foal, colt" (< [[Middle Welsh|MW]] '''ebawl''' < [[Proto-Brythonic language|PBryth]] ''*ebọl,'' < [[Proto-Celtic language|PC]] ''*ep-ālos''). |
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| '''ēš''' "donkey" |
| '''ēš''' "donkey" |
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| A '''yuk''', B '''yakwe''' "horse" |
| A '''yuk''', B '''yakwe''' "horse" |
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| [[Luwian language|Luwian]] '''ásùwa''' "horse" |
| [[Luwian language|Luwian]] '''ásùwa''' "horse"; [[Lycian language|Lycian]] '''esbe''' "horse" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*gʷṓws}}''' "cattle"<ref name="gwous" group="lower-roman"> |
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Complex ablauting stem: |
Complex ablauting stem: |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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| Line 1,039: | Line 1,503: | ||
! Language !! Nom !! Acc !! Gen !! Dat !! Nom !! Acc !! Gen |
! Language !! Nom !! Acc !! Gen !! Dat !! Nom !! Acc !! Gen |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| PIE || ''' |
| PIE || '''gʷṓws''' || '''gʷṓm''' || '''gʷéws''' || '''gʷéwey''' || '''gʷówes''' || '''gʷówm̥s''' || '''gʷéwoHom''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Sanskrit || ''' |
| Sanskrit || '''gáus''' || '''gā́m''' || '''gṓs''' || '''gávē''' || '''gā́vas''' || '''gā́s''' || '''gávām''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Avestan || '''gāuš''' || '''gąm''' || '''gāuš''' || '''gave''' || '''gā̆vō''' || '''gā̊''' || '''gavąm''' |
| Avestan || '''gāuš''' || '''gąm''' || '''gāuš''' || '''gave''' || '''gā̆vō''' || '''gā̊''' || '''gavąm''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|} |
|} |
||
</ref><ref>De Decker |
</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Decker |first1=Filip |title=Stang's Law and the Indo-European word for 'cow' |journal=Indogermanische Forschungen |date=14 December 2011 |volume=116 |issue=2011 |pages=42–59 |doi=10.1515/9783110239485.42 |hdl=1854/LU-8101102 |s2cid=201016842 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8101102 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
||
| '''cow''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cū'') |
| '''cow''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cū'') |
||
| [[Old Saxon]] '''kō''', [[Old High German|OHG]] '''chuo''' "cow" |
| [[Old Saxon]] '''kō''', [[Old High German|OHG]] '''chuo''' "cow" |
||
| '''bōs (bovis)''' "cattle";{{efn|Expected form is ''*vōs'', not ''*bōs''; evidently this is a borrowing from [[Oscan language|Oscan]] or [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]].}} [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]] acc. '''bum''' "cow" |
| '''bōs (bovis)''' "cattle";{{efn|Expected form is ''*vōs'', not ''*bōs''; evidently this is a borrowing from [[Oscan language|Oscan]] or [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]].}} [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]] acc. '''bum''' "cow" |
||
| '''boũs''', [[Doric Greek|Dor]] '''bõs (bo(w)ós)''' "cattle, cow" |
| '''boũs''', [[Doric Greek|Dor]] '''bõs (bo(w)ós)''' "cattle, cow" |
||
| ''' |
| '''gáus (gṓs)'''<ref name="gwous" group="lower-roman"/> "cow" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''gāuš (gāuš)'''<ref name="gwous"/> "cow" [[Modern Persian|NPers]] |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''gāuš (gāuš)'''<ref name="gwous" group="lower-roman"/> "cow"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''gāv''' "cow"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''ga''' "cow" |
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[[Pashto|Past]] '''ğwā''' "cow" |
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| [[Croatian language|Croatian]] '''gòvedo''' "cattle" < [[Proto-Slavic|PSlav]] ''*govędo''; [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''gu-mǐno''' "threshing floor" |
| [[Croatian language|Croatian]] '''gòvedo''' "cattle" < [[Proto-Slavic|PSlav]] ''*govędo''; [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''gu-mǐno''' "threshing floor" |
||
| [[Latvian language|Latvian]] '''gùovs''' "cow |
| [[Latvian language|Latvian]] '''gùovs''' "cow" |
||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''bó (bóu/báu)'''{{efn|'''bóu, báu''' are archaic genitives; later '''báo, bó'''.}} "cow"; [[Old Welsh|OW]] '''buch''' "cow" < ''*boukkā'', '''bu-gail''' "cowherd" < ''{{PIE|*gʷou-kʷolyos}}'' |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''bó (bóu/báu)'''{{efn|'''bóu, báu''' are archaic genitives; later '''báo, bó'''.}} "cow";<br /> '''Boand'''{{efn|Celtic river-goddess}}<br /> < [[Proto-Celtic]] '''*bowo-windā''' "white cow (or) cow-finder" {{efn|In the latter case, a direct parallel to Skt. '''go·vinda-''' "cow-finder"}}<br /> > '''Boyne'''{{efn|River in Ireland}}<ref>Delamarre (2003), p. 80.</ref><br /> [[Old Welsh|OW]] '''buch''' "cow" < ''*boukkā'', '''bu-gail''' "cowherd" < ''{{PIE|*gʷou-kʷolyos}}'' |
||
| '''kov''' "cow" |
| '''kov''' "cow" |
||
| '''ka''' "ox" |
| '''ka''' "ox" |
||
| A '''ko''' "cow", B '''ke<sub>u</sub>''' "cow" |
| A '''ko''' "cow", B '''ke<sub>u</sub>''' "cow" |
||
| [[Hieroglyphic Luvian|HierLuv]] '''wawa-''', [[Lycian language|Lycian]] '''wawa-, uwa-''' "cow" |
| [[Hieroglyphic Luvian|HierLuv]] '''wawa-''', [[Lycian language|Lycian]] '''wawa-, uwa-''' "cow";<ref name="Studies in Hittite-Luwian Names">{{cite journal |last1=Shevoroshkin |first1=V. |title=Studies in Hittite-Luwian Names |journal=Names |date=1 September 1978 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=231–257 |doi=10.1179/nam.1978.26.3.231 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
||
<br/>?[[Palaic language|Pal]] '''kuwa(w)-''' "bull"{{efn|Proposed by Yakubovich and Sasseville (2018).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sasseville |first1=David |last2=Yakubovich |first2=Ilya |title=Palaic Words for Domestic Animals and their Enclosures |journal=Historical Linguistics |date=7 December 2018 |volume=131 |issue=1 |pages=46–58 |doi=10.13109/hisp.2018.131.1.46 |jstor=27032358 |s2cid=239601340 }}</ref>}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|'''*péḱu''' "livestock"<ref name="Mallory, p. 25f">Mallory, p. 25f.</ref><ref name=Beekesp35>Beekes, p. 35.</ref> |
|||
|'''fee'''; '''fief'''; '''feud''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''feoh'' "livestock, property, money"); |
|||
|'''faihu''' "property, possessions, wealth, riches, money" |
|||
|'''pecū''' "cattle, domestic animals"; '''pecūnia''' "money" ⇒<br />{{NoteTag|''pecunious'', ''impecunious''}} |
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| |
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|'''páśu''', '''paśú''' "livestock" |
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| |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] |
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'''pasti''' "to herd, pasture" |
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| [[Old Lithuanian language|OLith]] '''pekus''' "cattle" |
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| |
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|'''asr''' "wool" |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|h₂éwis}} '''{{PIE|*h₂éwis}}'''<br /> "bird" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 219-220.</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 86.</ref><ref name=MnA§93>Mallory & Adams (2006), §9.3.</ref><ref>Monier Williams, p. 949.</ref><br />(See also [[#h₂ōwyó·m|*h₂ōwyó·m]]) |
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| |
|||
|<!--Gmc--> |
|||
|<!--Itl-->'''avis'''<br /> "bird" (> '''aviary, aviation''', etc.);<br />'''auceps'''<br /> "bird-catcher; fowler; eavesdropper";<br />[[Late Latin|LL]] '''avicellus, aucellus'''<br /> "little bird" > [[French language|Fre]] '''oiseau''';<br />'''avispex''', later, '''auspex'''<br /> "augur (from watching the flight of birds)" <br />⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|name=auspex|auspices, auspicious }} |
|||
|<!--Hel-->'''āetós'''<br /> "eagle; omen";<br />'''oiōnós'''<br /> "large bird, bird of prey; omen; bird used in augury";<br />'''oiōnoskópos'''<br /> "augur (from the flight of birds)";<br />'''oiōnistḗrion'''<br /> "place for watching bird flight; omen" |
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|<!--Skt-->'''ví'''<br /> "bird" |
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|<!--Irn-->[[Avestan|Av]] '''vīš''' "bird" |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> '''hav''' "chicken" |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₂ówis}}''' "sheep" |
||
| '''ewe''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ēow'' "sheep", ''ēowu'' "ewe") |
| '''ewe''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ēow'' "sheep", ''ēowu'' "ewe") |
||
| '''awistr''' "sheepfold"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''ouwi, ou''' "sheep" |
| '''awistr''' "sheepfold"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''ouwi, ou''' "sheep" |
||
| Line 1,076: | Line 1,573: | ||
| [[Luvian language|Luvian]] '''hāwa/i-''', [[Lycian language|Lycian]] '''χawa-''' "sheep" |
| [[Luvian language|Luvian]] '''hāwa/i-''', [[Lycian language|Lycian]] '''χawa-''' "sheep" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₂ŕ̥tḱos}}''' "bear"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blažek |first1=Václav |title=Indo-European 'bear' |journal=Historische Sprachforschung |date=2017 |volume=130 |pages=148–192 |jstor=26532668 }}</ref> |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
| '''ursus''' "bear" |
| '''ursus''' "bear" |
||
| '''árktos''' "bear" |
| '''árktos''' "bear" |
||
| ''' |
| '''ŕ̥kṣa-''' "bear" |
||
| [[Younger Avestan|YAv]] '''arša''', [[Ossetic language|Ossetian]] '''ars''' "bear" |
| [[Younger Avestan|YAv]] '''arša''', [[Ossetic language|Ossetian]] '''ars''' "bear"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''xers''' "bear"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''hirç''' "bear" |
||
| |
| |
||
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] ''' |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''irštva''' "bear den" |
||
| [[Middle Irish|MIr]] '''art''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''arth''' "bear" |
| [[Middle Irish|MIr]] '''art''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''arth''' "bear" |
||
| '''arǰ''' "bear" |
| '''arǰ''' "bear" |
||
| Line 1,091: | Line 1,588: | ||
| '''ḫartaqqas''' (name of a beast of prey) |
| '''ḫartaqqas''' (name of a beast of prey) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*ḱwon-}}''' "hound, dog"<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1305020152}} |last1=Peeters |first1=Christian |title=The word for 'dog' and the sequence *wH + consonant in Indo-european |journal=Indogermanische Forschungen |date=1973 |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=75–77 }}</ref> |
||
| '''hound''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hund'' "dog") |
| '''hound''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hund'' "dog") |
||
| '''hunds''' "dog" |
| '''hunds''' "dog" |
||
| '''canis''' "dog" |
| '''canis''' "dog" |
||
| '''kúōn (kunós)''' "dog"; [[Mycenaean Greek|Myc]] '''ku-na-ke-ta-i''', [[Attic Greek|Att]]/[[Ionic Greek|Ion]] '''kunegétes''' "huntsman" (litt. "those who guide dogs")<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Delgado |first1=José Miguel Jiménez |title=The etymology of Myc. ku-na-ke-ta-i, Ion.-Att. κυνηγέτης, and Myc. ra-wa-ke-ta, Dor. γᾱγέτᾱς |journal=Glotta |date=2015 |volume=91 |pages=116–128 |doi=10.13109/glot.2015.91e.1.116 |jstor=24368212 }}</ref> |
|||
| '''kúōn (kunós)''' "dog" |
|||
| '''śvan( |
| '''śvan(śunas)''' "dog" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''spā''' (acc. '''spānǝm''', pl. gen. '''sū̆nam''') |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''spā''' (acc. '''spānǝm''', pl. gen. '''sū̆nam'''); [[Middle Persian|MPers]] '''sak'''; [[Kurdish language|Kurd]] '''kuçik, se, sey'''; [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]] '''šač''' "dog" |
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[[Pashto|Past]] '''spay''' "dog" |
|||
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''kùt͡ʃe''' "dog", [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''suka''' "bitch (female dog)" |
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''kùt͡ʃe''' "dog", [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''suka''' "bitch (female dog)" |
||
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''sunnis''' "dog", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''šuo''' "dog" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''sunnis''' "dog", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''šuo''', '''šunis''' ([[accusative case|acc]] pl.) "dog", [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''suns''' "dog", [[Latgalian language|Ltg]] '''suņs''' "dog" |
||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''cú (con)''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''ci''' "dog" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''cú (con)''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''ci''' "dog" <br/> '''[[Cú Chulainn|<u>Cú</u> Chulainn]]''' litt. "hound of Chulainn" <br/> '''[[Cunobeline|<u>Cuno</u>beline]]''' < [[Common Brittonic|Com. Britt.]] ''*Cunobelinos'' "strong (?) as a dog" |
||
| '''šun''' "dog" |
| '''šun''' "dog" |
||
| possibly '''qen''' (disputed, possible Latin loan) |
| possibly '''qen''' (disputed, possible Latin loan) |
||
| AB '''ku''' "dog" (acc. A '''koṃ''', B '''kweṃ''') |
| AB '''ku''' "dog" (acc. A '''koṃ''', B '''kweṃ''') |
||
| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] '''kuwaš''' ([[nominative case|nom.]]), '''kunaš''' ([[genitive case|gen.]]); [[Hieroglyphic Luvian|HierLuv]] '''suwanni''' "dog";<ref>Watkins, Calvert. "Proto-Indo-European: Comparison and Reconstruction". In: ''The Indo-European Languages''. Edited by Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat. Routledge. 1998. p. 54. {{ISBN|0-415-06449-X}}.</ref> [[Palaic language|Pal]] '''kuwan-''' "dog";<ref>Sasseville, David and Yakubovich, Ilya. "[https://www.academia.edu/49201182/Palaic_Words_for_Domestic_Animals_and_their_Enclosures Palaic Words for Domestic Animals and their Enclosures]". In: ''Historical Linguistics'' (2018) 131:1, 48-49.</ref> [[Lydian language|Lyd]] '''kan-''' "dog" |
|||
| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] '''kun-''' [[Hieroglyphic Luvian|HierLuv]] '''suwanni''' "dog" |
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|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*múh₂s}}''' "mouse" |
||
| '''mouse''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mūs'') |
| '''mouse''', [[Scottish English|Scot]] '''moose''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mūs'') |
||
| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''mús''' "mouse" |
| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''mús''' "mouse" |
||
| '''mūs''' "mouse" |
| '''mūs''' "mouse" |
||
| '''mũs''' "mouse" |
| '''mũs''' "mouse" |
||
| '''mū́ṣ-''' "mouse" |
| '''mū́ṣ-''' "mouse" |
||
| [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''muš''' "mouse" (? not in Pokorny; Pokorny has [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''mūš''' "mouse") [[Kurdish languages| |
| [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''muš''' "mouse" (? not in Pokorny; Pokorny has [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''mūš''' "mouse"); [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''mişk''' "mouse" |
||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''myšĭ''' "mouse" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''myšĭ''' "mouse" |
||
| |
| |
||
| Line 1,118: | Line 1,616: | ||
| '''mukn''' "mouse" |
| '''mukn''' "mouse" |
||
| '''mi''' "mouse" |
| '''mi''' "mouse" |
||
| |
|||
| |
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|- |
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|'''*uksḗn''' "ox, bull"<ref>Pokorny, p. 1118.</ref><ref name=Beekesp37>Beekes, p. 37.</ref> |
|||
|'''ox''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''oxa'') |
|||
|'''auhsa''' "ox" |
|||
| |
|||
| |
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|'''ukṣán''' "bull, ox" |
|||
|[[Avestan|Av]] '''uxšan''' "bull" |
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| |
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| |
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|[[Middle Welsh|MW]] '''ych'''; [[Middle Irish|MidIr]] '''oss''' "stag, cow"; [[Middle Breton|MBret]] '''ouhen''' |
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| |
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| |
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|B '''okso''' "draft-ox" |
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| |
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|- |
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|'''*táwros''' "bull" |
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|'''steer''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''stēor'') |
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|[[Old Norse|ON]] '''þjórr''' |
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|'''taurus''', [[Oscan language|Osc]] '''taurom''' ([[accusative case|acc.]]) |
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|'''taûros''' |
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| |
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|'''stawra-''' "bull" |
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|[[Old Slavic|OSl]] '''turŭ''' |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''taũras'''; [[Old Prussian|OPr]] '''tauris''' "bison" |
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|[[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''tarvos''' ('''taruos''') "bull"; [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''tarb''' |
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| '''tuar''' "cattle" |
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|'''tarok''' |
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| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|*suHs-}}''' "pig" |
| '''{{PIE|*suHs-}}''' "pig" |
||
| '''sow''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sū'') |
| '''sow''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sū''); |
||
'''swine''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''swīn)'' |
|||
| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''sýr''' "sow" |
| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''sýr''' "sow" |
||
| '''sūs''' "pig" |
| '''sūs''' "pig" |
||
| '''hũs, sũs''' "pig" |
| '''hũs, sũs''' "pig" |
||
| '''sū-kara''' "pig"; [[Hindi]] '''sūvar''' "pig" |
| '''sū-kara-''' "pig"; [[Hindi]] '''sūvar''' "pig" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''hū''' (gen. sg.) "pig" , [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''xuk''' "pig" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''hū''' (gen. sg.) "pig" , [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''xuk''' "pig" |
||
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''svinjà''' "swine, sow" |
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''svinjà''' "swine, sow" |
||
| Line 1,134: | Line 1,663: | ||
| '''thi''' "pig" |
| '''thi''' "pig" |
||
| B '''suwo''' "pig" |
| B '''suwo''' "pig" |
||
| '''še-hu-u''' "pig" |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|*wl̥kʷos}}''' "wolf" |
| '''{{PIE|*wl̥kʷos}}''' "wolf" |
||
| Line 1,141: | Line 1,670: | ||
| '''lupus''' "wolf" |
| '''lupus''' "wolf" |
||
| '''lúkos''' "wolf" |
| '''lúkos''' "wolf" |
||
| ''' |
| '''vŕ̥ka-''' "wolf" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vǝhrka-''' "wolf" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vǝhrka-''' "wolf"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''gorg''' "wolf"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''gur''' "wolf" |
||
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''vɤ̞lk''' "wolf", [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vlĭkŭ''' "wolf" |
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''vɤ̞lk''' "wolf", [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vlĭkŭ''' "wolf" |
||
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''wilks''' "wolf", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''vilkas''' "wolf" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''wilks''' "wolf", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''vilkas''' "wolf" |
||
| Line 1,151: | Line 1,680: | ||
|'''ulippana''' "wolf" |
|'''ulippana''' "wolf" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|*wl(o)p}}''' "fox" |
| '''{{PIE|*wl(o)p-}}''' "fox" |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
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| Line 1,157: | Line 1,686: | ||
| '''alṓpēx''' "fox" |
| '''alṓpēx''' "fox" |
||
| '''lopāśá''' "fox, jackal" |
| '''lopāśá''' "fox, jackal" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''urupis''' "dog", '''raopi-''' "fox, jackal" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''urupis''' "dog", '''raopi-''' "fox, jackal"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''rovî, rûvî''' "fox" |
||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''lisa''' "fox" |
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| |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''lãpė''' "fox |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''lãpė''' "fox"; [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''lapsa''' "fox" |
||
| [[Breton language|Bre]] '''louarn''' "fox" (< [[Proto-Celtic|PCel]] ''*loɸernos'') |
| [[Breton language|Bre]] '''louarn''' "fox" (< [[Proto-Celtic|PCel]] ''*loɸernos'') |
||
| '''ałuēs''' "fox" |
| '''ałuēs''' "fox" |
||
| [[Tosk Albanian|Tosk]] '''dhelpër''', [[Gheg Albanian|Gheg]] '''dhelpen''' "fox" (< ''*dzelpina'' < ''*welpina'')<ref>Orel, Vladimir. ''Albanian Etymological Dictionary''. Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill. p. 81.</ref> |
| [[Tosk Albanian|Tosk]] '''dhelpër''', [[Gheg Albanian|Gheg]] '''dhelpen''' "fox" (< ''*dzelpina'' < ''*welpina'')<ref>Orel, Vladimir. ''Albanian Etymological Dictionary''. Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill. p. 81.</ref> |
||
| |
| |
||
|'''ulipzas''' (''ú-li-ip-za-aš'') "wolf";<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Blažek |first1=Václav |title=Baltic and Slavic 'fox' |journal=Linguistica Baltica |date=1998 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=25–31 }}</ref> [[Luwian language|Luwian]] '''ú-li-ip-ni-eš''' (nom. sg.), '''wa-li-ip-ni''' (dat.-loc. sg.) "fox"<ref name=":2"/> |
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| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*ǵʰh₂éns}}''' "goose" |
||
| '''goose''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''gōs'') |
| '''goose''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''gōs''), '''gander''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ganra'') |
||
| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''gans''' "goose" |
| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''gans''' "goose" |
||
| '''(h)ānser''' "goose" |
| '''(h)ānser''' "goose" |
||
| '''kʰḗn''', [[Doric Greek|Doric]] '''khā́n''' "goose"; [[Mycenaean Greek|Myc]] '''ka-no''', '''ka-si''' ([[dative case|dat.]] pl.) "goose"<ref>Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010). Entry “χήν”. In: ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek''. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; nr. 10. volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. 1630.</ref> |
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| '''kʰḗn''' "goose" |
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| ''' |
| '''haṁsá-'''"goose" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zāō''' "goose" (? not in Pokorny); [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] '''z’γ''' "kind of bird" , [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''ɣaz''' "goose" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zāō''' "goose" (? not in Pokorny); [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] '''z’γ''' "kind of bird" , [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''ɣaz''' "goose", [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''ɣu''' "swan" |
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| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''gɤ̞ska''' "goose", [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''gǫsǐ''' "goose" |
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''gɤ̞ska''' "goose", [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''gǫsǐ''' "goose" |
||
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''zansi''' "goose", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''žąsis''' "goose" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''zansi''' "goose", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''žąsis''' "goose" |
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| |
| |
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| '''gatë''' "heron" |
| '''gatë''' "heron" |
||
|B '''kents-''' "bird (goose?)"<ref>Adams, Douglas Q. (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fXPiAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22kents%22+goose+tocharian+b&pg=PA207 A Dictionary of Tocharian B.: Revised and Greatly Enlarged]''. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 207. {{ISBN|978-94-012-0936-6}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Douglas Q. |chapter=Three additions to the Tocharian B aviary |pages=33–43 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4opgyFZMAYC&pg=PA33 |editor1-last=Winther |editor1-first=Werner |editor2-last=Schmidt |editor2-first=Klaus T. |title=Tocharian and Indo-European Studies vol.12 |date=2011 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |isbn=978-87-635-3649-3 }}</ref> |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₂énh₂t(i)s}}''' "duck" |
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| [[Scottish English|Scot]] '''ennet''' "duck" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ened'') |
| [[Scottish English|Scot]] '''ennet''' "duck" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ened'') |
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| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''enita''' "duck" |
| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''enita''' "duck" |
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| '''ānas''' "duck" |
| '''ānas''' (gen. '''anatis''') "duck" |
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| '''nessa, netta''' "duck" |
| '''nessa, netta''' "duck" |
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| '''ātí-''' "waterfowl" |
| '''ātí-''' "waterfowl" |
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| [[Ossetic]] '''acc''' " |
| [[Ossetic]] '''acc''' "wild duck" |
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[[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''ordak''' "duck" |
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| [[Russian language|Russ.]] '''utka''' "duck" |
| [[Russian language|Russ.]] '''utka''' "duck" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''ants''' "duck", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''antis''' "duck" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''ants''' "duck", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''antis''' "duck" |
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| [[Welsh language|W]] '''hwyad(en)''' "duck" |
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| '''baht''' "duck" |
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| '''rosë''' "duck" |
| '''rosë''' "duck" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₁élh₁ēn}}''' "deer" |
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| Line 1,202: | Line 1,732: | ||
| '''élaphos''' "deer"; [[Homeric Greek|Hom]] '''ellós''' "young of the deer" |
| '''élaphos''' "deer"; [[Homeric Greek|Hom]] '''ellós''' "young of the deer" |
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| |
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| [[Pashto|Past]] '''osə́i''' "deer" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OSl]] '''jeleni''' "deer"; [[Russian language|Russ]] '''oleni''' "red deer" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OSl]] '''jeleni''' "deer"; [[Russian language|Russ]] '''oleni''' "red deer" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''élnis''' "red deer"; [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''élnė''' "hind" < ''*H₁elH₁ēniHx'' "hind, cow-elk" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''élnis''' "red deer"; [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''élnė''' "hind" < ''*H₁elH₁ēniHx'' "hind, cow-elk" |
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| [[Welsh language|NWel]] '''elain''' "hind" < ''*H₁elH₁ēniHx'' "hind, cow-elk" |
| [[Welsh language|NWel]] '''elain''' "hind" < ''*H₁elH₁ēniHx'' "hind, cow-elk" |
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[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''elit''' "doe"<ref>Curchin |
[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''elit''' "doe"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Curchin |first1=Leonard A. |title=Place-names of the Ebro Valley: their linguistic origins |journal=Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua |date=2008 |issue=8 |pages=13–33 |url=https://ifc.dpz.es/ojs/index.php/palaeohispanica/article/view/256 }}</ref> |
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| '''ełn''' "hind" |
| '''ełn''' "hind" |
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| |
| |
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| B '''yal''', '''ylem''' "gazelle"<ref>Pinault, Georges-Jean Pinault; Winter, Werner. ''Dictionary and Thesaurus of Tocharian A''. Volume I: A-J. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2009. p. 173. {{ISBN|978-3-447-05814-8}}</ref> |
| B '''yal''', '''ylem''' "gazelle"<ref>Pinault, Georges-Jean Pinault; Winter, Werner. ''Dictionary and Thesaurus of Tocharian A''. Volume I: A-J. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2009. p. 173. {{ISBN|978-3-447-05814-8}}</ref> |
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B '''ylaṃśke''' "young gazelle"<ref> |
B '''ylaṃśke''' "young gazelle"<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004357778_014 |chapter=A Comparison of the Tocharian a and B Metrical Traditions |title=Language and Meter |year=2018 |pages=319–345 |isbn=978-90-04-35776-1 |first1=Michaël |last1=Peyrot |hdl=1887/3465776 }}</ref> |
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|'''aliya(n)-''' "red deer"<ref>Collins, Billie Jean. "On the Trail of the Dee: Hittite ''kurāla-''". In: ''Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner, Jr: On the Occasion of His 65th Birthday''. Edited by Gary Beckman, Richard Beal and Gregory McMahon. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. 2003. p. 80. {{ISBN|1-57506-079-5}}</ref> |
|'''aliya(n)-''' "red deer"<ref>Collins, Billie Jean. "On the Trail of the Dee: Hittite ''kurāla-''". In: ''Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner, Jr: On the Occasion of His 65th Birthday''. Edited by Gary Beckman, Richard Beal and Gregory McMahon. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. 2003. p. 80. {{ISBN|1-57506-079-5}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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|'''{{PIE|* |
|'''{{PIE|*h₁eǵʰis}}''' "hedgehog" |
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|[[Old English|OE]] '''igil''' "hedgehog" |
|[[Old English|OE]] '''igil''' "hedgehog" (< [[Proto-Germanic]] ''*igilaz'') |
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|[[Old Norse|ON]] '''ígull''' "sea-urchin" |
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|[[Mycenean Greek|MycGr]] '''e-ki-no''';<ref>Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John. ''Documents in Mycenaean Greek''. Cambridge at the University Press. 1956. p. 96. {{ISBN|978-0-521-08558-8}}</ref> '''ekhînos''' "hedgehog" |
|[[Mycenean Greek|MycGr]] '''e-ki-no''';<ref>Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John. ''Documents in Mycenaean Greek''. Cambridge at the University Press. 1956. p. 96. {{ISBN|978-0-521-08558-8}}</ref> '''ekhînos''' "hedgehog" |
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| Line 1,228: | Line 1,758: | ||
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|'''{{PIE|*bʰébʰrus}}''' "beaver" |
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{{anchor|bʰébʰrus}} |
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'''{{PIE|*bʰébʰrus}}''' "beaver"<br /> |
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(See also [[#bʰer-bʰerH-|*bʰer-, bʰerH-]]) |
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|'''beaver''' (< [[Old English|OE]] ''beofer'') |
|'''beaver''' (< [[Old English|OE]] ''beofer'') |
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|[[Old High German|OHG]] '''bibar''' "beaver"; [[Old Icelandic|OIc]] '''biorr''' "beaver" |
|[[Old High German|OHG]] '''bibar''' "beaver"; [[Old Icelandic|OIc]] '''biorr''' "beaver" |
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| Line 1,235: | Line 1,768: | ||
|'''babʰrú''' "mongoose" |
|'''babʰrú''' "mongoose" |
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|[[Avestan language|Av]] '''baβra-''' "beaver" |
|[[Avestan language|Av]] '''baβra-''' "beaver" |
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|[[Ukrainian language|Ukr]] '''bober''' "beaver";<ref>{{Cite web|title=БОБЕР - тлумачення, орфографія, новий правопис онлайн|url=https://slovnyk.ua/index.php?swrd=%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80|website=slovnyk.ua|access-date=2021-02-07}}</ref> [[Russian language|Rus]] '''bobr''' "beaver" |
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|[[Russian language|Rus]] '''bobr''' "beaver" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''bebrùs''' "beaver"; [[Prussian language|Pruss]] '''bebrus''' "beaver" |
|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''bebrùs''' "beaver"; [[Prussian language|Pruss]] '''bebrus''' "beaver" |
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|[[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''bebru-''' ; [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''Bibar''' |
|[[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''bebru-''' ; [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''Bibar''' |
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| Line 1,243: | Line 1,776: | ||
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|- |
|- |
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|'''{{PIE|*h₃érō}}''' "eagle"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blažek |first1=Václav |title=On Specific Zoological Isoglosses between Celtic and (Balto-)Slavic |journal=Studia Celto-Slavica |date=2012 |volume=6 |pages=17–29 |doi=10.54586/CQLP7556|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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|'''erne''' "a sea eagle" < [[Old English|OE]] '''earn''' "eagle" |
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|'''ara''' "eagle"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''arn''' "eagle" |
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|('''[[Avernus]]''' "entrance to the underworld" (< [[Ancient Greek|AncGrk]] ''áornos'' "birdless")){{efn|In ancient Roman tradition, the Avernus was a lake where birds died as they flew near it.}} |
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|'''órnis''' "bird"; [[Mycenaean Greek|Myc]] '''o-ni-ti-ja-pi''' "decorated with birds(?)" |
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|[[Old Slavic|OSl]] '''orǐlŭ''' "eagle"; [[Russian language|Rus]] '''orël''' "eagle" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''ăras''', '''ĕras''', '''erẽlis''' "eagle"; [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''ērglis''', [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''arelie''' "eagle" |
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|[[Middle Breton|MBret]] '''erer''', [[Middle Welsh|MW]] '''eryr''', [[Middle Irish|MIr]] '''irar''' "eagle" (< ''*eriro'') |
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|[[Old Armenian|OArm]] '''oror''' "gull", [[Middle Armenian|MArm]] '''urur''' "kite" |
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|'''orr''' "eagle, falcon" (rare) |
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|[[Hittite language|Hitt]] '''ḫaran-''' "eagle"; [[Cuneiform Luwian|CLuw]] '''ḫarrani(a/i)''' "a type of (oracular) bird"; [[Palaic language|Pala]] '''[ḫa-]a-ra-na-aš''' "eagle"<ref name="Syllable Weight Gradation in the Lu"/> |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*h₂éngʷʰis; *h₁ógʷʰis}}''' "snake", "serpent", "eel" |
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| |
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| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''unc''' "snake"; '''engiring''' "maggot" (diminutive of ''angar'' "large larva") |
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| '''anguis''' "snake, serpent, dragon"; '''Anguilla''' "eel" |
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| '''ópʰis''' "serpent, snake"; '''énkhelus''' "eel"{{efn|See also [[Illyrian tribes|Illyrian tribal name]] '''[[Enchele]]''' "eel-people".}} |
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| '''áhi''' "snake, serpent; name of [[Vrtra]]" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''aži''' "snake", [[Persian language|Persian]] '''yağnij''' "grass snake" (archaic); '''[[Zahhak|Azhi Dahāka]]'''{{efn|The name migrated to Eastern Europe,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Detelić |first1=Mirjana |title=St Paraskeve in the Balkan Context |journal=Folklore |date=2010 |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=94–105 |doi=10.1080/00155870903482049 |jstor=29534110 |s2cid=162807399 }}</ref> assumed the form "azhdaja" and the meaning "dragon", "dragoness"<ref>Erben, Karel Jaromír; Strickland, Walter William. ''[https://archive.org/details/russianbulgarian00erbe/page/130/mode/2up Russian and Bulgarian folk-lore stories]''. London: G. Standring. 1907. p. 130.</ref> or "water snake"<ref>Kropej, Monika. ''Supernatural beings from Slovenian myth and folktales''. Ljubljana: Institute of Slovenian Ethnology at ZRC SAZU. 2012. p. 102. {{ISBN|978-961-254-428-7}}</ref> in Balkanic and Slavic languages.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.31826/9781463225612 |title=Turkish Language Contacts in Southeastern Europe |year=2010 |last1=Kappler |first1=Matthias |isbn=978-1-4632-2561-2 |page=256 }}</ref>}} |
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| [[Old East Slavic|OEstSl]] '''užĭ''' "snake", [[Russian language|Rus]] '''už''' "grass snake"; [[Polish language|Pol]] '''węgorz''' "eel" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''angis''' "snake", '''angurgis''' "eel"; [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''angis''' "viper", '''ungurys''' "eel"; [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''odze''', '''odzs''' (dialectal) "viper, adder"; |
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| [[Old Armenian|OArm]] '''awj''' "snake", '''iž''', '''iwž''' "viper" |
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| B '''auk''' "snake" |
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| '''[[Illuyanka|Illuy<u>anka</u>]]''' "mythical snake foe" |
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|- |
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|'''*h₂eyǵ-''' "goat"<ref>Dnghu, p. 40.</ref> |
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|'''aíx''' "goat" |
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|'''eḍa''' "a kind of sheep" |
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|'''ayts''' "goat" |
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|'''dhi''', "goat" |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|h₂ōwyóm}} '''{{PIE|*h₂ōwyóm}}'''<br /> (a [[vṛddhi]]-derivative of [[#h₂éwis|*h₂éwis]])<br /> "egg" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 2273-2274.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 783-784.</ref><ref name=MnA§93/><ref>Monier Williams, p. 11.</ref> |
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|'''ey''' (obsolete) "egg" <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ǣġ'') (> '''[[Cockney]]''' "cock-egg");<br />'''egg''' <br /> (< [[Old Norse|ON]] ''egg'') |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl-->'''ōvum'''<br /> "egg" (> '''ovum, ovary, oval, ovoid, ovulate''', etc.) |
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|<!--Hel-->'''ōión'''<br /> "egg, seed" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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|[[Pashto|Past]] '''hagə́i''' "egg" |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|'''*h₂egʷnós''' "lamb"<ref name=Beekesp36/> |
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|'''yean''' "to give birth to" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ēanian'') |
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|'''agnus''' "lamb" |
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|'''amnós''' "lamb" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''agnę''' "lamb" |
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|'''enjë''' (dairy goat) |
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|- |
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<!-- laḱ-, laḱs- --> |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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{{anchor|}} |
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'''{{PIE|*laḱ-, laḱs-}}'''<br /> "to be spotted; salmon, trout" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, p. 1835.</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, p. 653.</ref> |
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<ref name=MnA146>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 146.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''lax''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''leax'' "salmon") |
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|<!--Goth--> |
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[[Old High German|OHG]] |
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'''lahs''' "salmon" |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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[[Russian language|Russ]] |
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'''losos''' "salmon" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''lašiša''' "salmon" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|B '''laks''' "fish, salmon"<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|} |
|} |
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==Food and farming== |
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==Agriculture== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |
||
| Line 1,263: | Line 1,897: | ||
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{anchor|ǵr̥h₂-nó-}} '''{{PIE|*ǵr̥h₂-nó-}}''' "grain"<ref name=MnA§161/><ref>Dnghu, pp. 1192-1194.</ref><ref name="Pokorny, pp. 390-391">Pokorny, pp. 390-391.</ref> <br />(See also [[#gʰreh₁-|*gʰreh₁-]]) |
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| '''{{PIE|*ĝr̥H₂-no-}}''' "grain" |
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| '''corn''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''corn'' "grain") |
| '''corn''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''corn'' "grain") |
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| '''kaúrn''' "corn" |
| '''kaúrn''' "corn" |
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| '''grānum''' "grain" |
| '''grānum''' "grain" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''grain, granary, granule, granite, pomegranate''', etc.}} |
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| |
| |
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|''' |
|'''jīrṇá-, jūrṇá-''' "old, worn out, decayed" |
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| |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''zrŭno''' "grain" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''zrŭno''' "grain" |
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| Line 1,278: | Line 1,912: | ||
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{anchor|gʰreh₁-}} '''{{PIE|*gʰreh₁-}}'''<br /> "to grow" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 1137, 1151.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 404, 454.</ref><ref name=MnA§161>Mallory & Adams (2006), §16.1.</ref><ref>Monier Williams, p. 371.</ref><br />(See also [[#ǵr̥h₂-nó-|*ǵr̥h₂-nó-]]) |
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| '''{{PIE|*H₂éĝros}}''' "field" |
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|'''grow''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''grōwan'');<br />'''green''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''grēne'');<br />'''grey, gray''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''grǣġ'');<br />'''grass''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''græs'');<br />'''groom''' (young boy, servant) <br /> (< [[Middle English language|ME]] ''grome'') |
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|<!--Gmc-->'''grōdjan'''<br /> "to green, grow; plant" |
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|<!--Itl-->'''grāmen'''<br /> "grass, turf; herb";<br />'''rāvus'''<br /> "gray, tawny";<br />'''herba'''<br /> "grass; weed; herb" |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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|<!--Irn-->[[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''gewre, gir''' "big", '''gewre bûn''' "to grow, to get big", '''giran''' "heavy", '''girîng''' "important, major, essential" |
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[[Pashto|Past]] '''grān''' "expensive, hard" |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''grěnŭ''' "green" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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| {{anchor|h₂éǵros}} '''{{PIE|*h₂éǵros}}''' "field" |
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| '''acre''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''æcer'' "field") |
| '''acre''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''æcer'' "field") |
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| '''akrs''' "field" |
| '''akrs''' "field" |
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| '''ager (agrī)''' "field" |
| '''ager (agrī)''' "field" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''agrarian, agriculture, pilgrim, peregrinate''', etc.}} |
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| '''agrós''' "field" |
| '''agrós''' "field" |
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| ''' |
| '''ájra-'''"meadow" |
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| Line 1,293: | Line 1,943: | ||
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₂erh₃-}}''' "to plow" |
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| [[Old English language|OE]] '''erian''' "to plow" |
| [[Old English language|OE]] '''erian''' "to plow" |
||
| '''arjan''' "to plow" |
| '''arjan''' "to plow" |
||
| '''arō (arāre)''' "to plow", '''arātrum''' "plow" |
| '''arō (arāre)''' "to plow", '''arātrum''' "plow" |
||
| '''aróō''' "I plow" < ''{{PIE|*H₂erH₃-oH₂}}'', '''árotron''' "plow" |
| '''aróō''' "I plow" < ''{{PIE|*H₂erH₃-oH₂}}'', '''árotron''' "plow", '''[[Arura|aroura]]''' "arable land" |
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| |
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|'''hala''' "plow" |
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| |
| |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''orjǫ (orati)''' "to plow", '''ralo''' < ''*ar(ə)dhlom'' "plow" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''orjǫ (orati)''' "to plow", '''ralo''' < ''*ar(ə)dhlom'' "plow" |
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| Line 1,308: | Line 1,958: | ||
| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₂melǵ-}}''' "to milk" |
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| '''milk''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''meolc, mioluc'') |
| '''milk''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''meolc, mioluc'') |
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| '''miluks (miluks)''' "milk" |
| '''miluks (miluks)''' "milk" |
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| '''mulgeō (mulgēre)''' "to milk" |
| '''mulgeō (mulgēre)''' "to milk" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''promulgate, emulsion''', etc.}} |
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| '''amélgō''' "I milk" |
| '''amélgō''' "I milk" |
||
| '''mā́ršti, mā́rjati, mr̥játi''' "(he) wipes, cleans" |
| '''mā́ršti, mā́rjati, mr̥játi''' "(he) wipes, cleans" |
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| Line 1,322: | Line 1,972: | ||
| A '''malke''' B '''malk-wer''' "milk" |
| A '''malke''' B '''malk-wer''' "milk" |
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| |
| |
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|- <!-- Move this elsewhere if it no longer feels part of this category - May 2021 --> |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| {{anchor|melh₂-}} '''{{PIE|*melh₂-}}''' "to grind"<ref>Dnghu, pp. 2037-2042</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 716-719</ref> |
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| '''meal''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''melu'') |
| '''meal''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''melu'');<br />'''malm''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mealm'') |
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| '''malan''' "to grind" |
| '''malan''' "to grind" |
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| '''molō (molere)''' "I grind";<br />'''mola'''<br /> "millstone; mill; ground meal, flour" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''molar (tooth)'''}};<br />'''immolō'''<br /> "I immolate, sacrifice (lit. sprinkling flour on animals to be sacrificed)" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''immolate'''}};<br />'''malleus'''<br /> "hammer, mallet" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''maul''', '''mallet''', '''malleable'''}};<br />'''milium'''<br /> "millet" |
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| '''molō (molere)''' "to grind" |
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| '''múllō''' "I grind" |
| '''múllō''' "I grind";<br />'''malthakós, malakós''' "soft, tender; gentle; mild";<br />'''melínē''' "millet" |
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| '''mr̥ṇāti, mr̥nati''' "(he) grinds" |
| '''mr̥ṇāti, mr̥nati''' "(he) grinds" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''mrāta-''' "tanned soft" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''mrāta-''' "tanned soft" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''meljǫ (mlětĭ)''' "to grind" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''meljǫ (mlětĭ)''' "to grind";<br />'''mlatŭ'''<br /> "hammer";<br />'''molĭ'''<br /> "moth";<br />'''mělŭ'''<br /> "chalk; fine ground substance" |
||
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''maltun''' "to grind", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''malti''' "to grind" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''maltun''' "to grind", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''malti''' "to grind", '''malnos''' "millet" |
||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''melim''' "I grind"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''malu''' "grind" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''melim''' "I grind"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''malu''' "grind" |
||
| '''mał''' "sieve" '''mał-em''' "I grind, crush" |
| '''mał''' "sieve" '''mał-em''' "I grind, crush" |
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| Line 1,338: | Line 1,988: | ||
| '''mallai''' "grinds" |
| '''mallai''' "grinds" |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{anchor|kwh₂et-}} '''{{PIE|*kwh₂et-}}'''<br /> "to ferment, become sour" <br /><ref>Dnghu, p. 1650</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 627-628.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA491>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 491.</ref><ref>Monier Williams, p. 324.</ref> |
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| '''{{PIE|*meli-t, *mel-nés}}''' "honey" |
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|[[Old English language|OE]] '' hwaþerian'' "to roar, foam, surge" |
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|<!--Gmc-->'''{{transliteration|got|ƕaÞō}}''' "froth, foam, scum" |
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|<!--Itl-->'''cāseus'''<br /> "cheese" (> '''cheese''') |
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| |
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|<!--Skt-->'''kváthate'''<br /> "it boils" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''kvasŭ''' "leaven; sour drink" > [[Kvass]] |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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{{anchor|yew-}} |
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'''{{PIE|*yew-}}'''<br /> "to blend, mix, knead" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, p. 1379.</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, p. 507.</ref> |
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<ref name=MnA261>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 261.</ref> |
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<ref>Monier Williams, p. 856.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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|<!--Gmc-->[[Old Norse language|ON]] '''ostr''' "cheese";<br />'''ysta''' "to curdle" |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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'''iūs'''<br /> "gravy, broth, soup; sauce; juice" > '''juice''' |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''?zōmós'''<br /> "soup, sauce; grease"<br /> ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| Spanish 'zumo' via Arabic }}<br /> |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''yūṣa-'''<br /> "soup, broth; water in which pulses are boiled" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Russian language|Russ]] |
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'''uxá''' "[[Ukha]]" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|<!-- PIE -->{{anchor|}} '''{{PIE|*bʰrewh₁-}}'''<br /> "to boil; to brew" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 409-411.</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 132-133.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''brew''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''brēowan'');<br /> |
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'''burn''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''biernan, beornan'');<br /> |
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'''bread''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''brēad'');<br /> |
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'''broth''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''broþ'') |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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'''ferveō'''<br /> "I burn, I'm hot" ⇒ <br />{{NoteTag| fervent, fervor, fervid, effervescence }};<br /> |
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'''fermentum'''<br /> "fermentation, leavening; ferment; anger" |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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'''buran''' <br /> (< [[Serbian language|SE]] ''bura'');<br /> "to raise bubbles, to make fuss"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sh.wiktionary.org/wiki/buran|title=Buran|date=8 May 2016}}</ref> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt-->'''[[Borvo#Name|Borvo]]''' "Gaulish deity of healing springs" |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|'''*gʷréh₂wō''' "quern, millstone"<ref>Pokorny, pp. 476-477.</ref><ref name=Beekesp35/> |
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|'''quern''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cwerne'') |
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|'''*qairnus''' |
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| |
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| |
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|'''grā́van''' "stone, rock, stone for pressing out the Soma juice" |
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| |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''žrĭny''' "millstone" |
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| |
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|[[Breton language|Bret]] '''breo''', '''breou''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''breuan''' "quern"<ref>{{cite journal |title=Two Notes on Armenian Linguistics |journal=Revue des Études Arméniennes |date=1995 |pages=7–8 |doi=10.2143/rea.25.0.2003770 |last1=Hamp |first1=E.P. |volume=25 }}</ref> |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*mélit, *melnés}}''' "honey" |
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| '''mil'''dew (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mele-dēaw'' "honeydew") |
| '''mil'''dew (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mele-dēaw'' "honeydew") |
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| '''miliþ''' "honey" |
| '''miliþ''' "honey" |
||
| '''mel (mellis)''' "honey" |
| '''mel (mellis)''' "honey" (> <br /> '''mellifluous''') |
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| '''méli (mélit-)''' "honey"; [[Attic Greek|Att]] '''mélitta''' "bee"; [[Mycenaean Greek|Myc]] '''me-ri''', '''me-ri-to''' "honey"<ref>Varias Garcia, Carlos. "[https://www.academia.edu/7507911/The_word_for_honey_and_connected_terms_in_Mycenaean_Greek The word for ‘honey’ and connected terms in Mycenaean Greek]". In: Pierre Carlier, Additional editors: Charles De Lamberterie, Markus Egetmeyer, Nicole Guilleux, Françoise Rougemont and Julien Zurbach (editors). ''Études mycéniennes 2010. Actes du XIIIe colloque international sur les textes égéens, Sèvres, Paris, Nanterre, 20-23 septembre 2010''. Biblioteca di Pasiphae. 10. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2012. pp. 403-418. {{ISBN|9788862274722}}</ref> |
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| '''méli (mélit-)''' "honey"; [[Attic Greek|Att]] '''mélitta''' "bee" |
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| '''milinda''' "honey-bee" |
| '''milinda''' "honey-bee" |
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| |
| |
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| Line 1,351: | Line 2,078: | ||
| '''mjal, mjaltë''' "honey" |
| '''mjal, mjaltë''' "honey" |
||
| |
| |
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| '''milit''' "honey"; [[Cuneiform Luwian|CLuw]] '''ma-al-li''' "honey";<ref name="Eine luwische orthographisch-phonet">{{cite journal |last1=Čop |first1=Bojan |title=Eine luwische orthographisch-phonetische Regel |journal=Indogermanische Forschungen |date=1 January 1970 |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.1515/if-1970-0106 |s2cid=172033506 }}</ref> [[Palaic language|Pala]] '''malit-''' "honey" |
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| '''milit''' "honey"; [[Palaic language|Pala]] '''malit-''' "honey" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*médʰu}}''' "honey", "mead" |
| '''{{PIE|*médʰu}}''' "honey", "mead" |
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| '''mead''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''medu'') |
| '''mead''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''medu'') |
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| '''midus''' "mead" |
| '''midus''' "mead" |
||
| '''mēdus''' "a type of mead"<ref>Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette (1934) p.960</ref> |
| '''mēdus''' "a type of mead"<ref>Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette (1934) p. 960</ref> |
||
| '''métʰu''' "wine" |
| '''métʰu''' "wine" |
||
| '''mádʰu''' "sweet drink, honey" |
| '''mádʰu''' "sweet drink, honey" |
||
|[[Proto-Iranian language|Proto-Iranian]] '''mádu''' "honey, wine" |
|[[Proto-Iranian language|Proto-Iranian]] '''mádu''' "honey, wine" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''medŭ''' "honey"; [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''med''' "honey" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''medŭ''' "honey"; [[Bulgarian language|Bulg]] '''med''' "honey" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''meddu''' "honey", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''medus''' "honey", [[Latgalian language|Ltg]] '''mads''' "honey" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''meddu''' "honey", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''medus''' "honey", '''[[midus]]''' "a honey beverage";<ref>Vycinas, Vincent. ''Search for Gods''. Springer, Dordrecht. 1972. p. 33. {{ISBN|978-94-010-2816-5}}</ref> [[Latgalian language|Ltg]] '''mads''' "honey" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''mid''' "mead"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''medd''' "mead" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''mid''' "mead"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''medd''' "mead" |
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| |
| |
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| |
| |
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| B '''mit''' "honey"<ref> |
| B '''mit''' "honey"<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Word for 'Honey' in Chinese, Tocharian and Sino-Vietnamese |journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft |date=2017 |volume=167 |issue=1 |pages=7 |doi=10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.167.1.0007 |last1=Kristin Meier |last2=Michaël Peyrot }}</ref> |
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| [[Cuneiform Luwian|CLuw]] '''maddu-''' "wine" (originally "sweet drink") |
| [[Cuneiform Luwian|CLuw]] '''maddu-''' "wine" (originally "sweet drink") |
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|- |
|- |
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|'''*tuh₂rós''' "cheese"<ref name=Beekesp36>Beekes, p. 36.</ref> |
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| '''{{PIE|*sal-}}''' "salt" |
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|'''butter''' (< Gk. ''boútūros'' "cow cheese") |
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| |
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| |
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|'''tūrós''' "cheese" |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*séh₂ls}}''' "salt"<ref>Dnghu, pp. 2555-2556</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 878-879</ref> |
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| '''salt''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sealt'') |
| '''salt''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sealt'') |
||
| '''salt''' "salt" |
| '''salt''' "salt" |
||
| '''sāl (salis)''' "salt" |
| '''sāl (salis)''' "salt" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''saline, salsa, sauce, salad, sausage (salchicha, saucisse), salami, salary'''}} |
||
| '''háls (halós)''' "salt" |
| '''háls (halós)''' "salt" |
||
| '''sal-ilá-''' "salty" |
| '''sal-ilá-''' "salty" |
||
| |
| |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''solǐ''' "salt" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''solǐ''' "salt";<br />[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sladŭkŭ''' "sweet";<br />[[Russian language|Russ]] '''sólod''' "malt" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''sals''' "salt", '''saldus''' "sweet |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''sals''' "salt", '''saldus''' "sweet |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''salann''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''halen''' "salt" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''salann''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''halen''' "salt" |
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| Line 1,383: | Line 2,125: | ||
| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*seh₁-}}''' "to sow (seed)", '''{{PIE|*séh₁mn̥}}''' "seed" |
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| '''sow''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sāwan'') |
| '''sow''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sāwan''), '''seed''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sēd'' "that which is sown") |
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| '''saian''' "to sow"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''sāmo''' "seed" |
| '''saian''' "to sow"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''sāmo''' "seed" |
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| '''serō (serere)''' "to sow" < ''{{PIE|*si-sH₁-oH₂}}'', '''sēmen''' "seed" |
| '''serō (serere)''' "to sow" < ''{{PIE|*si-sH₁-oH₂}}'', '''sēmen''' "seed" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''semen, seminar, seminary, seminal, disseminate, inseminate, season, sative''', etc.}} |
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| |
| |
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| '''sī́ra-''' "Saatpflug" (seed plow?) |
| '''sasá'''- "corn, herb, grass", '''sasyá-''' "corn, grain, fruit, crop of corn", '''sī́ra-''' "Saatpflug" (seed plow?) |
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| |
| |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sějǫ (sějati)''' "to sow", '''sěmę''' "seeds" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sějǫ (sějati)''' "to sow", '''sěmę''' "seeds" |
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| Line 1,398: | Line 2,140: | ||
| '''isḫūwāi''' "(he) sows" |
| '''isḫūwāi''' "(he) sows" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*yugóm}}''' "yoke" |
| {{anchor|yugóm}}'''{{PIE|*yugóm}}''' "yoke"<br />(See also [[#yewg-|*yewg-]]) |
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| '''yoke''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ġeoc'') |
| '''yoke''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ġeoc'') |
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| '''juk''' "yoke" |
| '''juk''' "yoke" |
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| '''iugum''' "yoke" |
| '''iugum''' "yoke" |
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| '''zugón''' "yoke" |
| '''zugón''' "yoke" |
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| ''' |
| '''yugá·m''' "yoke" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''yaoj-, yuj-''' "to harness" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''yaoj-, yuj-''' "to harness" |
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[[Pashto|Past]] '''yə́wa''' "plough" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''igo''' "yoke" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''igo''' "yoke" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''jugtun''' "yoke", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''jungas''' "yoke" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''jugtun''' "yoke", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''jungas''' "yoke" |
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| Line 1,412: | Line 2,155: | ||
| A '''yokäm''' "door" |
| A '''yokäm''' "door" |
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| '''yugan''' "yoke" |
| '''yugan''' "yoke" |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*yéwos}}''' "cereal, grain; spelt, barley"<ref name="Doméga">{{cite journal |title=Doméga |journal=Orbis |date=1994 |pages=113–127 |doi=10.2143/ORB.37.0.2012768 |last1=Bracchi |first1=Remo |volume=37 }}</ref><ref>Blažek, Václav. "On Indo-European ‘barley’". In: Simmelkjaer Sandgaard Hansen, Bjarne; Nielsen Whitehead, Benedicte; Olander, Thomas; Olsen, Birgit Anette. ''Etymology and the European Lexicon''. Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft (17-22 September 2012, Copenhagen). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2016. pp. 54-55. {{ISBN|978-3-95490-202-6}}.</ref> |
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| [[Epic Greek|Epic]] '''zeiā́''' "einkorn wheat"; [[Cretan Greek|Cretan]] '''deaí''' "barley" |
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| '''yáva''' "grain, cereal; barley" |
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| [[Avestan language|Av]] ''' yauua-''' "cereal"; [[Persian language|Pers]] '''jow''' "barley, grain"; [[Ossetian language|Oss]] '''jäv''' "corn, grain" |
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| [[Russian language|Rus]] '''ovín''' "barn, granary";{{efn|See also ''[[Ovinnik]]'' 'a spirit of the barn'.<ref>Dixon-Kennedy, Mike (1998). ''Encyclopedia of Russian and Slavic Myth and Legend''. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 212. {{ISBN|9781576070635}}.</ref>}} [[Polish language|Pol]] '''jewnia''', '''jownia''' (dialectal) "granary" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''jãvas''' "a type of cereal"; '''javaĩ''' (pl.) "cereals"; [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''javs''', '''java''' "infused (with fermentation)" |
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| [[Irish language|Ir]] '''eorna''' "barley" |
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| B '''yap''' "dressed barley" |
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| '''e(u)wa(n)''' "cereal (a kind of barley)" |
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|- |
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|'''*mḗms''' "meat"<ref>Pokorny, p. 725.</ref><ref name=Beekesp35/> |
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| |
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|'''mimz''' "flesh" |
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|'''membrum''' "limb, member" < mēms-rom “flesh” ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''member, membrane'''}} |
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| |
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|'''mā́ṃs''', '''māmsá-''' "meat" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''męso''' "meat" |
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|'''mis''' "meat" |
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|'''mish'''“meat” |
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|- |
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|'''*h₂ébōl''' "apple"<ref name="Mallory, p. 25f"/><ref name=Beekesp35/> |
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|'''apple''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''appel'') |
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|'''apel''' |
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|([[Oscan language|Osc]] '''[[Avella|Abella]]''' "town name") |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ablŭ·ko''' "apple" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''obuolys''' "apple", [[Old Prussian|OPr]] '''wobalne''' "apple"; [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''ābols''' "apple (fruit)", '''ābele''' "apple tree" |
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|[[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''Aballo''' "place name"; [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''aball''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''afall''', [[Old Breton|OBr]] '''aball(en)''' "apple tree" |
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|} |
|} |
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| Line 1,418: | Line 2,206: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₂enh₁-}}''' "to breathe" |
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| [[Old English language|OE]] '''ōþian''' "breathe hard" < [[Proto-Germanic|PGerm]] ''*anþōjanã'' |
| [[Old English language|OE]] '''ōþian''' "breathe hard" < [[Proto-Germanic|PGerm]] ''*anþōjanã'' |
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| '''*uz-anan''' "to expire", [[Old Norse language|ON]] '''anda''' "to breathe" |
| '''*uz-anan''' "to expire", [[Old Norse language|ON]] '''anda''' "to breathe" |
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| '''anima''' "breath" |
| '''anima''' "breath" |
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| '''ánemos''' "wind" |
| '''ánemos''' "wind"; '''[[Anemoi]]''' "(deified) winds" |
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| '''ániti''' "(he) breathes" |
| '''ániti''' "(he) breathes" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ā̊ntya, parā̊ntya''' (gen.) "breathing in and out" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ā̊ntya, parā̊ntya''' (gen.) "breathing in and out"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''henase''' "breath"; '''henas dan''' "to breath" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vonja''' "smell" < ''* |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vonja''' "smell" < ''*h₂en-yeh₂''<ref name='PIE laryngeal deletion'>A synchronic rule in PIE deleted laryngeals in the sequence VRHy or R̥Hy.</ref> |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''anāl''' "breath" < ''* |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''anāl''' "breath" < ''*h₂enh₁-tlo- ''; [[Welsh language|W]] '''anadl''' "breath" |
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| '''hołm''' "wind", '''anjn''' "person" |
| '''hołm''' "wind", '''anjn''' "person" |
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| [[Gheg]] '''âj''' [[Tosk]] '''ēnj''' "I swell" |
| [[Gheg]] '''âj''' [[Tosk]] '''ēnj''' "I swell" |
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| '''{{PIE|*swep-}}''' "to sleep", '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*swep-}}''' "to sleep", '''{{PIE|*swépnos}}''' "dream (n.)" |
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| [[archaism|archaic]] '''sweven''' "dream, vision" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''swefn''); [[Northern England English|NoEng]] '''sweb''' "to swoon" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''swebban'' "to put to sleep, lull") |
| [[archaism|archaic]] '''sweven''' "dream, vision" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''swefn''); [[Northern England English|NoEng]] '''sweb''' "to swoon" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''swebban'' "to put to sleep, lull") |
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| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''sofa''' "sleep (v.)"; ''' |
| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''sofa''' "sleep (v.)"; '''<u>Svaf</u>nir'''<ref>Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Routledge. p. 527. {{ISBN|978-1-884964-98-5}}</ref> "Sleep-Bringer (a name of Odin)" |
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| '''somnus''' "sleep (n.)"; '''sōpiō'''<ref>Kocharov |
| '''somnus''' "sleep (n.)"; '''sōpiō'''<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Kocharov |first1=Petr |title=Proto-Indo-European lexical aspect and stem patterns |journal=Faits de Langues |date=2016 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=75–88 |doi=10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000005 |s2cid=211952112 }}</ref> (v.) "make asleep" |
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| '''húpnos''' "sleep (n.)" |
| '''húpnos''' "sleep (n.)"; '''[[Hypnos]]''' "god of sleep" |
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| ''' |
| '''svápna-''' "sleep, dream (n.)" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''xᵛafna-''' "sleep (n.)" [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''xwãb-''' "sleep" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''xᵛafna-''' "sleep (n.)" [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''xwãb-''' "sleep"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''xew''' "sleep" |
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[[Pashto|Past]] '''xob''' "dream, sleeping" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sŭpati'''<ref>Kocharov, Petr. "Proto-Indo-European lexical aspect and stem patterns", Faits de Langues 47, 1 (2016): 83, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000005</ref> "sleep (v.)", '''sŭnŭ''' "sleep (n.), dream (n.)" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sŭpati'''<ref name=":3"/> "sleep (v.)", '''sŭnŭ''' "sleep (n.), dream (n.)" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''supnas''' "dream", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''sapnas''' "dream" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''supnas''' "dream", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''sapnas''' "dream" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''sūan''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''hun''' "sleep (n.)" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''sūan''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''hun''' "sleep (n.)" |
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| '''sup-, suppariya-''' "to sleep" |
| '''sup-, suppariya-''' "to sleep" |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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| '''{{PIE|*sweid-}}''' "sweat" |
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{{anchor|der-drem-}} |
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'''{{PIE|*der-, *drem-}}'''<br /> "to sleep" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, p. 778.</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, p. 226.</ref> |
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<ref name=MnA322/> |
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<ref>Monier Williams, p. 502.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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'''dormiō'''<br /> "I sleep";<br /> ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| "dorm, dormitory, dorter" }}<br /> |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''darthánō'''<br /> "I sleep" (epic) |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''drā́yati'''<br /> "(s/he) sleeps";<br /> |
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'''nidrā́'''<br /> "sleep, slumber, sleepiness, sloth" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] |
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'''drěmati''' "to doze, drowse, slumber" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|'''*bʰewdʰ-''' "to be awake, be aware"<ref>Dnghu, pp. 425-427</ref> |
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|'''bid''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''bēodan'');<br /> '''bede''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''bēden'');<br /> '''bode''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''bodian'') |
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|'''anabiudan''' |
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|'''punthánomai''' "I learn" |
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|'''bódhati''' "(s/he) is awake";<br /> '''bodháyati''' "(s/he) awakens, arouses"; '''buddhá-''' "awake" |
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|[[Pashto|Past]] '''póha''' "understand" |
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[[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''bidar''' "awake" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''bljusti''' "to watch";<br />'''buditi''' "to wake (someone) up";<br />'''bŭždrĭ''' "alert, cheerful"; |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''budėti''' "to stay awake" |
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| '''{{PIE|*sweyd-}}''' "sweat" |
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| '''sweat''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''swǣtan'' "to sweat") |
| '''sweat''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''swǣtan'' "to sweat") |
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| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''sveiti''' |
| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''sveiti''' |
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| '''(e)ĩdos''' "sweat (n.)" |
| '''(e)ĩdos''' "sweat (n.)" |
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| '''svḗda-''' "sweat (n.)" |
| '''svḗda-''' "sweat (n.)" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''xᵛaēda-''' "sweat (n.)" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''xᵛaēda-''' "sweat (n.)"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''xwê, xoy''' "sweat" |
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[[Pashto|Past]] '''xoẓ̌''' "sweet" |
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| [[Latvian language|Latvian]] '''sviêdri''' (pl.) "sweat (n.)" |
| [[Latvian language|Latvian]] '''sviêdri''' (pl.) "sweat (n.)" |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₁ed-}}''' "to eat" |
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| '''eat''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''etan'') |
| '''eat''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''etan'') |
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| '''itan''' "to eat" |
| '''itan''' "to eat" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] subj. '''aδāiti''' "(he) should eat" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] subj. '''aδāiti''' "(he) should eat" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''jamĭ''' "I eat" < ''*H₁ēd-mi'', '''jastŭ''' "(he) eats" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''jamĭ''' "I eat" < ''*H₁ēd-mi'', '''jastŭ''' "(he) eats" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''istun''' "to eat", '''ėsti''', [[Lithuanian language| |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''istun''' "to eat", '''ėsti''', [[Old Lithuanian language|OLith]] '''ėdmi''' "I eat" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ci-ni estar''' "although he doesn't eat"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''ys''' "eats" < ''*H₁ed-ti'' |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ci-ni estar''' "although he doesn't eat"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''ys''' "eats" < ''*H₁ed-ti'' |
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| '''utem''' "I eat" < ''*ōd-'' |
| '''utem''' "I eat" < ''*ōd-'' |
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| '''ēdmi''' "I eat" |
| '''ēdmi''' "I eat" |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*peh₃-}}''' "to drink" |
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|'''potable''' (< [[Old French|OF]] ''potable'') |
|'''potable''' (< [[Old French|OF]] ''potable'') |
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'''imbibe''' (< [[Latin|Lat.]] ''bibere'' "to drink" via [[Old French|OF]] ''imbiber'') |
'''imbibe''' (< [[Latin|Lat.]] ''bibere'' "to drink" via [[Old French|OF]] ''imbiber'') |
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'''potion, poison''' (<[[Latin|Lat.]] ''potio, potionis'' "a drink" via [[Old French|OF]] ''pocion, poison)'' |
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| '''bibō (bibere)''' "to drink", '''pōtus''' "drink (n.)" |
| '''bibō (bibere)''' "to drink", '''pōtus''' "drink (n.)"; '''pō·culo-''' < '''pō·clo-''' < '''*pō·tlo-''' "beaker" {{efn|name=drinkingImplement|Lit. drinking implement}}<br />(Compare Skt '''pā·tra-''') |
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| '''pī́nō, pépomai''' "I drink" |
| '''pī́nō, pépomai''' "I drink" |
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| '''pā́ti, píbati''' "(he) drinks" |
| '''pā́ti, píbati''' "(he) drinks"; '''pā·tra-''' "cup, vessel" {{efn|name=drinkingImplement}} |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vispo-pitay-''' "alltränkend" giving water/drinks to all |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vispo-pitay-''' "alltränkend" giving water/drinks to all |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''pijǫ (piti)''' "to drink" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''pijǫ (piti)''' "to drink", [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] '''pȋvo''' "drink, beer, beverage" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''putun''' "to drink", '''puja''' "a party", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''puota''' "party" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''putun''' "to drink", '''puja''' "a party", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''puota''' "party" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ibid''' "drinks" < ''*pibeti''; [[Welsh language|W]] '''yfwn''' "we drink" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ibid''' "drinks" < ''*pibeti''; [[Welsh language|W]] '''yfwn''' "we drink" |
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| '''juşate''', '''joşati''' "enjoys" |
| '''juşate''', '''joşati''' "enjoys" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zaoś-''' "be pleased" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zaoś-''' "be pleased" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''(vŭ)kušati''' "to offer a meal, to give for tasting" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''do-goa''' "choose" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''do-goa''' "choose" |
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| '''desha''' "I loved"; '''dashje''' "liking, taste, preference" (< [[Proto-Albanian|PAlb]] ''*dāusnja'') |
| '''zgjedh''' "choose" |
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'''desha''' "I loved"; '''dashje''' "liking, taste, preference" (< [[Proto-Albanian|PAlb]] ''*dāusnja'') |
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| '''kukuš(-zi)''' "taste" |
| '''kukuš(-zi)''' "taste" |
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|{{anchor|ǵenh₁-}} '''{{PIE|*ǵenh₁-}}'''<br /> "to beget, give birth, produce" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 1176-1180.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 373-375.</ref><ref name=MnA§116/><ref>Monier Williams, pp. 410-418.</ref><ref>Bucknell, p. 165.</ref> |
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| '''{{PIE|*ĝenH₁-, *gi-ĝnéH₁(-sk̂)-, *ĝn̥-néH₁-}}''' "to give birth" |
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| '''kind''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''(ġe)cynd''); [[Old English language|OE]] '''cennan''' "produce" |
|'''kin''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cynn'' "kind, sort, family, generation") (> '''kindred''');<br />'''kind''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''(ġe)cynd'' "generation, nature, race, kind");<br />'''king''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cyning'');<br />[[Old English language|OE]] '''cennan''' "produce" |
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|<!--Gmc-->'''-kunds''' "born"; <br />'''knoþs''' "race, people"; <br /> [[Old High German|OHG]] '''kind''' "child"; <br />[[German language|Ger]] '''könig''', [[Dutch language|Dut]] '''koning''' "king" <br /> (< [[Proto-Germanic|PGmc]] '''*kuningaz''' = '''*kunją''' "kin" + '''*-ingaz''' "from, belonging to") <br /> (> [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''kŭnędzĭ''' "prince"; <br /> [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''kùnigas''' "priest"; <br /> [[Finnish language|Fin]], [[Estonian language|Est]] '''kuningas''' "king" (esp. in chess)) |
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| '''-kunds''' "born"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''kind''' "child" |
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|<!--Itl-->'''(g)nāscor'''<br /> "I am born, begotten; grow, spring forth";<br />'''gignō'''<br /> "I beget, bear, bring forth, engender" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''progeny, progenitor'''}};<br />'''(g)natus'''<br /> "born, arisen, made" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''nee''' {{efn|Via French '''né, née'''}}}};<br />'''nāscēns'''<br /> "being born, arising; emerging" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''nascent'''}};<br />'''nātīvus'''<br /> "created; imparted by birth" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''native, nativity''', etc.}};<br />'''nātīvitās''' "birth" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| [[Spanish language|Spa]] '''Navidad''' "Christmas"}};<br />'''nātūra'''<br /> "nature, quality, essence" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''nature, natural''', etc.}};<br />'''nātiō'''<br /> "birth; race, class; nation, folk" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''nation, national''', etc.}};<br />'''nātālis'''<br /> "relating to birth, natal" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''Natalia, Natalie, Natasha, Noël''', etc.}};<br />'''genus (generis)'''<br /> "birth, origin; kind; species; (grammar) gender" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''general, generic, generate, generous, congenital, degenerate, gender, genre''', etc.}};<br />'''gēns (gentis)'''<br /> "tribe; folk, family; Roman clan" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''gent, gentle, gentleman, gentile, genteel''', etc.}};<br />'''ingēns'''<br /> "huge, vast; extraordinary";<br />'''genitus'''<br /> "begotten, engendered" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''genitive, primogeniture''', etc.}};<br />'''genius'''<br /> "inborn trait, innate character; talent, wits" (> '''genius''');<br />'''ingenuus'''<br /> "natural, indigenous; freeborn" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''ingenuous, ingenu, ingenue'''}};<br />'''ingenium'''<br /> "innate quality, nature, disposition; natural capacity; talent" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''ingenious, engine, engineer, gin''' (instrument, as in cotton '''gin'''), etc.}};<br />'''indigenus''' = indu (inside) + '''genus'''<br /> "native, indigenous" (> '''indigenous''');<br />'''genimen'''<br /> "product, fruit; progeny";<br />'''germen (germinis)'''<br /> "shoot, sprout; germ, origin, seed; fetus" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''germ, germinate, germane''', etc., but not '''German'''}};<br />'''genitor'''<br /> "begetter, father, sire";<br />'''genetrīx'''<br /> "begetter, mother";<br />'''naevus'''<br /> "birthmark, mole" (> [[Latin|Lat]] '''Gnaeus''');<br />'''genitālis'''<br /> "relation to birth, generation; productive" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''genitals, genitalia'''}} |
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| '''gignō (gignere)''' "to produce" (OLat. '''genō'''); '''nā-scor (nāscī)''' "to be born" < ''{{PIE|*ĝn̥H₁-skṓ-r}}'' |
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|<!--Hel-->'''geínomai'''<br /> "I am born; I beget";<br />'''gígnomai'''<br /> "I come into being; become";<br />'''gonḗ'''<br /> "offspring; seed" (> '''gonad''');<br />'''geneā́'''<br /> "birth; race, descent; generation; offspring" (> '''genealogy''', etc.);<br />'''gnōtós'''<br /> "kinsman";<br />'''génos'''<br /> "offspring, descendant, family; nation, gender";<br />'''génna, génnā'''<br /> "descent, lineage; origin, offspring";<br />'''génesis'''<br /> "origin, source, manner of birth" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''genesis, genes, genetic''', etc.}};<br />'''gónos'''<br /> "fruit, product; race, descent; begetting; seed";<br />'''genétēs, genétōr'''<br /> "begetter, ancestor; father" |
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| '''gígnomai''' "I become" |
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|<!--Skt-->'''jánati''' "(she) gives birth";<br /> '''jáyate'''<br /> "is born; becomes";<br />'''já-, -ja-'''<br /> "born; born of, begotten from", e.g., '''dvi·já-''' "twice-born";<br />'''jantú'''<br /> "child, offspring; creature";<br />'''jñāt́í'''<br /> "kinsman, relative";<br />'''jananī'''<br /> "mother, birth-giver";<br />'''jána-'''<br /> "people, person, race";<br />'''jánana-'''<br /> "begetting, birth";<br />'''jánas'''<br /> "race, class, genus";<br />'''jánman, janmá-'''<br /> "birth, life";<br />'''jániman''' "generation, birth, origin";<br />'''janitṛ́''' "begetter, father, parent";<br />'''jánitrī''' "begetter, mother";<br />'''janátā'''<br /> "people, folk, generation";<br />'''jātí'''<br /> "birth, form of existence fixed at birth, position assigned by birth, rank, lineage, caste" |
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| '''jánati''' "(he) gives birth", '''jajanti''' "they give birth" |
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|<!--Irn-->[[Avestan|Av]] '''zīzǝnti, zīzanǝnti''' "they give birth"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''zayîn''' "to give birth" |
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[[Pashto|Past]] '''zeẓ̌edə́l''' "to be born" |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''zętĭ''' "son-in-law" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''gamintun''' "to give birth", '''gimdyti''' "to give birth" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''-gainethar''' "who is born" < ''{{PIE|*ĝn̥-ye-tro}}'';<ref name='PIE laryngeal deletion'/> [[Welsh language|W]] '''geni''' "to be born" |
|<!--Blt-->[[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''gamintun''' "to give birth", '''gimdyti''' "to give birth" |
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|<!--Clt-->[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''-gainethar''' "who is born" < ''{{PIE|*ĝn̥-ye-tro}}'';<ref name='PIE laryngeal deletion'/> [[Welsh language|W]] '''geni''' "to be born" |
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|<!--Arm-->'''cnanim''' "I am born, bear" |
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|<!--Alb-->'''dhëndër, dhândër''' "son-in-law, bridegroom" < ''{{PIE|*ĝenH̥₁-tr-}}''{{efn|Cf. Sanskrit '''janitár-''', Greek '''genetḗr, genétōr''', Latin '''genitor''' "procreator".}} |
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|<!--Toc-->AB '''kän-''' "to come to pass (of a wish), be realized" |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|{{anchor|sewh₁-}} '''{{PIE|*sewh₁- or *sewh₃-}}'''<br /> "to bear, beget, give birth" <br /><ref name=Dnghu2642>Dnghu, p. 2642.</ref><ref name=Pokorny913914>Pokorny, pp. 913-914.</ref><ref name=MnA211>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 211.</ref><ref name=MWW1240>Monier Williams, p. 1240.</ref><ref>Rix (2001), p. 538.</ref><br />(See also [[#suHnú-|*suHnú-]]) |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt-->'''sū́te'''<br /> "(she) begets";<br />'''sūtá-'''<br /> "born, brought forth";<br />'''sūtí'''<br /> "birth, production" |
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|<!--Irn-->[[Avestan|Av]] '''hunāhi''' “give birth, beget” |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt-->[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''suth''' "produce, offspring; milk" |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit-->'''šunnai''' "fills" |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₂ewg-, h₂weg-}}''' "to grow, increase"<ref>Dnghu, p. 216.</ref> |
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| '''eke''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ēacian'' "to increase"); '''wax''' (of the moon) (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''weaxan'' "to grow") |
| '''eke''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ēacian'' "to increase"); '''wax''' (of the moon) (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''weaxan'' "to grow") |
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| '''aukan, auknan''' "to increase (intr.)", '''wahsjan''' "to grow" < orig. [[causative|caus.]] ''{{PIE|* |
| '''aukan, auknan''' "to increase (intr.)", '''wahsjan''' "to grow" < orig. [[causative|caus.]] ''{{PIE|*h₂wog-s-éy-onom}}'' |
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| '''augeō (augēre)''' "to increase (tr.)" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''auction''', etc.}}; <br /> '''auctor''' "grower - promoter, producer, author etc" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''author''', etc.}}; <br /> '''augmentum''' "growth, increase" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''augment''', etc.}}; <br /> '''augur''' < '''augos''' "aggrandizement" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''augury, inaugurate''', etc.}};<br />'''augustus''' "majestic, venerable" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''August''', etc.}};<br />'''auxilium''' "help, aid; remedy" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''auxiliary''', etc.}} |
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| '''augeō (augēre)''' "to increase (tr.)" |
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| '''a(w)éksō''' "I increase (intr.)", '''aúksō, auksánō''' "I increase (tr.)" |
| '''a(w)éksō''' "I increase (intr.)", '''aúksō, auksánō''' "I increase (tr.)" |
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| '''úkṣati''' "(he) becomes stronger", '''vakṣáyati''' "(he) causes to grow" |
| '''úkṣati''' "(he) becomes stronger", '''vakṣáyati''' "(he) causes to grow"; '''ójas, ōjmán''' "strength, vitality, power";<ref>Monier Williams, p. 235.</ref> '''ugrá-''' "immense, strong, hard"; |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''uxšyeiti''' "(he) grows", '''vaxšaiti''' "(he) causes to grow" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''uxšyeiti''' "(he) grows", '''vaxšaiti''' "(he) causes to grow" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''jugъ''' "south" (the direction to where the Sun rises) |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''jugъ''' "south" (the direction to where the Sun rises) |
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|'''*weǵ-''' "fresh, strong; lively, awake"<ref>Dnghu, p. 3244</ref> |
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| '''{{PIE|*gʷiH₃wo-}}''' "alive", '''{{PIE|*gʷiH₃wo-teH₂}}''' "life" |
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|'''wake''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wacian''); '''watch''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wæċċan'') |
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|'''gawaknan''' "wake up, arouse" |
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|'''vegeō (vegēre)''' "be alert, awake, smart"; '''vigor''' "id"; '''vigil''' "awake, watching" |
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|'''vā́ja-''' "strength, energy, vigour, spirit"; '''vájra-''' "hard; mace; thunderbolt; diamond"; '''vājáyati''' "(s/he) impels" |
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|[[Serbian language]] '''svež / свеж''' "fresh" |
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| '''{{PIE|*gʷih₃wo-}}''' "alive", '''{{PIE|*gʷih₃woteh₂}}''' "life" |
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| '''quick''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cwicu'' "alive") |
| '''quick''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cwicu'' "alive") |
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| '''qius''' "alive" |
| '''qius''' "alive" |
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| '''vīvus''' "alive"; '''vīta''' "life" |
| '''vīvus''' "alive"; '''vīta''' "life" |
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| '''bíos, bíotos''' "life", ''zoo'' "animal" |
| '''bíos, bíotos''' "life", ''zoo'' "animal" |
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| '''jīvá-, jīvaka-''' "alive", ''' |
| '''[[Jiva|jīvá-]], jīvaka-''' "alive", '''jīvita·m, jīvā́tus, jīvathas''' "life" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''gayō''', acc. '''ǰyātum''' "life" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''gayō''', acc. '''ǰyātum''' "life"; '''[[Keyumars|<u>Gayō</u>mart]]''' "living mortal"; '''-ǰyāiti-''' "life-"; [[Avestan|Av]] '''ǰva-''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''ǰīva-''' "alive", [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''ǰavān-''' "alive"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''jiyan, jîn''' "life" |
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[[Pashto|Past]] '''žwənd''' "life" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''živŭ''' "alive", '''žitĭ, životŭ''' "life"; '''[[Živa (mythology)|Živa]]''' "alive, living (Polabian deity)" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''giws''' "alive", '''giwata''' "life", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''gyvas''' "alive", '''gyvatė''' "snake" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''giws''' "alive", '''giwata''' "life", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''gyvas''' "alive", '''gyvatė''' "snake" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''biu, beo''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''byw''' "alive"; [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''bethu (bethad)''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''bywyd''' "life" < [[Proto-Celtic]] ''*bivo-tūts'' |
| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''biuo-, bio-''',<ref>Delamarre (2003), p. 77.</ref>{{efn|Seen in many personal or tribal names: '''Biuitoni''', '''Biuonia''', '''Dago-bius''', etc}}<br />[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''biu, beo''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''byw''' "alive"; [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''bethu (bethad)''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''bywyd''' "life" < [[Proto-Celtic]] ''*bivo-tūts'' |
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| '''keam''' "I live" < ''{{PIE|*gʷi-yā-ye-mi}}''<ref name='PIE laryngeal deletion'/> |
| '''keam''' "I live" < ''{{PIE|*gʷi-yā-ye-mi}}''<ref name='PIE laryngeal deletion'/> |
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| |
| |
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| B '''śai-''' "to live" < ''{{PIE|*gweiH₃-ō}}'' |
| B '''śai-''' "to live" < ''{{PIE|*gweiH₃-ō}}'' |
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| '''ḫuišu̯ant-''' "living; alive"<ref>[[Johannes Friedrich (linguist)|Friedrich, Johannes]]. ''[https://digital.soas.ac.uk/AA00000972/00001/69?search=huisuant Hethitisches Wörterbuch kurzgefasste kritische Sammlung der Deutung hethitischer Wörter [und] Ergänzungshefte]''.{{dead link|date=June 2022}} Indogermanische Bibliothek, II. Reihe, Wörterbücher. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1952. p. 72.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Normier |first1=Rudolf |title=Tocharisch ñkät/ñakte 'Gott' |journal=Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung |date=1980 |volume=94 |issue=1/2 |pages=251–281 |jstor=40848637 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110850604-036 |chapter=Zum Modus Injunktiv und zum Drei-Genus-System im Ur-Indogermanischen (Ca. 3000-2500 v. CHR.) |title=Studia Linguistica. Diachronica et Synchronica |year=1985 |pages=435–466 |isbn=978-3-11-085060-4 |first1=Annelies |last1=Kammenhuber }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Košak |first1=SlLVIN |title=Ein hethitisches ghost word entgeistert |journal=Altorientalische Forschungen |date=January 1996 |volume=23 |issue=1 |doi=10.1524/aofo.1996.23.1.95 |s2cid=161123101 }}</ref> |
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|{{anchor|ǵerh₂-}} '''{{PIE|*ǵerh₂-}}'''<br /> "to grow old, mature" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 1192-1193.</ref><ref name="Pokorny, pp. 390-391"/><br /><ref name=MnA§116>Mallory & Adams (2006), §11.6.</ref><ref>Monier Williams, pp. 413-414, 422-424.</ref><ref>Trubačov, p. 82.</ref><br />(See also [[#ǵr̥h₂-nó-|*ǵr̥h₂-nó-]], [[#gʰreh₁-|*gʰreh₁-]]) |
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|'''churl''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ċeorl, ċiorl'' "free man") |
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|<!--Gmc-->'''Karl''' (< [[Proto-Germanic|PGmc]] "free man") (> Slav ''korlǐ'' "king"){{efn|This borrowing is found in almost every Slavic language and is said to be "without doubt the most famous Germanic loanword in Slavic" (Pronk-Tiethoff (2013))}} |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel-->'''gérōn, gérontos'''<br /> "old; elder" (> '''geronto-''');<br />'''graûs'''<br /> "old woman";<br />'''geraiós'''<br /> "old";<br />'''géras'''<br /> "gift of honor";<br />'''gerarós'''<br /> "honorable, majestic, respectable";<br />'''Graîa'''<br /> [[Graia]] > '''Graikós''' > '''Graeco-, Greek''' |
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|<!--Skt-->'''járati, jī́ryati'''<br /> "grows old; wears out; is consumed, digested";<br />'''jīrṇá-'''<br /> "old, worn out; digested";<br />'''járan(t)-'''<br /> "old, infirm; decayed";<br />'''jarā́, jarás, jariman'''<br /> "old age" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''zĭrěti''' "to ripen" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|'''grua''' “woman, wife” < '''PAlb''' *grāwā<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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| '''{{PIE|*mer-}}''' "to die" |
| '''{{PIE|*mer-}}''' "to die" |
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| '''maúrþr''' "murder" |
| '''maúrþr''' "murder" |
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| '''morior (morī)''' "to die" < ''*mr̥-yōr'', '''mortalis''' "mortal" |
| '''morior (morī)''' "to die" < ''*mr̥-yōr'', '''mortalis''' "mortal" |
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| '''brotós''' (< |
| '''brotós''' (< ''*mrotós''), '''mortós''' "mortal" |
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| '''marati, máratē, mriyátē''' "(he) dies", '''mṛtá-''' "dead", ''' |
| '''marati, máratē, mriyátē''' "(he) dies", '''mṛtá-''' "dead", '''márta-''', mortal |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''merə-''' "to die", '''miryeite''' "dies"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''martiya-''' "man" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''merə-''' "to die", '''miryeite''' "dies"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''martiya-''' "man (someone who dies)", [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''mordan-''' "to die"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''mirin''' "to die" |
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[[Pashto|Past]] '''mrəl''' "to die" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''mĭrǫ, mrěti''' "to die" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''mĭrǫ, mrěti''' "to die" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''miŕštu (miŕti)''' "to die", '''merdėti''' "to die slowly" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''miŕštu (miŕti)''' "to die", '''merdėti''' "to die slowly" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''marb''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''marw''' "dead" < '' |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''marb''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''marw''' "dead" < ''*mr̥-wós'' |
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| '''meṙanim''' "I die", '''mard''' "human" |
| '''meṙanim''' "I die", '''mard''' "human" |
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| '''mert''' "died" |
| '''mert''' "died" |
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|{{anchor|kl̥H-}} '''{{PIE|*kl̥H-}}'''<br /> "bald, naked" <br /><ref>Dnghu, p. 1658</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 554.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA492>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 492.</ref><ref>Monier Williams, p. 296.</ref> |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl-->'''calvus'''<br /> "bald, hairless" > <br />'''calva'''<br /> "skull, scalp" |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt-->'''kulvá-'''<br /> "bald" |
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|[[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''kal, kačal''' "bald" |
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'''kalle''' "head" |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Serbian language]] '''ćelav / ћелав''' "bald" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|kʷeh₂s-}} '''{{PIE|*kʷeh₂s-}}'''<br /> "to cough"<ref>Dnghu, p. 1792</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 649</ref> |
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|'''whoost''' "cough" <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hwōstan'') |
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|[[German language|German]] '''Hust''' "cough" |
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|'''kā́sate'''<br /> "(s/he) coughs"; |[[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''kuxin''' "to cough", '''kuxik''' "cough" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''kašĭljati''' "to cough" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''kosėti''' "to cough" |
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|'''koll''' "cough" |
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|'''kollë''' "cough" |
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|'''*perd-''' "fart"<ref>Rix, pp. 473-474.</ref><ref>Derksen, p. 428.</ref> |
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|'''fart''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''feortan'') |
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|'''pérdomai''' |
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|'''párdate''' "(s/he) farts" |
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|Russian '''perdétь''' "to fart" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''perdžia''' "he farts" |
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|'''bert''' "fart" |
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|'''pordhë''' "fart" |
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| Line 1,605: | Line 2,532: | ||
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*ḱlew(s)-}}''' "to hear" |
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| '''listen''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hlystan''), '''loud''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hlūd'') |
| '''listen''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hlystan''), '''loud''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hlūd'') |
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| '''hliuma''' "hearing, ears (in pl.)" |
| '''hliuma''' "hearing, ears (in pl.)" |
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| '''clueō (cluēre)''' "to be named" |
| '''clueō (cluēre)''' "to be named"; '''inclitus/inclutus''' "famous" (heard of) |
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| '''ékluon''' "I heard" |
| '''ékluon''' "I heard" |
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| ''' |
| '''śṛṇóti''' "(he) hears" < ''{{PIE|*ḱl̥-ne-w-}}''; '''[[śruti|śrúti]]''' "that which is heard" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''surunaoiti''' "(he) hears" < ''{{PIE|*k̂lu-n-}}'' |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''surunaoiti''' "(he) hears" < ''{{PIE|*k̂lu-n-}}'' |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''slyšati''' "to hear" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]]<br /> '''slyšati''' "to hear";<br />'''slušati''' "to listen" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''klausytun''' "to hear", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''klausyti''' "to listen" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''klausytun''' "to hear", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''klausyti''' "to listen" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ro-clui-nethar''' "hears"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''clywed''' "to hear" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ro-clui-nethar''' "hears"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''clywed''' "to hear";<br />[[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''cluiou''' "I hear"<ref>Delamarre (2003), p. 118.</ref><br /> |
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| '''lsem''' "I hear" |
| '''lsem''' "I hear" |
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| [[Old Tosk]] '''kluaj''' (standard '''quaj''') "to call, to name" < ''* |
| [[Tosk Albanian|Old Tosk]] '''kluaj''' (standard '''quaj''') "to call, to name" < ''*ḱlu(H)-eh₁-'' |
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| A '''klyoṣ-''', B '''klyauṣ-''' "to hear" |
| A '''klyoṣ-''', B '''klyauṣ-''' "to hear" |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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| '''{{PIE|*weid-}}''' "to see, find; to know" |
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{{anchor|h₂ew-h₃ew-}} |
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'''{{PIE|*h₂ew-}}''' or '''{{PIE|*h₃ew-}}'''<br /> "to see, perceive, be aware of" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, p. 221.</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, p. 78.</ref> |
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<ref name=MnA322/> |
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<ref>Monier Williams, p. 155.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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[[Old English language|OE]] ''ēawis'' "obvious" |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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'''audiō'''<br /> "I hear, listen to; pay attention to" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| "audio, audience, obey, obedience, auditorium, etc." }} |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''aḯō'''<br /> "I perceive, hear, see, obey";<br /> |
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'''aisthánomai'''<br /> "I perceive, feel, apprehend, notice" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| aesthetic }} |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''āvís'''<br /> "evidently, manifestly, before the eyes, openly" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] |
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'''aviti''' "to show, appear" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] |
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'''ovytis''' <br /> "to appear";<br /> |
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'''ovyje''' <br /> "in reality" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*weyd-}}''' "to see, find; to know" |
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|'''wit''' ([[Old English language|OE]] ''wit'' "intelligence", ''witan'' "to know" < PIE perfect tense) |
|'''wit''' ([[Old English language|OE]] ''wit'' "intelligence", ''witan'' "to know" < PIE perfect tense) |
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|'''witan''' "to know" |
|'''witan''' "to know" |
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| '''videō (vidēre)''' "to see" |
| '''videō (vidēre)''' "to see" |
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| '''é(w)ide''' "he saw" |
| '''é(w)ide''' "he saw";<br />perf. '''oĩda''' "I know (lit. I have seen)" |
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| '''vindáti''' "(he) finds", '''ávidat''' "found";<br />'''vetti, vēdate, vidáti''' "(he) knows"; perf. '''véda''' "I know" |
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perf. '''oĩda''' "I know (lit. I have seen)" |
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| '''vindáti''' "(he) finds", '''ávidat''' "found" |
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'''vetti, vēdate, vidáti''' "(he) knows", perf. '''véda''' "I know" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vī̆δaiti, vī̆nasti''' "(he) finds" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vī̆δaiti, vī̆nasti''' "(he) finds" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''viždǫ (viděti)''' "to see" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''viždǫ (viděti)''' "to see" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''widatun''' "to see" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''widatun''' "to see"; [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''veidas''' "face" |
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| [[Welsh language|W]] '''gweld''' "to see" |
| [[Welsh language|W]] '''gweld''' "to see" , '''gwybod''' "to know" |
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| '''gtanem''' "I find" |
| '''gtanem''' "I find" |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*woyd-}}''' "to know" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] perf. '''vaēδa''' "I know", '''vīdarǝ''' "they know" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] perf. '''vaēδa''' "I know", '''vīdarǝ''' "they know" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''věmĭ (věděti)''' "to know" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''věmĭ (věděti)''' "to know" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''waistun''' "to know", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''vaistas''' "medicine", ''' |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''waistun''' "to know", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''vaistas''' "medicine", '''vaidila''' "pagan priest" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''find''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''gwn''' "(I) know" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''find''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''gwn''' "(I) know" |
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| '''gitem''' "I know" |
| '''gitem''' "I know" |
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| Line 1,652: | Line 2,607: | ||
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*ǵénH₃-, *ǵnéH₃-sḱ-, *ǵn̥-né-h₃-}}''' "to recognize, know" |
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| '''can''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cann'' "I know, he knows"), '''know''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cnāwan'' < ''{{PIE|* |
| '''can''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cann'' "I know, he knows"), '''know''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cnāwan'' < ''{{PIE|*ǵnēH₃-yo-nom}}''), [[Scottish English|Scot]] '''ken''' "to know" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cennan'' "to cause to know" < [[Proto-Germanic|PGerm]] ''*kann-jan'') |
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| '''kunnan''' "to know" < ''{{PIE|* |
| '''kunnan''' "to know" < ''{{PIE|*ǵn̥-n-h₃-onom}}'', '''kann''' "I know" |
||
| '''(g)nōscō ((g)nōscere)''' "to |
| '''(g)nōscō ((g)nōscere)''' "to learn about", '''nōvī''' "I know" (lit. "I have learnt") |
||
| '''gignṓskō''' (aorist '''égnōn''') "I |
| '''gignṓskō''' (aorist '''égnōn''') "I learn about, perceive" |
||
| '''jānā́mi''' "I know" < ''*janā́mi'' < ''{{PIE|* |
| '''jānā́mi''' "I know" < ''*janā́mi'' < ''{{PIE|*ǵn̥-nh₃-mi}}'' |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zanā-ṯ, zanąn''' < ''{{PIE|* |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zanā-ṯ, zanąn''' < ''{{PIE|*ǵn̥-ne-h₃-ti}}''; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''a-dānā''' ([[imperfect|impf.]]) "he knew" < ''{{PIE|*ǵn̥-ne-h₃-mi}}'', '''xšnāsātiy''' ([[subjunctive|subj.]]) "he should know"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''zanîn''' "to know" |
||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''znajǫ (znati)''' "to know" < ''{{PIE|* |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''znajǫ (znati)''' "to know" < ''{{PIE|*ǵneh₃-yoh₂}}'' |
||
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''zinatun''' "to recognize, know", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''žinoti''' "to know"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villanueva Svensson |first1=Miguel |title=Lithuanian žinóti "to know" |journal=Baltistica |date=16 December 2011 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=175–199 |doi=10.15388/baltistica.43.2.1232 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kortlandt |first1=Frederik |title=Lithuanian žinóti 'to know' |journal=Baltistica |date=14 December 2011 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=81–84 |doi=10.15388/baltistica.45.1.1067 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''zinatun''' "to recognize, know", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''žinoti''' "to know |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''itar-gninim, asa-gninaim''' "I am wise"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''adnabod''' "(I) know" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''itar-gninim, asa-gninaim''' "I am wise"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''adnabod''' "(I) know" |
||
| '''čanačʿem''', aorist '''caneay''' "I recognize" |
| '''čanačʿem''', aorist '''caneay''' "I recognize" |
||
| '''njoh''' "I know" < ''{{PIE|* |
| '''njoh''' "I know" < ''{{PIE|*ǵnēh₃-sḱoh₂}}'' |
||
| A '''knā-''', e.g. '''knānmaṃ''' "knowing" < ''{{PIE|* |
| A '''knā-''', e.g. '''knānmaṃ''' "knowing" < ''{{PIE|*ǵneH₃-}}'', '''kñas-äṣt''' "you have become acquainted" < ''{{PIE|*ǵnēH₃-s-}}'' |
||
| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|*n̥- + * |
| '''{{PIE|*n̥- + *ǵneh₃-tos}}''' "not" + "to know" |
||
| '''uncouth''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''uncūþ'' "unknown, strange") |
| '''uncouth''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''uncūþ'' "unknown, strange") |
||
| '''unkunþs''' "unknown" |
| '''unkunþs''' "unknown" |
||
| '''ignōtus''', '''ignōrāntem''' "unknown, ignorant" |
| '''ignōtus''', '''ignōrāntem''' "unknown, ignorant" |
||
| '''agnṓs (agnõtos)''' "unknown" < ''{{PIE|*n̥- + * |
| '''agnṓs (agnõtos)''' "unknown" < ''{{PIE|*n̥- + *ǵnéH₃-ts}}'' |
||
| '''ajñāta-''' "unknown" |
| '''ajñāta-''' "unknown" |
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| |
| |
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| Line 1,682: | Line 2,637: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{anchor|lewbʰ-}} '''{{PIE|*lewbʰ-}}'''<br /> "to love; desire, covet, want; admire, praise"<ref>Dnghu, pp. 1908-1909</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 683-684</ref> |
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| '''{{PIE|*men-}}''' "to think" |
|||
| |
|'''love''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''lufu'');<br /> arch. '''lief''' "dear, beloved" <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''lēof'');<br />'''lofe''' "praise, exalt; offer"<br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''lofian, lof'') |
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|'''lubō''' "love" |
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|'''libet'''<br /> "it is pleasing, agreeable" |
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| |
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|'''lúbhyati'''<br /> "(s/he) desires greatly; longs for, covets; is perplexed";<br />'''lobháyati'''<br /> "(s/he) causes to desire, attract, allure; confound, bewilder";<br />'''lobhá'''<br /> "perplexity, confusion; impatience, eager desire, longing; covetousness";<br />'''lobhin'''<br /> "greedy, desirous of, longing after; covetous" |
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| |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ljubiti''' "to love";<br />'''ljubŭ''' "sweet, pleasant";<br />'''ljuby''' "love";<br />[[Russian language|Russ]] '''ljubímyj''' "favorite" |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|'''lyp''' "beg" |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*men-}}''' "to think"<ref>Dnghu, pp. 2065-2067</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 726-728</ref> |
|||
| '''mind''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''(ġe)mynd'' "memory" < ''*mn̥t-ís''); [[Old English language|OE]] '''munan''' "to think";<br />'''minion''' |
|||
| '''munan''' "to think"; '''muns''' (pl. '''muneis''') "thought" < ''*mn̥-is''; '''gamunds (gamundáis)''' "remembrance" < ''*ko(m)-mn̥t-ís'' |
| '''munan''' "to think"; '''muns''' (pl. '''muneis''') "thought" < ''*mn̥-is''; '''gamunds (gamundáis)''' "remembrance" < ''*ko(m)-mn̥t-ís'' |
||
| '''meminī''' "I remember" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''memento'''}};<br />'''reminīscor'''<br /> "I recollect, remember" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''reminisce'''}}<br /> '''mēns (mentis)''' "mind" < ''*mn̥t-is'';<br />'''memor''' <br /> "mindful, remembering" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''memory'''}}<br />'''commentus'''<br /> "devised, contrived; invented";<br />'''moneō'''<br /> "I remind, warn";<br />'''mōnstrum'''<br /> "a divine omen; portent" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''monster'''}};<br />'''[[Minerva]]''' |
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| '''meminī''' "I remember"; '''mēns (mentis)''' "mind" < ''*mn̥t-is'' |
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| '''mémona''' "I think of"; '''maínomai''' "I go mad";<br />'''mimnḗskō'''<br /> "I remind, recall";<br />'''mnáomai'''<br /> "I am mindful, remember; woo, court";<br />'''autómatos'''<br /> "self-willed, unbidden; self-moving, automatic";<br />'''ménos'''<br /> "mind; desire; anger";<br />'''Méntōr''' "mentor";<br />'''manthánō'''<br /> "I learn; know, understand; notices";<br />'''máthēma'''<br /> "something that is learned, lesson; learning, knowledge" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''mathematics'''}};<br />'''[[Prometheus|Promētheús]]]''' |
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| '''mémona''' "I think of"; '''maínomai''' "I go mad" |
|||
| '''mányate''' "(he) thinks"; '''mántra-''' "thought, the instrument of thought";<ref>Monier Williams, p. 785.</ref><br />'''mánas'''<br /> "mind";<br />'''máti'''<br /> "thought intention; opinion, notion; perception, judgement";<br />'''mantṛ́'''<br /> "thinker, adviser";<br />'''medhā́'''<br /> "wisdom, intelligence" (See '''mazdā''');<br />'''mantrín'''<br /> "minister, councilor, counselor" > '''mandarin''' |
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| '''mányate''' "(he) thinks" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''mainyeite''' "(he) thinks"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''mainyāhay''' "I think" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''mainyeite''' "(he) thinks";<br />'''mazdā''' "wisdom, intelligence";<br /> [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''mainyāhay''' "I think", [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''Došman-''' "Someone who has a bad mind"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''mejî''' "brain, mind" |
||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''mĭněti''' "to mean" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''mĭněti''' "to mean";<br />'''pamętĭ'''<br /> "memory";<br />'''myslĭ'''<br /> "thought" |
||
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''mintun''' "to guess", '''minisna''' "memory", '''mints''' "riddle", '''mentitun''' "to lie", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''mintis''' " thought", '''minti''' "to guess", '''minėti''' "to mention" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''mintun''' "to guess", '''minisna''' "memory", '''mints''' "riddle", '''mentitun''' "to lie", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''mintis''' " thought", '''minti''' "to guess", '''minėti''' "to mention" |
||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''do-moiniur''' "I believe, I mean" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''do-moiniur''' "I believe, I mean" |
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| Line 1,696: | Line 2,666: | ||
| A '''mnu''' "thought"; B '''mañu''' "demand (n.)" |
| A '''mnu''' "thought"; B '''mañu''' "demand (n.)" |
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| '''memmāi''' "says" |
| '''memmāi''' "says" |
||
|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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{{anchor|smer-}} |
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'''{{PIE|*(s)mer-}}'''<br /> "to remember, care for, be concerned, fall into thinking" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, pp. 2800-2801.</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, pp. 969-970.</ref> |
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<ref name=MnA322/> |
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<ref>Monier Williams, p. 1271.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''mammer''' "to hesitate; to mumble, stammer from hesitation" <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''māmrian, māmorian'' "to think through, deliberate, plan out");<br /> |
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'''mimmer''' "to dote, dream" <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mymerian'' "to keep in mind");<br /> |
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'''mourn''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''murnan'');<br /> |
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[[Old English language|OE]] ''mimor'' "mindful" |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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'''memor'''<br /> "mindful, remembering"{{efn|Derived by some from '''*men-''' "to think"}}<br />⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| "memory, remember, etc." }};<br /> |
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'''mora'''<br /> "delay, any duration of time" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| "mora, moratory, moratorium" }} |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''mérmeros'''<br /> "baneful, mischievous; captious, fastidious";<br /> |
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'''mérimna'''<br /> "care, thought; anxious mind";<br /> |
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'''mártus, márturos'''<br /> "witness" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| "martyr" }} |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''smárati'''<br /> "(s/he) remembers, recollects" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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'''mariti'''(< [[Serbian language|SE]] "to care about something/someone") |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
|||
{{anchor|teng-}} |
|||
'''{{PIE|*teng-}}'''<br /> "to think" <br /> |
|||
<ref>Dnghu, p. 3142.</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, p. 1088.</ref> |
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<ref name=MnA322>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 322.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''think''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''þenċan, þenċean'');<br /> |
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'''thank''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''þanc'' "thought, thanks") |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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'''tongeō'''<br /> "I know" |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> A '''tuṅk''', B '''taṅkw''' "love" |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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{{anchor|mers-}} |
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'''{{PIE|*mers-}}'''<br /> "to bother, annoy, neglect, disturb, forget, ignore" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, p. 2094.</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, pp. 737-738.</ref> |
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<ref name=MnA322/> |
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<ref>Monier Williams, p. 831.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''mar''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mierran'') |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''mṛ́ṣyate'''<br /> "(s/he) forgets, neglects, disregards" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''miršti''' "to forget, lose, become oblivious" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|'''mërzi''' "boredom" |
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'''mërzit''' "bother, annoy"<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|*sekʷ-}}''' "to see, to say" |
| '''{{PIE|*sekʷ-}}''' "to see, to say" |
||
| '''see''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sēon''); '''say''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sec̣gan'' < [[Proto-Germanic|PGerm]] ''*sag(w)jan'' < ''*sokʷéyonom'') |
| '''see''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sēon''); '''say''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sec̣gan'' < [[Proto-Germanic|PGerm]] ''*sag(w)jan'' < ''*sokʷéyonom'') |
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| '''saíƕan''' "to see"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''sagen''' "say" < ''*sokʷē-'' |
| '''{{transliteration|got|saíƕan}}''' "to see"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''sagen''' "say" < ''*sokʷē-'' |
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| '''īnseque''' "declare!" |
| '''īnseque''' "declare!" |
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| '''énnepe''' "tell!" |
| '''énnepe''' "tell!" |
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| Line 1,711: | Line 2,761: | ||
| A '''ṣotre''', B '''ṣotri''' "sign" |
| A '''ṣotre''', B '''ṣotri''' "sign" |
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| '''sakuwāi-''' "to see" |
| '''sakuwāi-''' "to see" |
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|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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{{anchor|derḱ-}} |
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'''{{PIE|*derḱ-}}'''<br /> "to see" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, pp. 598-599.</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, p. 213.</ref> |
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<ref name=MnA325>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 325.</ref> |
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<ref>Monier Williams, p. 491.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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[[Middle English language|ME]] ''torhte'' "bright, shining, radiant" |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''dérkomai'''<br /> "to see, see clearly; watch";<br /> |
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'''dérgma'''<br /> "look, glance; sight" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''dṛś-'''<br /> "see";<br />{{efn|standard present tense formed using a suppletive root}}{{NoteTag| dekko }}<br /> |
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'''darśayati'''<br /> "to cause to see, to show";<br /> |
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'''dṛṣṭá-'''<br /> "seen, visible, apparent, noticed" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|'''Oir : dearc''' '''~tha''').Look, behold; regard, consider. <!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|'''ndrri''', '''ndrritje''' |
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"bright, enlightened"<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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{{anchor|spéḱ-}} |
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'''{{PIE|*(s)péḱ-}}'''<br /> "to watch, be looking at, keep looking at" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, p. 2840.</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, p. 984.</ref> |
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<ref name=MnA325/> |
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<ref>Monier Williams, p. 611.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''spy''' <br /> (< [[Frankish language|Fk]] ''*spehōn'' "to spy") |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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'''-spex'''<br /> "watcher" > '''avispex, auspex''' "bird-watcher"<br />⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|name=auspex|auspices, auspicious }};<br /> |
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'''speciō'''<br /> "I observe, watch, look at"<br />⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| aspect, inspect, respect, prospect, perspective, retrospect, despicable, conspicuous, perspicuous, perspicacious, spectacle, spectacular, etc etc. }}; <br /> |
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'''speciēs'''<br /> "seeing, view, look; sight; appearance; point of view; kind, sort, type"<br />⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| species, spice, special, specify, specific }};<br /> |
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'''specimen'''<br /> "mark, token; example, pattern, model";<br /> |
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'''spectus'''<br /> "look, appearance, aspect";<br /> |
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'''spectrum'''<br /> "appearance, image; apparition, spectre"<br />⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| spectre, spectrum }};<br /> |
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'''speculum'''<br /> "looking-glass, mirror"<br />⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| speculate }} |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''skopéō'''<br /> "I look, behold; inspect"<br />⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| scope, -scope, -scopy }};<br /> |
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'''skopós'''<br /> "watcher; proterctor, guardian"<br />⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| bishop, episcopal }};<br /> |
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'''sképtomai'''<br /> "I look at; examine; consider, think";<br /> |
|||
'''sképsis'''<br /> "viewing; observation; doubt"<br />⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| skeptic, skeptical, skepticism }} |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''spáś'''<br /> "spy, watcher; messenger";<br /> |
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'''páśyati'''<br /> "(s/he) sees, looks, beholds";<br /> |
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'''spaṣṭá-'''<br /> "clear, visible; obvious, evident; intelligible" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''spoksoti''' "to keep looking" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|'''<!--Alb-->shpik''' "invent" |
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'''shpikje''' "invention, creation" |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
|||
|- |
|||
<!-- kʷeḱ- kāśate, kazati, cakṣu, cašman --> |
|||
|<!-- PIE --> |
|||
{{anchor|kʷeḱ-}} |
|||
'''{{PIE|*kʷeḱ-}}'''<br /> "to see; to show; to seem" <br /> |
|||
<ref>Dnghu, p. 1798.</ref> |
|||
<ref>Pokorny, pp. 638-639.</ref> |
|||
<ref name=MnA325/> |
|||
<ref>Monier Williams, p. 280.</ref> |
|||
|<!-- English --> |
|||
|<!--Goth--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''tékmar'''<br /> "goal, end; token" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''kā́śate'''<br /> "(it) is visible, appears; shines";<br /> |
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'''√caks-, caṣṭe'''<br /> "to see, look; appear; inform";<br /> |
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'''cákṣu'''<br /> "eye";<br /> |
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'''cákṣman'''<br /> "seer" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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[[Avestan|Av]] |
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'''cašman''' "eye" |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] |
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'''kazati''' "to show; say, testify" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''kušlas''' "having poor eyesight" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|*wekʷ-}}''' "to say" |
| '''{{PIE|*wekʷ-}}''' "to say" |
||
| Line 1,718: | Line 2,864: | ||
| '''eĩpon''' (aor.) "spoke" < ''*e-we-ikʷ-om'' < ''*e-we-ukʷ-om'', '''(w)épos''' "word" |
| '''eĩpon''' (aor.) "spoke" < ''*e-we-ikʷ-om'' < ''*e-we-ukʷ-om'', '''(w)épos''' "word" |
||
| '''vákti, vívakti''' "(he) says", '''vāk''' "voice", '''vácas-''' "word" |
| '''vákti, vívakti''' "(he) says", '''vāk''' "voice", '''vácas-''' "word" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vač-''' "speak, say", '''vāxš''' "voice", '''vačah''' "word" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vač-''' "speak, say", '''vāxš''' "voice", '''vačah''' "word", [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''vāk-''' "voice"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''vaj''' "voice", '''bivaj-''' "to say" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vikǫti''' "to call, to scream" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vikǫti''' "to call, to scream" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''enwackēmai''' "we call" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''enwackēmai''' "we call" |
||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''foccul''' "word", [[Welsh language|W]] '''gwaethl''' "fight" < ''{{PIE|* wokʷ-tlo-m}}'' |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''foccul''' "word", [[Welsh language|W]] '''gwaethl''' "argument, verbal fight" < ''{{PIE|* wokʷ-tlo-m}}'' |
||
| '''gočem''' "I call" |
| '''gočem''' "I call" |
||
| |
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| '''ḫuek-, ḫuk-''' to swear to" |
| '''ḫuek-, ḫuk-''' to swear to" |
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|'''*bʰeh₂-''' "to speak, say"<ref>Dnghu, p. 329</ref> |
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| '''{{PIE|*prek̂-, *pr̥-sk̂- < *pr̥k̂-sk̂-}}''' "to ask" |
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|'''ban''' (< [[Proto-Germanic|PGmc]] ''*bannaną'' "to proclaim, order, summon") |
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|'''fāma''' "fame"; '''fās''' "divine law; will of god, destiny";<br /> '''for (fārī)''' "I speak, talk, say";<br /> '''fātus''' "word, saying; oracle, prophecy; fate";<br />'''fateor (fatērī, fassus sum)''' "I confess, admit, acknowledge";<br />'''fābula''' "discourse, narrative; tale, fable";<br /> [[Spanish language|Sp]] '''hablar''', [[Portuguese language|Pt]] '''falar''' "to speak" |
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|'''phōnḗ''' "voice"; '''phḗmē''' "prophetic voice; rumor; reputation";<br />'''phēmí''' "I speak, say";<br /> '''prophḗtēs''' "one who speaks for a god: proclaimer, prophet";<br />'''phásis''' "utterance, statement, expression" |
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|'''bhā́ṣā''' "speech, language"; '''bhā́ṣati''' "(s/he) speaks" |
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|'''bajka''' "fable";{{efn|all Slavic languages}} [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''balii (bali)''' "physician, (healer, enchanter)" |
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| '''{{PIE|*preḱ-, *pr̥-sḱ- < *pr̥ḱ-sḱ-}}''' "to ask" |
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| [[Scottish English|Scot]] '''frain''' "to ask" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''freġnan'') |
| [[Scottish English|Scot]] '''frain''' "to ask" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''freġnan'') |
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| '''fraíhnan''' "to ask"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''forscōn''' "to ask, to research" |
| '''fraíhnan''' "to ask"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''forscōn''' "to ask, to research" |
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| '''precor (precārī)''' "to pray", '''poscō (poscere)''' "to demand, ask" |
| '''precor (precārī)''' "to pray", '''poscō (poscere)''' "to demand, ask" |
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| ''' |
| '''pṛccháti''' "(he) asks" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''pǝrǝsaiti''' "(he) asks, desires" < ''{{PIE|*pr̥- |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''pǝrǝsaiti''' "(he) asks, desires" < ''{{PIE|*pr̥-sḱ-}}''; [[Old Persian|OPers]] aor.? '''aparsam''' "(he) asked"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''pirs''' "question" |
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[[Pashto|Past]] '''pox̌tə́l''' "to ask" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''prositi''' "to ask, to demand" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''prasitun''' "to ask", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''prašyti''' "to ask" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''prasitun''' "to ask", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''prašyti''' "to ask" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''imm-chom-arc''' "mutual questions, greetings"; [[Modern Irish|NIr]] '''arco''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''archaf''' "I ask" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''imm-chom-arc''' "mutual questions, greetings"; [[Modern Irish|NIr]] '''arco''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''archaf''' "I ask" |
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| '''harcʿanem''' "I ask" |
| '''harcʿanem''' "I ask" |
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|'''pyet''' "ask" |
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'''porosit''' "recommend, order" (an article or a meal) |
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| A '''prak-''', B '''prek-''' "to ask" |
| A '''prak-''', B '''prek-''' "to ask" |
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|{{anchor|kelh₁-}} '''{{PIE|*kelh₁-, (s)kel-dʰ-}}'''<br /> "to call, cry, summon"<ref>Dnghu, pp. 1497-1499</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 548-550</ref> |
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| '''{{PIE|*H₁neH₃mn̥ or *H₁nomn̥-}}''' "name" |
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|'''haul''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''halian'');<br />'''scold''' <br /> (< [[Old Norse language|ON]] ''skald'') |
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|'''calō'''<br /> "I call, announce solemnly; call out";<br />'''concilium'''<br /> "a council, meeting" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''council''', '''conciliate''', etc.}};<br />'''classis'''<br /> "the armed forces; fleet; group or class" > '''class''';<br />'''kalendae'''<br /> "the Calends" > '''calendar''';<br />'''clāmō'''<br /> "I cry out, clamor, shout, yell" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''clamor''', '''claim''', '''exclamation''', etc.}};<br />'''clārus'''<br /> "clear, bright; renouwned, famous; loud, distinct" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''clear''', '''clarify''', etc.}} |
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|'''kaléō'''<br /> "I call, hail; summon, invite" |
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|'''klándati, krándati'''<br /> "(s/he) laments weeps; cries; sounds";<br />'''uṣaḥkala-, uṣakala-'''<br /> "rooster, lit, dawn-call" |
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|[[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''kalîn''' "to moan, to whine, to mourn", '''dikale''' "he/she mourns" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''klakolŭ''' "bell";<br />[[Russian language|Russ]] '''skulítʹ''' "to whine, whisper" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''kalbėti''' "to speak" |
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|[[Gheg]] '''kaj''' "weep, cry" |
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|'''*bʰeyh₂-''' "to fear, be afraid"<ref>Pokorny, pp. 161-162</ref> |
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|'''bive, bever''' "to shake, tremble" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''bifian'') |
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|'''foedus''' "foul, filthy, unseemly; vile" |
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|'''bháyate''' "(s/he) is afraid";<br /> '''bhī, bhīti, bhayá-''' "fear" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''bojati''' "to fear, be afraid" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''baimė''' "fear" |
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| '''{{PIE|*h₁néh₃mn̥ or *h₁nómn̥}}''' "name" |
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| '''name''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''nama'') |
| '''name''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''nama'') |
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| '''namō''' (acc. pl. '''namna''') "name" |
| '''namō''' (acc. pl. '''namna''') "name" |
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| '''nōmen''' "name" |
| '''nōmen''' "name" |
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| '''ónoma''' "name" |
| '''ónoma''' "name" |
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| '''nā́ma''' |
| '''nā́ma(n)'''(instrumental sg. '''nā́mnā''') "name" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''nāma''' "name" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''nāma''' "name"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''nām-''' "name"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''nav''' "name" |
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[[Pashto|'''Past''']] '''num''' "name" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''imę''' "name" < [[Proto-Slavic]] ''*inmen'' < ''{{PIE|*n̥men}}'' |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''imę''' "name" < [[Proto-Slavic]] ''*inmen'' < ''{{PIE|*n̥men}}'' |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''emnes, emmens''' "name" < ''*enmen-'' |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''emnes, emmens''' "name" < ''*enmen-'' |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ainmm n-''', [[Old Welsh|OW]] '''anu''' "name" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ainmm n-''', [[Old Welsh|OW]] '''anu''' "name";<br />[[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''anuan''' < '''anman''' "name"<ref>Delamarre (2003), p. 50.</ref> |
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| '''anun''' "name" |
| '''anun''' "name" |
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| [[Gheg]] '''emën''', [[Tosk]] '''emër''' "name" < ''*enmen-'' |
| [[Gheg]] '''emën''', [[Tosk]] '''emër''' "name" < ''*enmen-'' |
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| A '''ñem''', B '''ñom''' "name" |
| A '''ñem''', B '''ñom''' "name" |
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| '''lāman-''' "name" |
| '''lāman-''' "name" |
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|- |
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|} |
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==General conditions and states== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |
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! width="10%"| [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] |
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! width="8%"| [[English language|English]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Gothic language|Gothic]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Classical Latin|Latin]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Ancient Greek]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Sanskrit]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Tocharian language|Tocharian]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|(s)teyg-}} '''{{PIE|*(s)teyg-}}'''<br /> "to be sharp; to sting" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 2926-2927.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 1016-1017.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA513/><ref>Monier Williams, p. 454.</ref> |
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|'''stick''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sticca'');<br />'''stitch''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''stiċe'');<br />'''thistle''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''þistel'') |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl-->īn'''stīgō'''<br /> "I stimulate, incite, rouse" > '''instigate''';<br />'''stilus''' (later spelled '''stylus''' {{efn|Under the misguided influence of Greek '''stûlos''' "pillar"}})<br /> "pointed instrument, spike" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''stylus''', '''style''' (originally same meaning as '''stylus''': a particular form of writing > style)}} |
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|<!--Hel-->'''stizō'''<br /> "I tattoo; mark";<br />'''stíxis'''<br /> "marking; spot, mark";<br />'''stígma'''<br /> "mark, tattoo; spot, stain" |
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|<!--Skt-->'''téjate'''<br /> "become sharp; energize";<br />'''téjas'''<br /> "sharp ede of a knife; light, brilliance, glow; splendor; fiery power";<br />'''tīkṣṇá'''<br /> "sharp; hot, fiery, pungent; acute, keen";<br />'''tigmá'''<br /> "sharp, pointed; pungent, scorching, acrid" |
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|<!--Irn-->[[Persian language|Per]] '''tez''' "sharp" |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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{{anchor|teh₂-}} |
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'''{{PIE|*teh₂-}}'''<br /> "to melt, thaw; flow" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, pp. 3050-3052.</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, pp. 1053-1054.</ref> |
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<ref name=MnA123/> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''thaw''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''þawian''); |
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'''thone''' <br /> "damp, moist, wet" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''þan'') |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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'''tābēs'''<br /> "decay, foulness; fluid from a wound"; |
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'''tābeō'''<br /> "I melt; rot";<br /> |
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'''tābum'''<br /> "gore; viscous fluid" |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''tîphos'''<br /> "pond, swamp";<br /> |
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'''tḗkō'''<br /> "melt" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''tāmara'''<br /> "water";<br /> |
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'''toyam'''<br /> "water";<br /> |
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'''toś-, tośate'''<br /> "drip, distill, trickle";<br /> |
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'''tuṣāra'''<br /> "rain, mist, tickle, drizzle, wet" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] |
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'''tajati''' "melt" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|} |
|} |
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! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| {{anchor|h₂ster-}} '''{{PIE|*h₂ster- }}''' "star" <br />(See also: [[#h₂eHs-|*h₂eHs-]]) |
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| '''star''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''steorra'') |
| '''star''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''steorra'') |
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| '''staírnō''' "star" |
| '''staírnō''' "star" |
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| '''stēlla''' "star" |
| '''stēlla''' "star" |
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| '''astḗr''' "star"{{efn|Cf. ''[[Asteria (Titaness)|Asteria]]'' (litt.) "starry one"; ''[[Astraeus]]'' "god of dusk" (litt. "starry"); ''[[Astraea]]'' "star-maiden"; Cretan king ''[[Asterion (king of Crete)|Asterion]]'' "starry".}} |
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| '''astḗr''' "star" |
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| '''stṛ''' |
| root '''stṛ''' ('''stá''' "star", '''stáras''' "stars"), contracted root '''tṛ''' ('''tārā''' "star") |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] [[accusative|acc.]] '''stā̆rǝm''' (ablauting){{efn|acc. '''stā̆rǝm''', gen. '''stārō''', pl. nom. '''staras-ča, stārō''', acc. '''strǝ̄uš''', gen. '''strǝ̄m''', dat. '''stǝrǝbyō'''.}} "star" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] [[accusative|acc.]] '''stā̆rǝm''' (ablauting){{efn|acc. '''stā̆rǝm''', gen. '''stārō''', pl. nom. '''staras-ča, stārō''', acc. '''strǝ̄uš''', gen. '''strǝ̄m''', dat. '''stǝrǝbyō'''.}} "star"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''stêr''' "star" |
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| [[Middle Irish|MIr]] '''ser''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''seren''', [[Breton language|Breton]] '''sterenn''' "star" |
| [[Middle Irish|MIr]] '''ser''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''seren''', [[Breton language|Breton]] '''sterenn''' "star"; [[Ancient Celtic religion|Celtic]] '''[[Sirona (goddess)|Sirona]]''' (< ''*Tsirona'') "astral", "stellar" |
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| '''astł''' "star" |
| '''astł''' "star"; '''[[Astłik]]''' "deity of love, fertility and skylight" |
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| |
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| pl. A '''śreñ''', B '''ściriñ''' "stars" |
| pl. A '''śreñ''', B '''ściriñ''' "stars" |
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| '''ḫasterza''' "star" |
| '''ḫasterza''' "star" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*[[ |
| '''{{PIE|*[[*Dyēus|dyḗws]]}}'''<ref name="dyews" group="lower-roman"> |
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Complex ablauting stem: |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! Language !! Nom !! Acc !! Voc !! Gen !! Dat !! Loc !! Instr Pl |
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|- |
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| PIE || '''d(i)yḗws''' || '''dyḗm''' || '''dyéw''' || '''diw-és''', '''-ós''' || '''diwéy''' || '''dyéwi''' and '''dyéw''' || ? |
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|- |
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| Greek || '''Zdeús''' || '''Zdẽn''' || '''Zdeũ''' || '''Di(w)ós''' || '''Di(w)í''' || |
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|- |
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| Sanskrit || '''d(i)yāús''' || '''dyā́m''' || ? || '''divás, dyōs''' || '''divḗ''' || '''dyáví, diví''' || '''dyú-bhis''' |
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|- |
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|} |
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</ref> "day, daily sky → the sky god";<br />'''{{PIE|*déywos}}''' "heavenly → god" |
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| '''Tues'''-day (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''Tīwes-dæġ'' lit. "day of Tīw"{{efn|'''Tīw''' < ''{{PIE|*déywos}}'' was the Germanic god of war, but originally was a sky-god and head of the gods, like Zeus.}}) |
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| '''tiws''' "god", [[Old Norse|ON]] '''[[Týr]]''' "Tīw" (the war god) |
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| '''Iuppiter (Iovis)''', [[Old Latin]] '''Diū-piter (Diovis)''' "[[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]]"; '''diēs''' "day", '''deus, dīvus''' "god"{{efn|''{{PIE|*déywos}}'' > Lat. deus; gen. ''{{PIE|*deiwī}}'' > Lat. ''dīvī''. From each stem a full declension was formed.}} |
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| '''Zdeús (Di(w)ós)'''<ref name="dyeus" group="lower-roman"> |
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Complex ablauting stem: |
Complex ablauting stem: |
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| Line 1,801: | Line 3,078: | ||
| Greek || '''Zdeús''' || '''Zdẽn''' || '''Zdeũ''' || '''Di(w)ós''' || '''Di(w)í''' || |
| Greek || '''Zdeús''' || '''Zdẽn''' || '''Zdeũ''' || '''Di(w)ós''' || '''Di(w)í''' || |
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|- |
|- |
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| Sanskrit || '''d(i) |
| Sanskrit || '''d(i)yāús''' || '''dyā́m''' || ? || '''divás, dyōs''' || '''divḗ''' || '''dyáví, diví''' || '''dyú-bhis''' |
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|- |
|- |
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|} |
|} |
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</ref> " |
</ref> "Zeus" |
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| '''d(i)yāús (divás, dyōs)'''<ref name="dyeus" group="lower-roman"/> "heaven", '''dēvás''' "god", '''[[Devi|devī́]]''' "goddess" |
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| '''Tues'''-day (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''Tīwes-dæġ'' lit. "day of Tīw"{{efn|'''Tīw''' < ''{{PIE|*deiwos}}'' was the Germanic god of war, but originally was a sky-god and head of the gods, like Zeus.}}) |
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| [[ |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''[[Daeva|daēva-]]''' "demon"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''dêw''' "giant" |
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| ([[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''dĭnĭ (dĭne)''' "day" < ''{{PIE|*din-is}}''), [[Ukrainian language|Ukr]]. '''dyvo''' and [[Russian language|Russ]]. '''divo''' "miracle" |
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| '''Iuppiter (Iovis)''', [[Old Latin]] '''Diū-piter (Diovis)''' "Jupiter"; '''diēs''' "day", '''deus, dīvus''' "god"{{efn|''{{PIE|*deiwos}}'' > Lat. deus; gen. ''{{PIE|*deiwī}}'' > Lat. ''dīvī''. From each stem a full declension was formed.}} |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''deina''' "day", '''deiws''' "god", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''diena''' "day", '''[[dievas]]''' "god" |
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| '''Zdeús (Di(w)ós)'''<ref name="dyeus"/> "Zeus" |
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| '''d(i)yāúḥ (diváḥ, dyōḥ)'''<ref name="dyeus"/> "heaven", '''dēváḥ''' "god" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''daēva-''' "demon" |
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| ([[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''dĭnĭ (dĭne)''' "day" < ''{{PIE|*din-is}}''), [[Russian language|Russ]]. '''divo''' "miracle" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''deina''' "day", '''deiws''' "god", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''diena''' "day", '''dievas''' "god" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''dīe''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''dydd''' "day"; [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''dia (dē)''', [[Old Welsh|OW]] '''duiu-''' "God" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''dīe''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''dydd''' "day"; [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''dia (dē)''', [[Old Welsh|OW]] '''duiu-''' "God" |
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| '''tiw (tuənǰean)''' "day" |
| '''tiw (tuənǰean)''' "day" |
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| '''din''' “dawn” <PAlb *'''deina''' “day” |
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| ('''gdhinj''' "I make day"(? ''mache Tag'') < ''{{PIE|*-di-n-yoH₂}}'') |
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'''zot''' “god” <'''PIE''' *dyew + *átta |
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| |
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| |
| |
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|'''Šiuš''' "[[Hittite religion|Hittite]] sky- or sun-god"<ref>Lurker, Manfred (2004). ''A Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons''. Routledge. p. 325. {{ISBN|0-415-03943-6}}</ref>{{efn|According to linguist [[Vitaly Shevoroshkin]], the noun exists in other [[Anatolian languages]]: [[Lycian language|Lycian]] ''ziw-''; [[Lydian language|Lydian]] ''civ-''; [[Luwian language|Luwian]] ''Tiwa-''; [[Palaic language|Palaic]] ''Tija-''.<ref name="Studies in Hittite-Luwian Names"/>}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*seh₂wol-, *sh₂un-}}''' "sun" |
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| '''sun''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sunne'') |
| '''sun''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sunne'') |
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| '''sauil, sunnō''' "sun" |
| '''sauil, sunnō''' "sun" |
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| '''sōl''' "sun" |
| '''[[Sol (Roman mythology)|sōl]]''' "sun" |
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| [[Homeric Greek|Homeric]] '''hēélios''' "sun" < ''*sāwélios'' |
| [[Homeric Greek|Homeric]] '''hēélios''' "sun" < ''*sāwélios'';{{efn|Other dialectal variants are [[Cretan Greek|Cretan]] ''awélios'' or ''ābélios''; [[Doric Greek|Doric]] ''āélios''.}} '''[[Helios]]''' "deity of the sun" |
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| '''súvar ( |
| '''súvar (súra-)''' "sun, light, heavens", '''sūra-''', '''[[Surya|sūrya]]''' "sun" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''hvarǝ (hūrō)''' "sun, light, heavens" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''hvarǝ (hūrō)''' "sun, light, heavens", '''[[Hvare-khshaeta|<u>Hvare</u>-khshaeta]]''' "deity of the radiant sun" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''slĭnŭce''' "sun" < ''*sulnika-'', [[Russian language|Russ]]. '''po-solon'''' "sunwise" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''slĭnŭce''' "sun" < ''*sulnika-'', [[Russian language|Russ]]. '''po-solon'''' "sunwise" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''sauli''' "sun", '''sawaiti''' "week", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''saulė''' "sun |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''sauli''' "sun", '''sawaiti''' "week", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''[[saulė]]''' "sun" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''sūil''' "eye"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''haul''' "sun" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''sūil''' "eye"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''haul''' "sun" |
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| |
| |
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| '''ylli''' "star" < ''*sūlo-'' or ''*sūli-'' |
| '''ylli''' "star" < ''*sūlo-'' or ''*sūli-'' |
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| A '''swañceṃ'''; B '''swañco''', '''swañciye''' "sunbeam" (< Common Tocharian *''su̯āntœ'')<ref>Dominicy, Marc. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nA8cAQAAIAAJ&q=%22swa%C3%B1ciye%22 Phonological Reconstruction: Problems and Methods]''. Ed. de l'Univ. de Bruxelles, 1988. p. 42.</ref> |
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| |
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| '''<sup>[[dingir|D]]</sup>UTU-li-ya''' "Sun goddess" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*meh₁ns- }}''' "moon, month" |
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| '''moon''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mōna''), '''month''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mōnaþ'') |
| '''moon''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mōna''), '''month''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mōnaþ'') |
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| '''mēna''' "moon", '''mēnoþs''' "month" |
| '''mēna''' "moon", '''mēnoþs''' "month" |
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| '''mēnsis''' "month" |
| '''mēnsis''' "month" |
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| [[Attic Greek|Att]] '''mḗn''', [[Ionic Greek|Ion]] '''meis''', [[Doric Greek|Dor]] '''mḗs''' "month", '''mḗnē''' "moon" |
| [[Attic Greek|Att]] '''mḗn''', [[Ionic Greek|Ion]] '''meis''', [[Doric Greek|Dor]] '''mḗs''' "month", '''[[Mene (goddess)|mḗnē]]''' "moon" |
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| '''mā́s''' "moon"; '''mā́sa''' "month" |
| '''mā́s''' "moon"; '''mā́sa''' "month" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''mā̊ (mā̊ŋhō)''' "moon"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''māh''' "moon, month" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''mā̊ (mā̊ŋhō)''' "moon"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''[[Mah|māh]]''' "moon, month"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''meh''' "month", '''mang''' "moon" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''měsęcĭ''' "moon, month" < ''{{PIE|*mēs-n̥-ko-}}'' |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''měsęcĭ''' "moon, month" < ''{{PIE|*mēs-n̥-ko-}}'' |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''miniks''' "moon", '''mins''' "month", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''mėnulis''' "moon", '''mėnesis''' "month" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''miniks''' "moon", '''mins''' "month", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''mėnulis''' "moon", '''mėnesis''' "month" |
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| Line 1,849: | Line 3,123: | ||
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*[[Dʰéǵʰōm| |
| {{anchor|dʰeǵʰom-}} '''{{PIE|*[[Dʰéǵʰōm|dʰeǵʰom]]- }}''' "earth"<br />(See also [[#dʰǵʰemon-|*dʰǵʰemon-]]) |
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| '''humus''' "earth" |
| '''humus''' "earth" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''humble, humility, exhume''', etc}} |
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| '''kʰtʰṓn (kʰtʰonós)''' "earth", '''kʰamaí''' "on the earth" |
| '''kʰtʰṓn (kʰtʰonós)''' "earth", '''kʰamaí''' "on the earth"{{efn|Seen in [[chamomile]] (from ''khamaimēlon'' "earth-apple") and [[chameleon]] (from ''khamailéōn'' "earth-lion").<ref name="Doméga"/>}} |
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| ''' |
| '''kṣā́s''' (acc. '''kṣā́m''', gen. '''jmá-''') "earth" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zā̊''' (acc. '''ząm''', gen. '''zǝmō''') "earth" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zā̊''' (acc. '''ząm''', gen. '''zǝmō''') "earth"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''zevî''' "farmland"; [[Persian language|NPers]] '''zamin''' "ground, soil", '''[[Zamindar|<u>zamin</u>dar]]''' "land owner" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''zemĭ, zemlja''' "earth" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''zemĭ, zemlja''' "earth"; [[Russian language|Russ]] '''[[Chernozem|Cherno<u>zem</u>]]''' "black soil" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''zemê''' "earth", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''žemė''' " earth" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''zemê''' "earth", '''semmai''' "on the earth" (adverb); [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''žemė''' " earth" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''dū''' "place"; [[Welsh language|Welsh]] '''dyn''' "man" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''dū''' "place"; [[Welsh language|Welsh]] '''dyn''' "man" |
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| Line 1,863: | Line 3,137: | ||
| A '''tkaṃ (tkanis)''', B '''keṃ''' "earth" |
| A '''tkaṃ (tkanis)''', B '''keṃ''' "earth" |
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| '''tēkan (tagnās)''' "earth" |
| '''tēkan (tagnās)''' "earth" |
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|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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{{anchor|h₂éḱmō}} '''{{PIE|*h₂éḱmō}}'''<br /> "stone" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, p. 64.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 18-22.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA121/><ref>Monier Williams, p. 114.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''hammer''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hamer'') |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''ákmōn'''<br /> "anvil" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''áśman'''<br /> "stone";<br /> |
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'''aśmará'''<br /> "stony" |
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|<!--Irn--> '''[[Asman]]''' "sky" |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] |
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'''kamy, gen. kamene''' "stone" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''akmuõ, gen. akmeñs''' "stone" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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{{anchor|lep-}} '''{{PIE|*lep-}}'''<br /> "stone" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, p. 1902.</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 678.</ref><ref name=MnA122/> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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'''lapis'''<br /> "stone" |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''lépas'''<br /> "crag, bare rock" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*wódr̥ (udéns)}} pl. {{PIE|*wédōr (udnés)}}''' "water" |
| '''{{PIE|*wódr̥ (udéns)}} pl. {{PIE|*wédōr (udnés)}}''' "water" |
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| Line 1,868: | Line 3,184: | ||
| '''watō (watins)''' "water" |
| '''watō (watins)''' "water" |
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| [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]] '''utur''' "water", Latin '''unda''' "wave" |
| [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]] '''utur''' "water", Latin '''unda''' "wave" |
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| '''húdōr (húdatos)''' "water" |
| '''húdōr (húdatos)''' "water"; '''[[Lernaean Hydra|Hydra]]''' (litt.) "water-animal" |
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| ''' |
| '''udaká-''' (loc. '''udán(i)''', pl. '''udá'''), '''udra''' "water"; '''[[Samudra|sam<u>udra</u>]]''' "ocean" (litt. "gathering of waters") |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''aoδa-''' "spring", '''vaiδi-''' "stream" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''aoδa-''' "spring", '''vaiδi-''' "stream" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''voda''' "water", [[Russian language|Russ]]. '''vedro''' "bucket" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''voda''' "water", [[Russian language|Russ]]. '''vedro''' "bucket"; Russ '''vódka''' "little water" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''undan''' "water", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''vanduo''' "water" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''undan''' "water", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''vanduo''' gen. '''vandens''' "water" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''u(i)sce''' "water" < ''*udeskyo-'' |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''u(i)sce''' "water" < ''*udeskyo-''; Eng. '''Whisky''' < '''uisce beatha''' "water of life" |
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| '''get''' "river" |
| '''get''' "river" |
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| '''ujë''' "water" |
| '''ujë''' "water" |
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| Line 1,879: | Line 3,195: | ||
| '''wātar (wetenas)''' "water" |
| '''wātar (wetenas)''' "water" |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*dóru, *drew-}}''' "wood, tree" |
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| '''tree''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''trēo'') |
| '''tree''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''trēo'') |
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| '''triu''' "tree, wood" |
| '''triu''' "tree, wood" |
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| Line 1,885: | Line 3,201: | ||
| '''dóru, drûs''' "tree, wood" |
| '''dóru, drûs''' "tree, wood" |
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| '''dā́ru, drṓs, drú-''' "tree, wood" |
| '''dā́ru, drṓs, drú-''' "tree, wood" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dāru-''' "tree, wood" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dāru-''' "tree, wood"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''dar''' "tree, wood" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''drěvo''' "tree" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''drěvo''' "tree" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''drawê''' "hole in a tree, hollow tree", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''drevė''' "hole in a tree", ''' |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''drawê''' "hole in a tree, hollow tree", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''drevė''' "hole in a tree", '''derva''' "tar" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''daur''' "oak", [[Welsh language|W]] '''derwen''' "oak" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''daur''' "oak", [[Welsh language|W]] '''derwen''' "oak" |
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| '''tram''' "firm" |
| '''tram''' "firm" |
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| '''dru''' "tree" |
| '''dru''' "tree, wood" |
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| AB '''or''' "wood" |
| AB '''or''' "wood" |
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| '''taru''' "tree" |
| '''taru''' "tree" |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₂weh₁n̥to-}}''' "wind", '''{{PIE|*h₂weh₁-}}''' "to blow" |
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| '''wind''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wind''); [[Old English language|OE]] '''wāwan''' "to blow" |
| '''wind''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wind''); [[Old English language|OE]] '''wāwan''' "to blow" |
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| '''winds''' "wind"; '''waian''' "to blow" |
| '''winds''' "wind"; '''waian''' "to blow" |
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| '''ventus''' "wind" |
| '''ventus''' "wind" |
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| '''áenta''' (acc.) "wind", '''áēsi''' "(he) blows" |
| '''áenta''' (acc.) "wind", '''áēsi''' "(he) blows" |
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| ''' |
| '''vā́ta- (vānt-)'''<ref>Still scanned as three syllables in some passages of the Rigveda, Ringe (2006) p. 77.</ref> "wind", '''vāti''' "(he) blows", '''[[Vayu|Vāyu]]''' "lord of winds"; '''nir·vāṇa-''' "blow-out, extinction"<ref>Monier Williams, p. 557.</ref> |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vātō''' "wind", '''vāiti''' "(he) blows" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vātō''' "wind", '''vāiti''' "(he) blows", '''[[Vayu-Vata]]''' "a pair of deities: Vayu/Wind and Vata/Air"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''ba''', '''wa''', '''va''' "wind", '''hewa''' "air, weather" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vějǫ (vějetŭ)''' "to blow" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vějǫ (vějetŭ)''' "to blow", '''větrŭ''' "wind" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''witra''' "wind" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''witra''' "wind"; [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''vėjas''' "wind", '''vėtra''' "heavy wind", '''<u>Vėjo</u>patis''' "god of winds" |
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| [[Welsh language|W]] '''gwynt''' "wind" |
| [[Welsh language|W]] '''gwynt''' "wind" |
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|'''vetëtin'''“it '''thunders'''” |
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| A '''want''', B '''yente''' "wind" |
| A '''want''', B '''yente''' "wind" |
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| '''ḫūwanz'''<ref>Ringe (2006) p. 77, sourced to Melchert (1994) p. 54.</ref> "wind" |
| '''ḫūwanz'''<ref>Ringe (2006) p. 77, sourced to Melchert (1994) p. 54.</ref> "wind" |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*sneygʷʰ-}}''' "to snow" |
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| '''snow''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''snāw'' < ''{{PIE|* |
| '''snow''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''snāw'' < ''{{PIE|*snóygʷʰos}}'', ''snīwan'' "to snow" < ''{{PIE|*snéygʷʰonom}}'') |
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| '''snáiws''' "snow" |
| '''snáiws''' "snow" |
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| '''nix (nivis)''' "snow", '''ninguō (ninguere)''' "to snow" |
| '''nix (nivis)''' "snow", '''ninguō (ninguere)''' "to snow" |
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| Line 1,917: | Line 3,233: | ||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''snaēža-''' "to snow"; [[Shughni language|Shughni]] '''žǝnij''' "snow" < '''*snaiga-''' |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''snaēža-''' "to snow"; [[Shughni language|Shughni]] '''žǝnij''' "snow" < '''*snaiga-''' |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sněgŭ''' "snow" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sněgŭ''' "snow" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''snaigs''' "snow", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''snigti''' "to snow" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''snaigs''' "snow", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''sniegas''' "snow", '''snigti''' "to snow" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''snecht(a)e''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''nyf''' "snow"; [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''snigid''' "it rains" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''snecht(a)e''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''nyf''' "snow" (< ''*snigʷo-''); [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''snigid''' "it rains" |
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|B '''śin̄catstse''' "snowy" (< ''*śin̄ce'' (“snow”) < ''*snígʷi'') |
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|'''*h₁n̥gʷnís''' "fire" '''< *h₁engʷ-''' "to burn";<ref>Mallory, p. 202.</ref><br /> '''*h₁óngʷl̥''' "charcoal" |
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|'''ignis''' "fire" |
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|'''agní''' "fire";<br /> '''áṅgāra''' "charcoal" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ognĭ''' "fire";<br /> '''ǫglĭ''' "coal" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''ugnis''' "fire", '''anglis''' "coal" [[Latvian language|Lv]] '''uguns''' "fire" |
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|e '''enjte''' “Thursday” |
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<'''PAlb''' *agni “fire” |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*péh₂wr̥, ph₂unés}}''' "bonfire"<ref name="fire" group="lower-alpha">It is unclear how the original PIE forms produced the attested daughter-language forms. After the loss of laryngeals, original ''{{PIE|*péh₂wr̥, ph₂unés}}'' would regularly produce ''{{PIE|*pāwr̥, punés}}''. It is possible that this form was considered too strange-looking, with the result that the ''u'' vowel was borrowed from the second stem into the first, yielding ''{{PIE|*púwr̥, punés}}''. This compressed to ''{{PIE|*pūr, punés}}'', and this stem set, or its regularized version ''{{PIE|*pūr, purés}}'', might form the basis of the Umbrian, Greek and Armenian forms. |
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For Germanic, however, something else must be at work. Ringe (2006) suggests that the following sequence of events produced Gothic ''fōn'': Collective '' |
For Germanic, however, something else must be at work. Ringe (2006) suggests that the following sequence of events produced Gothic ''fōn'': Collective ''péh₂wōr'' -> ''ph₂uṓr'' (cf. Tocharian B ''puwar'') > ''puōr'' > Proto-Germanic ''fuwōr'' > ''fwōr'' > ''fōr'' -> ''fōn'' (using ''-n-'' from the oblique stem), where ''->'' indicates a change due to analogy, while ''>'' indicates a regular sound change. His explanation of ''funins'' and ''fuïr'' is very tentative and complicated. Pokorny's suggestion for Germanic is rather different. He derives ''fōn'' from ''*fwōn'', with no further derivation, but probably different from Ringe's. ''fuïr'' comes from ''*puweri'', a locative that could be formed from a nominative ''*púwr̥'' or possibly from a stem ''*pur-''. It suffices to say that the processes involved are not well understood.</ref> |
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| '''fire''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''fȳr'' < ''*fuïr''<ref name="fire"/>) |
| '''fire''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''fȳr'' < ''*fuïr''<ref name="fire" group="lower-alpha"/>) |
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| '''fōn (funins)'''<ref name="fire"/> "fire"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''fuïr'''<ref name="fire"/> (two syllables) < ''{{PIE|*puwéri}}'' |
| '''fōn (funins)'''<ref name="fire" group="lower-alpha"/> "fire"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''fuïr'''<ref name="fire" group="lower-alpha"/> (two syllables) < ''{{PIE|*puwéri}}'' |
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| [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]] '''pir''' "fire" < ''*pūr'', acc. '''purom-e''' "into the fire" < ''*pur-'' |
| [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]] '''pir''' "fire" < ''*pūr'', acc. '''purom-e''' "into the fire" < ''*pur-'' |
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| '''pũr (purós)''' "fire" |
| '''pũr (purós)''' "fire" |
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| '''pāru (pēru)''' "sun, fire" |
| '''pāru (pēru)''' "sun, fire" |
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|[[Persian language|NPers]] '''fer''' "oven, furnace" |
|[[Persian language|NPers]] '''fer''' "oven, furnace" |
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| [[Czech language|Czech]] '''pýř''' "glowing ash", [[Polish language|Pol]] '''perzyna''' "embers", [[Slovak language|Slovak]] '''pyr''', [[Upper Sorbian|UpSb]] '''pyr''' "ashes"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Andersen |first1=Henning |title=PIE *peh2ur 'fire'. Two Slavic etymologies |journal=Slovene Linguistic Studies |date=12 October 2021 |volume=13 |doi=10.3986/sjsls.13.1.01 |s2cid=243579408 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Ukrainian language|Ukr]] '''para''' "steam (n.)" |
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| [[Czech language|Czech]] '''pýř''' "glowing ash" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''pannu''' "fire" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''pannu''' "fire" |
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| Line 1,940: | Line 3,272: | ||
| A '''por''', B '''puwar, puwār, pwār''' "fire" |
| A '''por''', B '''puwar, puwār, pwār''' "fire" |
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| '''paḫḫur''' "fire" |
| '''paḫḫur''' "fire" |
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|- |
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|'''*dʰuh₂mós''' "smoke" < '''*dʰewh₂-''' "to smoke"<ref>Mallory, pp. 99, 123, 124.</ref> |
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|'''dew''' <br /> (< [[Old English Language|OE]] ''dēaw'') |
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|'''fūmus''' "smoke" |
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|'''thūmós''' "soul, life, breath; desire, temper" |
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|'''dhūmá-''' "smoke; mist, fog" |
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||[[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''du, dukêl''' |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''dymŭ''' "smoke" |
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|'''tym''' “smoke” <'''PAlb''' ātuma |
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|{{anchor|h₂eHs-}} '''{{PIE|*h₂eHs-}}'''<br /> "to become dry; burn, glow; hearth; ashes" |
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<ref>Dnghu, pp. 265-266</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, pp. 68-69</ref> |
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<ref name=MnA123>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 123</ref><br /> |
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(See also: [[#h₂ster-|*h₂ster-]]) |
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|'''ash''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''æsce'');<br /> |
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|'''azgō'''<br /> "ash; cinder" |
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|'''āreō'''<br /> "I am dry; dried up, withered";<br />'''āridus'''<br /> "dry, parched, withered, arid" > '''arid''';<br />'''āra'''<br /> "altar; sanctuary, refuge";<br />'''assus'''<br /> "roasted, baked; dried"; [[Oscan language|Osc]] '''aasa''' "altar" |
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|'''ázō'''<br /> "I dry";<br />'''ásbolos'''<br /> "soot" |
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|'''ā́sa-'''<br /> "ashes, dust" |
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|A/B '''ās-''' "to dry out; to dry up" |
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|'''ḫašš-''' "ash; dust"; '''ḫašša-''' "hearth"; [[Lycian language|Lyc]] '''χaha-(di-)''' "altar" |
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|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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{{anchor|ken-}} '''{{PIE|*ken-}}'''<br /> "to rub, scrape off; ashes, dust" |
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<ref>Dnghu, p. 1517.</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. .</ref><br /> |
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<ref name=MnA123/> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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'''cinis, cineris'''<br /> "ashes" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| "incinerate, cinerary, cinerarium" }} |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''κόνις'''<br /> "ash, dust" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''kaṇa-'''<br /> "particle; small grain of dust, rice, corn; atom" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*gʷʰerm-}}''' "warm" |
| '''{{PIE|*gʷʰerm-}}''' "warm" |
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| Line 1,946: | Line 3,332: | ||
| '''formus''' "warm" |
| '''formus''' "warm" |
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| '''tʰermós''' "warm" |
| '''tʰermós''' "warm" |
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| ''' |
| '''gʰarmá-''' "heat" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''garǝma-''' "hot, heat"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''Garma-pada-''', name of the fourth month, corresponding to June/July, orig. (?) "entrance of the heat" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''garǝma-''' "hot, heat"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''Garma-pada-''', name of the fourth month, corresponding to June/July, orig. (?) "entrance of the heat"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''germ''' "hot, warm" |
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|[[Russian language|Russ]]. '''žar''' "heat", '''goret'''' "to burn" < ''{{PIE|*gʷʰer}}'' |
|[[Russian language|Russ]]. '''žar''' "heat", '''goret'''' "to burn" < ''{{PIE|*gʷʰer}}'' |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''garmê''' "heat, glowing", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''žarijos''' "cinders", '''žėrėti''' "to glow" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''garmê''' "heat, glowing", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''žarijos''' "cinders", '''žėrėti''' "to glow" |
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| Line 1,953: | Line 3,339: | ||
| '''ǰerm''' "warm" |
| '''ǰerm''' "warm" |
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| [[Gheg]] '''zjarm''' "fire, heat" |
| [[Gheg]] '''zjarm''' "fire, heat" |
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'''ngroh''' “ I warm” '''ziej''' “I boil, cook” <'''PAlb''' *džernja |
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| A '''śärme''' "heat (of summer)" |
| A '''śärme''' "heat (of summer)" |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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| '''{{PIE|*leuk-}}''' "light, brightness" |
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{{anchor|dʰegʷʰ-}} |
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| '''light''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''lēoht'') |
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'''{{PIE|*dʰegʷʰ-}}'''<br /> "to burn; warm, hot" <br /> |
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| '''liuhaþ (liuhadis)''' "light" |
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<ref>Dnghu, pp. 652-653.</ref> |
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| '''lūceō (lūcēre)''' "to shine", '''lūx''' "light" |
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<ref>Pokorny, pp. 240-241.</ref> |
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| '''leukós''' "bright, shining, white" |
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<ref name=MnA123/> |
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| '''rócate''' "(he) shines", '''roká-''' "light", '''loka-''' "world, place" |
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<ref>Monier Williams, p. 477.</ref> |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''raočant-''' "shining", '''raočah''' "light"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''raučah''' "light" |
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|<!-- English --> |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''luča''' "ray, flash" < ''*loukyā'' |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''lauk''' "bright", '''lauksna''' "star", '''laukas''' "field", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''laukas''' "outside, field" |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''luchair''' "shine"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''llachar''' "bright", '''llug''' "shimmer" |
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'''foveō'''<br /> "I warm, keep warm; nurture, foster";<br /> |
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| '''loys''' "light" |
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'''fōmentum'''<br /> "a warm application; lotion";<br /> ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| "foment, fomentation" }} |
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'''fōmes'''<br /> "kindling, tinder" |
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'''febris'''<br /> "fever";<br /> ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| "fever, febrile" }} |
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'''februum, februarius'''<br /> "expiatory offerings, means of purification";<br /> ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| "February" }}{{efn| ''Februārius mēnsis'' - Roman month of expiation}} |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''téphrā'''<br /> "ashes" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''dáhati'''<br /> "it burns";<br /> |
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'''dagdhá-'''<br /> "burned, burnt" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] |
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'''žešti (žeg-)''' "to burn";<br /> |
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'''žigŭ''' "burn mark, brand" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''dė̃gis''' "burn scar" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|'''ndez''' “to light” |
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'''djeg''' "burn"<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|'''{{PIE|*h₁ews-}}''' "to burn";<ref>Dnghu, p. 954</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 347</ref> |
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|'''ember''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ǣmyrġe'') |
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| |
| |
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|'''ūrō''' "I burn, consume, inflame";<br />'''ustus''' "burnt, inflamed";<br />'''bustum''' < amb-bustum "a burial mound, tomb";<br />'''combūrō''' "I burn up, cremate, scald" > '''combust''';<br />'''ūrna''' "urn, water jar" (lit. a vessel of burnt clay) |
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| AB '''lyuk/luk-''' "to shine" |
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| |
|'''heúō''' "I singe" |
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|'''óṣati''' "(s/he) burns, burns down; punishes";<br />'''uṣṭá''' "burnt";<br />'''uṣṇá''' "warm, hot" |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*gel-}}''' "to be cold, to freeze" |
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| '''cold''' (< [[Old English|OE]] ''ceald'') |
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| '''kalds''' "cold (of the weather)" |
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| '''gelus''' "ice", '''gelidus''' "icy" |
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| |
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| '''śarada''' "autumn" |
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| |
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| [[Middle Bulgarian|MBulg]] '''goloti''' "ice" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''gelmenis''', '''gelumà''' "great cold" |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*temH-}}''' "(to be) dark" <br/> '''{{PIE|*témHos}}''' "darkness" |
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| |
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| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''demar''' "twilight" |
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| '''tenebrae''' "darkness" (< ''*temebrai'' < ''*temasro'') |
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| |
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| '''támas''' "darkness, gloom", '''támisrā''' "dark night" |
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| [[Avestan language|Av]] '''taΘra''' "darkness", '''təmah''' |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''tĭmĭnŭ''' "darkness", '''tĭma'''', [[Russian language|Rus]] '''temnotá''' "darkness" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''tamsa''' "dark, darkness", '''tiḿsras''' "a darker shade of red"; [[Latvian language|Latv]] ''' tumšs''', '''timšs''' "dark", '''tùmsa''' "darkness"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kortlandt |first1=Frederik |title=The development of the Indo-European syllabic resonants in Balto-Slavic |journal=Baltistica |date=12 December 2011 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=7–12 |doi=10.15388/baltistica.42.1.938 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''temel''' "darkness" (< [[Proto-Celtic|PCel]] ''*temeslos''); [[Old Welsh|OW]] '''timuil''' "dark, darkness" |
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| |
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| |
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| B '''tamãsse''' "dark" |
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| |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*nébʰos}}''' "cloud; mist"<ref name="Eine luwische orthographisch-phonet"/> |
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| [[Old English|OE]] '''nifol''' "dark [misty]" |
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| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''<u>Nifl</u>heimr''' "[[Niflheim|home of mists]]" |
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| '''nebula''' "fog, cloud" |
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| '''népʰos''' "cloud"; '''[[Nephele|nepʰélē]]''' "mass of clouds; name of a nymph" |
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| '''nábʰas''' "mist; sky, cloud"; '''nábʰāsa''' "celestial, heavenly; appearing in the sky" |
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| '''nabah-''' "heavens" (litt. "nimbuses, clouds")<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004460690_007 |chapter=The Ancient Iranian Cosmography and its Evolution |title=A Walk through the Iranian Heavens |year=2019 |pages=55–100 |isbn=978-1-949743-14-2 |first1=Antonio |last1=Panaino }}</ref> |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''nebo''' "heaven, sky"; [[Polish language|Pol]] '''niebo''' "sky"; [[Czech language|Cz]] '''nebesa''' "skies"; [[Russian language|Rus]] '''Небеса''' "heaven" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''debesis''' "cloud", [[Latvian language|Ltv]] '''debesis''' skies, heavens |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''nem''' "sky"; [[Old Breton|OBret]] '''nem''', [[Middle Breton|MBret]] '''neff''' "sky" |
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| |
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|'''avull''' “steam” <'''PAlb''' *abula |
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| |
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| '''nēpiš-''' "sky, heaven"; [[Cuneiform Luwian|CLuw]] '''tappaš-''' "heaven"; [[Hieroglyphic Luwian|HierLuw]] '''tipas-''' "heaven" |
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|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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{{anchor|lew-}} '''{{PIE|*lew-}}'''<br /> "dirt, mud" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, p. 1926.</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 681.</ref><ref name=MnA122>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 122.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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'''lutum''' "dirt, clay, mud"; '''polluō'''<br /> "I soil, defile, foul" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''pollute, pollution'''}} |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''lûma'''<br /> "dirt, filth, smut; disgrace" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''liutýnas''' "loam pit" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''loth''' "mud" |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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'''lym''' "mud" |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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{{anchor|sámh₂dʰos}} '''{{PIE|*sámh₂dʰos}}'''<br /> "sand" <br /> |
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<ref name=MnA122/> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''sand''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sand'') |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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'''sabulō, sabulum'''<br /> "sand, gravel" |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''psámathos'''<br /> "sand, grains of sand" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*srew-}}''', '''{{PIE|*srew-mo}}''', '''{{PIE|*sru-to}}''' "to flow, stream" (in [[river names]]){{efn|Cf. [[Thracian language|Thracian]] river name [[Struma (river)|Struma]] and river-god [[Strymon (mythology)|Strymon]]; [[Illyrian languages|Illyrian]] toponyms ''Stravianae'' and ''Strevintia''; [[Lithuanian language|Lith. (dial.)]] river name ''Straujà''; [[Old Prussian]] place-names ''Strewe'', ''Stromyke'' and ''Strowange''.<ref>Birnbaum, Henrik. ''Problems of Typological and Genetic Linguistics Viewed in a Generative Framework''. The Hague; Paris: Mouton. 1970. p. 116.</ref> Stravianae (or Stravijanu) is tentatively located by scholars near the modern day city of [[Našice]], in east [[Croatia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gračanin |first1=Hrvoje |title=Rimske prometnice i komunikacije u kasnoantičkoj južnoj Panoniji |journal=Scrinia Slavonica |date=29 September 2010 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=9–69 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/77178 |language=hr }}</ref>}} |
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| '''stream''' (< [[Old English|OE]] ''strēam'') |
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| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''straumr''' "a stream" |
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| |
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| '''rheûma''' "flow" |
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| '''srutá-''' "flow", '''srava''' "a flow of, a waterfall" (< ''*srówos'') |
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| [[Young Avestan|YAv]] '''θraotah-''' "stream" (< [[Old Indo-Aryan|OIA]] ''srótas-''); [[Old Persian|OPer]] '''rautaʰ-''' "river" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''struja''' "stream", '''o-strovŭ''' "island";{{efn|The literal meaning is "place between the rivers".}} [[Russian language|Rus]] '''strumenı''' "brook"; [[Polish language|Pol]] '''[[strumień]]''' "brook, river" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''sraumuõ''' "brook, stream"; [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''strāva''' "current"; Lith '''sraujà''', Latv '''strauja''' "stream";<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martirosyan |first1=Hrach |title=The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian |journal=Journal of Language Relationship |date=2013 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=85–138 [94]|doi=10.31826/jlr-2013-100107|doi-access=free}}</ref> Lith '''sraũtas''' "flow, torrent" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''sruaimm''', [[Irish language|Ir]] '''sruth''' "stream, river"; [[Middle Welsh|MW]] '''ffrwd''' "brook, stream"; [[Old Breton|OBret]] '''frut''' "stream" |
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| [[Old Armenian|OArm]] '''aṙu''' "brook; canal" (< ''srutis-'') |
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|'''rrymë''' "stream, current; flow (of water)" |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|'''{{PIE|*dʰenh₂-}}''' "to set in motion, to flow";<ref>Dnghu, p. 536</ref><br />'''{{PIE|*déh₂nu}}''' "river goddess" |
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| |
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| |
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|'''fōns''' < [[Proto-Italic language|PItal]] '''*ðonts''' "spring, fountain; fresh water; source" |
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| |
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|'''dhánvati''' "it runs, flows, causes to run or flow";<ref>MMW, p. 509.</ref><br />'''dhána-''' "competition, contest; prize";<br />'''dā́nu''' "fluid, drop, dew" |
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|'''Dnieper''' < [[Old Ossetic language|OOss]] '''dānu apara''' "the far river"<ref>Mallory, p. 106.</ref> |
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| |
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| |
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|'''Danube''' < [[Proto-Celtic language|PCelt]] '''*Dānowyos''' |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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{{anchor|dʰol-}} '''{{PIE|*dʰol-}}'''<br /> "valley, vault; curve, hollow" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, pp. 664-665.</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 245-246.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA121>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 121.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''dale''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''dæl'') |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''thólos'''<br /> "vault" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] |
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'''dolŭ''' "valley; depression" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*móri}}''' "lake?, sea?"{{efn|Scholarly opinion seems to agree that the word must have referred to a large body of water.}} |
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| [[Old English|OE]] '''mere''' "lake" |
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| '''marei''' "sea" |
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| '''mare''' "sea" |
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| |
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| '''maryā́dā''' "shore; bank of a water body" |
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| |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''morje''' "sea" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''mãrės''' "sea" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''muir''' "sea"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''môr''' "sea"; [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''[[Morini]]''' "those from the sea (name of a tribe)" |
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|[[Old Armenian|OAr]] '''mor''' < '''mawr''' "mud, marsh, swamp" |
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|- |
|- |
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|} |
|} |
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| Line 1,994: | Line 3,566: | ||
| '''faírra''' "far"; '''faír-''' "around; (intensifier)" |
| '''faírra''' "far"; '''faír-''' "around; (intensifier)" |
||
| '''per''' "through" |
| '''per''' "through" |
||
| '''perí, pér''' " |
| '''perí, pér''' "around" |
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| '''pári''' "forward" |
| '''pári''' "forward" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''pairi''' |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''pairi'''; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''pariy''' "forward"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''ber''' "in front of, before" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''prě-''' "forward" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''prě-''' "forward" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''pro-, pra-''' "trough, across", [[Latvian language|Latvian]] '''pāri''' "across", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''per''' "across", '''pra-''' "to start and finish doing something", '''pro-''' "through" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''pro-, pra-''' "trough, across", [[Latvian language|Latvian]] '''pāri''' "across", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''per''' "across", '''pra-''' "to start and finish doing something", '''pro-''' "through" |
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| Line 2,009: | Line 3,581: | ||
| '''ufar''' "over, above, beyond" |
| '''ufar''' "over, above, beyond" |
||
| '''super''' "over" (influenced by '''sub''' "under") |
| '''super''' "over" (influenced by '''sub''' "under") |
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| ''' |
| '''hypér''' (< '''*supér''') "over" |
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| '''upári''' "over, above, beyond" |
| '''upári''' "over, above, beyond" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] ''''upairi''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] "over, above, beyond" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] ''''upairi''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] "over, above, beyond" |
||
| Line 2,016: | Line 3,588: | ||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''for''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''gor, gwar''' "over, on" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''for''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''gor, gwar''' "over, on" |
||
| '''ver''' "up" |
| '''ver''' "up" |
||
| '''i ver''' "up" |
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| '''epër''' "over, above" |
| '''epër''' "over, above" |
||
| |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₂ents}}''' "forehead", '''{{PIE|*h₂entí, *h₂entá}}''' "in front of" |
||
| '''and''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''and'') |
| '''and''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''and'') |
||
| '''and''' "along, throughout, towards, in, on, among"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''enti''' "previously" < [[Proto-Germanic|PGerm]] ''*andiaz'' |
| '''and''' "along, throughout, towards, in, on, among"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''enti''' "previously" < [[Proto-Germanic|PGerm]] ''*andiaz'' |
||
| Line 2,026: | Line 3,598: | ||
| '''antí''' "instead of" |
| '''antí''' "instead of" |
||
| '''anti''' "opposite to it" |
| '''anti''' "opposite to it" |
||
|[[Kurdish languages| |
|[[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''enî''' "front, forehead" |
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| |
| |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''añt''' "on" '''antai''' "there" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''añt''' "on" '''antai''' "there" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''étan''' "forehead" < ''*antono-'' |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''étan''' "forehead" < ''*antono-'' |
||
| '''ənd''' "instead of" |
| '''ənd''' "instead of" |
||
|'''ende''' “yet, still” |
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| |
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'''edhe''' “and” (< '''ênde''') |
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| A '''ānt''', B '''ānte''' "surface, forehead" |
| A '''ānt''', B '''ānte''' "surface, forehead" |
||
| '''ḫānz, ḫanti''' "in front" |
| '''ḫānz, ḫanti''' "in front" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₁én}}''' "in" |
||
| '''in''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''in'') |
| '''in''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''in'') |
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| '''in''' "in, into, towards" |
| '''in''' "in, into, towards" |
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| '''in''' "in" |
| '''in''' "in" |
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| '''en''' "in" |
| '''en''' "in" |
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| '''án-īka-''' "face" < ?''{{PIE|* |
| '''án-īka-''' "face" < ?''{{PIE|*h₁eni-Hkʷ}}'' |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ainika''' "face" < ?''{{PIE|* |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ainika''' "face" < ?''{{PIE|*h₁eni-Hkʷ}}'' |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''on-''', '''vŭn-''', '''vŭ''' "in" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''on-''', '''vŭn-''', '''vŭ''' "in" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''en''' "in", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''į''' "in" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''en''' "in", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''į''' "in" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''in-''' "in"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''yn''' "in" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''in-''' "in"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''yn''' "in" |
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| '''i''' "in" |
| '''i''' "in" |
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| ''' |
| '''në''' “in” |
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| AB '''y-''', '''yn-''', B '''in-''' "in" |
| AB '''y-''', '''yn-''', B '''in-''' "in" |
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| '''an-dan''' "inside" |
| '''an-dan''' "inside" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₂epó}}''' "away" |
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| '''of, off''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''of'') |
| '''of, off''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''of'') |
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| '''af''' "from, of, by" ('''ab-'''u "from ...?") |
| '''af''' "from, of, by" ('''ab-'''u "from ...?") |
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| '''prapë''' "back" < ''*per-apë'' |
| '''prapë''' "back" < ''*per-apë'' |
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'''pa''' “without” |
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| '''āpa''' "behind, back" (or ? < ''{{PIE|*epi}}'') |
| '''āpa''' "behind, back" (or ? < ''{{PIE|*epi}}'') |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*deḱs-}}''' "the right (side)" |
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| [[Gothic language|Gothic]] '''taihswa''' "right side" |
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| '''dexter''' |
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| '''dexiós'''; [[Mycenaean Greek|Myc]] '''de-ki-si-wo''' |
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| '''dákṣina''' "right, south" |
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| [[Avestan language|Av]] '''dašina''' "right, south"; [[Middle Persian|MPer]] '''dašn''' "right hand, right side" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''desnŭ''' "right (side)" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''dẽšinas''' |
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| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''Dexsiva''' (Dexsiua) |
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| '''djathtë''' “right” <'''PAlb''' *detsa |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|marǵ-}} '''{{PIE|*marǵ-, *merǵ-}}'''<br /> "edge; boundary, border" <br /><ref>Dnghu, p. 2074.</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 738.</ref><ref>Monier Williams, pp. 791, 812.</ref> |
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|'''mark''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''mearc'');<br />'''march''' <br /> (< [[Frankish language|OF]] ''markōn'') |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl-->'''margō (marginis)'''<br /> "border, edge" > '''margin''' |
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|<!--Skt-->'''maryā'''<br /> "limit, mark, boundary";<br />'''mārga-'''<br /> "way, road, path" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|'''{{PIE|*bʰudʰmḗn}}''' "bottom"<ref>Dnghu, p. 517</ref> |
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|'''butt''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''bytt'');<br />'''bottom, botham''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''bodan, botm'') |
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| |
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|'''fundus''' "bottom, ground, foundation; farm, estate" |
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|'''puthmḗn''' "bottom (cup, jar, sea)" |
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|'''budhná''' "bottom, ground, base, depth" |
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|[[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''bona''' "base, bottom, village"<br /> (found in several placenames: '''Bonna''' > '''Bonn''';<br /> [[Vindobona|'''Windo-bona''']] "white village" > '''Vienna''';<br /> '''Bononia''' > '''Boulogne'''(-sur-Mer))<ref>Delamarre (2003), p. 82.</ref><br /> |
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| |
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|'''buzë''' “lip, edge” <'''PAlb''' *budza |
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'''bythë''' |
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"bottom" |
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|} |
|} |
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| Line 2,084: | Line 3,705: | ||
! width="7%"| [[Tocharian language|Tocharian]] |
! width="7%"| [[Tocharian language|Tocharian]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
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|- |
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{{anchor|bʰerǵʰ-}}'''{{PIE|*bʰerǵʰ-}}'''<br />"great, tall; hill, elevation";<br /> |
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'''{{PIE|*bʰérǵʰonts }}'''<br />"high, mighty"<br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, pp. 384-386.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 140-141.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA121/><ref>Monier Williams, p. 737.</ref><ref name=Majer2017>{{cite journal |last1=Majer |first1=Marek |title=A Note on the Balto-Slavic and Indo-European Background of the Proto-Slavic Adjective *svętъ 'Holy' |journal=Studia Ceranea |date=30 December 2017 |volume=7 |pages=139–149 |doi=10.18778/2084-140X.07.09 |doi-access=free |hdl=11089/24662 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''borough, borough, Brough, bur-, burg, burgh, bury, -bury''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''burg, burh'' "city, town, fortification");<br /> |
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'''barrow''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''beorg'') |
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| '''baurgs''', [[Old High German|OHG]] '''burg''' "fortress, citadel";<br />[[Old High German|OHG]] '''Burgunt''' (a female personal name)<ref name="bʰerǵʰ">Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 410</ref> |
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| |
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'''fortis''' "strong, powerful; firm" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''fort, forte, fortitude, fortification, force, effort''', etc}};<br /> |
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[[Late Latin|LL]] '''Burgundia''' "[[Burgundy]]";<br /> |
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[[French Language|Fr]] '''Bourgogne''' |
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'''bṛhát''', '''bṛhánt-''' "tall, elevated";<ref name="bʰerǵʰ"/><br /> |
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'''bráhman''' "lit. growth, expansion, development<br /> > outpouring of the heart<br /> > prayer, sacred word, mantra"; '''brahmán''' "worshiper";<ref>Monier Williams, pp. 737-741.</ref><ref>Burrow, pp. 139-142.</ref><br /> |
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'''barháyati''' "to invigorate" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''barəzah‑''' "height", '''[[Hara Berezaiti|Harā <u>Bərəzaitī</u>]]''' "a mythical mountain" (litt. "High Watchpost") |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] |
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'''brěgŭ''' "hill, slope; bank, shore" |
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| |
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| [[Middle Irish|MIr]] '''brí''', [[Middle Welsh|MW]] '''bre''', [[Middle Breton|MBre]] '''bre''', [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''-briga''' "elevation, hill"; Gaul '''[[Brigantes]]''' (ethnonym); [[Celtic mythology|Celt]] '''[[Brigantia (goddess)|Brigantia]]''' (name of a goddess),<ref name="bʰerǵʰ"/> [[Irish mythology|Ir]] '''[[Brigid]]''' (goddess) < [[Proto-Celtic|PCelt]] ''*[[Briganti|Brigantī]]'' "The High One" |
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| '''barjr''' "high" |
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| |
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|A '''pärk-''' "to elevate"; B '''pärkare''' "long" |
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|'''parkuš''' "tall" |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|weh₁-}} '''{{PIE|*weh₁-, *weh₁ros}}'''<br /> "true" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 3332-3333.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 1165-1166.</ref><ref name=MnA338>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 338.</ref> |
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|[[Old English language|OE]] ''wǣr'' "true" |
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|<!--Gmc-->[[German language|Ger]] '''wahr'''<br /> [[Dutch language|Dut]] '''waar'''<br /> "true" |
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|<!--Itl-->'''vērus'''<br /> "true" (> '''very''',{{efn|Replaced [[Old English language|OE]] '''sār''', compare Ger '''sehr'''}} '''verify''', '''verity''', etc.) |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''věra''' "faith, belief" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt-->[[Old Irish|OIr.]] '''fír''' "true" |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|'''urtë''' “quiet” <'''PAlb''' *wara<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*medʰyo-}}''' "mid, middle" |
| '''{{PIE|*medʰyo-}}''' "mid, middle" |
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| Line 2,093: | Line 3,756: | ||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''maiδya-''' "middle" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''maiδya-''' "middle" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''meždu''' "between", [[Russian language|Russ]]. '''meža''' "boundary" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''meždu''' "between", [[Russian language|Russ]]. '''meža''' "boundary" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''meddin''' "forest" (between villages), [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''medis''' "tree" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''meddin''' "forest" (between villages), [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''medis''', [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''mežs''' "tree" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''mid-''' "middle" < ''*medʰu-''; [[Middle Welsh|MW]] '''mei-''' "middle" < ''*medʰyo-'' |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''mid-''' "middle" < ''*medʰu-''; [[Middle Welsh|MW]] '''mei-''' "middle" < ''*medʰyo-'' |
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| '''mēǰ''' "middle" |
| '''mēǰ''' "middle" |
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| Line 2,100: | Line 3,763: | ||
| |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*meǵ-}}''' "big" |
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| '''much''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''myc̣el'' "big, many") |
| '''much''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''myc̣el'' "big, many") |
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| '''mikils''' "big" |
| '''mikils''' "big" |
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| '''magnus''' "big" |
| '''magnus''' "big" |
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| '''mégas''' "big" |
| '''mégas''' "big" |
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| ''' |
| '''máha-, mahā́nt-''' "big" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''mazant-''' "big" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''mazant-''' "big" |
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| Line 2,114: | Line 3,777: | ||
| A '''mak''', B '''makā''' "much" |
| A '''mak''', B '''makā''' "much" |
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| '''mekkis''' "big" |
| '''mekkis''' "big" |
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|- |
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|'''{{PIE|*dlongʰos}}, {{PIE|*dl̥h₁gʰós}}''' "long";<ref>Dnghu, p. 576</ref> |
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|'''long''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''long, lang'');<br /> |
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|'''langs''' "long" |
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|'''longus''' "long" |
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|'''dolikhós''' "long, protracted";<br /> |
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|'''dīrghá-''' "long" |
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|[[Avestan|Av]] '''darəga''' "long" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''dlĭgŭ''' "long";<br /> |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''ilgas''' "long" |
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|'''gjatë''' "long" |
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|'''talugai-''' "long" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*gʷerH₂-}}''' "heavy" |
| '''{{PIE|*gʷerH₂-}}''' "heavy" |
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| Line 2,120: | Line 3,798: | ||
| '''grāvis''' "heavy" |
| '''grāvis''' "heavy" |
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| '''barús''' "heavy" |
| '''barús''' "heavy" |
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| ''' |
| '''gurú-''' "heavy" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''gouru-''' "heavy-", [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''girān''' "heavy" < ''*grāna-'' (influenced by ''*frāna'' "full") |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''gouru-''' "heavy-", [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''girān''' "heavy" < ''*grāna-'' (influenced by ''*frāna'' "full") |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''gromada''' "big size, huge", '''gruz''' "a load, something heavy", |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''gromada''' "big size, huge", '''gruz''' "a load, something heavy", |
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| Line 2,130: | Line 3,808: | ||
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₁le(n)gʷʰ-, *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ro-, *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-u-}}'''<ref name="caland" group="lower-alpha">'''{{PIE|*H₁le(n)gʷʰ-}}''' and '''{{PIE|*h₁rewdʰ-}}''' are both roots that form ''Caland-type'' adjectives. These roots are notable in that they form zero-stem adjectives with certain characteristic suffixes, especially ''-ro-'' and ''-u-'', along with ''-i-'' in compounds. Other examples are ''*h₂erǵ-'' "white" (cf. Greek ''argós'' < ''*argrós'' "white", Sanskrit ''ṛjrá-'' "brilliant", Tocharian B ''ārkwi'' "white", Greek ''argi-kéraunos'' "with bright lightning") and ''*dʰewb-'' "deep" (cf. Lithuanian ''dubùs'' "hollow" < ''*dʰub-u-'', Tocharian B ''tapre'' "high" < ''*dʰub-ro-'').</ref> "light (in weight)" |
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| '''light''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''lēoht'') |
| '''light''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''lēoht'') |
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| '''leihts''' "light" < ''{{PIE|* |
| '''leihts''' "light" < ''{{PIE|*h₁lengʷʰ-tos}}''; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''lungar''' "fast" < ''{{PIE|*h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ros}}'' |
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| '''levis''' "light" < ''{{PIE|* |
| '''levis''' "light" < ''{{PIE|*h₁legʷʰ-us}}'' |
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| '''elakʷʰús''' "small" < ''{{PIE|* |
| '''elakʷʰús''' "small" < ''{{PIE|*h₁ln̥gʷʰ-us}}'', '''elapʰrós''' "light, quick" < ''{{PIE|*h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ros}}'' |
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| '''lagʰú-, ragʰú-''' "quick, light, small" |
| '''lagʰú-, ragʰú-''' "quick, light, small" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ragu-''', fem. '''rǝvī''' "fast", superl. '''rǝnjišta-''' "fastest" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ragu-''', fem. '''rǝvī''' "fast", superl. '''rǝnjišta-''' "fastest" |
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| Line 2,140: | Line 3,818: | ||
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''langus''' "light", '''langsta''' "window", '''lankewingis''' "flexible", '''linktwei''' "to bend", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''lengvas''' "light", '''lankstus''' "flexible", '''langas''' "window", '''lenkti''' "to bend" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''langus''' "light", '''langsta''' "window", '''lankewingis''' "flexible", '''linktwei''' "to bend", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''lengvas''' "light", '''lankstus''' "flexible", '''langas''' "window", '''lenkti''' "to bend" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''laigiu, laugu''', [[Middle Welsh|MW]] '''llei''' "smaller" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''laigiu, laugu''', [[Middle Welsh|MW]] '''llei''' "smaller" |
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| '''lanǰ''' "breast" |
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| '''lehtë''' "light-weight" |
| '''lehtë''' "light-weight" |
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| B '''lank<sub>u</sub>tse''' "light" |
| B '''lank<sub>u</sub>tse''' "light" |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₂élyos, *h₂ényos}}''' "other"; '''{{PIE|*h₂énteros}}''' "second" |
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| '''red''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''rēad'' < ''{{PIE|*H₁roudʰ-os}}'') |
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| '''rauþs (raudis)''' "red" < ''{{PIE|*H₁roudʰ-os}}'' |
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| '''ruber''' "red" < ''{{PIE|*H₁rudʰ-rós}}''; [[Umbrian language|Umb]] '''rufru''' "red" |
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| [[Mycenaean Greek|Myc]] '''e-ru-ta-ra''', '''e-ru-to-ro''';<ref>García Ramón, J. L. "Mycenaean onomastics". In: ''A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World''. Volume 2. Edited by Yves Duhoux and Anna Morpurgo Davies. Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain. Peeters: Louvain-la-Neuve – Walpole, MA. 2011. p. 215, 223.</ref> '''erutʰrós''' "red" < ''{{PIE|*H₁rudʰ-rós}}'' |
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| '''rudʰirá-''' "red" < ''{{PIE|*H₁rudʰ-rós}}'' mixed with ''{{PIE|*H₁rudʰ-i-}}''; '''rṓhita-''' "red"; '''lōhá-''' "reddish" < ''{{PIE|*H₁roudʰ-os}}'' |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''raoiδita-''' "red" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''rudŭ''' "red"; [[Czech language|Czech]] '''rudá''' "red"{{efn|Etymon '''rudá''' appears in idiomatic expressions denoting "anger".<ref>Uusküla, Mari. "The Basic Color Terms of Czech". In: ''TRAMES'' 2008. 12(62/57). 1. p. 24. DOI:10.3176/tr.2008.1.01 </ref>}} |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''raũdonas''' "red", '''rudas''' "brown" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''rúad''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''rhudd''' "red", '''rhwd''' "rust"; [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''Roud-''' (in personal names)<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007). "Celtiberian". ''e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies''. Vol. 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula. Article 17. p. 759. {{ISSN|1540-4889}} Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17.</ref> |
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| A '''rtär''', B '''ratre''' "red" < ''{{PIE|*H₁rudʰ-rós}}'' |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*gʰel-, ǵʰelH₃-}}''' "green, yellow"<ref>Blažek, Vacláv. (2017). "Indo-European ‘Gold’ in Time and Space". In: Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES) 45: 267-312.</ref> |
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| '''gold'''; '''yellow''' (< [[Old English|OE]] ''geolu''); '''yolk''' (< [[Old English|OE]] ''ġeoloca'') |
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| '''gulþ''' "gold" |
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| '''helvus''' "honey-yellow"; '''gilvus''' "pale yellow (of horses)"<ref>Prósper, Blanca Maria. "Proto-Italic laryngeals in the context CLHC- and new Italic and Celtic etymological connections". In: ''Rivista italiana di linguistica e di dialettologia'': XIX, 2017. Pisa: Fabrizio Serra, 2017. pp. 79-101. http://digital.casalini.it/10.19272/201704801004; https://doi.org/10.19272/201704801004</ref>{{efn|[[Latin language|Latin]] etymons '''galbus''' ("yellow") and '''galbinus''' ("greenish-yellow") are also suggested to derive from this root.<ref>Tsaregorodtseva Oksana. "Semantic processes in derivatives of the etymological root *ghel- (*ghel-) / *glEnd(h)- ''to shine, to sparkle''". ''Language and Culture'', no. 1, 2014. pp. 69-74. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/semantic-processes-in-derivatives-of-the-etymological-root-ghel-ghel-glend-h-to-shine-to-sparkle (дата обращения: 04.12.2020).</ref>}} |
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| '''kʰlōrós''' "pale green"{{efn|See also: [[Phrygian language|Phr]] '''glouros''' "gold".<ref>Forston, Benjamin W. ''Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction''. Blackwell Publishing. 2010. p. 461. {{ISBN|978-1-4051-8895-1}}</ref><ref>Sowa, Wojciech. "A Note to "Phrygian" words in Greek". In: ''Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia'' Vol. 12. Issue 1. Kraków: 2007. p. 159.</ref>}} |
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| [[Sanskrit|Skt]] '''híraņyam''' "gold"; '''hári-''' "yellow" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zaranyam''' "gold"; '''zári''' "yellow" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''zelenĭ''' "green"; [[Russian language|Rus]] '''zóloto''' "gold"; |
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| [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''zèlts''' "gold"; [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''geltas''' "yellow"; '''žel̃vas''' "golden"; '''žalias''' "green" |
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| [[Middle Welsh|MWel]] '''gell''' "yellow" |
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| '''{{PIE|*h₂erǵ-}}''' "shining, bright" |
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'''{{PIE|*h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm}}''' "white metal (silver)"<ref>Mallory, J. P., and Martin E. Huld. "Proto-Indo-European ‘Silver’." ''Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Sprachforschung'' 97, no. 1 (1984): 1-12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40848726.</ref> |
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| '''argentum''' "silver (metal)" |
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| [[Mycenaean Greek|Myc]] '''a-ku-ro''',<ref>Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John. ''Documents in Mycenaean Greek''. Cambridge at the University Press. 1956. p. 374. {{ISBN|978-0-521-08558-8}}</ref> '''árguros''' "silver"; '''argós''' "white, bright"{{efn|Cf. also [[Thracian language|Thrac]] '''arzas''' "white".<ref>{{cite book|first=Ivan|last=Duridanov | title=Die Sprache der Thraker | series=Bulgarische Sammlung | volume= 5 | publisher=Hieronymus Verlag | year=1985 | page = 74 | isbn=3-88893-031-6 | language= de}}</ref>}} |
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| [[Sanskrit|Skt]] '''rajatá''' "silver; silver-coloured" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ərəzatəm''' "silver" |
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| |
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| |
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| [[Celtiberian language|Celtib]] '''arkato[bezom]''' "silver [mine]"; [[Irish mythology|Ir]] '''Airget[lám]''' "silver[-hand] (title of [[Nuada]])" |
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|'''arcat‘''' "silver" |
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| |
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| A '''ārkyant''' "silver"; A '''ārki-''', B '''ārkwi''' "white" |
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|'''ḫarkiš''' "white, bright" |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*alyos, *anyos}}''' "other"; '''{{PIE|*anteros}}''' "second" |
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| '''else''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''elles''); '''other''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ōþer'') |
| '''else''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''elles''); '''other''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ōþer'') |
||
| '''aljis, anþar''' "other" |
| '''aljis, anþar''' "other" |
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| '''alius''' "other" |
| '''alius''' "other" |
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| '''állos''' "other" |
| '''állos''' "other" |
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| '''anyá-, ántara-''' "other" |
| '''anyá-, ántara-''' "other"; '''aryas''', Aryan, "else" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''anya-, ainya-''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''aniya-''' "other"; [[Ossetic language|Ossetian]] '''ändär''' "other"; East Iranian '''hal-ci''' "whoever" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''anya-, ainya-''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''aniya-''' "other"; [[Avestan|Av]] '''airiia''', Aryan, "friend", "faithful", '''airiio''' "elsehow"; [[Ossetic language|Ossetian]] '''ändär''' "other"; East Iranian '''hal-ci''' "whoever" |
||
| [[Old Sorbian]] '''wutory''' "other" < [[Proto-Slavic|PSlav]] ''*ǫtorŭ'' |
| [[Old Sorbian]] '''wutory''' "other" < [[Proto-Slavic|PSlav]] ''*ǫtorŭ'' |
||
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''antars''' "second", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''antras''' "second" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''antars''' "second", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''antras''' "second" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''aile''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''ail''' "other" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''aile''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''ail''' "other";<br />[[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''allos''' "other, second"<ref>Delamarre (2003), p. 39.</ref> |
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| '''ayl''' "other" |
| '''ayl''' "other" |
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|'''lloj''' “sort, type” |
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| |
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| A '''ālya-k<sup>ə</sup>''', B '''alye-k<sup>ə</sup>''' "another" |
| A '''ālya-k<sup>ə</sup>''', B '''alye-k<sup>ə</sup>''' "another" |
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| [[Lydian language|Lydian]] '''aλa-''' "other" |
| [[Lydian language|Lydian]] '''aλa-''' "other" |
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| Line 2,221: | Line 3,853: | ||
| '''newa-''' "new" |
| '''newa-''' "new" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₂yuHn̥-}}''' "young" |
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| '''young''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ġeong'' < ''{{PIE|* |
| '''young''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ġeong'' < ''{{PIE|*h₂yuHn̥ḱós}}'') |
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| '''juggs''' "young" |
| '''juggs''' "young" |
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| '''juvenis''' "young" |
| '''juvenis''' "young", '''iuvencus''' "young"/"bullock" |
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| |
| |
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| '''yúvan- ( |
| '''yúvan- (yū́nas)''' "young" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''yvan-, yavan- (yūnō)''' "youth, young man" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''yvan-, yavan- (yūnō)''' "youth, young man" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''junŭ''' "young" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''junŭ''' "young" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] ''' |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''jaunas''' "young" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ōac''' "young", [[Welsh language|W]] '''ieuanc''' "young" < ''{{PIE|*H₂yuHn̥k̂ós}}'' |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ōac''' "young", [[Welsh language|W]] '''ieuanc''' "young" < ''{{PIE|*H₂yuHn̥k̂ós}}'' |
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| |
| |
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| Line 2,241: | Line 3,873: | ||
| '''senex''' "old" |
| '''senex''' "old" |
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| '''hénos''' "former, from a former period" |
| '''hénos''' "former, from a former period" |
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| ''' |
| '''sánas''' "old" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''hana-''' "old" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''hana-''' "old" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sedyi''' "grey-headed" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sedyi''' "grey-headed" |
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| Line 2,256: | Line 3,888: | ||
| '''nudus''' "naked" |
| '''nudus''' "naked" |
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| '''gumnós''' "naked" |
| '''gumnós''' "naked" |
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| ''' |
| '''nagnás''' "naked" |
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| [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''loxt''' "naked" |
| [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''loxt''' "naked" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''nagŭ''' "naked" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''nagŭ''' "naked" |
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| Line 2,266: | Line 3,898: | ||
| '''nekumant-''' "naked, bare" |
| '''nekumant-''' "naked, bare" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''*bʰosós''' "bare, barefoot"<ref>Dnghu, p. 478.</ref> |
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| '''bare''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''bær'') |
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| |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''bosŭ''' "barefooted, unshod" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''basas''' "barefooted" |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|'''*n̥mr̥tós''' "immortal"<ref name=Beekesp40>Beekes, p. 40.</ref> |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|'''ámbrotos''' "immortal, divine" |
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|'''amṛ́ta-''' "immortal" |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|'''*h₂eḱ-''' "sharp"<ref>Dnghu, p. 61</ref> |
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|'''edge''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''eċġ'') |
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| |
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|'''aceō (acēre)''' "I am sour"; <br />'''acidus''' "sour";<br /> '''acētum''' "vinegar";<br /> '''acus''' "needle, pin";<br /> '''astus''' "craft, guile", '''astūtus''' "shrewd, astute" |
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|'''akmé''' "point, edge"; '''oxús''' "sharp, pointed; quick; clever" |
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| |
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|Persian '''āčār''' "pickle, marinade" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ostĭnŭ''' "sharp point" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''akstinas''' "pointy and sharp item" |
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| |
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| |
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|'''teh''' “blade” from '''eh''' “sharpen” |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|'''*bel-''' "strong"<ref>Dnghu, p. 291</ref> |
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| |
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| |
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|'''dēbilis'''{{efn|contested}} "feeble, weak" |
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|'''βελτίων''' "better" |
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|'''bála-''' "force, strength, power" |
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| |
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|Russ '''bolʹšój''' "big, large, great" |
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|} |
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==Light and color== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |
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! width="10%"| [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] |
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! width="8%"| [[English language|English]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Gothic language|Gothic]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Classical Latin|Latin]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Ancient Greek]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Sanskrit]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Tocharian language|Tocharian]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*lewk-}}''' "light, brightness" |
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| '''light''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''lēoht'') |
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| '''liuhaþ (liuhadis)''' "light" |
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| '''lūceō (lūcēre)''' "to shine", '''lūx''' "light" |
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| '''leukós''' "bright, shining, white"; '''[[Leuce (mythology)|Leuce]]''' "[[Populus alba|white (poplar)]]; name of a nymph"; '''[[Leucothea|<u>Leuco</u>thea]]''' "bright goddess" |
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| '''rócate''' "(he) shines", '''roká-''' "light", '''loka-''' "world, place" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''raočant-''' "shining", '''raočah''' "light"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''raučah''' "light"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''roj''' "sun, light, day", '''ron''' "light" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''luča''' "ray, flash" < ''*loukyā'' |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''lauk''' "bright", '''lauksna''' "star", '''laukas''' "field", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''laukas''' "outside, field" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''luchair''' "shine"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''llachar''' "bright", '''llug''' "shimmer" |
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| '''loys''' "light" |
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| |
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| AB '''lyuk/luk-''' "to shine" |
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| '''luk(k)-''' "to shine" |
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|- |
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|'''*bʰel-''' "to shine"<ref>Dnghu, p. 360</ref> |
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|'''balefire''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''bǣlfȳr'') |
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|[[Old Norse|ON]] '''bál''' "fire" |
|||
|'''fulgeō''' "I flash, glitter"; <br />'''flagrō''' "I burn, blaze";<br />'''flamma''' "flame, fire" |
|||
|'''phlégō''' "I scorch, kindle"; '''[[Phlegyas]]''' "fiery"; '''[[Phlegethon]]''' "flaming";<br />'''phlégma''' "flame, inflammation"; '''phalós''' "white" |
|||
|'''bhrája-''' "fire, shining";<br /> '''bhāla-''' "splendor" |
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| |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''bělŭ''' "white" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''baltas''', [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''balts''' "fair, white" |
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| |
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| |
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|'''balë''' “white spot” |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*h₂erǵ-}}''' "shining, bright" |
|||
'''{{PIE|*h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm}}''' "white metal (silver)"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mallory |first1=J. P. |last2=Huld |first2=Martin E. |title=Proto-Indo-European 'Silver' |journal=Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung |date=1984 |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |jstor=40848726 }}</ref> |
|||
| |
|||
| |
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| '''argentum''' "silver (metal)"; [[Faliscan language|Fal]] '''arcentelom''' "a small silver coin" |
|||
| [[Mycenaean Greek|Myc]] '''a-ku-ro''',<ref>Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John. ''Documents in Mycenaean Greek''. Cambridge at the University Press. 1956. p. 374. {{ISBN|978-0-521-08558-8}}</ref> '''árguros''' "silver"; '''argós''' "white, bright";{{efn|Cf. also [[Thracian language|Thrac]] '''arzas''' "white".<ref>{{cite book|first=Ivan|last=Duridanov | title=Die Sprache der Thraker | series=Bulgarische Sammlung | volume= 5 | publisher=Hieronymus Verlag | year=1985 | page = 74 | isbn=3-88893-031-6 | language= de}}</ref>}} '''[[Argiope (mythology)|<u>Argi</u>ope]]''' "silver face" |
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| [[Sanskrit|Skt]] '''rajatá'''- "silver; silver-coloured"; '''árjuna-''' "white, clear, silvery"<ref>Monier Williams, p. 90.</ref> |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ərəzatəm''' "silver" |
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| [[Russian language|Ru]] '''yarkiy''' “the bright one”; '''yarkostj''' “brightness” |
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| |
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| [[Celtiberian language|Celtib]] '''arkato[bezom]''' "silver [mine]"; [[Irish mythology|Ir]] '''Airget[lám]''' "silver[-hand] (title of [[Nuada]])"; [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''argat''', [[Old Welsh|OW]] '''argant''' "silver" |
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|'''arcat‘''' "silver" |
|||
| |
|||
| A '''ārkyant''' "silver"; A '''ārki-''', B '''ārkwi''' "white" |
|||
|'''ḫarkiš''' "white, bright" |
|||
|- |
|||
<!-- ḱweyt- white, śvetá-, свет, цвет --> |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
|||
{{anchor|ḱweyt-}} |
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'''{{PIE|*ḱweyt-}}'''<br /> "to shine, white" <br /> |
|||
<ref>Dnghu, pp. 1776-1777.</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, pp. 628-629.</ref> |
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<ref name=MnA331/> |
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<ref>Monier Williams, p. 1106.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
|||
'''white''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hwīt'') |
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|<!--Goth--> |
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'''{{transliteration|got|ƕeits}}'''<br /> "white" |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''śvetá-'''<br /> "white; bright";<br /> |
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'''śvindate'''<br /> "to shine";<br /> |
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'''áśvitan'''<br /> "to become bright" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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[[Avestan|Av]] |
|||
'''spaēta''' "white; bright";<br /> |
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[[Modern Persian|NPers]] |
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'''sefid''' "white" |
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|<!--Sla--> |
|||
[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] |
|||
'''světŭ''' "light, world";<br /> |
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'''světiti'''<br /> "to shine, illuminate";<br /> |
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'''svĭtěti'''<br /> "to get bright";<br /> |
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'''svěšta'''<br /> "candle";<br /> |
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'''cvětŭ'''<br /> "bright color; bloom, flower" |
|||
|<!--Blt--> |
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[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] |
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'''šviesà''' "light";<br /> |
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'''šviẽsti''' "to shine" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
|||
{{anchor|kr̥snós}} |
|||
'''{{PIE|*kr̥snós}}'''<br /> "black; dark, dusky" <br /> |
|||
<ref>Dnghu, p. 1550.</ref> |
|||
<ref>Pokorny, p. 583.</ref> |
|||
<ref name=MnA331>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 331.</ref> |
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<ref>Monier Williams, p. 306.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
|||
|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''kṛṣṇa-'''<br /> "black, dark, dark-blue" > [[Krishna|Kṛṣṇa-]] |
|||
|<!--Irn-->[[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''kersne''' "dirt, dirty" |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] |
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'''črŭnŭ''' "black"<br />⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| chernozem, chernukha, [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant|Cherno(byl)]]}} |
|||
|<!--Blt--> |
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[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] |
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'''kir̃snas''' "black (of a horse)";<br /> |
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[[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''kirsnan''' "black" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|'''sorrë''' “crow” <'''PAlb''' *tšārnā<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
|||
|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
|||
| '''{{PIE|*h₁rewdʰ-}}''', '''{{PIE|*h₁rowdʰ-os}}''', '''{{PIE|*h₁rudʰ-rós}}'''<ref name="caland" group="lower-alpha"/> "red" |
|||
| '''red''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''rēad'' < ''{{PIE|*h₁rowdʰ-os}}'') |
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| '''rauþs (raudis)''' "red" < ''{{PIE|*h₁rowdʰ-os}}'' |
|||
| '''ruber''' "red" < ''{{PIE|*h₁rudʰ-rós}}''; [[Umbrian language|Umb]] '''rufru''' "red" |
|||
| [[Mycenaean Greek|Myc]] '''e-ru-ta-ra''', '''e-ru-to-ro''';<ref>García Ramón, J. L. "Mycenaean onomastics". In: ''A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World''. Volume 2. Edited by Yves Duhoux and Anna Morpurgo Davies. Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain. Peeters: Louvain-la-Neuve – Walpole, MA. 2011. pp. 215, 223.</ref> '''erutʰrós''' "red" < ''{{PIE|*h₁rudʰ-rós}}''; '''[[Erytheia]]''' "name of a nymph" (litt. "the red one"); |
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| '''rudʰirá-''' "red" < ''{{PIE|*H₁rudʰ-rós}}'' mixed with ''{{PIE|*H₁rudʰ-i-}}''; '''rṓhita-''' "red"; '''lōhá-''' "reddish" < ''{{PIE|*H₁roudʰ-os}}'' |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''raoiδita-''' "red" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''rudŭ''' "red"; [[Czech language|Czech]] '''rudá''' "red";{{efn|Etymon '''rudá''' appears in idiomatic expressions denoting "anger".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Uusküla |first1=M |title=The basic colour terms of Czech |journal=Trames. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences |date=2008 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=3–28 |id={{Gale|A200506572}} |doi=10.3176/tr.2008.1.01 |doi-access=free }}</ref>}} [[Polish language|Pol]] '''rudy''' "red-haired"<ref>Jasińska, Katarzyna; Piwowarczyk, Dariusz R. "The Indo-European heritage in Modern Polish – introductory remarks". In: ''The Indo-European legacy in language and culture''. eds. A. Dudziak, A. Zlobin, M. Payunena. Olsztyn: Wydawnictwo UWM, 2019. p. 196.</ref> |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''raũdonas''' "red", '''raũdas''' "reddish-brown", '''rudas''' "brown" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''rúad''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''rhudd''' "red", '''rhwd''' "rust";<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stifter |first1=David |title=Study in red |journal=Study in Red |date=1998 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=202–223 |id={{INIST|13939226}} |url=https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/13017/1/DS_study.pdf }}</ref> [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''Roud-''' (in personal names)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cólera |first1=Carlos |title=Celtiberian |journal=E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies |date=16 March 2007 |volume=6 |issue=1 |url=https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17/ }}</ref> |
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| |
|||
|'''pruth''' "redhead" (< [[Proto-Albanian|PAlb]] ''*apa-ruđa'') |
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| A '''rtär''', B '''ratre''' "red" < ''{{PIE|*h₁rudʰ-rós}}'' |
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| |
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|- |
|||
| '''{{PIE|*gʰel-, ǵʰelh₃-}}''' "green, yellow"<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|2070902356}} |last1=Blazek |first1=Václav |title=Indo-European "Gold" in Time and Space |journal=The Journal of Indo-European Studies |date=2017 |volume=45 |issue=3–4 |pages=267–311 }}</ref> |
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| '''gold'''; '''yellow''' (< [[Old English|OE]] ''geolu''); '''yolk''' (< [[Old English|OE]] ''ġeoloca'') |
|||
| '''gulþ''' "gold" |
|||
| '''helvus''' "honey-yellow"; '''gilvus''' "pale yellow (of horses)"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prósper |first1=Blanca María |title=Proto-Italic laryngeals in the context CLHC- and new Italic and Celtic etymological connections |journal=Rivista italiana di linguistica e di dialettologia |date=2017 |issue=XIX |doi=10.19272/201704801004 }}</ref>{{efn|[[Latin language|Latin]] etymons '''galbus''' ("yellow") and '''galbinus''' ("greenish-yellow") are also suggested to derive from this root.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oksana |first1=Tsaregorodtseva |title=Semantic processes in derivatives of the etymological root *ghel- (*ghel-) / *glend(ʰ)- ''to shine, to sparkle'' |journal=Language and Culture |date=2014 |issue=1 |pages=69–74 |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/semantic-processes-in-derivatives-of-the-etymological-root-ghel-ghel-glend-h-to-shine-to-sparkle }}</ref>}} |
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| '''kʰlōrós''' "pale green";{{efn|See also: [[Phrygian language|Phr]] '''glouros''' "gold".<ref>Fortson, Benjamin W. ''Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction''. Blackwell Publishing. 2010. p. 461. {{ISBN|978-1-4051-8895-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sowa |first1=Wojciech |chapter=A note to 'Phrygian' words in Greek |pages=153–170 |chapter-url=https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/156164 |title=Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia |date=2007 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego |isbn=978-83-233-2345-7 }}</ref>}} '''[[Chloe]]''' "blooming; epithet of Demeter" |
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| '''híraņya-''' "gold"; '''hári-''' "yellow" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zaranyam''' "gold"; '''zári''' "yellow"; '''[[Zarinaia]]''' < [[Saka language|Saka]] '''*Zarinayā''' "the golden one [name of a queen]" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''zelenĭ''' "green"; [[Russian language|Rus]] '''zóloto''' "gold"; <br /> [[Polish language|Pol]] '''[[Polish złoty|złoty]]''' "gold"; '''żółty''' "yellow" |
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| [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''zèlts''' "gold"; [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''geltas''' "yellow"; '''žel̃vas''' "golden"; '''žalias''' "green" |
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| [[Middle Welsh|MWel]] '''gell''' "yellow" |
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| |
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|'''? diell''' “sun” <'''PAlb''' *delwa |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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<!-- ḱey- hue, śyāva-, śyāma-, šývas --> |
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|<!-- PIE --><!-- Some connect some of these words with with (s)ḱeh₃- --> |
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{{anchor|ḱey-}} |
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'''{{PIE|*ḱey-}}'''<br /> "grey, dark shade" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, pp. 1678-1679.</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, pp. 540-541.</ref> |
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<ref name=MnA331/> |
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<ref>Monier Williams, p. 1094.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''hue''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hīew'' "appearance, form; hue, color") |
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|<!--Goth--> |
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'''hiwi'''<br /> "form, show, appearance" |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''śyāvá-'''<br /> "dark; deep brown";<br /> |
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'''śyāmá-'''<br /> "dark, black, blue, brown, grey" <br />⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| ?[[Thailand#Etymology of Siam|Siam]] }} |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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[[Avestan|Av]] |
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'''siiāuua''' "dark" (cf. ''[[Siyâvash]]'' < '''''Siiāuu'''aršan'' "the one with black stallions")<ref>[https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kayanian-vi KAYĀNIĀN vi. Siiāuuaršan, Siyāwaxš, Siāvaš], ''[[Encyclopedia Iranica]]''</ref> |
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|<!--Sla--> [[Polish language|Pol]] '''siwy''' "grey" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] |
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'''šývas''' "light grey" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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<!-- bʰer- brown, bear, beaver --> |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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{{anchor|bʰer-bʰerH-}} |
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'''{{PIE|*bʰer-, bʰerH-}}'''<br /> "brown" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, pp. 417-418.</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, pp. 136-137.</ref> |
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<ref name=MnA331/> |
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<ref>Monier Williams, p. 721.</ref><br /> |
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(See also [[#bʰébʰrus|*bʰébʰrus]]) |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''bear''' (animal) <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''bera'');<br /> |
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'''brown''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''brūn'') |
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|<!--Goth--> |
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[[Old Norse|ON]] |
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'''bjǫrn'''<br /> "bear (animal)";<br /> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''phrū́nē'''<br /> "toad" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''babhrú'''<br /> "deep brown, reddish brown; tawny" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] |
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'''bė́ras''' "reddish brown" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|} |
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==Positive qualities== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |
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! width="10%"| [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] |
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! width="10%"| [[English language|English]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Gothic language|Gothic]] |
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! width="10%"| [[Classical Latin|Latin]] |
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! width="10%"| [[Ancient Greek]] |
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! width="10%"| [[Sanskrit]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] |
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! width="5%"| [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] |
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! width="5%"| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |
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! width="5%"| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] |
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! width="5%"| [[Tocharian language|Tocharian]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|h₁wésus}} '''{{PIE|*h₁wésus}}'''<br /> "good, excellent" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 3395-3396.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 1174-1175.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA337>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. {{Page needed|date=May 2021}}.</ref><ref>Monier Williams, pp. 930-931.</ref> |
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| |
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|<!--Gmc-->'''iusiza'''<br /> "better";<br />(Germanic names, e.g., '''Wisi'''goth-<br /> "the [[Visigoths]]") |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt-->'''vásu'''<br /> "excellent, good; beneficient; goods, property" |
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|<!--Irn-->[[Avestan language|Av]] '''vohū''' "good" |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''veselŭ''' "merry, joyful, happy" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''Vesu-''' (in personal names: ''<u>Vesu</u>avus'', ''Sego<u>vesus</u>'', ''Bello<u>vesus</u>'') |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> [[Luwian language|Luw]] '''wāsu-''' "good"; [[Palaic language|Pal]] '''wašu''' "well"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Puhvel |first1=Jaan |title=On the Origin and Congeners of Hittite aššu-'good' |journal=Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung |date=1980 |volume=94 |issue=1/2 |pages=65–70 |jstor=40848616 }}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|h₁su-}} '''{{PIE|*h₁su-}}'''<br /> "good" <br /><ref>Dnghu, p. 2982.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 1037-1038.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA337/><ref>Monier Williams, pp. 1219-1221.</ref> |
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| |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel-->'''eu-'''<br /> "good, well" (when used prefixally), e.g., <br />'''eúphoros'''<br /> "well-bearing" (> "euphoria");<br />'''eukháristos'''<br /> "good grace";<br />'''euángelos'''<br /> "bringing good news" |
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|<!--Skt-->'''su-'''<br /> "good" (used prefixally), e.g., <br />'''suprabhātam'''<br /> "good morning" (See also [[#bhā́s|bhā́s]]);<br />'''supraśna-'''<br /> "inquiry as to welfare, lit. good question" |
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|<!--Irn--> [[Avestan|Av]] '''hu''' "good" |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sŭ-''' "good" (used prefixally), e.g., '''sŭ-čęstĭnŭ''' "happy, lit. good part"; '''sŭdravĭje''' "health", [[Russian language|Russ]] '''zdoróv'je''';<br />'''sŭrěsti''' "to meet, encounter" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|h₁sónts}} '''{{PIE|*h₁sónts}}'''<br /> "being, existing, real, true" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 940-943.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 340-342.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA337/><ref>Monier Williams, p. 1134.</ref><br />(See also [[#H₁es-|*H₁es-]]) |
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|'''sooth''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sōþ'' "truth");<br />'''soothe''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sōþian'' "to prove the validity of, to confirm as true");<br />'''soothsayer''' (originally "truth-teller") <br /> (< [[Proto-Germanic language|PGmc]] ''sanþaz + sagjaną'' "truth + say");<br />'''sin''' (implying "truly guilty") <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''synn'');<br />[[Old English language|OE]] ''sōþlīċe'' "truly, really", later "amen" |
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|<!--Gmc-->'''sunjis'''<br /> "true, truthful, correct" |
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|<!--Itl-->'''sōns'''<br /> "guilty, criminal" (compare '''sin''');<br />'''insōns'''<br /> "innocent"; {{efn|Not cognate}}<br />'''sonticus'''<br /> "dangerous, serious, critical" |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt-->'''sát'''<br /> "being, essence, reality" (also used in compounds, e.g., '''sad·guru''');<br />'''sattvá-'''<br /> "essence, existence, spirit; creature";<br />'''satyá-'''<br /> "true,real, genuine; sincere, honest, valid";<br />'''satī́'''<br /> "good, virtuous, faithful wife" (> '''suttee''') |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|'''senë/send'''”thing” |
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'''gjë''' “thing” < all from '''PAlb''' *sana<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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<!-- sweh₂d-, sweet --> |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
|||
{{anchor|sweh₂d-}} |
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'''{{PIE|*sweh₂d-, swéh₂dus}}'''<br /> "sweet" <br /> |
|||
<ref>Pokorny, pp. 1039-1040.</ref> |
|||
<ref>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 255.</ref> |
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<ref>Monier Williams, p. 1279.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''sweet''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''swēte'') |
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|<!-- Goth --> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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'''suāvis'''<br /> "sweet, pleasant, delicious" |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''hēdús'''<br /> "sweet" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''svādú'''<br /> "delicious, tasty, sweet" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|} |
|} |
||
| Line 2,285: | Line 4,289: | ||
! width="7%"| [[Tocharian language|Tocharian]] |
! width="7%"| [[Tocharian language|Tocharian]] |
||
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
||
|- |
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|'''*h₂éyos''' "copper, bronze"<ref name=Beekesp37/> |
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|'''[[ore]]''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ār'') |
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| |
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|'''[[aes]]''' "copper, bronze, brass; money, fee" |
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| |
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|'''áyas''' "metal, iron" |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*dʰwer-}}''' "door, doorway, gate" |
| '''{{PIE|*dʰwer-}}''' "door, doorway, gate" |
||
| Line 2,291: | Line 4,310: | ||
| '''forēs''' (pl.) "door" |
| '''forēs''' (pl.) "door" |
||
| '''tʰurā''' "door" |
| '''tʰurā''' "door" |
||
| '''dvā́r''', ''' |
| '''dvā́r''', '''dvā́ras''' (pl.) "door" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dvarǝm''' (acc.) "gate, court"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''duvarayā''' "at the gate" [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''dar''' "door" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dvarǝm''' (acc.) "gate, court"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''duvarayā''' "at the gate" [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''dar''' "door" |
||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''dvĭri''' "door" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''dvĭri''' "door" |
||
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''dwarris''' "gate, goal",'''dwars''' "estate", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''durys''' "door", '''dvaras''' "estate", '''vartai''' "gate", [[Latgalian language|Latg]] '''durovys''' "door", '''vuorti''' "gate" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''dwarris''' "gate, goal", '''dwars''' "estate", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''durys''' "door", '''dvaras''' "estate", '''vartai''' "gate", [[Latgalian language|Latg]] '''durovys''' "door", '''vuorti''' "gate" |
||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''dorus''' "door" < [[Proto-Celtic]] ''*dworestu-'', [[Welsh language|W]] '''dôr''' "door" < ''{{PIE|*dʰureH₂}}'' |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''dorus''' "door" < [[Proto-Celtic]] ''*dworestu-'', [[Welsh language|W]] '''dôr''' "door" < ''{{PIE|*dʰureH₂}}'' |
||
| '''duṙn''' "door" |
| '''duṙn''' "door" |
||
| Line 2,300: | Line 4,319: | ||
| B '''twere''' "doors" |
| B '''twere''' "doors" |
||
| '''an-durza''' "within" |
| '''an-durza''' "within" |
||
|- |
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|'''h₂(e)nh₂t-''' "doorpost"<ref name=Beekesp34>Beekes, p. 34.</ref> |
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| |
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| |
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|'''antae''' "anteroom" |
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| |
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|'''ā́tā''' "doorpost" |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|}} '''{{PIE|*dem-}}'''<br /> "to build (up), put together" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp.583-586.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 189-199.</ref><ref name=MnA§220>Mallory & Adams (2006), 220.</ref> |
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|'''timber''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''timber'' "building material");<br />'''teem''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''temian'' "to fit");<br />'''toft''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''toft'') |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel-->'''démō'''<br /> "to build, construct, make" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|*domo-, *domu-}}''' "house", "home" |
| '''{{PIE|*domo-, *domu-}}''' "house", "home" |
||
| |
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| '''timber''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''timber'' "house, building material") |
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| '''timrjan''' "to build, erect" |
| '''timrjan''' "to build, erect" |
||
| '''domus (domūs)''' "house" |
| '''domus (domūs)''' "house" |
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| '''dómos''' "house" |
| '''dómos''' "house" |
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| ''' |
| '''dámas''' "house" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dąm, dąmi''' "in the house"; '''dǝmā̆na-, nmāna-''' "house" < ''*dm-ā̆na-'' |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dąm, dąmi''' "in the house"; '''dǝmā̆na-, nmāna-''' "house" < ''*dm-ā̆na-'' |
||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''domŭ''' "house" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''domŭ''' "house" |
||
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''dimstis''' "porch", [[Lithuanian language| |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''dimstis''' "porch", [[Lithuanian language| |
||
Lith]] '''dimstis''' "entryway" |
Lith]] '''dimstis''' "entryway" |
||
[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''namas''' "house" |
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| [[Middle Irish|MIr]] '''dom'''-liacc "house of stones" |
| [[Middle Irish|MIr]] '''dom'''-liacc "house of stones" |
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| '''tun''' "house" |
| '''tun''' "house" |
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| Line 2,317: | Line 4,368: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*gʰerdʰ-, *gʰordʰ-os-}}''' "enclosure, fence" |
||
| '''yard''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ġeard'' "enclosure"); '''garden''' (< [[Anglo-Norman language|AngNor]] ''gardin'' < [[Frankish language|Frank]] ''*gardo'') |
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| '''gards''' "yard, court"; [[Old Norse|ON]] '''garðr''' "fence, enclosed space" |
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| '''hortus''' "garden" |
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| '''kʰórtos''' "feeding place for animals" |
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| '''gṛhá''' "house" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''gərəδa''' "daeva cave" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''gradŭ''' "fortification; city" |
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| [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''gãrds'''; [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''gar̃das''' "fold, pen" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''gort''' "standing crop", [[Welsh language|W]] '''garth''' "cliff; enclosure" |
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| [[Old Armenian|OArm]] '''gerdastan''' "the body of servants and captives; estate" (either a borrowing from Iranian or inherited) |
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| '''gardh''' "fence, enclosure, barricade" |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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| {{anchor|kʷekʷlo-}} '''{{PIE|*kʷekʷlo-}}''' "wheel"<br />(See also [[#kʷel-|*kʷel-]]) |
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| '''wheel''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hwēol, hweogol'' < [[Proto-Germanic|PGerm]] ''*hweg(w)ulaz'' < ''*kʷekʷlós'') |
| '''wheel''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hwēol, hweogol'' < [[Proto-Germanic|PGerm]] ''*hweg(w)ulaz'' < ''*kʷekʷlós'') |
||
| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''hjōl, hvēl''' "wheel" < [[Proto-Germanic|PGerm]] ''*hweh(w)ulaz'' < ''*kʷékʷlos'' |
| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''hjōl, hvēl''' "wheel" < [[Proto-Germanic|PGerm]] ''*hweh(w)ulaz'' < ''*kʷékʷlos'' |
||
| Line 2,330: | Line 4,396: | ||
| |
| |
||
| A '''kukäl''', B '''kokale''' "wagon" |
| A '''kukäl''', B '''kokale''' "wagon" |
||
| '''kugullas''' "donut"<ref>Erkut |
| '''kugullas''' "donut"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Erkut |first1=Sedat |title=Hititçe-Kugulla Sözcüğü |journal=Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi |date=1 October 2006 |volume=25 |issue=40 |pages=108–111 |doi=10.1501/Tarar_0000000247 |url=http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/18/36/311.pdf }}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*Hreth₂-}}''' "wheel", "wagon" |
||
| |
| |
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| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''Rad''' "wheel" |
| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''Rad''' "wheel" |
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| Line 2,346: | Line 4,412: | ||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
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|- |
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|'''{{PIE|*néh₂us}}''' "vessel, boat" |
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|[[Old English|OE]] '''nōwend''' "shipmaster, sailor" |
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|[[Old Norse|ON]] '''naust''' "boathouse"; [[Old Icelandic|OIc]] '''nōr''' "ship" |
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|'''nāvis''' "ship" |
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|'''naûs''' "ship"; |
|||
[[Mycenaean Greek|Myc]] '''na-u-do-mo''' "shipbuilders"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chadwick |first1=John |last2=Baumbach |first2=Lydia |title=The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary |journal=Glotta |date=1963 |volume=41 |issue=3/4 |pages=157–271 |jstor=40265918 }}</ref> |
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|'''naú''', '''nāva''' "ship" |
|||
|[[Persian language|Pers]] '''nâv''' "boat, ship" (archaic) |
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| |
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| |
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|[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''nó''', '''nau''' "boat" |
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|[[Old Armenian|OArm]] '''naw''' "ship, boat" |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
|||
| '''{{PIE|*h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂}}''' "wool" |
|||
| '''wool''' (< [[Old English|OE]] ''wull'') |
|||
| '''wulla''' "wool" |
|||
| '''lāna''' "wool" |
|||
| '''lênos''' "wool, fleece (pl.)", [[Doric Greek|Dor]] '''lânos''' |
|||
| '''ū́rṇā''' "wool, woolen thread" |
|||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''varənā''' "wool" |
|||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vlĭna''' "wool", [[Old East Slavic|OESlav]] '''vŭlna''' "wool" |
|||
| [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''vil̃na''', [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''vìlna''' "wool", [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''wilna''' "skirt (made of wool)" |
|||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''olann''', [[Middle Breton|MBret]] '''gloan, glan''', [[Old Welsh|OW]] '''gulan''' "wool" |
|||
| [[Old Armenian|OArm]] '''gełmn''' "fleece, wool" |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| '''ḫulanaš''' "wool" |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|*s(y)uH-}}''' "to sew" |
| '''{{PIE|*s(y)uH-}}''' "to sew" |
||
| '''sew''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sēowan'') |
| '''sew''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sēowan'') |
||
| '''siujan''' "to sew" |
| '''siujan''' "to sew" |
||
| '''suō (suere)''' "to sew" |
| '''suō (suere)''' "to sew"; '''sūtūra''' "thread, suture"<ref>Lewis & Short</ref> |
||
| '''humḗn''' "sinew" |
| '''humḗn''' "sinew" |
||
| '''sī́vyati''' "(he) sews", '''syūtá-''' "sewn" |
| '''sī́vyati''' "(he) sews", '''syūtá-''' "sewn"; '''sū́tra-''' "thread, string"<ref>Monier Williams, p. 241.</ref> |
||
| |
| |
||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''šijǫ (šiti)''' "to sew" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''šijǫ (šiti)''' "to sew" |
||
| Line 2,373: | Line 4,470: | ||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''tāl''' "axe" < ''*tōkslo-'' |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''tāl''' "axe" < ''*tōkslo-'' |
||
| |
| |
||
|'''teshë''' “cloth, robe” |
|||
| |
|||
| |
| |
||
| '''takkeszi''' "puts together" |
| '''takkeszi''' "puts together" |
||
| Line 2,379: | Line 4,476: | ||
| '''{{PIE|*webʰ-}}''' "to weave" |
| '''{{PIE|*webʰ-}}''' "to weave" |
||
| '''weave''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wefan''), '''web''' (<P.Gmc. ''*wabjan'') |
| '''weave''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wefan''), '''web''' (<P.Gmc. ''*wabjan'') |
||
| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''weban''' "to weave" |
| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''weban''' "to weave"; [[Old Norse|ON]] '''vefa''' |
||
| |
| |
||
| '''hupʰaínō''' "I weave" |
| '''hupʰaínō''' "I weave" |
||
| '''ubʰnā́ti''' "ties together" |
| '''ubʰnā́ti''' "ties together"; '''ūṛna-vābhi-''' "spider" (litt. "wool-weaver") |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ubdaēna-''' "made of cloth"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''bāfad''' "(he) weaves" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ubdaēna-''' "made of cloth"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''bāfad''' "(he) weaves" |
||
| '''viti''' "weave" |
| '''viti''' "weave" |
||
| Line 2,389: | Line 4,486: | ||
| |
| |
||
| '''venj''' "I weave" < ''*webʰnyō'' |
| '''venj''' "I weave" < ''*webʰnyō'' |
||
| A '''wpantär''' (them. pres.),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lühr |first1=Rosemarie |title=Spinne am Morgen bringt Kummer und Sorgen |journal=Denkströme |volume=13 |year=2014 |url=http://www.denkstroeme.de/heft-13/s_9-25_luehr }}</ref><ref>Haruyuki Saito. ''Das Partizipium Präteriti im Tocharischen''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2006. pp. 556-557. {{ISBN|3-447-05330-5}}</ref> |
|||
| B '''wāp-''' "to weave" |
|||
B '''wāp-''' "to weave" |
|||
| |
|||
|'''wēpta-''' "wove"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Ronald I. |title=Old English Cyme and the Proto-Indo-European Aorist Optative in Germanic |journal=Transactions of the Philological Society |date=March 2019 |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=96–111 |doi=10.1111/1467-968X.12147 |s2cid=150325591 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*werǵ-}}''' "to work" |
||
| '''work''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''weorc, wyrc̣an'') |
| '''work''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''weorc, wyrc̣an'') |
||
| '''waúrkjan''' "to work" |
| '''waúrkjan''' "to work" |
||
| '''urgeō (urgēre)''' "to push, drive" |
| '''urgeō (urgēre)''' "to push, drive" |
||
| '''(w)érgon''' "work", '''érdō, hrézdō''' "I work" < ''{{PIE|*wérĝ-yoH₂, *wréĝ-yoH₂}}'' |
| '''(w)érgon''' "work", '''érdō, hrézdō''' "I work" < ''{{PIE|*wérĝ-yoH₂, *wréĝ-yoH₂}}'' |
||
| ''' |
| '''varcas''' "activity" (? not in Pokorny) |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''varəza-''' "work, activity", '''vərəzyeiti''' "(he) works"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''varz, barz''' "field work, husbandry" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''varəza-''' "work, activity", '''vərəzyeiti''' "(he) works"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''varz, barz''' "field work, husbandry" |
||
| '''vrǔšiti''' "to act, to do" |
| '''vrǔšiti''' "to act, to do" |
||
| Line 2,412: | Line 4,510: | ||
| '''vestis''' "clothing" |
| '''vestis''' "clothing" |
||
| '''héstai''' "gets dressed" |
| '''héstai''' "gets dressed" |
||
| '''váste''' "(he) gets dressed" |
| '''váste''' "(s/he) gets dressed"; '''vástra-''' "clothing" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vaste, vaŋhaiti''' "(he) gets dressed" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vaste, vaŋhaiti''' "(he) gets dressed" |
||
| |
|||
| '''veshch''' "thing, cloth", '''veshchi''' "cloth items" Serbian '''veš''' "underwear" |
|||
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''westi''' "corset |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''westi''' "corset" |
||
| [[Welsh language|W]] '''gwisg''' "clothing" |
| [[Welsh language|W]] '''gwisg''' "clothing" |
||
| '''z-genum''' "I put on (clothes)" < ''*wes-nu-'' |
| '''z-genum''' "I put on (clothes)" < ''*wes-nu-'' |
||
| Line 2,442: | Line 4,540: | ||
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| {{anchor|h₁es-}} '''{{PIE|*h₁es-}}''' "to be", '''{{PIE|*h₁es-ti}}''' "is", '''{{PIE|*h₁és-mi}}''' "am" <br />Cf. [[Indo-European copula]]<br />(See also [[#h₁sónts|*h₁sónts]]) |
||
| '''is''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''is'') |
| '''is''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''is''), '''am''' |
||
| '''ist''' "is" |
| '''ist''' "is" |
||
| '''sum (esse)''' |
| '''sum (esse)''' "I am (to be)"; '''est''' "it is" |
||
| '''estí''' "is,"; [[Dorian Greek]] '''entí''' "(they) are" <- '''{{PIE|*h₁s-enti}}''' |
|||
"I am (to be)"; |
|||
''' |
| '''ásti''' "is"; '''ásmi''' "am" |
||
| ''' |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''asti''' "is"; [[Persian language|Persian]] '''ast''' "is" |
||
| '''ásti''' "is," |
|||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''asti''' "is"; [[Persian language|Persian]] '''hast''' "is" |
|||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''jestŭ''' "is" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''jestŭ''' "is" |
||
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''ast''' "is", '''ēst''' "almost", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''esti''' "is" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''ast''' "is", '''ēst''' "almost", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''esti''' "is" |
||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''is''' "is"; [[Old Welsh]] '''hint''' "(they) are" <- '''{{PIE|* |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''is''' "is"; [[Old Welsh]] '''hint''' "(they) are" <- '''{{PIE|*h₁s-enti}}''' |
||
| '''em''' "I am" |
| '''em''' "I am" |
||
| '''është''' "is" |
| '''është''' "is" |
||
| Line 2,459: | Line 4,555: | ||
| '''ēszi''' "is" |
| '''ēszi''' "is" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*bʰuh₂-}}''' "to become"<br />Cf. [[Indo-European copula]] |
||
| '''be''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''bēon''); [[Old English language|OE]] '''būan''' "to dwell" |
| '''be''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''bēon''); [[Old English language|OE]] '''būan''' "to dwell" |
||
| '''bauan''' "to dwell" |
| '''bauan''' "to dwell" |
||
| Line 2,468: | Line 4,564: | ||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''byti''' "to become, be" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''byti''' "to become, be" |
||
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''butwei''' "to be", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''būti''' "to be" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''butwei''' "to be", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''būti''' "to be" |
||
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''buith''' "being", [[Welsh language|W]] '''bod''' "to be" |
| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''biiete''' "be! (imperative)";<ref>Delamarre (2003), p. 74.</ref>{{efn|''ibetis uciu andecari biiete'' - 'drink from here and be nice' - Limé (Aisne) inscrpition}}<br /> [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''buith''' "being", [[Welsh language|W]] '''bod''' "to be" |
||
| '''busanim''' "sprout up" |
| '''busanim''' "sprout up" |
||
| '''buj, bûj''' "I dwell, stay overnight" < ''*bunjō'' |
| '''buj, bûj''' "I dwell, stay overnight" < ''*bunjō'' |
||
| Line 2,474: | Line 4,570: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|*sed-, *si- |
| '''{{PIE|*sed-, *si-sd-}}''' "to sit" |
||
| '''sit''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sittan'' < ''{{PIE|*sed-yo-nom}}'') |
| '''sit''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sittan'' < ''{{PIE|*sed-yo-nom}}'') |
||
| '''sitan''' "to sit" |
| '''sitan''' "to sit" |
||
| '''sedeō (sedēre)''' "to sit", '''sīdō''' "I sit down" < ''{{PIE|*si- |
| '''sedeō (sedēre)''' "to sit", '''sīdō''' "I sit down" < ''{{PIE|*si-sd-oH₂}}'' |
||
| '''hézdomai''' "I sit" < ''{{PIE|*sed-yo-}}'', '''hizdō''' "I set" < ''{{PIE|*si- |
| '''hézdomai''' "I sit" < ''{{PIE|*sed-yo-}}'', '''hizdō''' "I set" < ''{{PIE|*si-sd-oH₂}}'' |
||
| '''sátsi''' "(he) sits", aor. '''ásadat''' "sat"; '''sī́dati''' "(he) sits" < ''{{PIE|*si- |
| '''sátsi''' "(he) sits", aor. '''ásadat''' "sat"; '''sī́dati''' "(he) sits" < ''{{PIE|*si-sd-eti}}''; '''Upaniṣad''' lit. "sit-down-beside" < ''upa'': 'by, beside', ''ni'': 'down', ''sad'': 'sit' |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ni-šaŋhasti''' "(he) sits down", [[optative|opt.]] '''hazdyā-t''' "(he) should sit", '''hiδaiti''' "(he) sits" < ''{{PIE|*si- |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ni-šaŋhasti''' "(he) sits down", [[optative|opt.]] '''hazdyā-t''' "(he) should sit", '''hiδaiti''' "(he) sits" < ''{{PIE|*si-sd-eti}}''; [[Old Persian|OPers]] [[causative|caus.]] '''niya-šād-ayam''' "I set" |
||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sěždǫ (sěděti)''' "to sit" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sěždǫ (sěděti)''' "to sit" |
||
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''sistwei''' "to sit down", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''sedėti''' "to be sitting", '''sėstis''' "to sit down" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''sistwei''' "to sit down", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''sedėti''' "to be sitting", '''sėstis''' "to sit down" |
||
| Line 2,494: | Line 4,590: | ||
| '''lectus''' "bed" |
| '''lectus''' "bed" |
||
| '''lékʰomai''' "I lie down" |
| '''lékʰomai''' "I lie down" |
||
| ''' |
| '''laṅghate''' "(he) leans, lies down" |
||
| [[Persian Language|NPers]] '''ley''' "lie down" |
| [[Persian Language|NPers]] '''ley''' "lie down" |
||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ležǫ (ležati)''' "to lie down" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ležǫ (ležati)''' "to lie down" |
||
| Line 2,504: | Line 4,600: | ||
| '''lagari''' "(he) lies down" |
| '''lagari''' "(he) lies down" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{anchor|ḱey-}} '''{{PIE|*ḱey-}}'''<br /> "to lie down; settle, bed, cozy, familiar" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 1675-1676.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 539-540.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA206>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 206.</ref><ref>Monier Williams, p. 1074.</ref><ref>Rix (2001), p. 321.</ref> |
|||
| '''{{PIE|*k̂ei-}}''' "to lie (down); bed, cozy, dear, familiar" |
|||
| |
|'''home''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hām'' "village, home" < ''{{PIE|*k̂oi-mos}}'');<br />'''hewe''' "domestic, servant"<br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hīwa'' "family member") |
||
| |
|<!--Gmc-->'''háims (háimáis)''' "village, town" < ''{{PIE|*k̂oi-mis}}'';<br />'''heiwafrauja'''<br /> "marriage" |
||
|<!--Itl-->'''cīvis''' "city dweller, citizen" < ''{{PIE|*k̂ei-wis}}'' ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''civic''', '''city''', '''citizen''', etc.}};<br />'''cūnae'''<br /> "cradle; nest";<br />'''Cūnīna'''<br /> (Roman goddess who protects infants in the cradle)<br />'''cieō''';<br /> "I put in motion; act, move, stir; rouse" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''cite''', '''incite''', '''excite''', '''Incitātus''' ([[Caligula]]'s horse), '''resuscitate''', '''solicit''', etc.}} |
|||
| '''cīvis''' "city dweller, citizen" < ''{{PIE|*k̂ei-wis}}'' |
|||
|<!--Hel-->'''keîmai'''<br /> "I lie (idle, sick, dead, etc.)";<br />'''kíō'''<br /> "I go" (Homeric);<br />'''kīnéō'''<br /> "I move, set in motion, remove; inflect (grammar); meddle; stir on" (> '''kinetic''', '''cinema''', etc.);<br />'''koítē'''<br /> "bed, place of rest; lair; lodging";<br />'''koitā́zō'''<br /> "I put to bed, cause to rest" |
|||
| '''keĩtai''' "lies" |
|||
| |
|<!--Skt-->'''śētē''' (older '''śáyē''') "(he) lies", '''śērē''' "they lie";<br />'''śayú'''<br /> "orphan";<br />'''śéva-'''<br /> "dear, precious";<br />'''śivá-'''<br /> "favorable, happy, fortunate; auspicious" (later applied to the god Rudra, first as ''Śiva-rudra'', then simply ''Śiva''; also spelled ''Shiva'') |
||
| |
|<!--Irn-->[[Avestan|Av]] '''saēte''' "(he) lies", '''sōire''' "they lie" |
||
| |
|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sěmija''' "family";<br /> '''sěmĭ''' "household member" |
||
| |
|<!--Blt-->[[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''seimi''' "family", '''kaims''' "village", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''šeima''' "family", '''kaimas''' "village";<br />'''sieva''' "wife" |
||
| |
|<!--Clt-->[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''cóim, cóem''', [[Old Welsh|OW]] '''cum''' "dear" |
||
| |
|<!--Arm-->'''sirem''' "I love" < ''*k̂eiro-'' |
||
|'''komb''' “nation, people”<!--Alb--> |
|||
| |
|||
|<!--Toc--> |
|||
|<!--Hit-->'''kitta, kittari''' "lies"; [[Luwian language|Luwian]] '''ziyari''' "lies" |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{anchor|tḱey-}} '''{{PIE|*tḱey-}}'''<br /> "to settle, live; cultivate" <br /><ref>Dnghu, p. 1737.</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 626.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA223>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 223.</ref><ref>Monier Williams, p. 328.</ref><ref>Rix (2001), pp. 643-644.</ref> |
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| |
| |
||
|<!--Gmc--> |
|||
| '''kitta, kittari''' "lies"; [[Luwian language|Luwian]] '''ziyari''' "lies" |
|||
|<!--Itl-->'''sinō'''<br /> "I let, permit, allow; set down";<br />'''situs'''<br /> "permitted, allowed; laid, set down; placed" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''site''', '''situation''', etc.}};<br />'''dēsinō'''<br /> "I leave off, cease, desist" (> '''desinence''');<br />'''pōnō''' < po + sinō<br /> "I place, put, lay; set up" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''expose, exponent''', '''depose, deponent''', '''oppose, opponent''', '''proponent''', '''posit''', '''position''', '''positive, post''', etc.}} |
|||
|<!--Hel-->'''ktízō'''<br /> "I found, build, establish; populate; produce";<br />'''eüktímenos'''<br /> "well-built, nice place";<br />'''ktísis'''<br /> "a founding, settling; creature";<br />'''ktílos'''<br /> "tame, docile, obidient";<br />'''ktísma'''<br /> "colony, foundation" |
|||
|<!--Skt-->'''kṣéti'''<br /> "(s/he) abides, stays, dwells; remains";<br />'''kṣití'''<br /> "abode, habitation, dwelling; the earth" |
|||
|<!--Irn--> |
|||
|<!--Sla--> |
|||
|<!--Blt--> |
|||
|<!--Clt--> |
|||
|<!--Arm--> |
|||
|<!--Alb--> |
|||
|<!--Toc--> |
|||
|<!--Hit--> |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*steh₂-}}''' "to stand (i.e. be standing)" |
||
| '''stand''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''standan'') |
| '''stand''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''standan'') |
||
| '''standan''' "to stand"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''stān, stēn''' "to stand" |
| '''standan''' "to stand"; [[Old High German|OHG]] '''stān, stēn''' "to stand" |
||
| '''stō (stāre)''' "to stand", '''sistō (sistere)''' "to cause to stand" |
| '''stō (stāre)''' "to stand", '''sistō (sistere)''' "to cause to stand" |
||
| [[Doric Greek|Doric]] '''hístāmi''' "I stand" |
| [[Doric Greek|Doric]] '''hístāmi''' "I stand" |
||
| ''' |
| '''sthā- / tíṣṭhati''' "(he) stands" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''hištaiti''' "(he) stands"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] [[imperfect tense|impf.]] '''a-ištata''' "(he) stood" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''hištaiti''' "(he) stands"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] [[imperfect tense|impf.]] '''a-ištata''' "(he) stood" |
||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''stajǫ (stati)''' "to stand up" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''stajǫ (stati)''' "to stand up" |
||
| Line 2,534: | Line 4,645: | ||
| '''istanta-''' "to stay, delay" |
| '''istanta-''' "to stay, delay" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*h₁ey-}}''' "to go" |
||
| '''[[wikt:yede|yede]]''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ēode'' "went") |
| '''[[wikt:yede|yede]]''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ēode'' "went") |
||
| '''iddja''' "went" |
| '''iddja''' "went" |
||
| Line 2,541: | Line 4,652: | ||
| '''éti''' "(he) goes", '''yánti''' "(they) go" |
| '''éti''' "(he) goes", '''yánti''' "(they) go" |
||
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''aēiti''' "(he) goes", '''yeinti''' "(they) go"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''aitiy''' "goes" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''aēiti''' "(he) goes", '''yeinti''' "(they) go"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''aitiy''' "goes" |
||
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''jiditi''' "to move away, to arrive", '''jidene''' "coming" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''jiditi''' "to move away, to arrive", '''jidene''' "coming" |
||
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''eitwei''' "to go", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''eiti''' "to walk" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''eitwei''' "to go", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''eiti''' "to walk" |
||
| [[Welsh language|W]] '''wyf''' "I am"; [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ethaid''' "goes" < ''{{PIE|*it-āt-}}'' |
| [[Welsh language|W]] '''wyf''' "I am"; [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ethaid''' "goes" < ''{{PIE|*it-āt-}}'' |
||
| Line 2,549: | Line 4,660: | ||
| '''īt''' "go!" |
| '''īt''' "go!" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''{{PIE|*gʷem-}}''' "to come"<ref>Ivanov V. V. "[http://resbalticae.fileli.unipi.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/67-85.pdf Balto-anatolica I: Luvian zammantiš “”new born child””: Old Prussian gemmons “born”"]. In: ''Res Balticae'' Nr. 04, 1998 pp. 67-85.</ref> |
|||
| '''{{PIE|*gʷem-}}''' "to come" |
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| '''come''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cuman'') |
| '''come''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''cuman'') |
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| '''qiman''' "to come" |
| '''qiman''' "to come"; [[Old Saxon|OSax]] '''cuman [an liudi]''' "to come (to people) [to be born]" |
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| '''veniō (venīre)''' "to come" |
| '''veniō (venīre)''' "to come"{{efn|See also Umbrian '''benust''' (Latin ''uenerit'') and Oscan '''kúm-bened''' (Latin ''conuentio'').}} |
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| '''baínō''' "I go" |
| '''baínō''' "I go" |
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| '''gámati''' "(he) goes", [[aorist|aor.]] '''ágan, gan''' "(he) went" |
| '''gámati''' "(he) goes", [[aorist|aor.]] '''ágan, gan''' "(he) went" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ǰamaiti''' "goes"; [[Old Avestan|OAv]] [[injunctive mood|inj.]] '''uz-ǰǝ̄n''' "(he) goes", pl. '''g<sup>ǝ</sup>mǝn''' "they go" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ǰamaiti''' "goes"; [[Old Avestan|OAv]] [[injunctive mood|inj.]] '''uz-ǰǝ̄n''' "(he) goes", pl. '''g<sup>ǝ</sup>mǝn''' "they go" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''gimtwei''' "to be born", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''gimti''' "to be born" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''gimtwei''' "to be born", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''gimti''' "to be born", [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''dzimt''' "to bear (a son)" |
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| '''ekn''' (< ''*h₁e-gʷem-t'') "(he) came" |
| '''ekn''' (< ''*h₁e-gʷem-t'') "(he) came" |
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| A '''käm-, kum-''', B '''käm-, kam-, śem''' "to come" |
| A '''käm-, kum-''', B '''käm-, kam-, śem''' "to come" |
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|[[Luwian language|Luw]] '''zammantis''' "newborn child" (?) |
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|'''{{PIE|*Hyewdʰ-}}'''<br /> "to move swiftly, to move upright, to rise (as if to fight)"<ref>Dnghu, pp. 1376-1377</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 511-512</ref> |
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|'''iubeō''' "I authorize, legitimate; bid, command, order";<br />'''iussus''' "order, command, decree, ordinance" |
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|'''euthús''' "straight, direct";<br />'''eîthar''' "at once, immediately, forthwith";<br />'''husmī́nē''' "battle, conflict, combat" |
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|'''yúdhyate'''<br /> "to fight, battle; wage war";<br />'''yodháyati'''<br /> "to engage in battle; to overcome in war, to be a match for; to lead to war, to cause to fight";<br />'''yuddhá-'''<br /> "battle, fight, war";<br />'''yoddhṛ'''<br /> "fighter, warrior, soldier";<br />'''yudhmá-'''<br /> "hero, warrior" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''oiminŭ''' "warrior";<br />[[Polish language|Pol]] '''judzić''' "to incite, instigate" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''judėti''' "to move" |
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|{{anchor|peth₂-}} '''{{PIE|*peth₂-}}'''<br /> "to spread out; fly (spread wings)" <br /><ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/><ref>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 181</ref><ref>Monier Williams, p. 580.</ref><br />(See also [[#péth₂r̥|*péth₂r̥]]) |
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|'''fathom''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''fæþm'') |
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|'''petō'''<br /> "I ask, beg, request; aim; attack, thrust at";<br />'''pateō'''<br /> "I am open; accessible, attainable; increase, extend" (> '''patent''');<br />'''pandō'''<br /> "I spread, open out, extend; unfold, expand" (> '''expand''');<br />'''passus''' < '''*pat-s-tus'''<br /> "spread out; step, pace" (> '''pass''');<br />'''impetus'''<br /> "attack, assault; rapid motion";<br />'''petulāns'''<br /> "impudent, wanton; petulant" > '''petulant''';<br />'''patera'''<br /> "broad flat dish, saucer";<br />'''propitius'''<br /> "favorable, well-disposed" (> '''propitious''') |
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|'''pétomai'''<br /> "I fly; rush, dart; make haste";<br />'''pī́ptō'''<br /> "I fall, throw self down";<br />'''petánnūmi'''<br /> "I spread out, open";<br />'''ptôma'''<br /> "fall; misfortune, calamity; ruin" (> <br /> sym'''ptom''');<br />'''ptôsis'''<br /> "falling; (grammar) case, inflection";<br />'''ptōtikós'''<br /> "capable of inflexion";<br />'''pétalon''' "leaf (plant, flower or tree)" > <br />'''petal''' |
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|'''pátati'''<br /> "(s/he) flies; descends, falls";<br />'''pātáyati'''<br /> "(s/he) causes to fly, throws; causes to fall; pours, spills" |
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|{{anchor|ped-}} '''{{PIE|*ped-}}'''<br /> "to walk, step; stumble, fall" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 2386-2389</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 790-792</ref><ref name=":5"/><ref>Monier Williams, p. 582.</ref><br />(See also [[#pōds|*pōds]]) |
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|'''fetter''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''feter'');<br />[[Old English language|OE]] ''fæt'' "step; stride; pace, gait |
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|'''impediō'''<br /> "I hinder, impede, obstruct" (> <br />'''impede''');<br />'''expediō'''<br /> "I unfetter; remove impediments; prepare" (> '''expedite''');<br />'''pecco''' < '''*ped-co'''<br /> "I sin, transgress; offend" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| <br />'''impeccable''', '''impeach'''}};<br />'''pedica'''<br /> "fetter, shackle; snare";<br />'''pessum''' < '''*ped·tum'''<br /> "to the lowest part; to the bottom; in ruin";<br />'''pessimus'''<br /> "worst, lowest" (> <br />'''pessimism''');<br />'''peior'''<br /> "worse" (> <br />'''pejorative''');<br />op'''pidum'''<br /> "town" (step > ground > town) |
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|'''pédon'''<br /> "ground, earth";<br />'''pedíon'''<br /> "open country, plain, field; female genitals";<br />'''pēdón'''<br /> "oar blade, oar";<br />'''pēdálion'''<br /> "steering paddle";<br />'''pezós''' < '''*peďďós'''<br /> "on foot, walking; on land, infantry";<br />'''pódion'''<br /> "base" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''podium''', '''pew'''}} |
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|'''pádyate'''<br /> "(s/he) moves, goes; falls";<br />'''pādáyati'''<br /> "(s/he) causes to fall, drops";<br />'''pada-'''<br /> "step, stride, pace; footstep, vestige; plot of ground; a fourth" |
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|'''padati, pasti'''<br /> "to fall";<br />'''pěšĭ'''<br /> "on foot, pedestrian";<br />'''padežĭ'''<br /> "fall; downfall, disaster";<br />'''pod'''<br /> "ground, floor" |
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| [[Old English language|OE]] '''sec̣g''' "follower, companion, man" |
| [[Old English language|OE]] '''sec̣g''' "follower, companion, man" |
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| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''seggr''' "hero" |
| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''seggr''' "hero" |
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| '''sequor (sequī)''' "to follow" |
| '''sequor (sequī)''' "to follow" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''sequence, second, segue''', etc.}} |
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| '''hépomai''' "I follow" |
| '''hépomai''' "I follow" |
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| '''sácate''' "(he) follows" |
| '''sácate''' "(he) follows" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''hačaitē, hačaiti''' "(he) follows" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''hačaitē, hačaiti''' "(he) follows" |
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| ''' |
| '''šagati''' "to walk, stride, step"; <br />Russ '''šag''' "step" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''sektwei''' "to shallow [To breathe lightly]", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''sekti''' "to follow" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''sektwei''' "to shallow [To breathe lightly]", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''sekti''' "to follow" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''sechithir''' "follows" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''sechithir''' "follows" |
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|'''shoh''' “ I see” |
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|{{anchor|steygʰ-}} '''{{PIE|*steygʰ-}}'''<br /> "to go, climb, march" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 2924-2925.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 1017-1018.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA513/><ref>Monier Williams, p. 1258.</ref> |
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|'''stair''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''stǣġer'');<br />'''sty''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''stīgan'');<br />'''stile''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''stiġel, stigol'') |
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|<!--Gmc-->[[German language|Ger]] '''steigen''' "to ascend, climb, rise" |
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|<!--Itl-->'''vestīgō'''<br /> "I follow a track, search" (> <br />'''investigate''');<br />'''vestīgium'''<br /> "footprint, track; trace, mark; sole of foot" (> "vestige") |
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|<!--Hel-->'''stíkhos'''<br /> "a row (of soldiers); a line of poetry" > [[Russian language|Russ]] '''stix''' "verse, a line of poetry; poem (plu)";<br />'''stoîkhos'''<br /> "row, course, file";<br />'''stoikheîon'''<br /> "one of a row, one of a series; element" > '''stoichio-''' (> '''stoichio'''metry, etc.);<br />'''stókhos'''<br /> "pillar of brick; target" |
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|<!--Skt-->'''stighnóti'''<br /> "(s/he) steps, steps up, mounts" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''stignǫti''' "to attain; reach";<br />'''stĭza'''<br /> "path" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|'''? Shteg''' “path”<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|{{anchor|wert-}} '''{{PIE|*wert-}}'''<br /> "to turn, rotate" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 3352-3354.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 1156-1158.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA378/><ref>Monier Williams, p. 1009.</ref> |
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|'''-ward''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''-weard'' "facing, turned toward");<br />'''worth''' (obsolete meaning "to become", compare German '''werden''') <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''weorþ'');<br />'''weird''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wyrd, wurd'' "fate, destiny");<br />[[Old English language|OE]] ''weorþung'' "an evaluation, appreciation" |
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|<!--Gmc-->[[German language|Ger]] '''werden'''<br /> "to become, to get; to turn; to be, happen";<br />'''Wurst'''<br /> "sausage, wurst" (< [[Proto-Germanic language|PGmc]] "something twisted") |
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|<!--Itl-->'''vertō'''<br /> "I turn, revolve; turn around, reverse, retreat" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''vert-, verse, versus, version, invert, convert, inverse, reverse, controversy, anniversary''' etc.}};<br />'''vertex, vortex''' "whirlpool";<br />'''vertīgō''' "giddiness";<br />'''prōsus, prorsus''' < '''proversus'''<br /> "forwards, towards" > '''prose''';{{efn|Now compare 'prose' and 'verse'}}<br />'''re-''' < [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] '''*wret-''', metathesis of '''*wert-'''<br /> "re-" (> '''re-''' (again, repetition, etc.)) |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt-->'''vartate'''<br /> "(it) turns, rotates; moves, advances; occurs";<br />'''vartana-'''<br /> "a turning; conduct, behavior, intercourse";<br />'''vartayáti'''<br /> "(it) turns" (transitive, causative);<br />'''vártman'''<br /> "track; way, course, path" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vrĭtěti''' "to turn";<br />'''vrotiti'''<br /> "to return";<br />'''vrěteno'''<br /> "spindle";<br />'''vrota'''<br /> "gate, door";<br />'''vratŭ'''<br /> "turn, rotor, wheel";<br />'''vrěmę''' < '''*vertmen''' "hour; time" (Compare Skt '''vártman''') |
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|<!--Blt-->[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''versti''' "to turn" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|'''rris''' “to grow, to increase”<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|'''*bʰegʷ-''' "to run, flee"<ref>Dnghu, p. 342</ref> |
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|'''phobéō''' "I put to flight, terrify, alarm; threaten"; '''phóbos''' "fear, terror; fright, panic; flight, retreat" |
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|'''bhājáyati''' "(s/he) causes to flee" |
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|[[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''bazdan''' "to run, to escape" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''běgati, běžati''' "to flee, run, escape"; |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''bėgti''' "to run" |
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|'''*bʰewg-''' "to flee"<ref>Dnghu, p. 429</ref> |
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|'''fugiō''' "I flee"; '''fuga''' "flight, escape" |
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|'''pheúgō''' "I flee"; '''phugḗ''' "flight, escape" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''baugus''' "scary", '''baugštus''' "scared easily" |
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| '''{{PIE|*bʰer-}}''' "to carry" |
| '''{{PIE|*bʰer-}}''' "to carry" |
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| '''bear''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''beran'') |
| '''bear''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''beran''); <br /> '''burden, burthen''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''byrþen'') |
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| '''baíran''' "to carry" |
| '''baíran''' "to carry" |
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| '''ferō (ferre)''' "to carry" |
| '''ferō (ferre)''' "to carry"; '''luci<u>fer</u>''' "light-bearing, light-bringing" |
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| '''pʰerō''' "I carry" |
| '''pʰerō''' "I carry"; '''khristó<u>phoros</u>''' "Christ-bearing" |
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| '''bʰarati''' "(he) carries" |
| '''bʰarati''' "(he) carries" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''baraiti''' "(he) carries"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''barantiy''' "they carry" [[Modern Persian|NPers]] bordan "to carry" [[Kurdish languages| |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''baraiti''' "(he) carries"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''barantiy''' "they carry"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''bordan''' "to carry"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''birin''' "to carry, to take" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''berǫ (bĭrati)''' "to carry" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''berǫ (bĭrati)''' "to carry" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''berti''' "to pour non liquid" |
| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''berti''' "to pour non liquid" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''biru''' "I carry"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''beru''' "to flow" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''biru''' "I carry"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''beru''' "to flow" |
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| '''berem''' "I carry" |
| '''berem''' "I carry" |
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| '''bie''' "I carry" |
| '''bie''' "I carry"; '''barrë''' "load, burden" |
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| '''{{PIE|* |
| '''{{PIE|*weǵʰ-}}''' "to convey" |
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| '''weigh''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wegan'' "carry"); '''way''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''weġ''); '''wain''' "wagon" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wæġn''){{efn|'''wagon''' is a loan-word from Dutch.}} |
| '''weigh''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wegan'' "carry"); '''way''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''weġ''); '''wain''' "wagon" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wæġn''){{efn|'''wagon''' is a loan-word from Dutch.}} |
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| '''ga-wigan''' "to move, shake" |
| '''ga-wigan''' "to move, shake" |
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| '''vehō (vehere)''' "to convey" |
| '''vehō (vehere)''' "to convey" |
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| [[Pamphylian Greek|Pamphylian]] '''wekʰétō''' "he should bring"; [[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]] '''éwekse''' "brought there" |
| [[Pamphylian Greek|Pamphylian]] '''wekʰétō''' "he should bring"; [[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]] '''éwekse''' "brought there" |
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| '''váhati''' "(he) drives" |
| '''váhati''' "(he) drives"; '''[[vahana|vahana-]]''' (< ''vah'') "divine mount or vehicle of Hindu deities" (lit. "a carrying") |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vazaiti''' "(he) leads, carries" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vazaiti''' "(he) leads, carries" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vezǫ (vesti)''' "to drive" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vezǫ (vesti)''' "to drive" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''weztun''' "to ride", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''vežti''' "to drive" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''weztun''' "to ride", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''vežti''' "to drive" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''fēn''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''gwain''' (type of wagon) < ''* |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''fēn''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''gwain''' (type of wagon) < ''*weǵʰ-no-''; [[Welsh language|W]] '''arwain''' "to lead" |
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| '''vjedh''' "I steal" |
| '''vjedh''' "I steal" |
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| [[Hieroglyphic Luwian|Hier Luw]] '''wa-zi/a-''' "drive" |
| [[Hieroglyphic Luwian|Hier Luw]] '''wa-zi/a-''' "drive" |
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|{{anchor|yewg-}}'''{{PIE|*yew-, *yewg-}}'''<br /> "to join, yoke, tie together"<br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 1381-1384</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 508-510</ref><br />(See also [[#yugóm|yugóm]]) |
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| '''{{PIE|*H₂eĝ-}}''' "to lead, drive" |
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|[[Old Norse|ON]] '''eykr''' <br /> ''draft animal'';<br />[[Old Norse|ON]] '''eyki''' <br /> ''vehicle, cart'' |
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|'''iungō'''<br /> "I yoke, join" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''join, joinder, joint, junction, juncture, conjugal, conjugate, conjunct, adjunct, injunction, rejoin, rejoinder, jostle, joust, adjust''', etc.}};<br />'''iūxtā'''<br /> "nearly; near, close to";<br />'''coniunx, coniux'''<br /> "spouse, partner (husband or wife)" |
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|'''zeúgnūmi'''<br /> "I yoke, saddle; join, link together";<br />'''zeûgma'''<br /> "band, bond, that which is used for joining; bridge of boats";<br />'''zeûgos'''<br /> "pair, two things, persons or animals seen as a pair" |
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|'''yunákti'''<br /> "(s/he) yokes, harnesses, joins";<br />'''yóga-'''<br /> "yoking, act of joining; yoke, team, vehicle; employment, use, performance; remedy, cure; means, device, way, manner, method; trick, fraud; undertaking; connection, relation; fitness, suitability; application, concentration, union, yoga";<ref>Monier Williams, pp. 856-857.</ref><br />'''yóktra-'''<br /> "fastening or tying instrument; rope, thong, halter";<br />'''yugmá-'''<br /> "pair, couple; Gemini (zodiac sign); junction, confluence";<br />'''yújya-'''<br /> "union, alliance";<br />'''yugya-'''<br /> "a vehicle, chariot; draft animal";<br />'''yuj''' (root noun)<br /> "a yoke-fellow, companion, associate; pair, couple; the [[Divine twins|Aśvins]]" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''jungiu''' "I join" |
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| '''{{PIE|*h₂eǵ-}}''' "to lead, drive" |
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| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''aka''' "to drive" |
| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''aka''' "to drive" |
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| '''ágō''' "I lead" |
| '''ágō''' "I lead" |
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| '''ájati''' "(he) drives" |
| '''ájati''' "(he) drives" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''azaiti''' "(he) drives" [[Kurdish languages| |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''azaiti''' "(he) drives"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''ajotin''' "to drive" |
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| '''ehati''' "to drive" |
| '''ehati''' "to drive" |
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|'''*h₂eḱs-''' "axis, axle" < '''*h₂eǵ-'''<ref name=Beekesp37/><ref>Pokorny, p. 4.</ref> |
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| '''{{PIE|*dʰeH₁-, dʰH̥₁-}}''' "to place, put" |
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|[[Old English language|OE]] ''eax'' |
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|'''axis''' "axle" |
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|'''ákṣa-''' "axle" |
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| Russian '''osь''' "axis, axle" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''ašis''' "axle" |
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|'''ashkë''' “wood splinter <'''PAlb''' a(k)škā “axis” |
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| '''{{PIE|*dʰeh₁-, dʰh₁-}}''' "to place, put" |
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| '''do''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''dōn'') |
| '''do''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''dōn'') |
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| '''deds''' "deed" |
| '''deds''' "deed" |
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| '''faciō (facere)''' "to do" < ''{{PIE|* |
| '''faciō (facere)''' "to do" < ''{{PIE|*dʰh₁-k-yoh₂}}''; '''con-ditus''' "built" (orig. "put together"), '''ab-ditus''' "removed" (orig. "put away") < [[Proto-Italic]] ''*-θatos'' < ''{{PIE|*dʰh₁-tos}}'' |
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| '''títʰēmi''' "I put" < ''{{PIE|*dʰí- |
| '''títʰēmi''' "I put" < ''{{PIE|*dʰí-dʰeh₁-mi}}'' |
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| '''dádʰāti''' "(he) puts" < ''{{PIE|*dʰé- |
| '''dádʰāti''' "(he) puts" < ''{{PIE|*dʰé-dʰeh₁-ti}}'' |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''daδāiti''' "(he) puts"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] [[imperfect|impf.]] '''adadā''' "(he) established" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''daδāiti''' "(he) puts"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] [[imperfect|impf.]] '''adadā''' "(he) established" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''děti''' "to lay" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''děti''' "to lay" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''ditun''' "to put", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''dėti''' "to put" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''ditun''' "to put", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''dėti''' "to put" |
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| [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] '''dede''' "he put (pt.)"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''dodi''' "to place, to put";[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''-tarti''' "he gives" < [[Proto-Celtic]] ''*to-ro-ad-dīt'' < ''{{PIE|*- |
| [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] '''dede''' "he put (pt.)"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''dodi''' "to place, to put";[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''-tarti''' "he gives" < [[Proto-Celtic]] ''*to-ro-ad-dīt'' < ''{{PIE|*-dʰeh₁-t}}'' |
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| '''dnel''' "to put"; '''ed''' "he put (past)" |
| '''dnel''' "to put"; '''ed''' "he put (past)" |
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| '''dhatë''' "place, location" < ''{{PIE|* |
| '''dhatë''' "place, location" < ''{{PIE|*dʰh₁-teh₂}}'' |
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| A '''tā-, täs-, tas-''', B '''tes-''' "to lay" < ''{{PIE|* |
| A '''tā-, täs-, tas-''', B '''tes-''' "to lay" < ''{{PIE|*dʰeh₁-s-}}'' |
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| '''dāi''' "puts" |
| '''dāi''' "puts" |
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|{{anchor|stel-}} '''{{PIE|*stel-}}'''<br /> "to put, place, locate; be set, firm" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 2934-2936.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 1019-1020.</ref><ref name=MnA513>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 513.</ref><ref>Monier Williams, p. 1261.</ref> |
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|'''stall''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''steall'');<br />'''stell''' (non-standard) "to place, set up" <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''stellan'') |
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|[[German language|Ger]] '''stellen'''<br /> "to put, place, position" |
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|'''locus''' < '''*stlocus'''<br /> "place, spot, location" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''local''', '''locate, locality, locomotion, allocate''', etc.}};<br />'''stultus, stolidus'''<br /> "foolish, stupid";<br />'''stolō'''<br /> "shoot, branch" > <br />'''stolon''' (botany);<br />'''stolus''' < [[Ancient Greek|AG]] '''stólos'''<br /> "navigation; fleet equipment" |
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|'''stéllō'''<br /> "I send; make ready, prepare; summon";<br />'''stólos'''<br /> "expedition; army, fleet";<br />'''apóstolos'''<br /> "one sent forth; messenger, envoy" > <br /> '''apostle''';<br />'''epistolḗ''' < '''epistéllō'''<br /> "message, letter; commission; will" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''epistle''', '''pistle''', '''epistolary''', etc.}};<br />'''stḗlē'''<br /> "block of stone, buttress; boundary post" > <br /> '''stele, stela''' |
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|'''sthala-'''<br /> "place, ground, location" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''stĭlati''' "to spread" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''stalas''' "table" |
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|'''shtjell''' “loosen, I wind up” |
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| '''{{PIE|*deH₃-, dʰH̥₃-}}''' "to give" |
| '''{{PIE|*deH₃-, dʰH̥₃-}}''' "to give" |
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| '''dō (dare)''' "to give" |
| '''dō (dare)''' "to give";<br /> '''dator''' "giver, donor";<br /> '''dōnum''' "gift" |
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| '''dídōmi''' "I give" |
| '''dídōmi''' "I give" |
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| '''dádāti''' "(he) gives" |
| '''dádāti''' "(he) gives";<br /> '''dātṛ''' "giver, donor";<br /> '''dānam''' "gift, giving" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dadāiti''' "(he) gives"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] [[Morphology (linguistics)|impv.]] '''dadātuv''' "let him give" [[Modern Persian|NPers]] dãdan "to give" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''dadāiti''' "(he) gives"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] [[Morphology (linguistics)|impv.]] '''dadātuv''' "let him give"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] dãdan "to give" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''damĭ''' "I will give" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''damĭ''' "I will give" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''datun''' "to give", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''duoti''' "to give" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''datun''' "to give", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''duoti''' "to give" |
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| '''dāi''' "takes" |
| '''dāi''' "takes" |
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| '''{{PIE|*kap-}}''' "to grab" |
| '''{{PIE|*kap-}}''' "to grab"<ref>Dnghu, pp. 1446-1449</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 527-528</ref> |
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| '''have''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''habban''), '''heave''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hebban'') |
| '''have''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''habban''), '''heave''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''hebban'');<br />'''haven'''<br /> "hæfen" |
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| '''haban''' "to have", '''hafjan''' "to lift" |
| '''haban''' "to have", '''hafjan''' "to lift" |
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| '''capiō (capere)''' "to take" |
| '''capiō (capere)''' "to take" |
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| '''káptō''' "I snatch, swallow" |
| '''káptō''' "I snatch, swallow";<br />'''kaûkos'''<br /> "cup" > [[Late Latin|Lat]] '''caucus''' |
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| '''kapaṭī''' "two handfuls" |
| '''kapaṭī''' "two handfuls" |
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| [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan''' "to grasp, seize" |
| [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan''' "to grasp, seize" |
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|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] ''' |
|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] '''khapaty''' "to grab" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''kaps''' "grave", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''kapas''' "grave", '''kapt''' "expression to indicate grabbing. |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''kaps''' "grave", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''kapas''' "grave", '''kapt''' "expression to indicate grabbing. |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''cacht''' "female slave", [[Welsh language|W]] '''caeth''' "slave, captive" < ''*kap-tos'' "taken" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''cacht''' "female slave", [[Welsh language|W]] '''caeth''' "slave, captive" < ''*kap-tos'' "taken" |
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| '''habeō (habēre)''' "to have" |
| '''habeō (habēre)''' "to have" |
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| ''' |
| '''gábʰastis''' "forearm, hand" |
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|[[Old Persian|OPers]] '''grab''' "to seize"; [[Kurdish languages| |
|[[Old Persian|OPers]] '''grab''' "to seize"; [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''girtin''' "to take, to seize" |
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|[[Russian language|Russ]]. ''' |
|[[Russian language|Russ]]. '''xvatát''' "to snatch, suffice" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''gabtun''' "to catch", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] ''' |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''gabtun''' "to catch", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''gebėti''' "to have the ability" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''gaibid''' "takes"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''gafael''' "to take hold, to grip" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''gaibid''' "takes"; [[Welsh language|W]] '''gafael''' "to take hold, to grip" |
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| '''dē-fendō (dēfendere)''' "to ward off, defend", '''of-fendō (offendere)''' "to bump, offend" |
| '''dē-fendō (dēfendere)''' "to ward off, defend", '''of-fendō (offendere)''' "to bump, offend" |
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| '''tʰeínō''' "I kill" < ''{{PIE|*gʷʰen-yoH₂}}'', '''épepʰnon''' "I killed" < [[reduplication|redup.]] + ''{{PIE|*gʷʰn-om}}'' |
| '''tʰeínō''' "I kill" < ''{{PIE|*gʷʰen-yoH₂}}'', '''épepʰnon''' "I killed" < [[reduplication|redup.]] + ''{{PIE|*gʷʰn-om}}'' |
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| '''hánti''' "(he) strikes, kills" < ''{{PIE|*gʷʰen-ti}}'', '''gʰnánti''' "they strike, kill" |
| '''hánti''' "(he) strikes, kills" < ''{{PIE|*gʷʰen-ti}}'', '''gʰnánti''' "they strike, kill"; '''vṛtra·han''' "Vṛtra-killer, a name of Indra" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ǰainti''' "(he) strikes, kills", '''ni-γne''' ([[middle voice|mid.]]) "I strike down"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] [[imperfect|impf.]] '''ajanam''' "I struck down" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ǰainti''' "(he) strikes, kills", '''ni-γne''' ([[middle voice|mid.]]) "I strike down"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] [[imperfect|impf.]] '''ajanam''' "I struck down" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ženǫ (gŭnati)''' "drive (animals to pasture)", '''žĭnjǫ (žęti)''' "reap" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ženǫ (gŭnati)''' "drive (animals to pasture)", '''žĭnjǫ (žęti)''' "reap" |
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| '''kuēnzi''' "kills" < ''{{PIE|*gʷʰen-ti}}'' |
| '''kuēnzi''' "kills" < ''{{PIE|*gʷʰen-ti}}'' |
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|'''*bʰeyd-''' "to split, cleave"<ref>Dnghu, p. 346</ref> |
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| '''{{PIE|*leikʷ-, *li-ne-kʷ-}}''' "to leave behind" |
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|'''bit''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''bite'');'''bite''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''bitan''); '''bait''' (< [[Old Norse|ON]] ''beita'') |
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|'''findō'' "I split"; <br />'''fissus''' < '''fid·tus''' "split";<br />'''fissiō''' "splitting, fission" |
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|'''bhid-, bhinátti''' "(s/he) splits, breaks";<br /> '''bhedati''' "(s/he) splits"; '''bhinná''' < '''bhid·ná''' "split, cloven" |
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|'''{{PIE|*der-}}''' "to tear, crack; split, separate"<ref>Dnghu, p. 613</ref> |
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|'''tear''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''teran'');<br />'''turd''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tord'') |
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|'''*taurþs''' "destruction, a teardown" |
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|'''dérō''' "to skin, flay";<br />'''dérma''' "skin, hide" |
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|'''dṛṇā́ti''' "(s/he) tears, rends, rips; splits open, bursts" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''dĭrati''' "to tear, flay" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''dirti''' "to skin" |
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|'''djerr''' “I destroy <PIE ''*dr̥-néH-ti'' |
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|'''{{PIE|*bʰreg-}}''' "to break"<ref>Dnghu, p. 488</ref> |
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|'''break''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''brecan''); <br />'''breech, breeches''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''brēċ'') |
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|'''frango''' "I break, shatter";<br />'''frāctus''' "broken";<br />'''fragilis''' "breakable" |
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|{{anchor|sek-}}'''{{PIE|*sek-}}'''<br /> "to cut off, sever"<ref>Dnghu, pp. 2660-2661</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 895-896</ref>{{efn|Some of these words might instead derive from '''*sekʷ-''' "to follow"}} |
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|'''saw''' (tool) (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sagu'');<br />'''sax''' "slate hammer" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''seax'');<br />'''seax''' (directly borrowed from [[Old English language|OE]] ''seax'');<br />'''zax''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''seax'');<br />'''Saxon''' (< [[Proto-Germanic]] *''sahsą'' “rock, knife”) |
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|'''secō, sectum''' "I cut, cut off; cleave; castrate; wound; hurt" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''sect''' (or possibly from Lat. '''sequi''', "follow"), '''-sect, sectile, section, sector, dissect, insect, intersect, resect, transect''', etc.}};<br />'''segmen''', '''segmentum''' "piece; a cutting, cut; slice; segment";<br />'''signum''' "sign, mark, signal; seal, signet; emblem, etc";<br />'''sexus''' "division; sex; gender";<br />'''saxum''' "stone, rock" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''sěšti''' "to cut, to mow"<br /> [[Polish language|Pol]] '''siekać''' "to cut" |
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|'''shat/shatë''' “mattock, hoe” <'''PIE''' ''*sēk-teh₂-'' |
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|{{anchor|(s)ker-}}'''{{PIE|*(s)ker-}}'''<br /> "to cut"<ref>Dnghu, pp. 2704-2717</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 938-947</ref><br />(See also: [[#sek-|*sek-]]) |
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|'''shear'''<br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''scieran'');<br />'''share'''<br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sċearu'');<br />'''shard''', '''sherd'''<br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sċeard '');<br />'''shred'''<br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sċrēad'');<br />'''scrap'''<br /> (< [[Old Norse language|ON]] ''skrapa'');<br />'''scrape'''<br /> (< [[Old Norse language|ON]] ''skrapa'');<br />'''short'''<br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sċort'');<br />'''screen'''<br /> < [[Proto-Germanic|PGmc]] ''*skirmiz''<br /> "fur, hide" <br /> > [[Yiddish|Yid]] '''shirem''' "umbrella";<br />[[Italian language|Italian]] '''schermo''' "screen";<br />[[Russian language|Russ]] '''šírma'''<br /> "screen, shield";<br />'''shirt'''<br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sċyrte'');<br />'''skirt'''<br /> (< [[Old Norse|ON]] ''skyrta'');<br />'''scar'''<br /> (< [[Proto-Germanic|PGmc]] ''*skardaz''<br /> "gap, cut");<br />'''score'''<br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''scoru'') |
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|'''curtus'''<br /> "short; broken";<br />'''corium'''<br /> "skin, hide, leather";<br />'''carō, carnis''' "flesh, meat, pulp" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''carnal, carnage, carnation, carnival, carrion, caruncle, carnivorous, charnel, charcuterie, incarnate''', etc., [[Spanish language|Spa]] '''carne'''}};<br />'''cēna'''<br /> "dinner, supper ('portion')";<br />'''cortex''' "bark of a tree, cork"<br /> > '''cork''';<br />'''scortum'''<br /> "a skin, hide; harlot";<br />'''scrotum''';<br />'''scrautum''' "a quiver made of hide";<br />'''scrūta''' "rubbish, broken trash" > [[Latin|Lat]] '''scrūtor'''<br /> "I search, examine thoroughly" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''scrutiny, scrutinize''', '''inscrutable''', etc.}};<br />'''scrūpus'''<br /> "a rough sharp stone; anxiety, uneasiness";<br />'''scrūpulus'''<br /> "a small sharp or pointed stone; anxiety, uneasiness, doubt" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''scruple''', '''scrupulous''', etc.}} |
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|'''keírō''' "I shear, shave, cut hair; ravage; destroy; cut short, lessen";<br />'''kormós''' "trunk of a tree; log of timber";<br />'''kérma''' "fragment; coin; cash" |
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|'''kartati''', '''kṛṇátti''', '''kṛntáte''' "(s/he) cuts";<br />'''cárman'''<br /> "skin; hide, pelt";<br />'''kṛtí''' "knife, dagger" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''skora''' "bast, skin";<br />'''kora''' "bark";<br />[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''xrabrŭ''' "brave" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''skersti''' "to cut (especially animal's neck)" |
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|'''shqerr''' “to tear, scratch” <'''PAlb''' *skera |
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|'''{{PIE|*skey-}}'''<br />'''{{PIE|*skeyd-}}'''<br /> "to split, dissect, divide"<ref>Dnghu, pp. 2735-2740</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 919-922</ref><br />(See also: [[#sek-|*sek-]], [[#(s)ker-|*(s)ker-]]) |
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|'''shed''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sċēadan'');<br />'''sheath, sheathe''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sċēaþ'');<br />'''shide''' <br /> "a piece of wood, firewood" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sċīd'');<br />'''shite, shit''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''sċītan'') |
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|'''sciō''' "I can, know, understand, have knowledge" > '''science''';<br />'''scindō, scissus''' "I cut, tear, rend; tear off; destroy" |
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|'''skhízō''' "I split, cleave" > '''schizophrenia''';<br />'''skhísma''' "split, divided; division" > '''schism''';<br />'''skhísis''' "cleaving, parting, division; vulva" |
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|'''chítti''' "split, division";<br />'''√chid-, chinatti''' "(s/he) splits, cuts off, divides"<ref>Monier Williams, p. 406.</ref> |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''cěditi''' "to strain, filter";<br /> '''čistiti''' "to clean, purify";<br />'''štedrŭ''' "generous";<br /> '''štitŭ''' "shield" |
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| [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''skiesti''' "to dilute", '''skaidyti''' "to divide into pieces" |
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|'''shqisë''' “sense” |
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|'''{{PIE|*h₃er-}}''' "to move, to stir; to rise, spring; quarrel, fight"<ref name="Dnghu, pp. 922-932">Dnghu, pp. 922-932</ref><ref name="Pokorny, pp. 326-332">Pokorny, pp. 326-332</ref> |
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|'''orior''' "I rise, get up";<br />'''oriēns''' "rising" > '''orient''';<br />'''origo''' "act, event or process of coming into existence; source" > '''origin''' |
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|'''órnūmi''' "I set upon, awaken, raise, excite, stir up";<br />'''oûros''' "fair wind";<br />'''éris''' "strife, quarrel; rivalry" |
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|'''ṛṇoti''' "to attack, rise";<br />'''ṛtí''' "quarrel, strife; attack" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ratĭ''' "war, battle" |
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|'''{{PIE|*h₃reyH-}}''' "to move, set in motion; flow, stream (of water); pour, rain; churn"<ref name="Dnghu, pp. 922-932"/><ref name="Pokorny, pp. 326-332"/> |
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|'''ride''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''rīdan'');<br />'''raid''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''rād'');<br />'''run''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''iernan'');<br />'''-rith''' "small stream (found in surnames and placenames)"(< [[Old English language|OE]] ''rīþ'') |
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|'''rīvus''' "stream" > '''rival''' (lit. "using the same stream as another"), '''derive''';<br />'''irrīto''' "to irritate" |
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|'''riṇā́ti''' "to make flow, release";<br />'''rītí''' "motion, course; current; custom, rite";<br />'''rétas''' "flow, gush, current, stream; seed, sperm" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''rinǫti''' "to push, shove" |
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|[[Gaulish language|Gau]] '''rēda''' "chariot";<br />[[Gaulish language|Gau]] '''rēnos''' "river, waterway" > [[Latin language|Lat]] '''Rhēnus''' > '''Rhine''' |
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|'''re''' “clouds” <'''PAlb''' *rina |
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|{{anchor|selǵ-}} '''{{PIE|*selǵ-}}'''<br /> "to let go, send, release" <br /><ref>Dnghu, p. 2594.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 900-901.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA391>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 391.</ref><ref>Monier Williams, p. 1245.</ref> |
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|'''sulk''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''āsolcen'' < ''āseolcan'' "to be slow; weak, slothful") |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt-->'''sṛjáti'''<br /> "(it) lets go, discharges, emits";<br />'''sarjáyati'''<br /> "causes to let loose, creates";<br />'''sṛṣṭá-'''<br /> "let go, discharged, abandoned";<br />'''sṛ́ṣṭi'''<br /> "letting go, emission; production, procreation; creation, creation of the world";<br />'''sárga-'''<br /> "pouring, rush";<br />'''sṛká-'''<br /> "arrow, spear" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|kʷel-}} '''{{PIE|*kʷel-, kʷelh₁-}}'''<br /> "to turn" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 1800-1802.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 639-640.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA494>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 494.</ref><ref>Monier Williams, p. 389.</ref><ref>Helmut, p. 386.</ref><br />(See also [[#kʷekʷlo-|*kʷekʷlo-]]) |
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|'''halse''' "neck, throat" <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''heals'') |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl-->'''colō'''<br /> "I till, cultivate (land); inhabit";<br />'''cultus'''<br /> "tilled, cultivated" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''cult, culture, cultivate, incult''', etc.}};<br />'''colōnus'''<br /> "farmer; colonist, inhabitant";<br />'''-cola'''<br /> "inhabitant; tiller, cultivator; worshipper";<br />'''colōnia'''<br /> "colony, settlement; possession" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''colony, colonial''', etc.}};<br />'''collum'''<br /> "neck , throat (one that turns)" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''collar, accolade, decollate''', etc}};<br />'''inquilīnus'''<br /> "sojourner, tenant, lodger"{{efn|Not related to Spanish '''alquilar'''}} |
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|<!--Hel-->'''pélō'''<br /> "in motion, go; become";<br />'''pólos'''<br /> "pivot, hinge; axis, pole star" > '''pole''';<br />'''pálin'''<br /> "back, backwards; again, once more" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''palindrome''', '''palimpsest, palinode'''}};<br />'''télos'''<br /> "completion, maturity; fulfilment; result, product" > '''teleology''', etc.;<br />'''Aristotélēs'''<br /> "excellent perfection";<br />'''teléō'''<br /> "bring about, complete, fulfill; perform, accomplish";<br />'''têle'''<br /> "far off, far away" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag| '''telegraph''', '''television''', etc.}};<br />'''pálai'''<br /> "long ago";<br />'''palaiós'''<br /> "old, aged; ancient" > '''paleolithic''', etc. |
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|<!--Skt-->'''cárati'''<br /> "it moves, walks, stirs; travels";<br />'''caraṇa-, calana-'''<br /> "motion; action; behavior, conduct" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''kologŭ''' "Yule (lit. turn)";<br />'''kolovrotŭ'''<br /> "circulation, whirlpool; wheel and axle";<br />[[Bulgarian language|Bul]] '''kolovóz'''<br /> "rut, wheel track";<br />'''koláč'''<br /> "a type of (round) bread" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|'''sjell''' “to turn, to bring” <'''PAlb''' *tšela |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|welH-}} '''{{PIE|*welH-, *wel-}}'''<br /> "to turn, to wind, roll" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 3299-3305.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 1140-1144.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA378>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 378.</ref><ref>Monier Williams, p. 927.</ref><ref>Helmut (2001), p. 677.</ref> |
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|'''wallow''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wielwan'');<br />'''well (up)''' (gush) <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wellan, willan'');<br />'''well''' (water source, where the water 'wells up') <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wielle'');<br />'''wall''' (to boil, spring) <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''weallan'');<br />'''walk''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wealcan'');<br />'''wale''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''walu'' "ridge, bank") |
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|<!--Gmc-->'''walwjan'''<br /> "to roll";<br />[[German language|Ger]] '''Walz''' (< '''walzen''' "to dance")<br /> "the waltz";<br />'''Welle'''<br /> "wave" |
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|<!--Itl-->'''volvō'''<br /> "I roll, tumble" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''evolve, revolve, involve, involucrum, convolve, devolve, voluble''' etc.;}}<br />'''volūmen'''<br /> "roll, scroll, book; turn; fold" > '''volume''';<br />'''vallis'''<br /> "valley; hollow" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''vale, valley'''}};<br />'''vallum'''<br /> "wall, rampart";<br />'''intervallum'''<br /> "space between walls" > '''interval''';<br />'''volūcra'''<br /> "a worm, caterpillar";<br />'''valgus'''<br /> "knock-kneed, unstraight";<br />'''valva'''<br /> "folding door" > '''valve''';<br />'''vulva'''<br /> "womb" |
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|<!--Hel-->'''eilúō'''<br /> "I wrap, enfold; crawl";<br />'''hélix'''<br /> "anything twisted" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''helix, helical, helicopter'''}};<br />'''hólmos'''<br /> "round, smooth stone; cylindrical bow, dial" |
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|<!--Skt-->'''valati, valate'''<br /> "(it) turns, turns to; moves to; covers";<br />'''úlba-'''<br /> "cover, envelope; womb, vulva";<br />'''valayá-'''<br /> "coil";<br />'''ūrmí'''<br /> "wave" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vlĭna''' "wave";<br />'''vlŭnenije'''<br /> "undulation, swell; turmoil, agitation";<br />[[Russian language|Russ]] '''valítʹ'''<br /> "to knock down, kill; cut, fell";<br />'''val'''<br /> "roller, billow; rampart; shaft" |
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|<!--Blt-->[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''vilnìs''' "wave" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm-->[[Classical Armenian|OldArm]] '''geł''' "snake, dragon" |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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|{{anchor|weyp-}} '''{{PIE|*weyp- or *weyb-}}'''<br /> "to shake, tremble, agitate; sway, swing; turn, wind" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 3274-3275.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 1131-1132.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA378/><ref>Monier Williams, p. 972.</ref><ref>Rix (2001), p. 671.</ref> |
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|'''wipe''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wīpian'');<br />'''whip''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''wippen'');<br />'''weave''' ("to wander") <br /> (< [[Old Norse|ON]] ''veifa'' "wave, flag");<br />[[Old English language|OE]] ''wifer'' "arrow, missile; sword";<br />'''swivel'''<br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''swifan + el'');<br />'''waive''' < '''waif''' ("ownerless, homeless") <br /> (< [[Old Norse|ON]] ''veif'');{{efn|Probably}}<br />'''gimp''' <br /> (< [[Frankish language|OF]] ''wimpil'' "head scarf");<br />'''gimlet''' <br /> (< [[Anglo-Norman language|AF]] ''wimble'' "drill")> |
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|<!--Gmc-->'''biwaibjan'''<br /> "to wind around, wrap";<br />'''faurwaipjan'''<br /> "to bind, muzzle" |
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|<!--Itl-->'''vibrō'''<br /> "I shake, agitate; tremble; glimmer" > '''veer''', '''vibrate''', etc. |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt-->'''vip-, vépate'''<br /> "it trembles, shakes, shivers, vibrates, quivers";<br />'''viprá-'''<br /> "excited, stirred; inspired" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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|<!--Blt-->[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''viẽpti''' "to make a face, gape";<br />'''vaipī́tis'''<br /> "to grimace, bend";<br />'''vī́burti'''<br /> "to swing, turn around" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*leykʷ-, *li-ne-kʷ-}}''' "to leave behind" |
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| [[Old English language|OE]] '''lēon''' "to lend" |
| [[Old English language|OE]] '''lēon''' "to lend" |
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| '''leiƕan''' "to lend" |
| '''{{transliteration|got|leiƕan}}''' "to lend" |
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| '''linquō (linquere)''' "to leave behind" |
| '''linquō (linquere)''' "to leave behind" |
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| '''leípō, limpánō''' "I leave behind" |
| '''leípō, limpánō''' "I leave behind" |
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| '''riṇákti''' "(he) leaves behind", 3rd. pl. '''riñcanti''' "they leave behind" |
| '''riṇákti''' "(he) leaves behind", 3rd. pl. '''riñcanti''' "they leave behind" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''-irinaxti''' "(he) frees"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''rēxtan''' "to pour out" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''-irinaxti''' "(he) frees"; [[Modern Persian|NPers]] '''rēxtan''' "to pour out" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OBulg]] '''otŭ-lěkŭ''' "something left over", '''lišiti''' "to rob" < ''{{PIE|*leikʷ-s-}}'' |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OBulg]] '''otŭ-lěkŭ''' "something left over", '''lišiti''' "to rob" < ''{{PIE|*leikʷ-s-}}'', [[Ukrainian language|Ukr]] '''lyshyty''' "to leave behind"<ref>{{Cite web|title=ЛИШИТИ — ЕТИМОЛОГІЯ {{!}} Горох — українські словники|url=https://goroh.pp.ua/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F/%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8|website=goroh.pp.ua|access-date=2021-02-07|language=uk}}</ref> |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''palaistun''' "to leave behind", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''likti''' "to stay" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''palaistun''' "to leave behind", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''likti''' "to stay" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''lēicid''' "(he) leaves behind, releases" |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''lēicid''' "(he) leaves behind, releases" |
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| Line 2,734: | Line 5,174: | ||
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|{{anchor|Hrewk-}}'''{{PIE|*Hrewk-}}'''<br /> "to dig, till (soil)";<br />'''{{PIE|*HrewH-}}'''<br /> "to dig, to root"<ref name="Dnghu, pp. 2515-2521">Dnghu, pp. 2515-2521</ref><ref name="Pokorny, pp. 868-871">Pokorny, pp. 868-871</ref><br />(See also [[#Hrew-|*Hrew-]], [[#Hrewp-|*Hrewp-]]) |
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|'''rock''' (as in 'to move, sway') (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''roccian'');<br />'''rag''' (< [[Old Norse language|ON]] ''rǫggr'') |
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| |
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|'''runcō''' "I weed, clear of weeds, weed out";<br />'''ruō''' "I dig out";<br />'''rutrum''' "shovel" |
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|'''luñcati''' "(s/he) plucks, pulls out, tears off; peels" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''ryti''' "to dig";<br />[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''rylo''' "spade, snouts" |
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|{{anchor|Hrewp-}}'''{{PIE|*Hrewp-}}'''<br /> "to break, tear up"<ref name="Dnghu, pp. 2515-2521"/><ref name="Pokorny, pp. 868-871"/><br />(See also [[#Hrew-|*Hrew-]], [[#Hrewk-|*Hrewk-]]) |
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|'''reave, reeve, reve, bereave''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''(be)rēofan'') |
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|'''rumpō''' "I break, burst, tear, rend; split" > '''rout''', '''ruption''', '''abrupt''', etc. |
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|'''rópa-''' "disturbing, confusing; fissure";<br />'''lopa-''' "breaking, injury, destruction" |
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|'''*h₁reh₁-''' "to row"<ref name=Beekesp37/><ref>Pokorny, p. 338.</ref> |
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|'''rudder''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''rōþor'') |
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|'''rēmus''' "oar" |
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|'''erétēs''' "(in the plural) oars" |
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|'''áritra-''' "propelling, driving" |
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| Line 2,754: | Line 5,238: | ||
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|<!-- PIE --> |
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| '''{{PIE|*dʰĝʰyés}}''' "yesterday" |
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{{anchor|nu-}} |
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'''{{PIE|*nu-}}'''<br /> "now" <br /> |
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<ref>Dnghu, p. 2213.</ref> |
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<ref>Pokorny, p. 770.</ref> |
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<ref name=MnA300>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 300.</ref> |
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<ref>Monier Williams, p. 567.</ref> |
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|<!-- English --> |
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'''now''', <br />[[Scottish English|Scot]] '''noo''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''nū'') |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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'''nu'''<br /> "now" |
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|<!--Itl--> |
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'''num, nunc (num + -ce)'''<br /> "now"; <br /> |
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'''nūper'''<br /> "lately, recently" |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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'''nûn, nun, nu'''<br /> "now" |
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|<!--Skt--> |
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'''nú'''<br /> "now, so now, now then; at once";<br /> |
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'''nū́'''<br /> "now";<br /> |
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'''nūtane'''<br /> "current, present" |
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|<!--Irn-->[[Avestan]] '''nū''' "now" |
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|<!--Sla--> |
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[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] |
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'''nyně''' "now";<br /> |
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'''nŭ'''<br /> "but" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] ''' nū, nù''' "now";<br /> |
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'''nũn'''<br /> "now, today";<br /> |
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'''nūnaĩ'''<br /> "now, today, nowadays" |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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'''nu'''<br /> "when";<br /> |
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'''ni'''<br /> "now";<br /> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit-->'''nu'''<br /> "now, and" |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*dʰǵʰyés}}''' "yesterday" |
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| '''yesterday''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ġeostra'') |
| '''yesterday''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ġeostra'') |
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| '''gistra-''' "tomorrow (?)" |
| '''gistra-''' "tomorrow (?)" |
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| '''heri''' "yesterday" |
| '''heri''' "yesterday" |
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| '''kʰtʰés''' "yesterday" |
| '''kʰtʰés''' "yesterday" |
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| ''' |
| '''hyás''' "yesterday" < ''*ǵʰyés'' |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zyō''', [[Old Persian]] '''diya(ka)''' "yesterday" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zyō''', [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''diya(ka)''' "yesterday" |
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| Line 2,774: | Line 5,295: | ||
| '''nox (noctis)''' "night" |
| '''nox (noctis)''' "night" |
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| '''núks (núktos)''' "night" |
| '''núks (núktos)''' "night" |
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| '''nák''' (instr. pl. ''' |
| '''nák''' (instr. pl. '''náktīs''') "night" |
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|[[Proto-Iranian language|Proto-Iranian]] '''*náxts |
|[[Proto-Iranian language|Proto-Iranian]] '''*náxts''', [[Kurdish languages|Kurd]] '''nixte''' "rainy, cloudy (lack of sunlight)" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''noštĭ''' "night" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''noštĭ''' "night" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''nakts''' "night", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''naktis''' "night" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''nakts''' "night", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''naktis''' "night" |
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| Line 2,782: | Line 5,303: | ||
| '''natë''' "night" |
| '''natë''' "night" |
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| A '''n[a]ktim''' "nightly", B '''nekciye''' "in the evening" |
| A '''n[a]ktim''' "nightly", B '''nekciye''' "in the evening" |
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| '''nekuz''' (gen. sg.) "of evening" |
| '''nekuz''' (gen. sg.) "of evening", '''nekuzzi''' "it becomes dark" |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*wek(ʷ)speros}}''' "evening" |
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|'''vesper''' "evening" |
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|'''hésperos''' "of the evening; western"{{efn|See also '''[[Hesperus]]''' "evening star"; '''[[Hesperides]]''' "daughters of the evening; nymphs of the west".}} |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''večerŭ''' "evening"; [[Russian mythology|Rus]] '''[[Zorya]] <u>Vechernyaya</u>''' "deity of the evening star" |
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|[[Latvian language|Latv]] '''vakars''', [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''vãkaras''' "evening"; '''[[List of Lithuanian gods and mythological figures|Vakarine]]''' "goddess of the evening star" |
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|[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''ucher''' "evening" |
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|[[Old Armenian|OArm]] '''gišer''' "night; darkness" |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*[[h₂éwsōs |
| '''{{PIE|*[[h₂éwsōs]]}}''' "dawn", '''{{PIE|*h₂ews-tero-}}''' "east", '''{{PIE|*h₂ewso-}}''' "gold" |
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| '''eastern''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ēasterne'') |
| '''eastern''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ēasterne'') |
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| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''austr''' "east" |
| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''austr''' "east" |
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| '''aurōra''' "dawn", '''aurum''' "gold" |
| '''aurōra''' "dawn" (< ''*ausōsa'', by [[Rhotacism (sound change)|rhot]]), '''aurum''' "gold" (< ''*ausom'') |
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| [[Doric Greek|Doric]] '''āṓs''' "dawn" |
| [[Doric Greek|Doric]] '''āṓs''' "dawn"; [[Aeolic Greek|Aeolic]] '''aúōs''', '''ā́wōs''' "dawn" |
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| ''' |
| '''uṣās (uṣásas)''', acc. '''uṣā́sam''' "dawn" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ušā̊ (ušaŋhō)''', acc. '''ušā̊ŋhǝm''' "dawn" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ušā̊ (ušaŋhō)''', acc. '''ušā̊ŋhǝm''' "dawn" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''(j)utro''' "morning |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''(j)utro''' "morning" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''austra''' "dawn", '''auss''' "gold" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''austra''' "dawn", '''auss''' "gold"; [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''aušra''' "dawn", '''auksas''' "gold"; [[Latvian language|Latv]] '''ausma''', '''ausmina''' "dawn" |
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| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''fāir''' "sunrise", [[Welsh language|W]] '''gwawr''' "dawn" < ''*wōsri-'' |
| [[Old Irish|OIr]] '''fāir''' "sunrise", [[Welsh language|W]] '''gwawr''' "dawn" < ''*wōsri-'' |
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| ?'''os-ki''' "gold" |
| ?'''os-ki''' "gold" |
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| Line 2,799: | Line 5,335: | ||
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|- |
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|{{anchor|ken-}} '''{{PIE|*ken-}}'''<br /> "to arise, begin" <br /><ref>Dnghu, p. 1524.</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 563-564.</ref><br /><ref name=MnA489>Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 489.</ref><ref>Monier Williams, p. 249.</ref> |
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| '''{{PIE|*ĝʰyem-, ĝʰeim-}}''' "winter" |
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|'''begin''' <br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''beginnan'') |
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|<!--Gmc-->'''duginnan'''<br /> "to begin" |
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|<!--Itl-->'''recēns'''<br /> "new, fresh, young" > '''recent''' |
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|<!--Hel-->'''kainós'''<br /> "new, recent; fresh, unused; unusual" > '''Cenozoic''' |
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|<!--Skt-->'''kanyā̀, kaníyā'''<br /> "maiden, virgin; daughter";<br />'''kanī́na-'''<br /> "young, youthful" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''načęti''' "to begin";<br />'''konŭ'''<br /> "beginning, end";<br />'''konĭcĭ'''<br /> "end";<br />'''zakonŭ'''<br /> "law";<br />'''štenę'''<br /> "young animal" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt--> |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|<!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|- |
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| '''{{PIE|*ǵʰyem-, ǵʰeym-}}''' "winter" |
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| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''gói''' "winter month" |
| [[Old Norse|ON]] '''gói''' "winter month" |
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| '''hiems''' "winter" |
| '''hiems''' "winter" |
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| '''kʰeĩma''' "winter" |
| '''kʰeĩma''' "winter" |
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| '''híma''' "winter" |
| '''híma'''- "winter", '''hemantá-''' "in winter" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zyā̊''' (acc. '''zyąm''', gen. '''zimō''') "winter" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''zyā̊''' (acc. '''zyąm''', gen. '''zimō''') "winter" |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''zima''' "winter" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''zima''' "winter" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''zeima''' "winter", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''žiema''' "winter" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''zeima''' "winter", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''žiema''' "winter" |
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| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''Giamonios''' "winter month";{{efn|Attested in the [[Coligny calendar]], written in [[Gaulish language]].}}<ref |
| [[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''Giamonios''' "winter month";{{efn|Attested in the [[Coligny calendar]], written in [[Gaulish language]].}}<ref name="Blažek 2008 Gaulish language"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duval |first1=Paul-Marie |title=Observations sur le Calendrier de Coligny, IV |journal=Études Celtiques |date=1964 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=7–45 |doi=10.3406/ecelt.1964.1383 }}</ref> |
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[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''gam''' "winter", '''gem-adaig''' "winter night"; [[Old Welsh|OW]] '''gaem''' "winter" |
[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''gam''' "winter", '''gem-adaig''' "winter night"; [[Old Welsh|OW]] '''gaem''' "winter" |
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| '''jmeṙ''' "winter", '''jiwn''' "snow" |
| '''jmeṙ''' "winter", '''jiwn''' "snow" |
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| [[Gheg]] '''dimën''', [[Tosk]] '''dimër(ë)''' "winter" |
| [[Gheg]] '''dimën''', [[Tosk]] '''dimër(ë)''' "winter" |
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|? A '''śärme''' "winter"; ? B '''śimpriye''' "winter".{{efn|[[Douglas Q. Adams]] reads the words as "winter, wintry", although there are other interpretations.<ref>Adams, Douglas Q. ''A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged''. Amsterdam - New York, NY: Rodopi. 2013. p. 690. {{ISBN|978-90-420-3671-0}}</ref><ref>Adams, Douglas Q. "The Tocharian B word for 'solstice'?". In: ''Tocharian and Indo-European Studies''. Vol. 12. Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen. 2011. pp. 48-49. {{ISBN|978-87-635-3649-3}}</ref>}} |
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| '''gimmanza''' "winter" |
| '''gimmanza''' "winter", '''gimi''' "in winter" |
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| '''{{PIE|*semh₂-}}''' "summer" |
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| '''summer''' (< [[Old English]] ''sumor'') |
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| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''sumar''', [[Old Icelandic|OIc]] '''sumar''' "summer" |
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| '''sámā''' "season; year" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''ham-''' "summer"; [[Modern Persian|Pers]] '''hâmin''' "summer"; [[Khotanese language|Khot]]-[[Saka language|Saka]] '''hamāñarva''' "summer season" |
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| [[Gaulish|Gaul]] '''Samon(ios)''' "summer month"; |
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[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''sam''' "summer"; [[Old Welsh|OW]] '''ham''', [[Old Breton|OBret]] '''ham''' "summer" |
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| [[Old Armenian|OArm]] '''am''' "year", '''amaṙn''' "summer" |
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| A '''şme''' "summer"; B '''ṣmāye''' "summer" (adj.), '''ywārś-ṣmañe''' "midsummer"<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004362253_002 |chapter=On the Word ṣau Found in the Kuchean Secular Documents |title=Great Journeys across the Pamir Mountains |year=2018 |pages=1–19 |isbn=978-90-04-36222-2 |first1=Chao-jung |last1=Ching }}</ref> |
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| '''{{PIE|*wés-r̥, wes-n-és}}''' "spring" |
| '''{{PIE|*wés-r̥, wes-n-és}}''' "spring" |
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| Line 2,821: | Line 5,388: | ||
| '''(w)éar''' "spring" |
| '''(w)éar''' "spring" |
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| '''vasan-tá-''' "spring" |
| '''vasan-tá-''' "spring" |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vaŋri''' "in spring"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] ''' |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''vaŋri''' "in spring"; [[Old Persian|OPers]] '''θūra-vāhara-''' |
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| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vesna''' "spring" |
| [[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''vesna''' "spring" |
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| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''wassara''' "spring", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''vasara''' "summer", '''pavasaris''' "spring", '''vėsu''' "cool" |
| [[Old Prussian|OPrus]] '''wassara''' "spring", [[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''vasara''' "summer", '''pavasaris''' "spring", '''vėsu''' "cool" |
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| Line 2,833: | Line 5,400: | ||
| '''wether''' "castrated male sheep" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''weþer''), |
| '''wether''' "castrated male sheep" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''weþer''), |
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| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''widar''' "male sheep", [[Middle High German|MHG]] '''vert''' "last year" <- '''{{PIE|*per-ut-}}''', [[Old Norse|ON]] '''fjorð''' "last year" <- '''{{PIE|*per-ut-}}''' |
| [[Old High German|OHG]] '''widar''' "male sheep", [[Middle High German|MHG]] '''vert''' "last year" <- '''{{PIE|*per-ut-}}''', [[Old Norse|ON]] '''fjorð''' "last year" <- '''{{PIE|*per-ut-}}''' |
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| '''vetus (veteris)''' "old |
| '''vetus (veteris)''' "old" |
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| '''(w)étos''' "year", '''pérusi''' "last year" |
| '''(w)étos''' "year", '''pérusi''' "last year" |
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| '''vatsá-, vatsará-''' "year", '''par-út''' "last year" |
| '''vatsá-, vatsará-''' "year", '''par-út''' "last year" |
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| Line 2,845: | Line 5,412: | ||
| '''witt-''' "year" |
| '''witt-''' "year" |
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|'''*h₂et-''' "to go, year"<ref>Dnghu, p. 197</ref> |
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|'''annus''' < '''atnus''' "year" |
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|'''átati''' "(it) goes, walks, wanders"; '''hā́yana-''' "yearly" |
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| '''{{PIE|*yeh₁r-}}''' "year" |
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| '''year''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ġēar'') |
| '''year''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ġēar'') |
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| '''jēr''' "year" |
| '''jēr''' "year" |
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| '''hōrnus''' "this year's" < ''*hōyōr-'' |
| '''hōrnus''' "this year's" < ''*hōyōr-'' |
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| '''hōra''' "time, year" < ''{{PIE|*yoH₁r-}}'' |
| '''hōra''' "time, year" < ''{{PIE|*yoH₁r-}}'' |
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|'''yarhi''' - at which time / when |
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| [[Avestan|Av]] '''yārə''' "year" |
| [[Avestan|Av]] '''yārə''' "year" |
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| [[Russian Church Slavonic|Russ. CH]] '''jara''' "spring" |
| [[Russian Church Slavonic|Russ. CH]] '''jara''' "spring" |
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| [[Old Lithuanian|OLith]] '''Jórė''' "spring festival" |
| [[Old Lithuanian|OLith]] '''Jórė''' "spring festival" |
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| [[Welsh language|W]] '''iâr''' "hen", [[Middle Irish|MIr]] '''eir-īn''' "fowl" |
| [[Welsh language|W]] '''iâr''' "hen", [[Middle Irish|MIr]] '''eir-īn''' "fowl" |
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|'''*h₂óyu''' "long time, lifetime" |
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|'''aiws''' |
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|'''aevum''' '''aeternum, aeternitas''' "lifetime" |
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|'''āyus''' "life, age" (as in the word āyur·veda, "knowledge of (long) life") |
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|[[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''aiu-''' "eternity, longevity"<ref>Delamarre (2003), p. 36.</ref> |
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| Line 2,860: | Line 5,457: | ||
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==Ideas and rituals== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |
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! width="10%"| [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] |
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! width="8%"| [[English language|English]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Gothic language|Gothic]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Classical Latin|Latin]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Ancient Greek]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Sanskrit]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Tocharian language|Tocharian]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
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|- |
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|'''*ǵʰew-''' "to pour, libate, invoke"<ref name=Beekesp40/> |
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|'''god''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''god'' < PIE. '''ǵʰutós''' "invoked, libated") |
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|'''fundō''' "I pour" |
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|'''hotrá''' "libation"; '''hotṛ''' "priest, offerer of libations"; '''juhóti''' "to worship, sacrifice, present an oblation"; '''hóma''' "oblation, a Vedic ritual" |
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|'''gumoj''' “I pour” |
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|'''*h₁yaǵ-''' "to sacrifice, worship"<ref name=Beekesp40/> |
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|'''ieientō''' "to eat breakfast" |
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|'''hágios''' "devoted to the gods, holy, pious" |
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|'''yájati''' "(s/he) worships"; '''yajña''' "worship, devotion, prayer"; '''yájus''' "religious reverence, worship, sacrifice"; |
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|{{anchor|ḱréddʰh₁eti}} '''*ḱréddʰh₁eti''' "to believe" < '''*ḱred-''' “heart” + ''' *dʰh₁eti''' "place"<ref name=Beekesp40/><br />(See also [[#k̂erd-|*k̂erd-]]) |
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|'''crēdō''' "I believe, I trust in, I confide in" (> '''creed''', '''credo''') |
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|'''śraddhā́ ''' "faith, trust, confidence, loyalty", '''śrad-dadʰāti''' "(he) trusts, believes" |
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|[[Avestan|Av]] '''zrazdā-''' "to believe" < ''*srazdā''{{efn|Influenced by ''zǝrǝd'' "heart".}} |
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|[[Old Irish]] '''cretim''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''credaf''' "I believe" |
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|{{anchor|}} '''{{PIE|*gʷerH-}}'''<br /> "to praise, express approval; to elevate" <br /><ref>Dnghu, pp. 1302-1303.</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 478.</ref><ref>Monier Williams, p. 359.</ref> |
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|<!--Gmc--> |
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|<!--Itl-->'''grātus'''<br /> "pleasing";<br />'''grātia'''<br /> "grace, thankfulness";<br />'''grātuītus'''<br /> "freely given, free" |
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|<!--Hel--> |
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|<!--Skt-->'''járate'''<br /> "(s/he) praises, invokes";<br />'''gṛṇā́ti'''<br /> "(s/he) calls, invokes, mentions with praise, extols";<br />'''gūrtá-'''<br /> "agreeable, pleasing, lovely; approved, welcome";<br />'''gūrtí'''<br /> "approval, praise; benediction" |
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|<!--Irn--> |
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|<!--Sla-->[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''žrĭti''' "to sacrifice";<br />'''žrĭtva'''<br /> "sacrifice, offering";<br />'''žrĭcĭ'''<br /> "priest" |
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|<!--Blt--> |
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|<!--Clt-->[[Old Irish|OIr]] '''bard''', [[Welsh language|W]] '''bardd''' "bard" |
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|<!--Arm--> |
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|'''grah''' “ to incite, to roar” <!--Alb--> |
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|<!--Toc--> |
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|<!--Hit--> |
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|'''{{PIE|*h₁wegʷʰ-}}''' "to promise, vow; praise"<ref>Dnghu, p. 955</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 348</ref> |
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|'''voveō, vōtum''' "I vow, promise; dedicate, devote; wish for" |
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|'''eúkhomai''' "I pray, vow, wish for; profess";<br />'''eûkhos''' "prayer, object of prayer; boast; vow" |
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|'''óhate''' "(s/he) says";<br />'''ukthá''' "saying; sentence, verse; eulogy" |
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|[[Avestan|Av]] '''uxδa''' "word" |
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|'''*ḱwen-, *ḱwen-tos''' "holy"<ref name=Beekesp40/><ref name=Majer2017/> |
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|[[Avestan|Av]] '''spəṇta''' "holy"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gonda |first1=J. |title=Origin and Meaning of Avestan spEnta- |journal=Oriens |date=31 December 1949 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=195–203 |doi=10.2307/1579205 |jstor=1579205 }}</ref> |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''svętŭ''' "holy" |
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|[[Lithuanian language|Lith]] '''šveñtas''' "holy" |
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|'''{{PIE|*seh₂k-}}'''<br /> "holy"<ref>Dnghu, p. 2553</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 878</ref> |
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|'''sanciō''' "I render, appoint as sacred; devote, consecrate, dedicate";<br />'''sānctus''' "sacred, made inviolable; venerable, blessed, saintly";<br />'''sacer''' "sacred, holy, dedicated, consecrated; devoted" |
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==Unclassified== |
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<!-- Feel free to move any under here to another class including a freshly created one where it makes more sense - 2021-04-22 --> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" |
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! width="10%"| [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] |
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! width="8%"| [[English language|English]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Gothic language|Gothic]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Classical Latin|Latin]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Ancient Greek]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Sanskrit]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] |
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! width="8%"| [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Tocharian language|Tocharian]] |
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! width="7%"| [[Hittite language|Hittite]] |
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|- |
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|'''*gʰedʰ-''' "to unite, join, suit"<ref>Dnghu, p. 1068</ref> |
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|'''good''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''gōd'');<br />'''gather''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''gaderian''); <br />'''together''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''togædere'') |
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|'''godǔ''' "suitable time, holiday, feast, right time, time, term, year"; {{efn|Range of meanings across the different Slavic languages}}<!-- Opting to provide all the shades of meaning across the Slavic languages, hence not OCS --><br />[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''godina''' "hour; time";<br />'''godĭnŭ'''<br /> "suitable" |
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|'''*bʰed-''' "to improve, make better"<ref>Dnghu, p. 321</ref> |
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|'''better''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''betera'');<br />'''batten''' (< [[Old Norse|ON]] ''batna'' "to grow better, improve, recover");<br />'''boot'''{{efn|as in 'to boot', 'bootless'}} (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''bōt'' "help, relief, advantage, remedy") |
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|'''bhadrá-''' "blessed, auspicious, fortunate, prosperous, happy; good, gracious, friendly, kind; excellent, fair, lovely, pleasant, dear" |
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|'''betë''' “good, right” |
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|'''*h₂el-''' "to grow, nourish"<ref>Dnghu, p. 92</ref> |
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|'''old''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''eald, ald''); '''alderman''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ealdorman'') |
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|'''aljan''' "to cause to grow fat, fatten" |
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|'''*oleō (*olēre)''' "I grow";<br /> '''alō (alere)''' "I foster, I nourish; I raise";<br /> '''alimentum''' "food, nourishment; obligation to one's parents";<br />'''alumnus''' "nourished, fostered";<br />'''alimōnia''' "food, nourishment"; <br />'''altus''' "high, tall";<br /> '''indolēs''' "innate, inborn; talent";<br /> '''adolescēns''' "growing up";<br />'''adultus''' "grown-up, matured" |
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|'''{{PIE|*h₃erdʰ-}}''' "to increase, grow; upright, high"<ref>Dnghu, p. 911</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 339</ref> |
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|'''arbor''' (< [[Old Latin|OLat]] ''arbōs'' < [[Proto-Italic language|PIta]] ''*arðōs'') "tree (high plant)";<br />'''arduus''' "lofty, high, steep, elevated; arduous" |
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|'''orthós''' "straight, upright, erect; straight forward" |
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|'''ūrdhvá''' "rising, raised, erected; upright, high, above";<br />'''ṛ́ddhi''' "growth, increase; prosperity; elevation" |
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|'''*bʰeh₂g-''' "to divide, distribute, allot"<ref>Dnghu, p. 306</ref> |
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|'''baksheesh''' (< Pers '''baxšidan''' "to give, grant, bestow") |
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|'''éphagon''' "I ate, devoured (took my share)" > '''-phagy''', (o)eso'''phagus''' |
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|'''bhakṣá-''' "food, drink, delight"; '''bhájati''' "to distribute, divide, allot, chooe, serve" |
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|'''{{PIE|*deh₂-}}'''<br />'''{{PIE|*deh₂y-}}'''<br /> "to share, divide"<ref name="Dnghu, pp. 538-543">Dnghu, pp. 538-543</ref><ref name="Pokorny, pp. 175-179">Pokorny, pp. 175-179</ref> |
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|'''time''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tīma'');<br />'''tide''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tīd'') |
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|'''daíomai''' "I divide, share; host (a feast)";<br />'''dêmos''' "district, country, land; the common people; free citizens, sovereign people; deme";<br />'''daís''' "feast, banquet";<br />'''daitrós''' "one who carves and portions out meat at table";<br />'''daímōn''' "god, goddess; departed soul; demon" |
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|'''dītí''' "brightness, time";<br />'''dā́ti, dyáti''' "(s/he) cuts, clips, mows, separates, divides";<br />'''dātrá-''' "allotted share" |
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|'''ditë''' “day” |
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|'''{{PIE|*deh₂p-}}'''<br /> "to sacrifice, lose"<ref name="Dnghu, pp. 538-543"/><ref name="Pokorny, pp. 175-179"/> |
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|'''tap''' "hit lightly" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tappen'');<br />'''tip''' "touch quietly, bump quietly" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tippen'') |
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|[[Old Norse|ON]] '''tafn''' "sacrifice" |
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|'''daps''' "a sacrificial or solemn feast, religious banquet; meal";<br />'''damnum''' < '''dapnum''' "damage, injury; (financial) loss; fine" |
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|'''dáptō''' "I eat, devour; consume, corrode";<br />'''dapánē''' "cost, expenditure; extravagance" |
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|'''dāpayati''' "(s/he) divides" |
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|[[Goidelic languages|Ga]] '''duan''' "song, poem" (< [[Proto-Celtic language|PC]] '''*daunā''') |
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|'''tawn''' "feast" |
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|A '''tāpal''' "food" |
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|'''tappala-''' "person responsible for court cooking" |
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|'''{{PIE|*delh₁-}}'''<br /> "to split, divide"<ref>Dnghu, pp. 571-574</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 194-196</ref> |
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|'''tell''', '''teller''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tellen'');<br />'''tale''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''talu'');<br />'''talk''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tealcian'') |
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|'''dolō''' "I hew, chop into shape; fashion, devise";<br />'''doleō''' "I hurt, suffer; I grieve for, lament";<br />'''dolor''' "pain, ache, hurt; anguish, grief, sorrow" |
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|'''dalati''' "it bursts";<br />'''dālayati''' "(s/he) splits, cracks";<br />'''dala-''' "deal, portion, piece, half";<br /> |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''delěti, odolěti''' "to overcome, defeat";<br /> [[Russian language|Russ]] '''dólja''' "share, fate" |
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|'''{{PIE|*dʰayl-}}'''<br /> "part, watershed" |
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|'''deal''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''dǣl'');<br />'''dole''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''dāl'') |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''děliti''' "to divide";<br />[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''dělŭ''' "part" |
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|- <!-- But for the Latin, this could've sat in the Natural Features section! --> |
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|'''*bʰeh₂-''' "to shine, glow"<ref>Dnghu, p. 326</ref> |
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|'''faveō''' "I favor";<br /> '''favor''' "id";<br /> '''faustus''' "favorable, fortunate";<br /> '''fautor''' "patron, protector, promoter" |
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|'''phaínō''' "I shine, appear, bring to light" |
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|{{anchor|bhā́s}}'''bhā́s''' "light"; '''bhānú''' "light, ray, sun" |
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|'''*bʰewg-''' "to enjoy, benefit"<ref>Dnghu, p. 434</ref> |
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|'''fungor''' "I perform, execute, discharge; finish, complete, end" > '''fungible''', '''defunct''';<br />'''fūnctiō''' "performance, execution (of a task)" > '''function''' |
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|'''bhuj-, bhunákti''' "(s/he) enjoys; consumes, eats, drinks; uses, utilizes" |
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|'''{{PIE|*bʰruHg-}}''' "to make use of, have enjoyment of"<ref>Dnghu, p. 513</ref> |
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|'''brook''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''brūcan'') "(old meaning) to use, enjoy";<br /> [[German language|Ger]] '''brauchen''' "to need, require" |
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|'''fruor''' "I enjoy, derive pleasure from";<br />'''frūctus''' "enjoyment, delight, satisfaction; produce, product, fruit; profit, yield, outcome" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''fruit''', '''fructose'''}};<br />'''frūmentum''' "corn, grain";<br />'''frūx, frūgēs''' "fruits of the earth, produce" > '''frugal''' |
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|'''{{PIE|*deyḱ-}}''' "to point out";<ref>Dnghu, p. 545</ref> |
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|'''toe''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tā'');<br />'''token''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tācn'');<br />'''teach''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''tǣċan'') |
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|[[Proto-Germanic language|PGmc]] '''*taihwǭ''' "toe"; '''*tīhwaną''' "to show, announce" |
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|'''dīcō''' "I say, utter; mention, talk";<br />'''digitus''' "finger, toe, digit" |
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|'''díkē''' "custom, manner, fashion; law, order, right; judgement, justice";<br />'''deîgma''' "specimen, sample; pattern"; '''deíknumi''', "I point out, show" |
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|'''diśáti''' "(s/he) points out, shows;teaches, informs; orders, commands, bids";<br />'''deśá-''' "point, region, spot, part; province, country" |
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|'''{{PIE|*h₂eyḱ-}}''' "to own, obtain, come in possession of";<br />'''{{PIE|*h₂eh₂óyḱe-}}''' "to possess, own"<ref>Dnghu, p. 962</ref><ref>Pokorny, p. 298</ref> |
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|'''own'''<br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''āgen'');<br />'''owe'''<br /> (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''āgan'');<br />[[Old English language|OE]] ''āga'' "owner";<br />'''ought, aught''' (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''ǣht'') |
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|'''√īś, īṣṭe''' "(s/he) owns, possesses, is master of; rules";<br />'''īśá-''' "owning";<br />'''īśāná-''', '''īśvara-''' "owner, master; ruler; epithets of the god Śiva" |
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|-style="vertical-align: top;" |
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|'''{{PIE|*seǵʰ-}}'''<br /> "to hold, overpower"<ref>Dnghu, pp. 2582-2583</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 888-889</ref> |
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|[[Old English language|OE]] ''siġe'' "victory" < [[Proto-Germanic language|PGmc]] ''segaz'' (In personal names, e.g., '''<u>Sig</u>mund''', '''<u>Sieg</u>fried''', etc.) |
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|'''sigis''' "victory";<br />'''sigislaun''' "prize, spoils" |
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|'''sevērus''' "severe, serious, strict, stern, stringent, austere, harsh, grave" |
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|'''ékhō''' "I have, possess; hold, am able" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''eunuch''' (lit. bed-keeper)}};<br />'''ískhō''' "I hold back, restrain; stay; hold fast, maintain";<br />'''iskhū́s''' "strength, power, might";<br />'''héxis''' "possession, act of having; a certain state, condition" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''hectic'''}};<br />'''skhêma''' "form, shape, figure; appearance, show; bearing, look, air; stateliness, dignity; fashion, manner; character, persona; state, nature; species, kind; dance; sketch, outline, plan, scheme" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''scheme, schematic'''}};<br />'''okhurós''' "firm, lasting, stout";<br />'''skholḗ''' "leisure, free time; rest; philosophy; place where lectures are given" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''school, scholar, scholastic'''}};<br />'''Héktōr''' lit. "conqueror";<br />'''skhétlios''' "able to hold out, steadfast, unflinching" |
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|'''sáhate''' "(s/he) overcomes, vanquishes, conquers, prevails; is able, capable; bears, endures";<br />'''sáhas''' "strength, power, force";<br />'''sā́ḍhṛ'''{{efn|exact cognate of Héktōr}} "conqueror" |
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|[[Gaulish language|Gaul]] '''Sego-''' (in personal and tribal names) "victory"<ref>Delamarre (2003), pp. 269-270.</ref> |
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|'''{{PIE|*h₃erbʰ-}}''' "to change status, ownership";<br />'''{{PIE|*h₃órbʰos}}''' "servant, worker, slave; orphan"<ref>Dnghu, pp. 2250-2251</ref><ref>Pokorny, pp. 781-782</ref> |
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|'''erf''' "heritage, inheritance" (< [[Old English language|OE]] ''erfe''); |
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|[[German language|Ger]] '''arbeit''' "work", '''Erbe''' ''heir'' |
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|'''orbus''' "orphaned, parentless" |
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|'''orphanós''' "orphan; childless; bereft" |
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|'''árbha-''' "orphan; child; small" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''rabŭ''' "servant, slave" (< ''*ārbǔ'');<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Georgiev |first1=Vladimir |title=Problèmes phonématiques du slave commun |journal=Revue des études slaves |date=1965 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=7–17 |doi=10.3406/slave.1965.1882 |url=http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/slave_0080-2557_1965_num_44_1_1882.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />[[Czech language|Czech]] '''orbota''' "hard work, slavery" > '''robot''';<br />[[Polish language|Pol]] '''robić''' "to make, to do" |
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|{{anchor|Hrew-}}'''{{PIE|*Hrew-}}''' "to tear out, dig out, open, acquire"<ref name="Dnghu, pp. 2515-2521"/><ref name="Pokorny, pp. 868-871"/><br />(See also [[#Hrewp-|*Hrewp-]], [[#Hrewk-|*Hrewk-]]) |
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|'''rudis''' "rough, raw, uncultivated; unrefined, unskilled" ⇒<br /> {{NoteTag|'''rude''', '''rudimentary''', '''erudite'''}} |
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|'''róman''' "hair, body hair" |
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|[[Old Church Slavonic|OCS]] '''runo''' "fleece" |
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== Derivatives == |
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{{NoteFoot|15em}} |
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== Footnotes == |
== Footnotes == |
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{{notelist|25em}} |
{{notelist|25em}} |
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== Tabular notes == |
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{{notelist-lr|35em}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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| Line 2,868: | Line 5,869: | ||
== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
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* {{cite book |last1=Pokorny |first1=Julius |title=Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch |date=1959}} |
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* Dnghu. ''Proto-Indo-European Etymological Dictionary''. (A revised edition of Julius Pokorny's Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, [http://elibrary.bsu.edu.az/files/books_400/N_337.pdf CCA]-GNU) |
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* {{cite book |last1=Beekes |first1=Robert |title=Comparative Indo-European Linguistics |date=1995 |publisher=J. Benjamins Pub. |isbn=1-55619-504-4}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Beekes |first=Robert S. P. |title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17418-4}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Mallory |first1=James | last2=Adams | first2=DQ |title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World|date=24 August 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-928791-0 |edition=2006}} |
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* {{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110542431-045 |chapter=The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European |title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |year=2018 |last1=Kölligan |first1=Daniel |pages=2229–2279 |isbn=978-3-11-054243-1 |s2cid=134708437 }} |
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* Delamarre, Xavier. ''Le Vocabulaire Indo-Européen''. Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. 1984. {{ISBN|2-7200-1028-6}} |
* Delamarre, Xavier. ''Le Vocabulaire Indo-Européen''. Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. 1984. {{ISBN|2-7200-1028-6}} |
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* Delamarre, Xavier (2003). ''Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance''. {{ISBN|9782877723695}}. |
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* [[Alwin Kloekhorst|Kloekhorst, Alwin]]. ''Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon''. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5. Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11996 |
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* Matasovic, Ranko. ''Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic''. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 2009. {{ISBN|978-90-04-17336-1}} |
* Matasovic, Ranko. ''Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic''. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 2009. {{ISBN|978-90-04-17336-1}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Monier-Williams |first1=Monier |title=A Sanskrit-English |date=1960 |publisher=Oxford Clarendon |location=Oxford}} |
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== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
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{{refbegin}} |
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'''On numerals''': |
'''On numerals''': |
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* |
* {{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004416192_004 |chapter=Nouns and Foreign Numerals: Anatolian 'Four' and the Development of the PIE Decimal System |title=Dispersals and Diversification |year=2019 |pages=54–76 |isbn=978-90-04-41450-1 |s2cid=213661601 |first1=Rasmus |last1=Bjørn }} |
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* {{cite book |doi=10.1075/z.145.18bom |chapter=Some thoughts on the Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers |title=In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory |year=2008 |last1=Bomhard |first1=Allan R. |pages=213–221 |isbn=978-90-272-3252-6 }} |
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* de Vaan, Michiel. "Proto-Indo-European *sm and *si ‘one’". In: ''The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European''. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill|Rodopi, 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004409354_015 |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Prósper |first1=Blanca María |author-link=Blanca María Prósper |title=The Indo-european ordinal numerals 'fourth' and 'fifth' and the reconstruction of the Celtic and Italic numeral systems |journal=Die Sprache |date=2014 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=1–50 |doi=10.13173/SPR.51.1.001 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1949113 }} |
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* {{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004409354_015 |chapter=Proto-Indo-European *sm and *si 'one' |title=The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European |year=2019 |pages=203–218 |isbn=978-90-04-40934-7 |s2cid=213154612 |first1=Michiel |last1=de Vaan }} |
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'''On nature''': |
'''On nature and the passage of time''': |
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* Blažek, Václav. "[http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/101739 Astronomická terminologie v indoevropských jazycích]" [Astronomic terminology in Indo-European languages]. In: ''Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity''. A, Řada jazykovědná = Linguistica Brunensia. 2005, vol. 54, iss. A53, pp. [31]-49. {{ISSN|0231-7567}}. |
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* Huld, Martin E. "Proto- and Post-Indo-European Designations for ‘sun’." Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Sprachforschung 99, no. 2 (1986): 194-202. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40848835. |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Huld |first1=Martin E. |title=Proto- and post-Indo-European designations for 'sun' |journal=Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung |date=1986 |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=194–202 |jstor=40848835 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Paraskiewicz |first1=Kinga |title=The names of seasons of the year in Iranian languages |journal=Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia |date=2002 |volume=7 |pages=67–78 |url=https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/279487 }} |
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'''On animals''': |
'''On animals''': |
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* Gąsiorowski |
* {{cite journal |last1=Gąsiorowski |first1=Piotr |title=Gruit Grus: The Indo-European Names of the Crane |journal=Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia |date=2013 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=51–68 |hdl=10593/2391 }} |
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* Hammer |
* {{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1692251424}} |last1=Hammer |first1=Niels |title=Eurasian Cranes, Demoiselle Cranes, PIE +ger-and Onomatopoetics |journal=The Journal of Indo-European Studies |date=2015 |volume=43 |issue=1–2 |pages=81–99 }} |
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* Huld |
* {{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1628229687}} |last1=Huld |first1=Martin E. |title=Armenian agraw and an Indo-European Word for 'Crow, Raven' |journal=The Journal of Indo-European Studies |date=2014 |volume=42 |issue=3–4 |pages=294–301 }} |
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* Huard, Athanaric. "On Tocharian B kents* and PIE *g̑hans- ‘goose’". In: ''wékwos: Revue d'études indo-européennes''. Volume 5. Les Cent Chemins. 2019. {{ISBN|979-8581017487}}. |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Palmér |first1=Axel I. |last2=Jakob |first2=Anthony |last3=Thorsø |first3=Rasmus |last4=Sluis |first4=Paulus van |last5=Swanenvleugel |first5=Cid |last6=Kroonen |first6=Guus |title=Proto-Indo-European 'fox' and the reconstruction of an athematic ḱ-stem |journal=Indo-European Linguistics |date=18 March 2021 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=234–263 |doi=10.1163/22125892-bja10008 |s2cid=233677001 |doi-access=free |hdl=1887/3212933 |hdl-access=free }} |
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* {{cite news |last1=Nurkiyazova |first1=Sevindj |title=The English Word That Hasn't Changed in Sound or Meaning in 8,000 Years |url=https://nautil.us/the-english-word-that-hasnt-changed-in-sound-or-meaning-in-8000-years-8188/ |work=Nautilus |date=13 May 2019 }} |
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'''On kinship and family''': |
'''On kinship and family''': |
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* Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European ''*suHnu-'' 'son' and his relatives". In: ''Indogermanistik und Linguistik im Dialog''. Akten der XIII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft von 21. bis 27. September 2008 in Salzburg, hrg. Thomas Krisch & Thomas Lindner. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2011. pp. 79–89. {{ISBN|978-3-89500-681-4}} |
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* Cooper, Brian. "The Lexicology and Etymology of Russian Family Relationships". In: ''Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia'' Vol. 14. Issue 1. Kraków: 2009. pp. 153-176. {{ISBN|978-83-233-2758-5}} |
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* Cooper, Brian. "The Lexicology and Etymology of Russian Family Relationships". In: ''Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia'' Vol. 14. Issue 1. Kraków: 2009. pp. 153–176. {{ISBN|978-83-233-2758-5}} |
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* Friedrich, Paul. "Proto-Indo-European Kinship." ''Ethnology'' 5, no. 1 (1966): 1-36. Accessed November 15, 2020. doi:10.2307/3772899. |
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* {{cite journal |first=Esteban Ngomo |last=Fernández |title=La palabra para 'hija' en indoeuropeo: un análisis comparativo |trans-title=THE WORD FOR ‘DAUGHTER’ IN INDO-EUROPEAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS |language=Spanish |journal=Revista Española de Lingüística |volume=52 |issue=1 |date=2022 |pages=169–182 |doi=10.31810/RSEL.52.1.5 |s2cid=250377644 |url=https://www.academia.edu/84851264|doi-access=free }} |
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* Galton, Herbert. "The Indo-European Kinship Terminology." ''Zeitschrift Für Ethnologie'' 82, no. 1 (1957): 121-38. Accessed November 15, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25840433. |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Friedrich |first1=Paul |title=Proto-Indo-European Kinship |journal=Ethnology |date=January 1966 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–36 |doi=10.2307/3772899 |jstor=3772899 }} |
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* Hettrich, Heinrich. "Indo-European Kinship Terminology in Linguistics and Anthropology." ''Anthropological Linguistics'' 27, no. 4 (1985): 453-80. Accessed November 15, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30028080. |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Galton |first1=Herbert |title=The Indo-European Kinship Terminology |journal=Zeitschrift für Ethnologie |date=1957 |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=121–138 |jstor=25840433 }} |
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* Humphreys, S. C. "Proto-Indo-European Kinship and Society: Kin Terms". In: ''Journal of Indo-European Studies''. Washington Vol. 45, Ed. 3/4, (2017): 373-425. {{ISSN|0092-2323}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Hettrich |first1=Heinrich |title=Indo-European Kinship Terminology in linguistics and Anthropology |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |date=1985 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=453–480 |jstor=30028080 }} |
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* Kullanda, Sergey. "Indo‐European “Kinship Terms” Revisited." ''Current Anthropology'' 43, no. 1 (2002): 89-111. Accessed November 15, 2020. doi:10.1086/324127. |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Heltoft |first1=Lars |title=The Malt stone as evidence for a morphological archaism: Reconstructing the Proto-Nordic and Proto-Germanic systems of kinship terms |journal=NOWELE |date=29 April 2020 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=4–20 |doi=10.1075/nowele.00031.hel |s2cid=219013196 }} |
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* Milanova, Veronika. "Brothers and Many Others: The Concept ‘Offspring’ and its Semantic Extensions in Indo-European Languages". In: ''Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES)''. Vol. 48/Numbers 1 & 2 (Spring/Summer 2020): 189-217. |
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* {{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|2070902282}} |last1=Humphreys |first1=S. C. |title=Proto-Indo-European Kinship and Society: Kin Terms |journal=The Journal of Indo-European Studies |date=2017 |volume=45 |issue=3–4 |pages=373–425 }} |
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* Rau, Jeremy. "Indo-European Kinship Terminology: *ph₂tr-ou̯-/ph₂tr̥-u̯- and Its Derivatives." Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics 124 (2011): 1-25. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41553560. |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Kullanda |first1=Sergey |title=Indo-European 'Kinship Terms' Revisited |journal=Current Anthropology |date=February 2002 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=89–111 |doi=10.1086/324127 |s2cid=224797067 }} |
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* {{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|2429828943}} |last1=Milanova |first1=Veronika |title=Brothers and Many Others: The Concept 'Offspring' and its Semantic Extensions in IndoEuropean Languages |journal=The Journal of Indo-European Studies |date=2020 |volume=48 |issue=1–2 |pages=189–217 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Pârvulescu |first1=Adrian |title=Blood and IE. Kinship Terminology |journal=Indogermanische Forschungen |date=1 January 1989 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=67–88 |doi=10.1515/if-1989-0107 |s2cid=171400036 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Rau |first1=Jeremy |title=Indo-European Kinship Terminology: *ph₂tr-ou̯-/ph₂tr̥-u̯- and its Derivatives |journal=Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics |date=2011 |volume=124 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.13109/hisp.2011.124.1.1 |jstor=41553560 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Starke |first1=Frank |title=Die Vertretungen von uridg. *d h ugh₂tér- "Tochter" in den luwischen Sprachen und ihre Stammbildung |journal=Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung |date=1987 |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=243–269 |jstor=40848875 }} |
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'''On agriculture and produce''': |
'''On agriculture and produce''': |
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* Blažek, Václav. "[https://www.academia.edu/38384844/IEbarley_Copenhagen2012_2017_pdf On Indo-European ‘barley’]". In: Simmelkjaer Sandgaard Hansen, Bjarne; Nielsen Whitehead, Benedicte; Olander, Thomas; Olsen, Birgit Anette. ''Etymology and the European Lexicon''. Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft (17-22 September 2012, Copenhagen). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2016. pp. 53–68. {{ISBN|978-3-95490-202-6}} |
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* Mikić, Aleksandar. "A note on some Proto-Indo-European roots related to grain legumes", Indogermanische Forschungen 116, 2011 (2011): 60-71, doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110239485.60 |
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* {{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004416192_007 |chapter=Did Proto-Indo-European Have a Word for Wheat? Hittite šeppit(t)- Revisited and the Rise of Post-PIE Cereal Terminology |title=Dispersals and Diversification |year=2019 |pages=130–143 |isbn=978-90-04-41450-1 |s2cid=213979041 |last1=Hyllested |first1=Adam }} |
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* Mikić, Aleksandar. "Palaeolinguistics and Ancient Eurasian Pulse Crops." Current Science 108, no. 1 (2015): 45-50. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24216173. |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Mikić |first1=Aleksandar |title=A note on some Proto-Indo-European roots related to grain legumes |journal=Indogermanische Forschungen |date=14 December 2011 |volume=116 |issue=2011 |pages=60–71 |doi=10.1515/9783110239485.60 |s2cid=170487201 }} |
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* Romain Garnier, Laurent Sagart, Benoît Sagot. "Milk and the Indo-Europeans". In: Martine Robeets; Alexander Savalyev. ''Language Dispersal Beyond Farming''. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. pp. 291-311. {{ISBN|978-90-272-1255-9}}. ff10.1075/z.215.13garff. ffhal-01667476f |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Mikić |first1=Aleksandar |title=Palaeolinguistics and ancient Eurasian pulse crops |journal=Current Science |date=2015 |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=45–50 |jstor=24216173 }} |
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* {{cite book |doi=10.1075/z.215.13gar |chapter=Milk and the Indo-Europeans |title=Language Dispersal Beyond Farming |year=2017 |last1=Garnier |first1=Romain |last2=Sagart |first2=Laurent |last3=Sagot |first3=Benoît |pages=291–311 |isbn=978-90-272-1255-9 |s2cid=165681446 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Schürr |first1=Diether |title=Urindogermanisch Wein und Met in den anatolischen Sprachen |journal=Aramazd |date=1 January 2019 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=44–59 |url=https://archaeopresspublishing.com/ojs/index.php/aramazd/article/view/950 }} |
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'''On colors''': |
'''On colors''': |
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* Shields |
* {{cite journal |last1=Shields |first1=Kenneth |title=Indo-European Basic Colour Terms |journal=Canadian Journal of Linguistics |date=1979 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=142–146 |doi=10.1017/S0008413100023409 |s2cid=148651177 }} |
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'''On verbs related to action and motion''': |
'''On verbs related to action and motion''': |
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* Verkerk |
* {{cite journal |last1=Verkerk |first1=Annemarie |title=Where do all the motion verbs come from?: The speed of development of manner verbs and path verbs in Indo-European |journal=Diachronica |date=10 April 2015 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=69–104 |doi=10.1075/dia.32.1.03ver |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0026-D05D-6 |hdl-access=free }} |
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'''On bodily functions''': |
'''On bodily functions''': |
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* Kocharov |
* {{cite journal |last1=Kocharov |first1=Petr |title=Proto-Indo-European lexical aspect and stem patterns |journal=Faits de Langues |date=2016 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=75–88 |doi=10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000005 |s2cid=211952112 }} [on PIE roots for ''sleep'' and ''dream''] |
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{{refend}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{wiktionary|Category:Proto-Indo-European terms by etymology}} |
{{wiktionary|Category:Proto-Indo-European terms by etymology}} |
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* |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101210072140/http://www.indo-european.nl/cgi-bin/startq.cgi?flags=endnnnl&root=leiden&basename=%5Cdata%5Cie%5Cpokorny Query Julius Pokorny's landmark ''Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch''] {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}, the standard reference for Indo-European vocabulary. Complete coverage of cognates of each root (although Hittite and Tocharian coverage is spotty), highly accurate forms. Beware, roots are given in pre-[[laryngeal theory|laryngeal]] form and glosses are in German. |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080726143746/http://www.bartleby.com/61/IEroots.html American Heritage Indo-European Roots Index] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080726143746/http://www.bartleby.com/61/IEroots.html American Heritage Indo-European Roots Index] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722034335/http://www.ieed.nl/cgi-bin/startq.cgi?flags=endnnnl&root=leiden&basename=%5Cdata%5Cie%5Cpokorny Database query to the online version of Pokorny's PIE dictionary] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722034335/http://www.ieed.nl/cgi-bin/startq.cgi?flags=endnnnl&root=leiden&basename=%5Cdata%5Cie%5Cpokorny Database query to the online version of Pokorny's PIE dictionary] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140815091911/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/richard.wordingham/pok/pok_index.htm Index to the online version of Pokorny's PIE dictionary] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140815091911/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/richard.wordingham/pok/pok_index.htm Index to the online version of Pokorny's PIE dictionary] |
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* Jonathan Slocum, [ |
* Jonathan Slocum, [https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/lex/master Indo-European Lexicon] from the University of Texas Linguistic Research Center |
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* [https://iecor.clld.org/ IE-CoR] (Indo-European Cognate Relationships) |
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{{Proto-Indo-European language}} |
{{Proto-Indo-European language}} |
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[[Category:Proto-Indo-European language]] |
[[Category:Proto-Indo-European language|Vocabulary]] |
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[[Category:Indo-European linguistics]] |
[[Category:Indo-European linguistics]] |
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[[Category:Indo-European words and phrases| ]] |
[[Category:Indo-European words and phrases| ]] |
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[[Category:Lexis (linguistics)]] |
[[Category:Lexis (linguistics)]] |
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[[Category:Vocabulary]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:06, 2 December 2024
The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) words and roots, with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants.
Notes
[edit]The following conventions are used:
- Cognates are in general given in the oldest well-documented language of each family, although forms in modern languages are given for families in which the older stages of the languages are poorly documented or do not differ significantly from the modern languages. In addition, modern English forms are given for comparison purposes.
- Nouns are given in their nominative case, with the genitive case supplied in parentheses when its stem differs from that of the nominative. (For some languages, especially Sanskrit, the basic stem is given in place of the nominative.)
- Verbs are given in their "dictionary form". The exact form given depends on the specific language:
- For the Germanic languages and for Welsh, the infinitive is given.
- For Latin, the Baltic languages, and the Slavic languages, the first-person singular present indicative is given, with the infinitive supplied in parentheses.
- For Greek, Old Irish, Armenian and Albanian (modern), only the first-person singular present indicative is given.
- For Sanskrit, Avestan, Old Persian, Parthian, the third-person singular present indicative is given. Where useful, Sanskrit root forms are provided using the symbol √.
- For Tocharian, the stem is given.
- For Hittite, either the third-person singular present indicative or the stem is given.
- In place of Latin, an Oscan or Umbrian cognate is occasionally given when no corresponding Latin cognate exists. Similarly, a cognate from another Anatolian language (e.g. Luvian, Lycian) may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Hittite.
- For Tocharian, both the Tocharian A and Tocharian B cognates are given whenever possible.
- For the Celtic languages, both Old Irish and Welsh cognates are given when possible. For Welsh, normally the modern form is given, but occasionally the form from Old Welsh is supplied when it is known and displays important features lost in the modern form. A Middle Irish cognate is given when the Old Irish form is unknown, and Gaulish, Cornish and/or Breton (modern) cognates may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Welsh.
- For the Baltic languages, Lithuanian (modern) and Old Prussian cognates are given when possible. (Both Lithuanian and Old Prussian are included because Lithuanian often includes information missing in Old Prussian, e.g. due to lack of written accent marks in the latter.) Similarly to the Celtic situation, Old Lithuanian forms may occasionally be given in place of modern Lithuanian; Latvian (modern) may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Lithuanian.
- For the Slavic languages, Old Church Slavonic cognates are given when possible. Forms from modern Slavic languages or other Church Slavic dialects may occasionally be given in place of Old Church Slavonic.
- For English, a modern English cognate is given when it exists, along with the corresponding Old English form; otherwise, only an Old English form is given.
- For Gothic, a form in another Germanic language (Old Norse; Old High German; or Middle High German) is sometimes given in its place or in addition, when it reveals important features.
Kinship
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *méh₂tēr "mother"[a][1][2] | mother (< OE mōdor) | mōdar "mother" | māter "mother" ⇒ [note 1] |
mḗtēr "mother" ⇒ [note 2] |
mā́tṛ, mātṛ́ "mother" | Av mātar- "mother"; NPers mādar "mother"; Kurd mak "mother" | OCS mati, mater- "mother" | Lith móteris "woman", motina; OPrus muti "mother" | Gaul. mātīr "mother", | mayr "mother" | motër "sister" | A mācar, B mācer "mother" | |
| *ph₂tḗr "father" [3][4][5] |
father (< OE fæder) | fadar "father" | pater "father" ⇒ [note 3] |
patḗr "father" (> patriarch) | pitṛ́ "father"; Pitrs "spirits of the ancestors" (litt. "the fathers") | Av pitar- (nom. also pta, ta), OPers pita "father", NPers pedar | otets "father" Russian | OIr athair "father"; Welsh edrydd "paternal domain" | hayr "father" | atë "father" | A pācar, B pācer "father" | ||
| *bʰréh₂tēr "brother"[6][7][8] | brother (< OE brōþor) | brōþar "brother" | frāter "brother" ⇒ [note 4] |
pʰrā́tēr "member of a phratry (brotherhood)" (> phratry) | bʰrā́tṛ "brother"; Rom phral "brother" (> pal)[9][10][c] | Av brātar-, OPers brātar-, NPers brādar-, Ossetian ärvád "brother, relative", NPers barādar, Kurd bira/birader | OCS bratrŭ "brother" | Lith brõlis, OPrus brati "brother" | Gaul Bratronos (pers. name);[11] OIr bráthair, W brawd (pl. brodyr) "brother" | ełbayr (gen. ełbawr) "brother" | A pracar, B procer "brother" | Lyd brafr(-sis) "brother"[12] | |
| *swésōr "sister"[13][14][8] | sister (< OE sweostor, influenced by ON systir) | swistar "sister" | soror "sister" ⇒ [note 5] |
éor "cousin's daughter" | svásṛ "sister" | Av x̌vaŋhar- "sister"; NPers ḫwāhar "sister"; | OCS sestra "sister" | Lith sesuo, seser-, OPrus sestra "sister" | Gaul suiorebe "with two sisters" (dual)[15] | kʿuyr (kʿiṙ), nom.pl kʿur-kʿ "sister"[e] | vashë, vajzë "girl" (< *varjë < *vëharë < PAlb *swesarā) | A ṣar', B ṣer "sister" | |
| *somo-ph₂tōr "sibling, lit. same-father(ed)" [3][4][5] |
ON samfeðra | homopátōr | OP hamapitar- | A ṣomapacar | |||||||||
| *dʰugh₂tḗr "daughter"[16][17][18][19] | daughter (< OE dohtor) | daúhtar "daughter" | Oscan futír "daughter" | θugátēr "daughter"; Myc tu-ka-te "daughter"[20][f] | dúhitṛ "daughter" | Av dugədar-, duɣδar-, NPers doḫtar "daughter" Kurd dot "daughter" | OCS dŭšti, dŭšter- "daughter" | Lith duktė, dukter-, OPrus dukti "daughter" | Gaulish duxtir "daughter"; Celtib TuaTer (duater) "daughter"[22][23][24] | dustr "daughter" | A ckācar, B tkācer "daughter" | HLuw túwatara "daughter";[25]
?Lyd datro "daughter"; CLuw/Hitt duttarii̯ata-;[g] Lyc kbatra "daughter"[h] | |
| *suHnús "son" [30][31][32][33] (See also *sewh₁-) |
son (< OE sunu) | sunus "son" | huiós "son" | sūnú- "son" | Av hunuš "son" | OCS synŭ "son" | Lith sūnùs, OPrus suns "son" | ? Celtib EBURSUNOS "son of Eburos (?)"[i][j]
? Celt/Lus EQUEUNUBO (< *ekwei-sūnu-bʰos) "to the sons on the horse"[k] |
ustr "son" | çun "boy/son" | A se, B soyä "son"[37] | ||
| *putló- "son" [32][38][39] |
Osc puklo- "son" |
paîs "son" | putrá- "son" |
Av puθra "son"
Kurd pis, put |
|||||||||
| *(h₂)népōts "nephew, grandson" [40][41] |
nephew; obsolete neve "nephew, male cousin, grandson" (< OE nefa) | OHG nevo "nephew" | nepōs (nepōtis) "grandson, nephew" ⇒ [note 6] |
népodes "descendants" | nápāt- "grandson, descendant" | Av napāt-, naptar-, OPers napāt-, NPers naveh-, "grandson, descendant"; Kurd nevî "grandchild" | OCS netii "nephew" | OLith nepotis, OPrus neputs "grandson" | OIr nïa "sister's son", W nai "nephew" | nip "grandson, nephew" | |||
| *(h₂)néptih₂ "granddaughter, niece" | niece; obsolete nift "niece" (< OE nift) | OHG nift "niece" | neptis "granddaughter" | naptī́ "granddaughter" | OIr necht "niece" | ||||||||
| *dayh₂wḗr "husband's brother, brother-in-law" | OE tācor "husband's brother" | OHG zeihhor "husband's brother" | levir "husband's brother" | dāēr "husband's brother" | devṛ́, devará "husband's brother" | Past lewar "brother-in-law" | OCS děverĭ "brother-in-law" | Lith dieveris "husband's brother" | W daw(f) "brother-in-law" | taygr, tekʿr "husband's brother" | dhëndër, dhëndër "son-in-law" from PAlb *ĝāmtḗr- or *dzanra or *jantura-.All ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵem- (“to marry”). | ||
| *snusós "daughter-in-law" | OE snoru "daughter-in-law" | OHG snur "daughter-in-law" | nurus "daughter-in-law" | nuós "daughter-in-law" | snuṣā- "daughter-in-law" | Old Ir. *(s)nušáh Bactrian ασνωυο (asnōuo) NPers. sunoh / sunhār "daughter-in-law" | OCS snŭxa "daughter-in-law" | W gwaudd "daughter-in-law" | nu "daughter-in-law" | nuse "bride" | B santse "daughter-in-law"[l] | ||
| *wedʰ- "pledge, bind, secure, lead"[43] | wed (< OE weddian "to pledge, wed") | vadhū́ "bride" | OCS voditi "to lead" | ||||||||||
| *swéḱuros "father-in-law" | OE swēor "father-in-law" | swaihra "father-in-law" | socer "father-in-law" | hekurós "father-in-law" | śváśura "father-in-law" | Av xᵛasura "father-in-law"
Kurdish xwesûr |
OCS svekrŭ "father-in-law" | Lith šešuras "father-in-law" | skesrayr "father-in-law" | vjehërr "father-in-law" | |||
| *sweḱrúh₂ "mother-in-law" | OE sweger "mother-in-law" | swaihro "mother-in-law" | socrus "mother-in-law" | hekurá "mother-in-law" | śvaśrū́- "mother-in-law" | Past xwāše "mother-in-law"
Kurdish xwesû |
OCS svekry "mother-in-law" | Lith šešuras "father-in-law", OPrus swasri "mother-in-law" | W chwegr "mother-in-law" | skesur "mother-in-law" | vjehrrë "mother-in-law" | ||
| *h₂éwh₂os "maternal grandfather, maternal uncle" | awō "grandmother" | avus "grandfather"; avunculus "maternal uncle" ⇒ [note 7] |
Rus uj, vuj "uncle" (obsolete); Ukr vuyko "maternal uncle"[44] | Lith avynas "maternal uncle", OPrus awis "uncle" | MW ewythr, MBre eontr, MCo eviter "maternal uncle" (< PCelt awon-tīr "uncle"); OIr aue "descendant, grandchild"[45] | OArm haw "grandfather" | B āwe "grandfather" | ḫuḫḫa-, Lyc χuga- "grandfather"; | |||||
| *yemH- "twin; to hold"[47][48] | ON Ymir | geminus "twin"; Remus "twin, Remus" |
yáma- "twin; first man to die" | Av Yema | OIr emon, Gaul Iemurioi "twin?"[49] | ||||||||
| *h₁widʰéwh₂ "widow" < *h₁weydʰh₁- "to separate"[m][50] | widow (< OE widwe) | widuwō "widow" | vidua "widow" | ēḯtheos "widow" | vidhávā "widow" | viδauua "widow" | OCS vŭdova "widow" | OP widdewū "widow" | OI fedb "widow"; MW gweddw "widow, widower" | vejë "widow" |
People
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *mon- "human beings" | man (< OE "Mann") | manna "human beings" | Amazon < *n̥-mn̥-g(w)-iōn 'man-less, without husband' (debatable) | manuṣya "human being" | Av manuš "human"
NPers maneš "human habitude" |
OES/OCS mǫžĭ "man" | |||||||
| *dʰǵʰemṓn "person, human (litt. of the earth)" (See also *dʰeǵʰom-) |
OE guma "person, man", brȳdguma "bridegroom"[n] | guma "man" | homō "person" ⇒ [note 8] |
khthōn "the earth" (> autochthonous); khamai "on the ground" |
kṣám, gen. gmás/jmás "ground, earth" | OCS zem(l)janinъ "earthling" | OLith žmuõ "person"; Lith žmoná "wife"; OPrus zmunents "human" | OIr duine, W dyn "person" < *dʰĝʰom-yo- | A śom "boy"; B śaumo "person" | ||||
| *h₂ner- "man, hero" | ON Njǫrðr (name of a God) | Ner-ō (personal name), neriōsus "strong" | anḗr (andros) "man" (> Andreas, Andrew) | nár- (nom. nā) "man, person" | Av nar- (nom. nā) "man, person",Past nar "male, brave" NPers nar-, Kurd nêr "male animal, masculine" | OCS naravŭ "character, custom"; | Lith nóras "wish, want", narsa; narsùs "brave;" OPrus nàrs "courage" | W nêr "lord, prince, leader; hero"; Celt narto "strength" | ayr (aṙn) "man, person" | njer "man, person" | |||
| *wiHrós "man" | werewolf (< OE wer "man") | waír "man" | vir "man" ⇒ [note 9] |
hiérāx "a type of hawk" | vīrá- "man, hero" | Av vīra- "man, hero", Kurd mêr | Belar (Smolensk) вір "a rite of passage for young men into adulthood"; (Mogilev) віра "a feast or meal organized by a young man, after reaching adulthood, for his companions"[p] | Lith výras "man"; OPrus wirs "man, husband" | OIr fer, W gŵr "man" | burrë "man" | A wir "young" | ||
| *gʷḗn "woman, wife" | queen (< OE cwēn "queen, woman, wife") | qēns (qēnáis), qinō "woman, wife" | gunḗ[q] (gunaikos)[r] "woman, wife" < *gʷun-eh₂ (> gynecology); Boet baná "woman"; Myc ku-na-ja (gunaia) | gnā (gnā́s-) "wife of a god", jánis, jánī "woman, wife" | Av gǝnā, γnā, ǰaini-, Past jinə́i, njlə́i "girl"; NPers zan "woman, wife"; Kurd jin "woman, wife" | OCS žena "woman, wife" | OPrus gena "woman, wife" | Gaul bnanom "of the women" (g. pl.);[54]
OIr ben (mná) "woman, wife" < *gʷén-eH₂ (*gʷn-eH₂-s), bé (neut.) "wife < *gʷén; W benyw "woman" |
kin (knoǰ) "woman" | zonjë "lady, wife, woman" < *gʷen-yeH₂; Gheg grue, Tosk grua "wife" < *gʷn-ōn | A śäṁ (pl. śnu), B śana "woman, wife" | Hitt ku(w)an(a) "woman";[55] Luw wanatti "woman, wife"; Lyd kãna- "wife",[56] "woman"[57] | |
| *pótis "master, ruler, husband"[50] | -faþs "lord, leader" | potis "able, capable, possible" | pósis "husband" | páti "master, husband, ruler" | Av paiti, Parthian pet, OPers fáti "master, lord, husband, commander" | OCS gospodĭ "lord, master" | Lith pats "husband" | hay "husband, chief of family" | pata "in possession of something" | ||||
| *déms pótis "master of the house" | despótēs "lord, master, owner" (> despot); despoina (< *dés-pot-ni̯a) "lady" (fem. of despotes) | dámpati "lord of the house; (dual) husband and wife"; patír dán[58] | də̃ṇg paitiś "lord"[59] | ||||||||||
| *gʰóstis "guest, host, stranger"[60] | guest (< OE giest); host < Lat. hostis; hospital, hostel, hotel < Lat. hospes |
gasts "guest" | hostis "stranger, guest"; hostīlis "hostile"; hospes, hospit- "host, guest, visitor" < hostipotis < PIE *gʰóstipotis (*gʰóstis + *pótis) | OCS gostĭ "guest"; gospodĭ "lord, master" < PIE *gʰóstipotis | |||||||||
| *weyḱ- "settlement, to enter, settle"[43] | -wick, -wich < Lat. vīcus | weihs "village, countryside" | vīcus "village, settlement" | oîkos "house, dwelling place"; oiko·nomía "management of household administration" (> economy) | viś "settlement, dwelling space" | OCS vĭsĭ "hamlet, village" | OLith viešė "settlement" | vis "land, country, place" | B īke "place,location" | ||||
| *wiḱpótis "master of the household; lord, clan chief" [61][62] |
viśpáti |
Lith viēšpats "lord" | |||||||||||
| *h₃rḗǵs "king, ruler"[63] | bishopric, rich (< OE rīċe "king, dominion") | reiks, -ric (in personal names) "king" | rēx, rēg- "king" ⇒ [note 10] |
rāj-, rājan "king" (> maharaja, Raj (as in British Raj)) | Gaul *rīx "king" (In personal names. E.g., Vercingetorix, etc.) | ||||||||
| *tewtéh₂ "community, people"[s][t][67][68] | OE þeod "people, nation" | Goth thiuda "folk"; ModGerm Deutsch < Proto-Germ *þeudō | Osc touto "community"; Umbr totam "tribe" | [u] | Lith tautà "people"; OPru tauto "country" | OIr tuath "tribe, people" (e.g., Tuatha Dé Danann "tribe of goddess Danu"); Celt Toutatis (Teutates) "name of a god" | ?Hitt tuzzi- "army"; ?Luw tuta "army" | ||||||
| *h₁lewdʰ- "people" | OE leode, lēod "a people, a group, nation", | OHG liut "people, population" | Proto-Italic *louðeros > Latin līber "free; name of a deity", Faliscan loiferto; Pael loufir "free man"; Ven louderos "child"; | eleútheros "free", Eleutherios "the liberator (epithet of Dionysus)" ; Myc e-re-u-te-ro/a "a free allowance", e-re-u-te-ro-se "to make free, remit"[70] | OCS ljudinŭ "free man"; Pol lud "people, folk" | Lith liaudis "people" |
Pronouns and particles
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *éǵh₂ "I" | I (< OE iċ) | ik "I" | egō "I" < *egoH₂ | egṓ, egṓn "I" | ahám "I" < *egH₂-om | Av azǝm, OPers adam, Parth. az "I" < *egH₂-om; Kurd ez "I (direct case)" | OCS azŭ "I" | Lith àš, OLith eš, OPrus as, Latv es "I" | es "I" | es "I" | u, unë "I" (-në possibly originally a suffix) | ñuk "I" | ūk "I" influenced by ammuk "me" |
| *h₁me "me (acc.)" | me (< OE mē, mec < *H₁me-ge) | mik "me (acc.)" | mē(d) "me (acc.)" | emé, me "me (acc.)" | mām "me (acc.)" < *H₁mē-m, mā "me (acc. encl.)" | Av mąm "me"
Kurd mi "me" Past mā "I [oblique case]" |
OCS mę "me (acc.)" < *H₁mē-m | Lith manè "me (acc.)" | OIr me-sse, mé, W mi "I" | is "me (acc.)" <? *H₁me-ge | mua, mue "me (acc.)" < *H₁mē-m | ammuk "me (acc., dat.)" < *H₁me-ge, -mu "me (acc. encl.)" | |
| *h₁meǵʰye "me (dat.)", *(h₁)moy "me (dat. encl.)" | me (< OE mē) | mis "me (dat.)" | mihi "me (dat.)" | moi "me (dat., gen. encl.)" | máhya(m) "me (dat.)", mḗ, me "me (dat. encl.)" | Av maibya "me (dat.)" (? not in Pokorny), me (Old Avestan moi) "me (dat. encl.)" | OCS mi (dat enc.) < *(H₁)moi | Lith man "for me", OPrus maiy "me (dat. encl.)" | OIr infix -m- "me"; W -'m infixed accusative first person singular pronoun "me" | inj "me (dat.)" | meje | ammuk "me (acc., dat.)" < *h₁me-ge, -mi "me (dat. encl.)" | |
| *h₁meme-, *h₁mene- "of me, mine"; *h₁mo-yo-, * h₁me-yo- "my" | my, mine (< OE mīn < *H₁mei-no-) | meins "my"; meina "of me" | meī "of me"; meus "my" < *H₁me-yo- | emeĩo "of me"; emós "my" | máma "of me"; ma/mā "my" < *H₁mo- | Av mana, OPers manā "of me"; Av ma (m/n), mā (f) "my", NPers az āne man-; Kurd a/ê min | OCS mene "to me", moj/a/e (m/f/n) "mine" | Lith mana(s), OPrus mais/maia "my" | W fyn "of me, my"; Breton ma "of me, my" | im "my" | im "my" (article i + em) | AB ñi "my" < Proto-Tocharian *mäñi | miš "my" < *H₁me-yo- |
| *túh₂ "you" (nom. sg.) | thou (< OE þū "you") | þu "you" | tū "you" | Doric tú (standard sú) | t(u)vám "you"; | Av tū "you"
Past tə "you" |
OCS ty "you" | Lith tù, OPr tu "you" | OIr tū, tu-ssu, tu-sso, W ti | du "you" | ti "you" | A tu, B t(u)we "you" | zik, zikka "you" < *tega < *te + *egō |
| *wéy "we"; *n̥smé, encl. *nos "us" | we (< OE wē), us (< OE ūs < PGerm *uns < *n̥s) | weis "we", uns "us" | nōs "we, us" | hēm- "we, us";[v] Aeol ámme "us" < *asme < *n̥sme | vay-ám "we" < *wei-óm, asmān "us" < *n̥sme + acc. -ān, encl. nas "us" < *nos | Av vaēm "we", ahma "us", encl. nǝ̄, nā̊, nō "us" | Bulg nìe "we", OCS gen. nasŭ "us" < *nōs-sōm | Lith mès "we"; OPr gen. nōuson "ours" < *nōs-sōm | OIr ni "we, us" <? *s-nēs, gen. ar n- < *n̥s-rō-m; W ni "we" < *nēs | na "we" < *nŏs, ne "us" < *nōs | A was, B wes "we" | wēs "we" < *wei-es, anzāš "us", encl. naš "us" | |
| *yū́ "you (nom. pl.)"; *uswé, *usmé,[71] encl. *wos "you (acc./dat. pl.)" | ye (< OE gē "you (nom. pl.)"), you (< OE ēow[w] "you (acc./dat. pl.)") | jūs "you (nom. pl.)", izwis[w] "you (acc./dat. pl.)" | vōs "you (nom./acc. pl.)" | hum- "you (pl.)"; Aeol úmme "you (acc. pl.)" < *usme | yūyám "you (nom. pl.)", yuṣmā́n "you (acc. pl.)" < y- + *usme + acc. -ān, encl. vas "you (obl. pl.)" | Av yūžǝm, yūš "you (nom. pl.)", yūšmat̃ "you (abl. pl.)", encl. vā̊ "you (obl. pl.)";
Kur Win |
OCS vy "you (nom./acc. pl.)", vasŭ "yours (pl.)" | Lith jũs "you (nom. pl.)", jũsų "yours (pl.)"; OPr iouson "yours (pl.)" | OIr sī, sissi "you (nom. pl.)" < *sw-, uai-b "of you (pl.)" < *ō-swī, NIr far n- "your (pl.)"; W chwi "you (nom. pl.)" < *sw- | ju "you (nom. pl.)" < *u < *vos | A yas, B yes "you (nom. pl.)" | sumes < *usme | |
| *só "that" (demonstrative pronoun) | the (< OE se), that (< OE þæt), there (< OE þēr, þǣr, þār) | sa, þata "the", "that" | sī "if", tum "then" | ho, to "the" | sá "that, the" | Avestan ha "this" | OCS tŭ "this, that" | Lith tàs "that" | OIr so "this" | ayd "this" | tërë"whole" | ||
| *s(w)e- "oneself"; (reflexive pronoun) | self (< OE self, seolf) | swes (ref. gn. pn.), OHG sih (ref. pn.) | sē (ref. pn.) | hé (ref. pn.) | sva- (ref. pn.) | Avestan hva- (ref. pn.) | Bulg sèbe "oneself", OCS svoji (ref. gn. pn.) | Lith sava(s), OPrus swajs "my own, myself" | OIr fein (self, himself); W hun(an) "self, myself, himself/herself etc" | iwr self, himself/herself | vetë | A ṣn-i, B ṣañ "(one's) own" | Lydian s'fa- (ref. pn.), Carian sfes (ref. pn.) |
| *kʷíd, kʷód "what" | what (< OE hwæt) | ƕa "what" | quid "what?", quod "what…, that…" | tí "what?", tì "what…" | kím "what" | NPers či, če "what" | Bulg kakvò "what", OCS čь-to "what?" | Lith kàd "that..."; OPrus kawids "which, what a" | OIr cid "what?" | *i (ēr) (< *hi), inčʿ (< *hi-nč’) "what?" | çfarë "what?" | kuit (?) "what", kuit-ki "whatever"; Luvian kuit "what?" | |
| *kʷís, kʷós, kʷéy/kʷóy "who" | who (< OE hwā < *kʷoi) | ƕas "who?" | quis "who?", quī "who..." | tís, Thess kís, CyprArc sís "who?", tìs "who…" | kás, kís "who?" | Av kō (ka-hyā, ča-hyā) "who?, which?", čiš "who"NPers ke, ki "who?"
kas "who, another person" |
Bulg kòj "who", OCS kъ-to (česo) "who?" | Lith kàs "who?"; OPrus kas "who" | OIr cia, W pwy "who" | о (oyr) "who?"
"who?" |
"A" kë "B" kush acc. "who?" | A kus, B kuse "who, which" | kuiš "who, which" |
| *-kʷe "and; any" | though (< OE þeah < *to-we-kʷe) | -(u)h "and", ƕaz-uh "whoever" | -que "and", quis-que "each one, whoever"; Venetic -ke "and"; South Picenian -p "and" | -te "and", tís te, hós-te "whoever" | -ca "and", káś-ca "whoever" | Av ča, OPers čā "and"; Av čiš-ca, OPers čiš-čiy "whoever" | Bulg če "but, and, because"; Old Czech a-če, ač "if" | OIr na-ch, MW nac "not" < "*and not";[x] Lepontic -pe "and" | o-kʿ "whoever" | dhe "and" | Lydian -k "and"; Hitt kuis-ki, Lycian ti-ke "whoever" | ||
| *n̥- "not, un-" | un- (< OE un-) | un- "un-" | in- (archaic en-) "un-" | a-, an- "un-" | a-, an-, na- "un-" | Av, OPers a-, an- "un-", NPers nā- "un-"
Kurd ni/ne/nek |
OCS ne- "not" < *ne- | Lith ne- < *ne-, OPrus ni- "not" | OIr in-, ē-, an-, W an- "un-" | an- "un-" | nuk "not" | AB a(n)-, am-, e(n)-, em-, on- "un-" |
Numbers
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *sem- "one, together" | same (< ON samr); OE sam- "together"; [also German zusammen] | sama "same" | sem-el "once", sem-per "always", sim-plex "single, simple", sin-gulī "one each, single" | heĩs, hén, mía "one" < *sems, *sem, *smiH₂ | sam- "together", samá "same, equal, any" | Av hama-, OPers hama- "any, all"
Past sam "even, fine" |
OCS samŭ "self, alone, one" | Lith sam-, są- "with"; OPrus sa-, sen- "with, dividing" | OIr samlith "at the same time"; W hafal "equal" | mi "one" | gjithë “all” < PAlb *semdza | A sas, B ṣe "one" < *sems | |
| *(h₁)óynos, (h₁)óywos "one" | one (< OE ān) | ains "one" | ūnus (archaic oinos) | oĩnos "one (on a die)", oĩ(w)os "alone" | (ēka- < *oi-ko-; Mitanni-Aryan aika-vartana "one turn (around a track)")[72] | Av aēva-, OPers aiva-, (NPers yek- "one, only, alone") | OCS inŭ "one, another" | Lith víenas, OPrus ains "one" | OIr ōen, W un "one" | andr-ēn "right there", ast-ēn "right here" | ? Gheg tânë, Tosk tërë "all" < PIE *tod-oino-; ??? një "one" < *ňân < PIE *eni-oino-[y] | B -aiwenta "group" < "*unit" | ās "one" |
| *dwóh₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁) "two" | two (< OE twā) | twái (fem. twōs, neut. twa) "two" | duo "two" | dúō "two" | dvā́(u) "two" | Av dva, fem. neut. baē "two"; NPers do "two"; Kurd diwa "two (fem.)" | OCS dŭva "two" | Lith dù, OPrus dwai "two" | OIr da, W dau (fem. dwy) "two" | erku "two" | dy "two" | A wu, B wi "two"(<PTC *tuwó) | dā-, ta-; HLuw tuwa/i- "two"; Lyc kbi- "two"; Mil tba "two"[z][74] |
| *tréyes (fem. *tisres,[75] neut. *tríH₂) "three" | three (< OE þrīe) | þreis "three" | trēs "three" | treĩs "three" | tráyas (fem. tisrás) "three" | Av θrayō, θrayas (fem. tisrō, neut. θri), OPers çi-, Parth hrē "three" | OCS trĭje "three" | Lith trỹs, OPrus tris, Latg treis "three" | OIr trí (fem. téoir), W tri (fem. tair, teir) "three" | erekʿ "three" | tre masc., tri fem. "three" | A tre, B trai "three" | tri- "three"; teriyas- (gen. pl.) |
| *kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr) "four" | four (< OE fēower) | fidwor "four" (In Germanic influenced by pénkʷe "five") | quattuor "four"[aa] | téssares "four" | masc. catvā́ras (acc. catúras), neut. catvā́ri, fem. cátasras "four" | Av masc. čaθwārō (acc. čaturąm), fem. čataŋrō "four"; NPers čahār "four"; Kurd çwar | OCS četyre "four" | Lith keturì, OPrus ketturei "four"[ab] | Gaul petuar[ios] "four"[54]
OIr ceth(a)ir (fem. cethēoir, influenced by fem. tēoir "three") "four"; W pedwar (fem. pedair) "four" |
čʿorkʿ, kʿaṙ (rare) "four | katër "four" | A śtwar, B śtwer "four" | (remodelled in Hittite and Luwian)
Lyc Teteri |
| *pénkʷe "five" | five (< OE fīf) | fimf "five" | quīnque "five"[ac] | pénte "five" | páñca "five"; Mitanni-Aryan panza- "five"[72] | Av panča "five"; Kurd pênc/pênz | OCS pętĭ "five" | Lith penkì, OPrus penkei "five"[ad] | Gaul pinpe-, pompe "five"[54] | hing "five" | pesë "five" | A päñ, B piś "five" | Luw paⁿta "five" |
| *swéḱs "six" | six (< OE siex) | sáihs "six" | sex "six" | héx, dial. wéx "six" | ṣáṣ "six" | Av xšvaš "six" | OCS šestĭ "six" | Lith šešì, OPrus uššai "six" | Celtib sues "six";[54] | vecʿ "six" | gjashtë "six" | A ṣäk, B ṣkas "six" | |
| *septḿ̥ "seven" | seven (< OE seofon) | sibun "seven" | septem "seven" | heptá "seven" | saptá "seven"; Mitanni-Aryan šatta- "seven"[72] | Av hapta, NPers haft-, "seven" | OCS sedmĭ "seven" | Lith septynì, OPrus septinnei "seven" | OIr secht, W saith "seven" | eawtʿn "seven" | shtatë "seven" | A ṣpät, B ṣukt "seven" | sipta- "seven" |
| *h₁oḱtṓ(w) "eight" | eight (< OE eahta) | ahtáu "eight" | octō "eight" | oktṓ "eight" | aṣṭā́(u) "eight" | Av ašta "eight" | OCS osmĭ "eight"[ae] | Lith aštuonì, OPrus astonei, Latg ostoni "eight" | Gaul oxtu- "eight"[54] | utʿ "eight" | tetë "eight" < *H₁ok̂tō-t- | A okät, B okt "eight" | Lyc aitãta "eight"[78] |
| *(h₁)néwn̥ "nine" | nine (< OE nigon) | niun "nine" | novem "nine" | ennéa "nine" | náva "nine" | Av nava, NPers noh- "nine" | OCS devętĭ "nine" < *newn̥-ti- (Influenced by dékm̥t "ten") | Lith devynì (influenced by dékm̥t "ten"), OPrus newinei "nine" | OIr noí n-, W naw "nine" | inn "nine" | nëntë "nine" < *newn̥-ti- | AB ñu | Lyc nuñtãta "nine"[79] |
| *déḱm̥t "ten" | ten (< OE tien) | taíhun "ten" | decem "ten" | déka "ten" | dáśa "ten" | Av dasa, NPers dah- "ten" | OCS desętĭ "ten" | Lith dẽšimt, OPrus desimtan "ten" | Gaul decam- "ten";[54] | tasn "ten" | dhjetë "ten" < *dék̂m̥t-i- | A śäk, B śak "ten" | [ag] |
| *wídḱm̥ti(h₁) "twenty" < *dwi-dḱm̥t-i(h₁) "two tens" | (remodelled) | (remodelled) | vīgintī "twenty" | eíkosi "twenty" | viṁśatí "twenty", dviṁśatí "twenty" | Av vīsaiti, Ossetian insäi "twenty" | (remodelled) | Lith dvidešimt "twenty" | OIr fiche (fichet), OW uceint "twenty" | kʿsan "twenty" | zet "twenty" | A wiki, B ikäṃ "twenty" | |
| *ḱm̥tóm "hundred" < *dḱm̥tóm | hundred (< OE hund, hund-red) | hunda (pl.) "hundred" | centum "hundred" | he-katón "hundred" | śatám "hundred" | Av satǝm "hundred" | OCS sŭto "hundred" | Lith šim̃tas, OPrus simtan "hundred" | OIr cét, W can(t) "hundred" | qind "hundred" (possibly borrowed from Latin centum) | A känt, B kante "hundred" |
Body
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *krep- "body"[82][83] |
(mid)riff (< OE hrif) |
corpus, corporis "body" ⇒ [note 11] |
kṛ́p "beautiful appearance, beauty" |
Av kéhrp "corpse, body" | kurm “torso” and krep | ||||||||
| *káput ~ *kapwéts "head"[84][85] |
head (< OE hēafod); OE hafela, hafola "head" |
caput, capitis "head" ⇒ [note 12] |
[ah] | kapā́la "skull, cranium; bowl" |
kapelë
"hat" ; Latin caput |
||||||||
| *dáḱru, *h₂éḱru "tear" | tear (< OE tēar, tæhher) | tagr "tear" | lacrima (archaic lacruma / dacrima) "tear" (> lachrymose) | dákru "tear" | áśru "tear" | Av asrū- "tear"; Kurd hêsir "tear" | OPrus assara "tear", Lith ašara "tear | OIr dēr, W deigr "tear"; Cornish dagr "tear" | artawsr "tear" < *drak̂ur | A ākär "tear", B pl. akrūna "tears" | isḫaḫru "tear" | ||
| *dn̥ǵʰuh₂-, *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂ "tongue" | tongue (< OE tunge) | tuggō "tongue" | lingua "tongue" (archaic dingua) ⇒ [note 13] |
jihvā́ "tongue" < *ĝiĝʰwā, juhū́ | Av hizvā < *ĝiĝʰwā, OPers hizān, Parth ezβān "tongue", NPers zabān; Kurd izman "tongue"[86] | OCS języ-kŭ "tongue" < *n̥ĝʰū-k- | OPrus inzuws "tongue", Lith liežuvis "tongue" | teng "tongue"; W tafod "tongue, language" | lezu "tongue" (influenced by lizem, "I lick") | gjuhë "tongue" | A käntu, B kantwo "tongue" (*kantwa < *tankwa) | ||
| *h₁ésh₂r̥, *h₁esh₂nés "blood" | archaic aser, sanguis "blood" (< possibly h₁sh₂-én- obl. stem + guen) (> sanguine, etc.) | éar "blood" | ásṛj, asnás "blood" | OP ahr̥ "blood" | Lat asins, Ltg asnis (gen. ašņa) "blood" | īsarnom “blood-colored, iron” | ariwn "blood" | A ysār "blood" | ēsḫar (esḫanas) "blood" | ||||
| ǵ(o)nH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin" | chin (< OE c̣inn) | kinnus "cheek" | gena "cheek" | génus (génuos) "chin, jaw"; gnátʰos, gnatʰmós "jaw" < *ĝnH₂dʰ- | hánu-ṣ "jaw" < *ǵʰenu-s, gaṇḍa "cheek" | Av zānu- "jaw-" < *ǵʰenu-s, OPers danūg < *danu-ka-, Parth zanax "chin, jaw"; NPers gune "cheek", chune "jaw";
Kurd gup "cheek" Past žā́ma "jaw" |
OPrus żauna "jaw", Lith žándas "cheek", žiaunos "gills" | OIr gi(u)n "mouth"; W gên, pl. geneu "cheek, chin"; Old Cornish pl. genau < *genewes "cheeks, chins" | cn-awt "jaw, cheek" | A śanwe-m "jaw" | |||
| *ǵónu, ǵnéws "knee" | knee (< OE cnēo) | kniu "knee" | genū "knee" (> genuflect) | gónu (Hom gen. gounós < *gonwós) "knee", pró-kʰnu "with outstretched knee" < *pró-gʰnu | jā́nu- "knee", pra-jñus "bow-legged" | Av zānu- acc. žnūm, dat./abl. pl. žnubyō "knee", fra-šnu- "holding the knee forward"; Parth zānūk, NPers zānū "knee" | Rus zvenó "knee" | OI glún "knee" | cunr, nom pl. cungkʿ "knee" | gjuni "knee" < Post-PIE *ĝnu-n(o)- | A kanweṃ, B keni "two knees" | genu "knee" | |
| *ǵómbʰos "tooth, row of teeth" | comb (< OE camb) | OHG kamb "comb" | gómphos "bolt, nail"; gómphíos "molar tooth" | jámbha- "tooth, tusk; set of teeth (pl.)"; jámbhya- "molar teeth" | Pash žâma "jawbone"; Khot ysīmä "tooth"[87] | OCS zǫbŭ, Ukr zub, Pol ząb "tooth" | Latv zùobs "tooth"; Lith žam̃bas "sharp edge" | dhëmb "tooth, tusk" | A kam, B keme "tooth" | ||||
| *h₃dónts, *h₃dn̥t- "tooth" | tooth (< OE tōþ < *H₁dont-) | tunþus "tooth" < *H₁dn̥t- | dēns (dentis) "tooth" < *H₁dn̥t- (> dental) | odṓn (odóntos) "tooth" < Proto-Greek *edónt-, cf. Aeol. édontes "teeth" (> orthodontist, etc.) | dán, dántas "tooth" | Av dantan-, dātā "tooth"; NPers dandân "tooth"; Kurd diran, didan, dan "tooth" | Russ desná "gum" < *H₁dent-sn- | OPrus dants "tooth", Lith dantis "tooth" | OIr dēt "tooth", W dant "tooth" | atamn "tooth" | |||
| *h₃ésth₁, *h₂óst- "bone" | os (ossis) "bone" | ostéon "bone" (osteoporosis, etc.) | ásthi (asthnás) "bone" | Av ast-, asti- (gen. pl. astąm, instr. pl. azdbīš) "bone" NPers ostoxan "bone"; Kurd hestî, hestû "bone" | OCS kostĭ "bone" | OIr asil "limb", MIr asna "rib" <? *astonyo-; MW ass-en, asseu "rib", W asgwrn "bone" < *ost-ko- | os-kr "bone" | asht, ahstë "bone" | B āy, pl. āsta "bone" | ḫastāi- "bone" | |||
| *H₂ous- "ear" | ear (< OE ēare) | áusō "ear" | auris "ear" | oũs "ear" | ūṣa "cavity of the ear" | Av uši "both ears"; NPers guš "ear" | OCS ucho (ušese) "ear" | OPrus auss "ear", Lith ausis "ear" | OIr āu, ō "ear" | unkn, nom pl. akanǰkʿ "ear" | vesh "ear" < *ōus, *ōs- | ||
| *h₃ókʷs "eye" | eye (< OE ēage) | áugō "eye" | oculus "eye" < *ōkʷelo-s ⇒ [note 14] |
ósse "both eyes"; ómma "eye" < *óp-mn̥; ókkon[88] "eye" | ákṣi (akṣṇás) "eye" | Av aši "both eyes" | OCS oko "eye" | OPrus aks "eye", Lith akis "eye" | OIr enech, W enep "face" | akn, nom pl. ačʿkʿ "eye" | sy "eye" | A ak, B ek "eye" | |
| *h₁óh₃(e)s "mouth" | Scot ure (< OE ōr, ōra) | Nor óss "river mouth" | ōs, ōris "mouth" (> oral) | Ved ā́s "mouth, face" | Av āh "mouth" | OCS usta "mouth" | Lith úostas "mouth of a river, harbor" | OIr á "mouth" | aiš, gen. iššāš "mouth" | ||||
| *ḱerd- "heart"; *ḱred-dʰē- "to believe" (See also ḱréd·dʰh₁eti) |
heart (< OE heorte) | haírtō "heart" | cor (cordis) "heart"; crēdō "I believe" < *krezdō- < *ḱred-dʰē- ⇒ [note 15] |
kardíā, Homeric kradíē, Cypriot korízdā "heart" < *ḱr̥d(y)ā; poetic kẽr (kẽros) "heart" < *ḱḗr (> cardiac, cardiology. etc.) | hṛd "heart" < post-PIE *ǵʰr̥d; hṛdaya, hārdi "heart"; | Av zǝrǝd "heart" , Pashto zṛə "heart" < post-PIE *ǵʰr̥d; | OCS sŭrdĭce "heart", serda "medium, core" | OPrus siran "heart" (acc.), seyr "heart", serds "core", Lith širdis "heart", šerdis "core" | OIr cride "heart"; W craidd "center"; Gaul crid "heart"[89] |
sirt "heart" | A kri "will", B pl. käryāñ "hearts" | Hitt karz (kardias) "heart"; Luw zarza "heart"[90] | |
| *h₃nebʰ- "navel, hub"; *h₃nóbʰōl "navel"[91][92] |
navel (< OE nafola); nave (< OE nafu) |
umbilīcus "navel"; umbō "elbow" |
omphalós "navel; umbilical cord" | nā́bhi "navel, belly button; center"; nábhya "nave, center part of a wheel" |
NPers nāf "navel", nāv- "deep"
Past nom, naw "navel" |
||||||||
| *kréwh₂- "gore, blood (blood outside the body)"[93] | raw "uncooked food" (< OE hræw "corpse, carrion") | ON hrár "raw" | cruor "thick blood, gore"; crūdus "raw, bloody", crūdēlis "cruel, rude" ⇒ [note 16] |
kréas "flesh, meat"; kréa "raw flesh" | krávis- "raw flesh"; kravyá "raw flesh, carrion", krūrá "bloody, raw" | Av xrūra, xrūma "bloody"; vi-xrūmant- "bloodless"; xrvi.dru "of the bloody mace [of Aeshma]" YAv xrvišyant "grim, bloodthirsty"[94] | OCS kry "blood"; Rus krovǐ "blood" | OPrus crauyo, krawian; Lith kraũjas "blood"; Latv kreve "coagulated blood,[95] bloody scab"[96][97] | OIr crúaid, MIr crū "blood" | ||||
| *néh₂s "nose" | nose (< OE nosu) | ON nǫs "nose" | nāsus, nāris "nose" (> nasal) | nas- "nose" | Av nāh-, nā̊ŋhan-, OPers acc. sg. nāham "nose" | OCS nosŭ "nose" | OPrus nasi "nose", Lith nosis "nose" | ||||||
| *pṓds, *ped- "foot" (See also *ped-) |
foot (< OE fōt) | fōtus "foot" | pēs (pedis) "foot" (> pedal, etc.) | poús (podós) "foot" ⇒ [note 17] |
pā́d- (padás) "foot" | Av pad-, OPers pād, Parth pāδ "foot" NPers pa "foot"; Kurd pê
Past px̌a "foot |
OCS pěšǐ "on foot", pęta "heel" | OPrus pida "foot", Lith pėda "foot" | OIr īs "below" < PIE loc. pl. *pēd-su; W is(od) "below, under; lower (than)" | otn "foot", otkʿ "feet" | poshtë "below" | A pe "foot", B paiyye "foot" | pata-, CLuw pāta-, Lyc pedi- "foot" |
| *tpḗrsneh₂ "heel, upper thigh" [98][99][100] |
OE fiersn "heel, calx" | fairzna "heel" |
perna "gammon"; Spa pierna "leg" |
ptérnē "heel, hoof; footstep" |
pā́rṣṇi "heel; rear of the army; kick" |
paršna- "loins" | |||||||
|
arm |
armus |
harmós |
īrmá- |
OCS ramo "shoulder" |
|||||||||
| *h₃nṓgʰs "nail (finger or toe)" [105][106][107] |
nail (< OE næġel) |
nagls "nail" |
unguis "fingernail, toenail; claw; hoof"; ungula "hoof, claw; an aromatic spice" |
ónux "claw, nail, hoof; a kind of aromatic substance; onyx (the gem)" |
nakhá "nail"; áṅghri "foot; foot of a seat; tree root" |
Npers nâxon "nail" | OCS noga "foot, leg"; nogŭtĭ "nail" |
Lith nãgas "fingernail,talon" | Irsh ionga "nail" | ełung "nail" | nyell "nail" | A maku, B mekwa "nail" | ša-an-ku-wa- "nail" |
| *yḗkʷr̥, yekʷnés "liver" | jecur (jecinoris) "liver" | hẽpar (hḗpatos) "liver" | yákr̥t (yaknás) "liver" | Av yākarǝ, NPers ǰigar, Pashto iná "liver" | Serbian jetra "liver", Serbian and Macedonian ikra "fish roe" | OPrus jakna, Lat aknas "liver", Lith jeknos[108] | W (i)afu "liver"; MIr i(u)chair (i(u)chrach) "fish roe" | leard "liver" | A ykär, B yakär* "liver"[109] | Luwian ikkwar/n- "liver"[ai] | |||
| *ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰsrés "hand" | hir "hand" (rare, anatomical) | kheír "hand" (> chiropractor, surgery (chirurgy), enchiridion, etc.) | hás-ta "hand" | Av zas-ta "hand", NPers dast "hand" | jeṙ "hand, arm" | dorë "hand" | A tsar, B ṣar "hand" | keššar "hand",[111]
Luwian īssaris "hand" | |||||
| *méh₂r̥ ~ *mh₂én- ~ *mh₂ntéh₂ "hand, the pointing one" [112][113][114] |
mound (< OE mund "hand, hand of protection, protector) |
Ger vormund "legal guardian" |
manus, manūs "hand" ⇒ [note 18] |
márē "hand" (dubious) |
manii̯aḫḫ-i, “to distribute, entrust” | ||||||||
| *bʰeh₂ǵʰús "arm"[115] | bough (< OE bōg) | pêkhus "forearm" | bāhú "arm" | NPers bāzū "arm" | |||||||||
| *h₃bʰrúHs "eyebrow"[116] | brow, Scot broo (< OE brū) | ophrū́s "eyebrow" | bhrū́ "eyebrow" | NPers abrū "eyebrow" | OCS bry "eyebrow" | ||||||||
| *péth₂r̥ "wing, feather" [117][118][114][119] (See also *peth₂-) |
feather (< OE feþer) |
penna < *petna "wing; feather; quill pen" (> pen) |
pterón "feather, wing; winged creature" |
pát·tra- "wing, pinion, feather; leaf, petal (as the plumage of a tree)" |
Av Karšiptar (Karšift) "black-winged"
NPers par "feather" |
OCS perije "feather" | trnum "to fly" |
Animals
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *éḱwos, *h₁éḱwos "horse, fast animal" | OE eoh "horse" | aíƕa- "horse"[aj] | equus "horse" (< equos) | híppos "horse"; Myc i-qo "horse" ( < *ïkkʷos)[120] | áśva- "horse"; Mitanni-Aryan aššu- "horse" | Av aspa-, OPers asa- "horse"; Ossetian yäfs "horse" < *yéḱwos; NPers asp "horse"; Kurd hesp "horse" | OCS jastrębъ "hawk" (literally "a fast bird") | OPrus aswīnan "mare's milk", Lith ašva "mare | OIr ech; W ebol "foal, colt" (< MW ebawl < PBryth *ebọl, < PC *ep-ālos). | ēš "donkey" | A yuk, B yakwe "horse" | Luwian ásùwa "horse"; Lycian esbe "horse" | |
| *gʷṓws "cattle"[i][121] | cow (< OE cū) | Old Saxon kō, OHG chuo "cow" | bōs (bovis) "cattle";[ak] Umbrian acc. bum "cow" | boũs, Dor bõs (bo(w)ós) "cattle, cow" | gáus (gṓs)[i] "cow" | Av gāuš (gāuš)[i] "cow"; NPers gāv "cow"; Kurd ga "cow"
Past ğwā "cow" |
Croatian gòvedo "cattle" < PSlav *govędo; OCS gu-mǐno "threshing floor" | Latvian gùovs "cow" | OIr bó (bóu/báu)[al] "cow"; Boand[am] < Proto-Celtic *bowo-windā "white cow (or) cow-finder" [an] > Boyne[ao][122] OW buch "cow" < *boukkā, bu-gail "cowherd" < *gʷou-kʷolyos |
kov "cow" | ka "ox" | A ko "cow", B keu "cow" | HierLuv wawa-, Lycian wawa-, uwa- "cow";[123] |
| *péḱu "livestock"[125][126] | fee; fief; feud (< OE feoh "livestock, property, money"); | faihu "property, possessions, wealth, riches, money" | pecū "cattle, domestic animals"; pecūnia "money" ⇒ [note 19] |
páśu, paśú "livestock" | OCS
pasti "to herd, pasture" |
OLith pekus "cattle" | asr "wool" | ||||||
| *h₂éwis "bird" [127][128][129][130] (See also *h₂ōwyó·m) |
avis "bird" (> aviary, aviation, etc.); auceps "bird-catcher; fowler; eavesdropper"; LL avicellus, aucellus "little bird" > Fre oiseau; avispex, later, auspex "augur (from watching the flight of birds)" ⇒ [note 20] |
āetós "eagle; omen"; oiōnós "large bird, bird of prey; omen; bird used in augury"; oiōnoskópos "augur (from the flight of birds)"; oiōnistḗrion "place for watching bird flight; omen" |
ví "bird" |
Av vīš "bird" | hav "chicken" | ||||||||
| *h₂ówis "sheep" | ewe (< OE ēow "sheep", ēowu "ewe") | awistr "sheepfold"; OHG ouwi, ou "sheep" | ovis "sheep" | ó(w)is "sheep" | ávi- "sheep" | Wakhi yobc "ewe" < PIran *āvi-či- | Bulg ovèn "ram", OCS ovĭ-ca "ewe" | OPrus awwins "ram", Lith avis "female sheep" avinas "ram" | OIr ōi "sheep"; W ewig "deer" | hov-iw "shepherd" | B eye "sheep", ā(u)w "ewe" | Luvian hāwa/i-, Lycian χawa- "sheep" | |
| *h₂ŕ̥tḱos "bear"[131] | ursus "bear" | árktos "bear" | ŕ̥kṣa- "bear" | YAv arša, Ossetian ars "bear"; NPers xers "bear"; Kurd hirç "bear" | Lith irštva "bear den" | MIr art, W arth "bear" | arǰ "bear" | arí "bear" | ḫartaqqas (name of a beast of prey) | ||||
| *ḱwon- "hound, dog"[132] | hound (< OE hund "dog") | hunds "dog" | canis "dog" | kúōn (kunós) "dog"; Myc ku-na-ke-ta-i, Att/Ion kunegétes "huntsman" (litt. "those who guide dogs")[133] | śvan(śunas) "dog" | Av spā (acc. spānǝm, pl. gen. sū̆nam); MPers sak; Kurd kuçik, se, sey; Wakhi šač "dog"
Past spay "dog" |
Bulg kùt͡ʃe "dog", OCS suka "bitch (female dog)" | OPrus sunnis "dog", Lith šuo, šunis (acc pl.) "dog", Latv suns "dog", Ltg suņs "dog" | OIr cú (con), W ci "dog" Cú Chulainn litt. "hound of Chulainn" Cunobeline < Com. Britt. *Cunobelinos "strong (?) as a dog" |
šun "dog" | possibly qen (disputed, possible Latin loan) | AB ku "dog" (acc. A koṃ, B kweṃ) | Hittite kuwaš (nom.), kunaš (gen.); HierLuv suwanni "dog";[134] Pal kuwan- "dog";[135] Lyd kan- "dog" |
| *múh₂s "mouse" | mouse, Scot moose (< OE mūs) | ON mús "mouse" | mūs "mouse" | mũs "mouse" | mū́ṣ- "mouse" | OPers muš "mouse" (? not in Pokorny; Pokorny has NPers mūš "mouse"); Kurd mişk "mouse" | OCS myšĭ "mouse" | mukn "mouse" | mi "mouse" | ||||
| *uksḗn "ox, bull"[136][137] | ox (< OE oxa) | auhsa "ox" | ukṣán "bull, ox" | Av uxšan "bull" | MW ych; MidIr oss "stag, cow"; MBret ouhen | B okso "draft-ox" | |||||||
| *táwros "bull" | steer (< OE stēor) | ON þjórr | taurus, Osc taurom (acc.) | taûros | stawra- "bull" | OSl turŭ | Lith taũras; OPr tauris "bison" | Gaul tarvos (taruos) "bull"; OIr tarb | tuar "cattle" | tarok | |||
| *suHs- "pig" | sow (< OE sū);
swine (< OE swīn) |
ON sýr "sow" | sūs "pig" | hũs, sũs "pig" | sū-kara- "pig"; Hindi sūvar "pig" | Av hū (gen. sg.) "pig" , NPers xuk "pig" | Bulg svinjà "swine, sow" | Latvian suvẽns, sivẽns "piglet" | OIr socc sáil "sea pig"; W hwch "sow, swine" | khos "pig" | thi "pig" | B suwo "pig" | še-hu-u "pig" |
| *wl̥kʷos "wolf" | wolf (< OE wulf) | wulfs (wulfis) "wolf" | lupus "wolf" | lúkos "wolf" | vŕ̥ka- "wolf" | Av vǝhrka- "wolf"; NPers gorg "wolf"; Kurd gur "wolf" | Bulg vɤ̞lk "wolf", OCS vlĭkŭ "wolf" | OPrus wilks "wolf", Lith vilkas "wolf" | OIr olc (uilc) "evil" | aghves "fox" | ujk < OAlb ulk "wolf" | B walkwe "wolf" | ulippana "wolf" |
| *wl(o)p- "fox" | vulpes "fox" | alṓpēx "fox" | lopāśá "fox, jackal" | Av urupis "dog", raopi- "fox, jackal"; Kurd rovî, rûvî "fox" | OCS lisa "fox" | Lith lãpė "fox"; Latv lapsa "fox" | Bre louarn "fox" (< PCel *loɸernos) | ałuēs "fox" | Tosk dhelpër, Gheg dhelpen "fox" (< *dzelpina < *welpina)[138] | ulipzas (ú-li-ip-za-aš) "wolf";[139] Luwian ú-li-ip-ni-eš (nom. sg.), wa-li-ip-ni (dat.-loc. sg.) "fox"[139] | |||
| *ǵʰh₂éns "goose" | goose (< OE gōs), gander (< OE ganra) | OHG gans "goose" | (h)ānser "goose" | kʰḗn, Doric khā́n "goose"; Myc ka-no, ka-si (dat. pl.) "goose"[140] | haṁsá-"goose" | Av zāō "goose" (? not in Pokorny); Sogdian z’γ "kind of bird" , NPers ɣaz "goose", NPers ɣu "swan" | Bulg gɤ̞ska "goose", OCS gǫsǐ "goose" | OPrus zansi "goose", Lith žąsis "goose" | OIr gēiss "swan" W gwydd "goose" | gatë "heron" | B kents- "bird (goose?)"[141][142] | ||
| *h₂énh₂t(i)s "duck" | Scot ennet "duck" (< OE ened) | OHG enita "duck" | ānas (gen. anatis) "duck" | nessa, netta "duck" | ātí- "waterfowl" | Ossetic acc "wild duck"
NPers ordak "duck" |
Russ. utka "duck" | OPrus ants "duck", Lith antis "duck" | rosë "duck" | ||||
| *h₁élh₁ēn "deer" | élaphos "deer"; Hom ellós "young of the deer" | Past osə́i "deer" | OSl jeleni "deer"; Russ oleni "red deer" | Lith élnis "red deer"; Lith élnė "hind" < *H₁elH₁ēniHx "hind, cow-elk" | NWel elain "hind" < *H₁elH₁ēniHx "hind, cow-elk" | ełn "hind" | B yal, ylem "gazelle"[144]
B ylaṃśke "young gazelle"[145] |
aliya(n)- "red deer"[146] | |||||
| *h₁eǵʰis "hedgehog" | OE igil "hedgehog" (< Proto-Germanic *igilaz) | ON ígull "sea-urchin" | MycGr e-ki-no;[147] ekhînos "hedgehog" | Oss wyzyn "hedgehog" | OSl jezĭ "hedgehog"; Rus ež "hedgehog" | Lith ežȳs "hedgehog"[aq] | ozni "hedgehog" | esh, eshk "porcupine, hedgehog" | |||||
|
*bʰébʰrus "beaver" |
beaver (< OE beofer) | OHG bibar "beaver"; OIc biorr "beaver" | fīber "beaver" | babʰrú "mongoose" | Av baβra- "beaver" | Ukr bober "beaver";[148] Rus bobr "beaver" | Lith bebrùs "beaver"; Pruss bebrus "beaver" | Gaul bebru- ; OIr Bibar | |||||
| *h₃érō "eagle"[149] | erne "a sea eagle" < OE earn "eagle" | ara "eagle"; OHG arn "eagle" | (Avernus "entrance to the underworld" (< AncGrk áornos "birdless"))[ar] | órnis "bird"; Myc o-ni-ti-ja-pi "decorated with birds(?)" | OSl orǐlŭ "eagle"; Rus orël "eagle" | Lith ăras, ĕras, erẽlis "eagle"; Latv ērglis, OPrus arelie "eagle" | MBret erer, MW eryr, MIr irar "eagle" (< *eriro) | OArm oror "gull", MArm urur "kite" | orr "eagle, falcon" (rare) | Hitt ḫaran- "eagle"; CLuw ḫarrani(a/i) "a type of (oracular) bird"; Pala [ḫa-]a-ra-na-aš "eagle"[46] | |||
| *h₂éngʷʰis; *h₁ógʷʰis "snake", "serpent", "eel" | OHG unc "snake"; engiring "maggot" (diminutive of angar "large larva") | anguis "snake, serpent, dragon"; Anguilla "eel" | ópʰis "serpent, snake"; énkhelus "eel"[as] | áhi "snake, serpent; name of Vrtra" | Av aži "snake", Persian yağnij "grass snake" (archaic); Azhi Dahāka[at] | OEstSl užĭ "snake", Rus už "grass snake"; Pol węgorz "eel" | OPrus angis "snake", angurgis "eel"; Lith angis "viper", ungurys "eel"; Latv odze, odzs (dialectal) "viper, adder"; | OArm awj "snake", iž, iwž "viper" | B auk "snake" | Illuyanka "mythical snake foe" | |||
| *h₂eyǵ- "goat"[154] | aíx "goat" | eḍa "a kind of sheep" | ayts "goat" | dhi, "goat" | |||||||||
| *h₂ōwyóm (a vṛddhi-derivative of *h₂éwis) "egg" [155][156][129][157] |
ey (obsolete) "egg" (< OE ǣġ) (> Cockney "cock-egg"); egg (< ON egg) |
ōvum "egg" (> ovum, ovary, oval, ovoid, ovulate, etc.) |
ōión "egg, seed" |
Past hagə́i "egg" | |||||||||
| *h₂egʷnós "lamb"[158] | yean "to give birth to" (< OE ēanian) | agnus "lamb" | amnós "lamb" | OCS agnę "lamb" | enjë (dairy goat) | ||||||||
|
*laḱ-, laḱs- |
lax |
OHG lahs "salmon" |
Russ losos "salmon" |
Lith lašiša "salmon" |
B laks "fish, salmon" |
Food and farming
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ǵr̥h₂-nó- "grain"[162][163][164] (See also *gʰreh₁-) |
corn (< OE corn "grain") | kaúrn "corn" | grānum "grain" ⇒ [note 21] |
jīrṇá-, jūrṇá- "old, worn out, decayed" | OCS zrŭno "grain" | OPrus zirni "grain", Lith žirnis "pea", girna "millstone" | OIr grān, W grawn "grain" | cʿorean "wheat, grain, corn" | grurëTosk grun, gruni Gheg "grain" | ||||
| *gʰreh₁- "to grow" [165][166][162][167] (See also *ǵr̥h₂-nó-) |
grow (< OE grōwan); green (< OE grēne); grey, gray (< OE grǣġ); grass (< OE græs); groom (young boy, servant) (< ME grome) |
grōdjan "to green, grow; plant" |
grāmen "grass, turf; herb"; rāvus "gray, tawny"; herba "grass; weed; herb" |
Kurd gewre, gir "big", gewre bûn "to grow, to get big", giran "heavy", girîng "important, major, essential"
Past grān "expensive, hard" |
OCS grěnŭ "green" | ||||||||
| *h₂éǵros "field" | acre (< OE æcer "field") | akrs "field" | ager (agrī) "field" ⇒ [note 22] |
agrós "field" | ájra-"meadow" | art "soil" | arë "field" | ||||||
| *h₂erh₃- "to plow" | OE erian "to plow" | arjan "to plow" | arō (arāre) "to plow", arātrum "plow" | aróō "I plow" < *H₂erH₃-oH₂, árotron "plow", aroura "arable land" | OCS orjǫ (orati) "to plow", ralo < *ar(ə)dhlom "plow" | OPrus artun "to plow", Lith arti "to plow" | MIr airim "I plow", W arddu "to plow" < *arj-; MIr arathar, W aradr "plow" < *arətrom < *H₂erH₃-trom | ara-wr "plow" | arë "arable land" *H₂r̥H₃-uer- | AB āre "plow" | |||
| *h₂melǵ- "to milk" | milk (< OE meolc, mioluc) | miluks (miluks) "milk" | mulgeō (mulgēre) "to milk" ⇒ [note 23] |
amélgō "I milk" | mā́ršti, mā́rjati, mr̥játi "(he) wipes, cleans" | Av marǝzaiti, mǝrǝzaiti "(he) grazes (barely touches)" | Russ. CS mŭlzu (mlěsti) "to milk", Pol mleko "milk" | OPrus milztun "to milk", Lith melžti "to milk" | W blith "milk, dairy produce; full of milk", MIr bligim "I milk" < *mligim, melg "milk" | miel, mil "I milk" | A malke B malk-wer "milk" | ||
| *melh₂- "to grind"[168][169] | meal (< OE melu); malm (< OE mealm) |
malan "to grind" | molō (molere) "I grind"; mola "millstone; mill; ground meal, flour" ⇒ [note 24]; immolō "I immolate, sacrifice (lit. sprinkling flour on animals to be sacrificed)" ⇒ [note 25]; malleus "hammer, mallet" ⇒ [note 26]; milium "millet" |
múllō "I grind"; malthakós, malakós "soft, tender; gentle; mild"; melínē "millet" |
mr̥ṇāti, mr̥nati "(he) grinds" | Av mrāta- "tanned soft" | OCS meljǫ (mlětĭ) "to grind"; mlatŭ "hammer"; molĭ "moth"; mělŭ "chalk; fine ground substance" |
OPrus maltun "to grind", Lith malti "to grind", malnos "millet" | OIr melim "I grind"; W malu "grind" | mał "sieve" mał-em "I grind, crush" | mjell "flour" | A malywët "you press"; B melye "they trample" | mallai "grinds" |
| *kwh₂et- "to ferment, become sour" [170][171] [172][173] |
OE hwaþerian "to roar, foam, surge" | ƕaÞō "froth, foam, scum" | cāseus "cheese" (> cheese) |
kváthate "it boils" |
OCS kvasŭ "leaven; sour drink" > Kvass | ||||||||
| ON ostr "cheese"; ysta "to curdle" |
iūs |
?zōmós |
yūṣa- |
Russ
uxá "Ukha" |
|||||||||
| *bʰrewh₁- "to boil; to brew" [178][179] |
brew |
ferveō |
Borvo "Gaulish deity of healing springs" | ||||||||||
| *gʷréh₂wō "quern, millstone"[181][126] | quern (< OE cwerne) | *qairnus | grā́van "stone, rock, stone for pressing out the Soma juice" | OCS žrĭny "millstone" | Bret breo, breou, W breuan "quern"[182] | ||||||||
| *mélit, *melnés "honey" | mildew (< OE mele-dēaw "honeydew") | miliþ "honey" | mel (mellis) "honey" (> mellifluous) |
méli (mélit-) "honey"; Att mélitta "bee"; Myc me-ri, me-ri-to "honey"[183] | milinda "honey-bee" | OIr mil, W mêl "honey" | mełr "honey" | mjal, mjaltë "honey" | milit "honey"; CLuw ma-al-li "honey";[184] Pala malit- "honey" | ||||
| *médʰu "honey", "mead" | mead (< OE medu) | midus "mead" | mēdus "a type of mead"[185] | métʰu "wine" | mádʰu "sweet drink, honey" | Proto-Iranian mádu "honey, wine" | OCS medŭ "honey"; Bulg med "honey" | OPrus meddu "honey", Lith medus "honey", midus "a honey beverage";[186] Ltg mads "honey" | OIr mid "mead"; W medd "mead" | B mit "honey"[187] | CLuw maddu- "wine" (originally "sweet drink") | ||
| *tuh₂rós "cheese"[158] | butter (< Gk. boútūros "cow cheese") | tūrós "cheese" | |||||||||||
| *séh₂ls "salt"[188][189] | salt (< OE sealt) | salt "salt" | sāl (salis) "salt" ⇒ [note 29] |
háls (halós) "salt" | sal-ilá- "salty" | OCS solǐ "salt"; OCS sladŭkŭ "sweet"; Russ sólod "malt" |
OPrus sals "salt", saldus "sweet | OIr salann, W halen "salt" | ał "salt" | ngjel-bëtë, ngjel-mëtë "salty", njel-m "to be salty" | A sāle, B salyiye "salt" | ||
| *seh₁- "to sow (seed)", *séh₁mn̥ "seed" | sow (< OE sāwan), seed (< OE sēd "that which is sown") | saian "to sow"; OHG sāmo "seed" | serō (serere) "to sow" < *si-sH₁-oH₂, sēmen "seed" ⇒ [note 30] |
sasá- "corn, herb, grass", sasyá- "corn, grain, fruit, crop of corn", sī́ra- "Saatpflug" (seed plow?) | OCS sějǫ (sějati) "to sow", sěmę "seeds" | OPrus situn "to sow", simen "seed", Lith sėti "to sow", sekla "seed", semenis "linseed" | OIr sīl, W hil "seed" < *seH₁-lo- | sermn "seed" | isḫūwāi "(he) sows" | ||||
| *yugóm "yoke" (See also *yewg-) |
yoke (< OE ġeoc) | juk "yoke" | iugum "yoke" | zugón "yoke" | yugá·m "yoke" | Av yaoj-, yuj- "to harness"
Past yə́wa "plough" |
OCS igo "yoke" | OPrus jugtun "yoke", Lith jungas "yoke" | W iau "yoke" | luc "yoke" | A yokäm "door" | yugan "yoke" | |
| *yéwos "cereal, grain; spelt, barley"[190][191] | Epic zeiā́ "einkorn wheat"; Cretan deaí "barley" | yáva "grain, cereal; barley" | Av yauua- "cereal"; Pers jow "barley, grain"; Oss jäv "corn, grain" | Rus ovín "barn, granary";[au] Pol jewnia, jownia (dialectal) "granary" | Lith jãvas "a type of cereal"; javaĩ (pl.) "cereals"; Latv javs, java "infused (with fermentation)" | Ir eorna "barley" | B yap "dressed barley" | e(u)wa(n) "cereal (a kind of barley)" | |||||
| *mḗms "meat"[193][126] | mimz "flesh" | membrum "limb, member" < mēms-rom “flesh” ⇒ [note 31] |
mā́ṃs, māmsá- "meat" | OCS męso "meat" | mis "meat" | mish“meat” | |||||||
| *h₂ébōl "apple"[125][126] | apple (< OE appel) | apel | (Osc Abella "town name") | OCS ablŭ·ko "apple" | Lith obuolys "apple", OPr wobalne "apple"; Latv ābols "apple (fruit)", ābele "apple tree" | Gaul Aballo "place name"; OIr aball, W afall, OBr aball(en) "apple tree" |
Bodily functions and states
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *h₂enh₁- "to breathe" | OE ōþian "breathe hard" < PGerm *anþōjanã | *uz-anan "to expire", ON anda "to breathe" | anima "breath" | ánemos "wind"; Anemoi "(deified) winds" | ániti "(he) breathes" | Av ā̊ntya, parā̊ntya (gen.) "breathing in and out"; Kurd henase "breath"; henas dan "to breath" | OCS vonja "smell" < *h₂en-yeh₂[194] | OIr anāl "breath" < *h₂enh₁-tlo- ; W anadl "breath" | hołm "wind", anjn "person" | Gheg âj Tosk ēnj "I swell" | AB āñm- "spirit", B añiye "breath", B anāsk- "breathe in" | ||
| *swep- "to sleep", *swépnos "dream (n.)" | archaic sweven "dream, vision" (< OE swefn); NoEng sweb "to swoon" (< OE swebban "to put to sleep, lull") | ON sofa "sleep (v.)"; Svafnir[195] "Sleep-Bringer (a name of Odin)" | somnus "sleep (n.)"; sōpiō[196] (v.) "make asleep" | húpnos "sleep (n.)"; Hypnos "god of sleep" | svápna- "sleep, dream (n.)" | Av xᵛafna- "sleep (n.)" NPers xwãb- "sleep"; Kurd xew "sleep"
Past xob "dream, sleeping" |
OCS sŭpati[196] "sleep (v.)", sŭnŭ "sleep (n.), dream (n.)" | OPrus supnas "dream", Lith sapnas "dream" | OIr sūan, W hun "sleep (n.)" | kʿnem "I sleep", kʿun "sleep (n.)" | gjumë "sleep (n.)" | TA ṣpäṃ, TB ṣpane "sleep (n.), dream (n.)" | sup-, suppariya- "to sleep" |
|
dormiō |
darthánō |
drā́yati |
OCS
drěmati "to doze, drowse, slumber" |
||||||||||
| *bʰewdʰ- "to be awake, be aware"[201] | bid (< OE bēodan); bede (< OE bēden); bode (< OE bodian) |
anabiudan | punthánomai "I learn" | bódhati "(s/he) is awake"; bodháyati "(s/he) awakens, arouses"; buddhá- "awake" |
Past póha "understand"
NPers bidar "awake" |
OCS bljusti "to watch"; buditi "to wake (someone) up"; bŭždrĭ "alert, cheerful"; |
Lith budėti "to stay awake" | ||||||
| *sweyd- "sweat" | sweat (< OE swǣtan "to sweat") | ON sveiti | sūdor "sweat (n.)" | (e)ĩdos "sweat (n.)" | svḗda- "sweat (n.)" | Av xᵛaēda- "sweat (n.)"; Kurd xwê, xoy "sweat"
Past xoẓ̌ "sweet" |
Latvian sviêdri (pl.) "sweat (n.)" | W chwys "sweat (n.)" < *swidso- | kʿirtn "sweat (n.)" | dirsë, djersë "sweat (n.)" < *swí-drōxty- | B syā-lñe "sweating" < *swid-yé- | ||
| *h₁ed- "to eat" | eat (< OE etan) | itan "to eat" | edō (ēsse) "to eat", ēst "(he) eats" | édō "I eat", Homeric athematic infinitive édmenai "to eat" | ádmi "I eat", átti "(he) eats" | Av subj. aδāiti "(he) should eat" | OCS jamĭ "I eat" < *H₁ēd-mi, jastŭ "(he) eats" | OPrus istun "to eat", ėsti, OLith ėdmi "I eat" | OIr ci-ni estar "although he doesn't eat"; W ys "eats" < *H₁ed-ti | utem "I eat" < *ōd- | ha "to eat" | ēdmi "I eat" | |
| *peh₃- "to drink" | potable (< OF potable)
imbibe (< Lat. bibere "to drink" via OF imbiber) potion, poison (<Lat. potio, potionis "a drink" via OF pocion, poison) |
bibō (bibere) "to drink", pōtus "drink (n.)"; pō·culo- < pō·clo- < *pō·tlo- "beaker" [av] (Compare Skt pā·tra-) |
pī́nō, pépomai "I drink" | pā́ti, píbati "(he) drinks"; pā·tra- "cup, vessel" [av] | Av vispo-pitay- "alltränkend" giving water/drinks to all | OCS pijǫ (piti) "to drink", Proto-Slavic pȋvo "drink, beer, beverage" | OPrus putun "to drink", puja "a party", Lith puota "party" | OIr ibid "drinks" < *pibeti; W yfwn "we drink" | əmpem "I drink" | pī "I drink" | pāsi "he swallows" | ||
| *ǵews- "to test, to taste" | choose (< OE ċēosan) | Goth kiusan "to prove, to test", kausjan "taste"; OHG kiosan "choose" | gustus "taste" | geúomai "taste" | juşate, joşati "enjoys" | Av zaoś- "be pleased" | OCS (vŭ)kušati "to offer a meal, to give for tasting" | OIr do-goa "choose" | zgjedh "choose"
desha "I loved"; dashje "liking, taste, preference" (< PAlb *dāusnja) |
kukuš(-zi) "taste" | |||
| *ǵenh₁- "to beget, give birth, produce" [202][203][204][205][206] |
kin (< OE cynn "kind, sort, family, generation") (> kindred); kind (< OE (ġe)cynd "generation, nature, race, kind"); king (< OE cyning); OE cennan "produce" |
-kunds "born"; knoþs "race, people"; OHG kind "child"; Ger könig, Dut koning "king" (< PGmc *kuningaz = *kunją "kin" + *-ingaz "from, belonging to") (> OCS kŭnędzĭ "prince"; Lith kùnigas "priest"; Fin, Est kuningas "king" (esp. in chess)) |
(g)nāscor "I am born, begotten; grow, spring forth"; gignō "I beget, bear, bring forth, engender" ⇒ [note 33]; (g)natus "born, arisen, made" ⇒ [note 34]; nāscēns "being born, arising; emerging" ⇒ [note 35]; nātīvus "created; imparted by birth" ⇒ [note 36]; nātīvitās "birth" ⇒ [note 37]; nātūra "nature, quality, essence" ⇒ [note 38]; nātiō "birth; race, class; nation, folk" ⇒ [note 39]; nātālis "relating to birth, natal" ⇒ [note 40]; genus (generis) "birth, origin; kind; species; (grammar) gender" ⇒ [note 41]; gēns (gentis) "tribe; folk, family; Roman clan" ⇒ [note 42]; ingēns "huge, vast; extraordinary"; genitus "begotten, engendered" ⇒ [note 43]; genius "inborn trait, innate character; talent, wits" (> genius); ingenuus "natural, indigenous; freeborn" ⇒ [note 44]; ingenium "innate quality, nature, disposition; natural capacity; talent" ⇒ [note 45]; indigenus = indu (inside) + genus "native, indigenous" (> indigenous); genimen "product, fruit; progeny"; germen (germinis) "shoot, sprout; germ, origin, seed; fetus" ⇒ [note 46]; genitor "begetter, father, sire"; genetrīx "begetter, mother"; naevus "birthmark, mole" (> Lat Gnaeus); genitālis "relation to birth, generation; productive" ⇒ [note 47] |
geínomai "I am born; I beget"; gígnomai "I come into being; become"; gonḗ "offspring; seed" (> gonad); geneā́ "birth; race, descent; generation; offspring" (> genealogy, etc.); gnōtós "kinsman"; génos "offspring, descendant, family; nation, gender"; génna, génnā "descent, lineage; origin, offspring"; génesis "origin, source, manner of birth" ⇒ [note 48]; gónos "fruit, product; race, descent; begetting; seed"; genétēs, genétōr "begetter, ancestor; father" |
jánati "(she) gives birth"; jáyate "is born; becomes"; já-, -ja- "born; born of, begotten from", e.g., dvi·já- "twice-born"; jantú "child, offspring; creature"; jñāt́í "kinsman, relative"; jananī "mother, birth-giver"; jána- "people, person, race"; jánana- "begetting, birth"; jánas "race, class, genus"; jánman, janmá- "birth, life"; jániman "generation, birth, origin"; janitṛ́ "begetter, father, parent"; jánitrī "begetter, mother"; janátā "people, folk, generation"; jātí "birth, form of existence fixed at birth, position assigned by birth, rank, lineage, caste" |
Av zīzǝnti, zīzanǝnti "they give birth"; Kurd zayîn "to give birth"
Past zeẓ̌edə́l "to be born" |
OCS zętĭ "son-in-law" | OPrus gamintun "to give birth", gimdyti "to give birth" | OIr -gainethar "who is born" < *ĝn̥-ye-tro;[194] W geni "to be born" | cnanim "I am born, bear" | dhëndër, dhândër "son-in-law, bridegroom" < *ĝenH̥₁-tr-[ax] | AB kän- "to come to pass (of a wish), be realized" | |
| *sewh₁- or *sewh₃- "to bear, beget, give birth" [30][31][32][33][207] (See also *suHnú-) |
sū́te "(she) begets"; sūtá- "born, brought forth"; sūtí "birth, production" |
Av hunāhi “give birth, beget” | OIr suth "produce, offspring; milk" | šunnai "fills" | |||||||||
| *h₂ewg-, h₂weg- "to grow, increase"[208] | eke (< OE ēacian "to increase"); wax (of the moon) (< OE weaxan "to grow") | aukan, auknan "to increase (intr.)", wahsjan "to grow" < orig. caus. *h₂wog-s-éy-onom | augeō (augēre) "to increase (tr.)" ⇒ [note 49]; auctor "grower - promoter, producer, author etc" ⇒ [note 50]; augmentum "growth, increase" ⇒ [note 51]; augur < augos "aggrandizement" ⇒ [note 52]; augustus "majestic, venerable" ⇒ [note 53]; auxilium "help, aid; remedy" ⇒ [note 54] |
a(w)éksō "I increase (intr.)", aúksō, auksánō "I increase (tr.)" | úkṣati "(he) becomes stronger", vakṣáyati "(he) causes to grow"; ójas, ōjmán "strength, vitality, power";[209] ugrá- "immense, strong, hard"; | Av uxšyeiti "(he) grows", vaxšaiti "(he) causes to grow" | OCS jugъ "south" (the direction to where the Sun rises) | OPrus augtwei "to grow", Lith augti " to grow" | OIr fēr, W gwêr "fat" < *weg- | ačem "I grow, become big" | A oksiṣ "(he) grows"; A okṣu, В aukṣu "grown" | ||
| *weǵ- "fresh, strong; lively, awake"[210] | wake (< OE wacian); watch (< OE wæċċan) | gawaknan "wake up, arouse" | vegeō (vegēre) "be alert, awake, smart"; vigor "id"; vigil "awake, watching" | vā́ja- "strength, energy, vigour, spirit"; vájra- "hard; mace; thunderbolt; diamond"; vājáyati "(s/he) impels" | Serbian language svež / свеж "fresh" | ||||||||
| *gʷih₃wo- "alive", *gʷih₃woteh₂ "life" | quick (< OE cwicu "alive") | qius "alive" | vīvus "alive"; vīta "life" | bíos, bíotos "life", zoo "animal" | jīvá-, jīvaka- "alive", jīvita·m, jīvā́tus, jīvathas "life" | Av gayō, acc. ǰyātum "life"; Gayōmart "living mortal"; -ǰyāiti- "life-"; Av ǰva-, OPers ǰīva- "alive", NPers ǰavān- "alive"; Kurd jiyan, jîn "life"
Past žwənd "life" |
OCS živŭ "alive", žitĭ, životŭ "life"; Živa "alive, living (Polabian deity)" | OPrus giws "alive", giwata "life", Lith gyvas "alive", gyvatė "snake" | Gaul biuo-, bio-,[211][ay] OIr biu, beo, W byw "alive"; OIr bethu (bethad), W bywyd "life" < Proto-Celtic *bivo-tūts |
keam "I live" < *gʷi-yā-ye-mi[194] | B śai- "to live" < *gweiH₃-ō | ḫuišu̯ant- "living; alive"[212][213][214][215] | |
| *ǵerh₂- "to grow old, mature" [216][164] [204][217][218] (See also *ǵr̥h₂-nó-, *gʰreh₁-) |
churl (< OE ċeorl, ċiorl "free man") |
Karl (< PGmc "free man") (> Slav korlǐ "king")[az] | gérōn, gérontos "old; elder" (> geronto-); graûs "old woman"; geraiós "old"; géras "gift of honor"; gerarós "honorable, majestic, respectable"; Graîa Graia > Graikós > Graeco-, Greek |
járati, jī́ryati "grows old; wears out; is consumed, digested"; jīrṇá- "old, worn out; digested"; járan(t)- "old, infirm; decayed"; jarā́, jarás, jariman "old age" |
OCS zĭrěti "to ripen" | grua “woman, wife” < PAlb *grāwā | |||||||
| *mer- "to die" | murder (< OE morþor < *mr̥-tro-m) | maúrþr "murder" | morior (morī) "to die" < *mr̥-yōr, mortalis "mortal" | brotós (< *mrotós), mortós "mortal" | marati, máratē, mriyátē "(he) dies", mṛtá- "dead", márta-, mortal | Av merə- "to die", miryeite "dies"; OPers martiya- "man (someone who dies)", NPers mordan- "to die"; Kurd mirin "to die"
Past mrəl "to die" |
OCS mĭrǫ, mrěti "to die" | Lith miŕštu (miŕti) "to die", merdėti "to die slowly" | OIr marb, W marw "dead" < *mr̥-wós | meṙanim "I die", mard "human" | mert "died" | ||
| *kl̥H- "bald, naked" [219][220] [221][222] |
calvus "bald, hairless" > calva "skull, scalp" |
kulvá- "bald" |
NPers kal, kačal "bald"
kalle "head" |
Serbian language ćelav / ћелав "bald" | |||||||||
| *kʷeh₂s- "to cough"[223][224] |
whoost "cough" (< OE hwōstan) |
German Hust "cough" | Kurd kuxin "to cough", kuxik "cough" | OCS kašĭljati "to cough" | Lith kosėti "to cough" | koll "cough" | kollë "cough" | ||||||
| *perd- "fart"[225][226] | fart (< OE feortan) | pérdomai | párdate "(s/he) farts" | Russian perdétь "to fart" | Lith perdžia "he farts" | bert "fart" | pordhë "fart" |
Mental functions and states
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ḱlew(s)- "to hear" | listen (< OE hlystan), loud (< OE hlūd) | hliuma "hearing, ears (in pl.)" | clueō (cluēre) "to be named"; inclitus/inclutus "famous" (heard of) | ékluon "I heard" | śṛṇóti "(he) hears" < *ḱl̥-ne-w-; śrúti "that which is heard" | Av surunaoiti "(he) hears" < *k̂lu-n- | OCS slyšati "to hear"; slušati "to listen" |
OPrus klausytun "to hear", Lith klausyti "to listen" | OIr ro-clui-nethar "hears"; W clywed "to hear"; Gaul cluiou "I hear"[227] |
lsem "I hear" | Old Tosk kluaj (standard quaj) "to call, to name" < *ḱlu(H)-eh₁- | A klyoṣ-, B klyauṣ- "to hear" | |
|
*h₂ew- or *h₃ew- |
OE ēawis "obvious" |
audiō |
aḯō |
āvís |
OCS
aviti "to show, appear" |
Lith
ovytis |
|||||||
| *weyd- "to see, find; to know" | wit (OE wit "intelligence", witan "to know" < PIE perfect tense) | witan "to know" | videō (vidēre) "to see" | é(w)ide "he saw"; perf. oĩda "I know (lit. I have seen)" |
vindáti "(he) finds", ávidat "found"; vetti, vēdate, vidáti "(he) knows"; perf. véda "I know" |
Av vī̆δaiti, vī̆nasti "(he) finds" | OCS viždǫ (viděti) "to see" | OPrus widatun "to see"; Lith veidas "face" | W gweld "to see" , gwybod "to know" | gtanem "I find" | |||
| *woyd- "to know" | Av perf. vaēδa "I know", vīdarǝ "they know" | OCS věmĭ (věděti) "to know" | OPrus waistun "to know", Lith vaistas "medicine", vaidila "pagan priest" | OIr find, W gwn "(I) know" | gitem "I know" | B ūwe "learned" < PToch *wäwen- < *wid-wo- | |||||||
| *ǵénH₃-, *ǵnéH₃-sḱ-, *ǵn̥-né-h₃- "to recognize, know" | can (< OE cann "I know, he knows"), know (< OE cnāwan < *ǵnēH₃-yo-nom), Scot ken "to know" (< OE cennan "to cause to know" < PGerm *kann-jan) | kunnan "to know" < *ǵn̥-n-h₃-onom, kann "I know" | (g)nōscō ((g)nōscere) "to learn about", nōvī "I know" (lit. "I have learnt") | gignṓskō (aorist égnōn) "I learn about, perceive" | jānā́mi "I know" < *janā́mi < *ǵn̥-nh₃-mi | Av zanā-ṯ, zanąn < *ǵn̥-ne-h₃-ti; OPers a-dānā (impf.) "he knew" < *ǵn̥-ne-h₃-mi, xšnāsātiy (subj.) "he should know"; Kurd zanîn "to know" | OCS znajǫ (znati) "to know" < *ǵneh₃-yoh₂ | OPrus zinatun "to recognize, know", Lith žinoti "to know"[231][232] | OIr itar-gninim, asa-gninaim "I am wise"; W adnabod "(I) know" | čanačʿem, aorist caneay "I recognize" | njoh "I know" < *ǵnēh₃-sḱoh₂ | A knā-, e.g. knānmaṃ "knowing" < *ǵneH₃-, kñas-äṣt "you have become acquainted" < *ǵnēH₃-s- | |
| *n̥- + *ǵneh₃-tos "not" + "to know" | uncouth (< OE uncūþ "unknown, strange") | unkunþs "unknown" | ignōtus, ignōrāntem "unknown, ignorant" | agnṓs (agnõtos) "unknown" < *n̥- + *ǵnéH₃-ts | ajñāta- "unknown" | OPrus nezinatun "not to know", Lith nežinoti " not to know" | OIr ingnad "foreign" | an-can-awtʿ "ignorant, unknown" | A ā-knats, B a-knātsa "ignorant" | ||||
| *lewbʰ- "to love; desire, covet, want; admire, praise"[233][234] |
love (< OE lufu); arch. lief "dear, beloved" (< OE lēof); lofe "praise, exalt; offer" (< OE lofian, lof) |
lubō "love" | libet "it is pleasing, agreeable" |
lúbhyati "(s/he) desires greatly; longs for, covets; is perplexed"; lobháyati "(s/he) causes to desire, attract, allure; confound, bewilder"; lobhá "perplexity, confusion; impatience, eager desire, longing; covetousness"; lobhin "greedy, desirous of, longing after; covetous" |
OCS ljubiti "to love"; ljubŭ "sweet, pleasant"; ljuby "love"; Russ ljubímyj "favorite" |
lyp "beg" | |||||||
| *men- "to think"[235][236] | mind (< OE (ġe)mynd "memory" < *mn̥t-ís); OE munan "to think"; minion |
munan "to think"; muns (pl. muneis) "thought" < *mn̥-is; gamunds (gamundáis) "remembrance" < *ko(m)-mn̥t-ís | meminī "I remember" ⇒ [note 57]; reminīscor "I recollect, remember" ⇒ [note 58] mēns (mentis) "mind" < *mn̥t-is; memor "mindful, remembering" ⇒ [note 59] commentus "devised, contrived; invented"; moneō "I remind, warn"; mōnstrum "a divine omen; portent" ⇒ [note 60]; Minerva |
mémona "I think of"; maínomai "I go mad"; mimnḗskō "I remind, recall"; mnáomai "I am mindful, remember; woo, court"; autómatos "self-willed, unbidden; self-moving, automatic"; ménos "mind; desire; anger"; Méntōr "mentor"; manthánō "I learn; know, understand; notices"; máthēma "something that is learned, lesson; learning, knowledge" ⇒ [note 61]; Promētheús] |
mányate "(he) thinks"; mántra- "thought, the instrument of thought";[237] mánas "mind"; máti "thought intention; opinion, notion; perception, judgement"; mantṛ́ "thinker, adviser"; medhā́ "wisdom, intelligence" (See mazdā); mantrín "minister, councilor, counselor" > mandarin |
Av mainyeite "(he) thinks"; mazdā "wisdom, intelligence"; OPers mainyāhay "I think", NPers Došman- "Someone who has a bad mind"; Kurd mejî "brain, mind" |
OCS mĭněti "to mean"; pamętĭ "memory"; myslĭ "thought" |
OPrus mintun "to guess", minisna "memory", mints "riddle", mentitun "to lie", Lith mintis " thought", minti "to guess", minėti "to mention" | OIr do-moiniur "I believe, I mean" | mendoj "I think" | A mnu "thought"; B mañu "demand (n.)" | memmāi "says" | |
|
*(s)mer- |
mammer "to hesitate; to mumble, stammer from hesitation" |
memor |
mérmeros |
smárati |
mariti(< SE "to care about something/someone") |
||||||||
|
think |
tongeō |
A tuṅk, B taṅkw "love" | |||||||||||
|
*mers- |
mar |
mṛ́ṣyate |
Lith miršti "to forget, lose, become oblivious" |
mërzi "boredom"
mërzit "bother, annoy" |
|||||||||
| *sekʷ- "to see, to say" | see (< OE sēon); say (< OE sec̣gan < PGerm *sag(w)jan < *sokʷéyonom) | saíƕan "to see"; OHG sagen "say" < *sokʷē- | īnseque "declare!" | énnepe "tell!" | śacate "(he) says" | OCS sočiti "to announce" | Lith sakyti "to say", sekti "to tell a story, to follow" | OIr insce "I talk"; OIr rosc "eye" < *pro-skʷo-; OW hepp "(he) said" | sheh "(he) sees" | A ṣotre, B ṣotri "sign" | sakuwāi- "to see" | ||
|
ME torhte "bright, shining, radiant" |
dérkomai |
dṛś- |
Oir : dearc ~tha).Look, behold; regard, consider. | ndrri, ndrritje
"bright, enlightened" |
|||||||||
|
*(s)péḱ- |
spy |
-spex |
skopéō |
spáś |
Lith spoksoti "to keep looking" | shpik "invent"
shpikje "invention, creation" |
|||||||
|
tékmar |
kā́śate |
Av cašman "eye" |
OCS kazati "to show; say, testify" |
Lith kušlas "having poor eyesight" | |||||||||
| *wekʷ- "to say" | OE wōma "noise" < *wōkʷ-mō(n) | OHG giwahanen "mention" < PGerm *gawahnjan (denom. built on *wokʷ-no-) | vocō (vocāre) "to call", vōx (vōcis) "voice" | eĩpon (aor.) "spoke" < *e-we-ikʷ-om < *e-we-ukʷ-om, (w)épos "word" | vákti, vívakti "(he) says", vāk "voice", vácas- "word" | Av vač- "speak, say", vāxš "voice", vačah "word", NPers vāk- "voice"; Kurd vaj "voice", bivaj- "to say" | OCS vikǫti "to call, to scream" | OPrus enwackēmai "we call" | OIr foccul "word", W gwaethl "argument, verbal fight" < * wokʷ-tlo-m | gočem "I call" | A wak, B wek "voice" | ḫuek-, ḫuk- to swear to" | |
| *bʰeh₂- "to speak, say"[256] | ban (< PGmc *bannaną "to proclaim, order, summon") | fāma "fame"; fās "divine law; will of god, destiny"; for (fārī) "I speak, talk, say"; fātus "word, saying; oracle, prophecy; fate"; fateor (fatērī, fassus sum) "I confess, admit, acknowledge"; fābula "discourse, narrative; tale, fable"; Sp hablar, Pt falar "to speak" |
phōnḗ "voice"; phḗmē "prophetic voice; rumor; reputation"; phēmí "I speak, say"; prophḗtēs "one who speaks for a god: proclaimer, prophet"; phásis "utterance, statement, expression" |
bhā́ṣā "speech, language"; bhā́ṣati "(s/he) speaks" | bajka "fable";[bc] OCS balii (bali) "physician, (healer, enchanter)" | ||||||||
| *preḱ-, *pr̥-sḱ- < *pr̥ḱ-sḱ- "to ask" | Scot frain "to ask" (< OE freġnan) | fraíhnan "to ask"; OHG forscōn "to ask, to research" | precor (precārī) "to pray", poscō (poscere) "to demand, ask" | pṛccháti "(he) asks" | Av pǝrǝsaiti "(he) asks, desires" < *pr̥-sḱ-; OPers aor.? aparsam "(he) asked"; Kurd pirs "question"
Past pox̌tə́l "to ask" |
OCS prositi "to ask, to demand" | OPrus prasitun "to ask", Lith prašyti "to ask" | OIr imm-chom-arc "mutual questions, greetings"; NIr arco, W archaf "I ask" | harcʿanem "I ask" | pyet "ask"
porosit "recommend, order" (an article or a meal) |
A prak-, B prek- "to ask" | ||
| *kelh₁-, (s)kel-dʰ- "to call, cry, summon"[257][258] |
haul (< OE halian); scold (< ON skald) |
calō "I call, announce solemnly; call out"; concilium "a council, meeting" ⇒ [note 73]; classis "the armed forces; fleet; group or class" > class; kalendae "the Calends" > calendar; clāmō "I cry out, clamor, shout, yell" ⇒ [note 74]; clārus "clear, bright; renouwned, famous; loud, distinct" ⇒ [note 75] |
kaléō "I call, hail; summon, invite" |
klándati, krándati "(s/he) laments weeps; cries; sounds"; uṣaḥkala-, uṣakala- "rooster, lit, dawn-call" |
Kurd kalîn "to moan, to whine, to mourn", dikale "he/she mourns" | OCS klakolŭ "bell"; Russ skulítʹ "to whine, whisper" |
Lith kalbėti "to speak" | Gheg kaj "weep, cry" | |||||
| *bʰeyh₂- "to fear, be afraid"[259] | bive, bever "to shake, tremble" (< OE bifian) | foedus "foul, filthy, unseemly; vile" | bháyate "(s/he) is afraid"; bhī, bhīti, bhayá- "fear" |
OCS bojati "to fear, be afraid" | Lith baimė "fear" | ||||||||
| *h₁néh₃mn̥ or *h₁nómn̥ "name" | name (< OE nama) | namō (acc. pl. namna) "name" | nōmen "name" | ónoma "name" | nā́ma(n)(instrumental sg. nā́mnā) "name" | Av nāma "name"; NPers nām- "name"; Kurd nav "name"
Past num "name" |
OCS imę "name" < Proto-Slavic *inmen < *n̥men | OPrus emnes, emmens "name" < *enmen- | OIr ainmm n-, OW anu "name"; Gaul anuan < anman "name"[260] |
anun "name" | Gheg emën, Tosk emër "name" < *enmen- | A ñem, B ñom "name" | lāman- "name" |
General conditions and states
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *(s)teyg- "to be sharp; to sting" [261][262] [263][264] |
stick (< OE sticca); stitch (< OE stiċe); thistle (< OE þistel) |
īnstīgō "I stimulate, incite, rouse" > instigate; stilus (later spelled stylus [bd]) "pointed instrument, spike" ⇒ [note 76] |
stizō "I tattoo; mark"; stíxis "marking; spot, mark"; stígma "mark, tattoo; spot, stain" |
téjate "become sharp; energize"; téjas "sharp ede of a knife; light, brilliance, glow; splendor; fiery power"; tīkṣṇá "sharp; hot, fiery, pungent; acute, keen"; tigmá "sharp, pointed; pungent, scorching, acrid" |
Per tez "sharp" | ||||||||
|
tābēs |
tîphos |
tāmara |
OCS
tajati "melt" |
Natural features
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *h₂ster- "star" (See also: *h₂eHs-) |
star (< OE steorra) | staírnō "star" | stēlla "star" | astḗr "star"[be] | root stṛ (stá "star", stáras "stars"), contracted root tṛ (tārā "star") | Av acc. stā̆rǝm (ablauting)[bf] "star"; Kurd stêr "star" | MIr ser, W seren, Breton sterenn "star"; Celtic Sirona (< *Tsirona) "astral", "stellar" | astł "star"; Astłik "deity of love, fertility and skylight" | pl. A śreñ, B ściriñ "stars" | ḫasterza "star" | |||
| *dyḗws[ii] "day, daily sky → the sky god"; *déywos "heavenly → god" |
Tues-day (< OE Tīwes-dæġ lit. "day of Tīw"[bg]) | tiws "god", ON Týr "Tīw" (the war god) | Iuppiter (Iovis), Old Latin Diū-piter (Diovis) "Jupiter"; diēs "day", deus, dīvus "god"[bh] | Zdeús (Di(w)ós)[iii] "Zeus" | d(i)yāús (divás, dyōs)[iii] "heaven", dēvás "god", devī́ "goddess" | Av daēva- "demon"; Kurd dêw "giant" | (OCS dĭnĭ (dĭne) "day" < *din-is), Ukr. dyvo and Russ. divo "miracle" | OPrus deina "day", deiws "god", Lith diena "day", dievas "god" | OIr dīe, W dydd "day"; OIr dia (dē), OW duiu- "God" | tiw (tuənǰean) "day" | din “dawn” <PAlb *deina “day”
zot “god” <PIE *dyew + *átta |
Šiuš "Hittite sky- or sun-god"[268][bi] | |
| *seh₂wol-, *sh₂un- "sun" | sun (< OE sunne) | sauil, sunnō "sun" | sōl "sun" | Homeric hēélios "sun" < *sāwélios;[bj] Helios "deity of the sun" | súvar (súra-) "sun, light, heavens", sūra-, sūrya "sun" | Av hvarǝ (hūrō) "sun, light, heavens", Hvare-khshaeta "deity of the radiant sun" | OCS slĭnŭce "sun" < *sulnika-, Russ. po-solon' "sunwise" | OPrus sauli "sun", sawaiti "week", Lith saulė "sun" | OIr sūil "eye"; W haul "sun" | ylli "star" < *sūlo- or *sūli- | A swañceṃ; B swañco, swañciye "sunbeam" (< Common Tocharian *su̯āntœ)[269] | DUTU-li-ya "Sun goddess" | |
| *meh₁ns- "moon, month" | moon (< OE mōna), month (< OE mōnaþ) | mēna "moon", mēnoþs "month" | mēnsis "month" | Att mḗn, Ion meis, Dor mḗs "month", mḗnē "moon" | mā́s "moon"; mā́sa "month" | Av mā̊ (mā̊ŋhō) "moon"; NPers māh "moon, month"; Kurd meh "month", mang "moon" | OCS měsęcĭ "moon, month" < *mēs-n̥-ko- | OPrus miniks "moon", mins "month", Lith mėnulis "moon", mėnesis "month" | OIr mī (mīs) "month" < *mēns;; W mis "month" | amis "month" | muai "month" | A mañ B meñe "month"; A mañ ñkät B meṃ "moon" | |
| *dʰeǵʰom- "earth" (See also *dʰǵʰemon-) |
humus "earth" ⇒ [note 77] |
kʰtʰṓn (kʰtʰonós) "earth", kʰamaí "on the earth"[bk] | kṣā́s (acc. kṣā́m, gen. jmá-) "earth" | Av zā̊ (acc. ząm, gen. zǝmō) "earth"; Kurd zevî "farmland"; NPers zamin "ground, soil", zamindar "land owner" | OCS zemĭ, zemlja "earth"; Russ Chernozem "black soil" | OPrus zemê "earth", semmai "on the earth" (adverb); Lith žemė " earth" | OIr dū "place"; Welsh dyn "man" | dhe "earth" | A tkaṃ (tkanis), B keṃ "earth" | tēkan (tagnās) "earth" | |||
|
hammer |
ákmōn |
áśman |
Asman "sky" | OCS
kamy, gen. kamene "stone" |
Lith akmuõ, gen. akmeñs "stone" |
||||||||
|
lapis |
lépas |
||||||||||||
| *wódr̥ (udéns) pl. *wédōr (udnés) "water" | water (< OE wæter) | watō (watins) "water" | Umbrian utur "water", Latin unda "wave" | húdōr (húdatos) "water"; Hydra (litt.) "water-animal" | udaká- (loc. udán(i), pl. udá), udra "water"; samudra "ocean" (litt. "gathering of waters") | Av aoδa- "spring", vaiδi- "stream" | OCS voda "water", Russ. vedro "bucket"; Russ vódka "little water" | OPrus undan "water", Lith vanduo gen. vandens "water" | OIr u(i)sce "water" < *udeskyo-; Eng. Whisky < uisce beatha "water of life" | get "river" | ujë "water" | A wär, B war "water" | wātar (wetenas) "water" |
| *dóru, *drew- "wood, tree" | tree (< OE trēo) | triu "tree, wood" | dóru, drûs "tree, wood" | dā́ru, drṓs, drú- "tree, wood" | Av dāru- "tree, wood"; Kurd dar "tree, wood" | OCS drěvo "tree" | OPrus drawê "hole in a tree, hollow tree", Lith drevė "hole in a tree", derva "tar" | OIr daur "oak", W derwen "oak" | tram "firm" | dru "tree, wood" | AB or "wood" | taru "tree" | |
| *h₂weh₁n̥to- "wind", *h₂weh₁- "to blow" | wind (< OE wind); OE wāwan "to blow" | winds "wind"; waian "to blow" | ventus "wind" | áenta (acc.) "wind", áēsi "(he) blows" | vā́ta- (vānt-)[277] "wind", vāti "(he) blows", Vāyu "lord of winds"; nir·vāṇa- "blow-out, extinction"[278] | Av vātō "wind", vāiti "(he) blows", Vayu-Vata "a pair of deities: Vayu/Wind and Vata/Air"; Kurd ba, wa, va "wind", hewa "air, weather" | OCS vějǫ (vějetŭ) "to blow", větrŭ "wind" | OPrus witra "wind"; Lith vėjas "wind", vėtra "heavy wind", Vėjopatis "god of winds" | W gwynt "wind" | vetëtin“it thunders” | A want, B yente "wind" | ḫūwanz[279] "wind" | |
| *sneygʷʰ- "to snow" | snow (< OE snāw < *snóygʷʰos, snīwan "to snow" < *snéygʷʰonom) | snáiws "snow" | nix (nivis) "snow", ninguō (ninguere) "to snow" | nípʰa (acc.) "snow", neípʰei "it snows" | sneha- "snow" | Av snaēža- "to snow"; Shughni žǝnij "snow" < *snaiga- | OCS sněgŭ "snow" | OPrus snaigs "snow", Lith sniegas "snow", snigti "to snow" | OIr snecht(a)e, W nyf "snow" (< *snigʷo-); OIr snigid "it rains" | B śin̄catstse "snowy" (< *śin̄ce (“snow”) < *snígʷi) | |||
| *h₁n̥gʷnís "fire" < *h₁engʷ- "to burn";[280] *h₁óngʷl̥ "charcoal" |
ignis "fire" | agní "fire"; áṅgāra "charcoal" |
OCS ognĭ "fire"; ǫglĭ "coal" |
Lith ugnis "fire", anglis "coal" Lv uguns "fire" | e enjte “Thursday”
<PAlb *agni “fire” |
||||||||
| *péh₂wr̥, ph₂unés "bonfire"[bl] | fire (< OE fȳr < *fuïr[bl]) | fōn (funins)[bl] "fire"; OHG fuïr[bl] (two syllables) < *puwéri | Umbrian pir "fire" < *pūr, acc. purom-e "into the fire" < *pur- | pũr (purós) "fire" | pāru (pēru) "sun, fire" | NPers fer "oven, furnace" | Czech pýř "glowing ash", Pol perzyna "embers", Slovak pyr, UpSb pyr "ashes"[281] Ukr para "steam (n.)" | OPrus pannu "fire" | hur "fire" | A por, B puwar, puwār, pwār "fire" | paḫḫur "fire" | ||
| *dʰuh₂mós "smoke" < *dʰewh₂- "to smoke"[282] | dew (< OE dēaw) |
fūmus "smoke" | thūmós "soul, life, breath; desire, temper" | dhūmá- "smoke; mist, fog" | Kurd du, dukêl | OCS dymŭ "smoke" | tym “smoke” <PAlb ātuma | ||||||
| *h₂eHs- "to become dry; burn, glow; hearth; ashes" |
ash (< OE æsce); |
azgō "ash; cinder" |
āreō "I am dry; dried up, withered"; āridus "dry, parched, withered, arid" > arid; āra "altar; sanctuary, refuge"; assus "roasted, baked; dried"; Osc aasa "altar" |
ázō "I dry"; ásbolos "soot" |
ā́sa- "ashes, dust" |
A/B ās- "to dry out; to dry up" | ḫašš- "ash; dust"; ḫašša- "hearth"; Lyc χaha-(di-) "altar" | ||||||
|
cinis, cineris |
κόνις |
kaṇa- |
|||||||||||
| *gʷʰerm- "warm" | ?warm (< OE wearm); OE ġierwan "to prepare, cook" < PGerm *garwjan | ?warmjan "to warm" | formus "warm" | tʰermós "warm" | gʰarmá- "heat" | Av garǝma- "hot, heat"; OPers Garma-pada-, name of the fourth month, corresponding to June/July, orig. (?) "entrance of the heat"; Kurd germ "hot, warm" | Russ. žar "heat", goret' "to burn" < *gʷʰer | OPrus garmê "heat, glowing", Lith žarijos "cinders", žėrėti "to glow" | OIr gorn "fire" < *gʷʰor-nos | ǰerm "warm" | Gheg zjarm "fire, heat"
ngroh “ I warm” ziej “I boil, cook” <PAlb *džernja |
A śärme "heat (of summer)" | |
|
foveō |
téphrā |
dáhati |
OCS
žešti (žeg-) "to burn"; |
Lith dė̃gis "burn scar" |
ndez “to light”
djeg "burn" |
||||||||
| *h₁ews- "to burn";[290][291] | ember (< OE ǣmyrġe) | ūrō "I burn, consume, inflame"; ustus "burnt, inflamed"; bustum < amb-bustum "a burial mound, tomb"; combūrō "I burn up, cremate, scald" > combust; ūrna "urn, water jar" (lit. a vessel of burnt clay) |
heúō "I singe" | óṣati "(s/he) burns, burns down; punishes"; uṣṭá "burnt"; uṣṇá "warm, hot" |
|||||||||
| *gel- "to be cold, to freeze" | cold (< OE ceald) | kalds "cold (of the weather)" | gelus "ice", gelidus "icy" | śarada "autumn" | MBulg goloti "ice" | Lith gelmenis, gelumà "great cold" | |||||||
| *temH- "(to be) dark" *témHos "darkness" |
OHG demar "twilight" | tenebrae "darkness" (< *temebrai < *temasro) | támas "darkness, gloom", támisrā "dark night" | Av taΘra "darkness", təmah | OCS tĭmĭnŭ "darkness", tĭma', Rus temnotá "darkness" | Lith tamsa "dark, darkness", tiḿsras "a darker shade of red"; Latv tumšs, timšs "dark", tùmsa "darkness"[292] | OIr temel "darkness" (< PCel *temeslos); OW timuil "dark, darkness" | B tamãsse "dark" | |||||
| *nébʰos "cloud; mist"[184] | OE nifol "dark [misty]" | ON Niflheimr "home of mists" | nebula "fog, cloud" | népʰos "cloud"; nepʰélē "mass of clouds; name of a nymph" | nábʰas "mist; sky, cloud"; nábʰāsa "celestial, heavenly; appearing in the sky" | nabah- "heavens" (litt. "nimbuses, clouds")[293] | OCS nebo "heaven, sky"; Pol niebo "sky"; Cz nebesa "skies"; Rus Небеса "heaven" | Lith debesis "cloud", Ltv debesis skies, heavens | OIr nem "sky"; OBret nem, MBret neff "sky" | avull “steam” <PAlb *abula | nēpiš- "sky, heaven"; CLuw tappaš- "heaven"; HierLuw tipas- "heaven" | ||
|
lutum "dirt, clay, mud"; polluō |
lûma |
Lith liutýnas "loam pit" |
OIr loth "mud" |
lym "mud" |
|||||||||
|
*sámh₂dʰos |
sand |
sabulō, sabulum |
psámathos |
||||||||||
| *srew-, *srew-mo, *sru-to "to flow, stream" (in river names)[bn] | stream (< OE strēam) | ON straumr "a stream" | rheûma "flow" | srutá- "flow", srava "a flow of, a waterfall" (< *srówos) | YAv θraotah- "stream" (< OIA srótas-); OPer rautaʰ- "river" | OCS struja "stream", o-strovŭ "island";[bo] Rus strumenı "brook"; Pol strumień "brook, river" | Lith sraumuõ "brook, stream"; Latv strāva "current"; Lith sraujà, Latv strauja "stream";[298] Lith sraũtas "flow, torrent" | OIr sruaimm, Ir sruth "stream, river"; MW ffrwd "brook, stream"; OBret frut "stream" | OArm aṙu "brook; canal" (< srutis-) | rrymë "stream, current; flow (of water)" | |||
| *dʰenh₂- "to set in motion, to flow";[299] *déh₂nu "river goddess" |
fōns < PItal *ðonts "spring, fountain; fresh water; source" | dhánvati "it runs, flows, causes to run or flow";[300] dhána- "competition, contest; prize"; dā́nu "fluid, drop, dew" |
Dnieper < OOss dānu apara "the far river"[301] | Danube < PCelt *Dānowyos | |||||||||
|
dale |
thólos |
OCS
dolŭ "valley; depression" |
|||||||||||
| *móri "lake?, sea?"[bp] | OE mere "lake" | marei "sea" | mare "sea" | maryā́dā "shore; bank of a water body" | OCS morje "sea" | Lith mãrės "sea" | OIr muir "sea"; W môr "sea"; Gaul Morini "those from the sea (name of a tribe)" | OAr mor < mawr "mud, marsh, swamp" |
Directions
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *per- "through, across, beyond" | far (< OE feorr) | faírra "far"; faír- "around; (intensifier)" | per "through" | perí, pér "around" | pári "forward" | Av pairi; OPers pariy "forward"; Kurd ber "in front of, before" | OCS prě- "forward" | OPrus pro-, pra- "trough, across", Latvian pāri "across", Lith per "across", pra- "to start and finish doing something", pro- "through" | OIr ir-, W er "forward" | heṙu "far" | për, pej, pe "forward" | parā, Lycian pri "forth" | |
| *upér(i) "over, above" | over (< OE ofer) | ufar "over, above, beyond" | super "over" (influenced by sub "under") | hypér (< *supér) "over" | upári "over, above, beyond" | Av 'upairi, OPers "over, above, beyond" | OCS po "upon, at" | OPrus uppin "cloud", | OIr for, W gor, gwar "over, on" | ver "up" | epër "over, above" | ||
| *h₂ents "forehead", *h₂entí, *h₂entá "in front of" | and (< OE and) | and "along, throughout, towards, in, on, among"; OHG enti "previously" < PGerm *andiaz | ante "in front of" | antí "instead of" | anti "opposite to it" | Kurd enî "front, forehead" | Lith añt "on" antai "there" | OIr étan "forehead" < *antono- | ənd "instead of" | ende “yet, still”
edhe “and” (< ênde) |
A ānt, B ānte "surface, forehead" | ḫānz, ḫanti "in front" | |
| *h₁én "in" | in (< OE in) | in "in, into, towards" | in "in" | en "in" | án-īka- "face" < ?*h₁eni-Hkʷ | Av ainika "face" < ?*h₁eni-Hkʷ | OCS on-, vŭn-, vŭ "in" | OPrus en "in", Lith į "in" | OIr in- "in"; W yn "in" | i "in" | në “in” | AB y-, yn-, B in- "in" | an-dan "inside" |
| *h₂epó "away" | of, off (< OE of) | af "from, of, by" (ab-u "from ...?") | ab "away" | apó "from" | ápa "away" | Av apa, OPers apa "away" | OCS ot, "from, apart of" | Lith apačià "bottom" < *apotyā | prapë "back" < *per-apë
pa “without” |
āpa "behind, back" (or ? < *epi) | |||
| *deḱs- "the right (side)" | Gothic taihswa "right side" | dexter | dexiós; Myc de-ki-si-wo | dákṣina "right, south" | Av dašina "right, south"; MPer dašn "right hand, right side" | OCS desnŭ "right (side)" | Lith dẽšinas | Gaul Dexsiva (Dexsiua) | djathtë “right” <PAlb *detsa | ||||
| *marǵ-, *merǵ- "edge; boundary, border" [304][305][306] |
mark (< OE mearc); march (< OF markōn) |
margō (marginis) "border, edge" > margin |
maryā "limit, mark, boundary"; mārga- "way, road, path" |
||||||||||
| *bʰudʰmḗn "bottom"[307] | butt (< OE bytt); bottom, botham (< OE bodan, botm) |
fundus "bottom, ground, foundation; farm, estate" | puthmḗn "bottom (cup, jar, sea)" | budhná "bottom, ground, base, depth" | Gaul bona "base, bottom, village" (found in several placenames: Bonna > Bonn; Windo-bona "white village" > Vienna; Bononia > Boulogne(-sur-Mer))[308] |
buzë “lip, edge” <PAlb *budza
bythë "bottom" |
Basic adjectives
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
*bʰerǵʰ- |
borough, borough, Brough, bur-, burg, burgh, bury, -bury |
baurgs, OHG burg "fortress, citadel"; OHG Burgunt (a female personal name)[313] |
fortis "strong, powerful; firm" ⇒ |
bṛhát, bṛhánt- "tall, elevated";[313] |
Av barəzah‑ "height", Harā Bərəzaitī "a mythical mountain" (litt. "High Watchpost") | OCS
brěgŭ "hill, slope; bank, shore" |
MIr brí, MW bre, MBre bre, Gaul -briga "elevation, hill"; Gaul Brigantes (ethnonym); Celt Brigantia (name of a goddess),[313] Ir Brigid (goddess) < PCelt *Brigantī "The High One" | barjr "high" | A pärk- "to elevate"; B pärkare "long" | parkuš "tall" | |||
| *weh₁-, *weh₁ros "true" [316][317][318] |
OE wǣr "true" | Ger wahr Dut waar "true" |
vērus "true" (> very,[bq] verify, verity, etc.) |
OCS věra "faith, belief" | OIr. fír "true" | urtë “quiet” <PAlb *wara | |||||||
| *medʰyo- "mid, middle" | mid, middle (< OE mid, middel) | midjis "middle" | medius "middle" | més(s)os "middle" | mádʰya- "middle" | Av maiδya- "middle" | OCS meždu "between", Russ. meža "boundary" | OPrus meddin "forest" (between villages), Lith medis, Latv mežs "tree" | OIr mid- "middle" < *medʰu-; MW mei- "middle" < *medʰyo- | mēǰ "middle" | mes, mjet "in between, middle" | ||
| *meǵ- "big" | much (< OE myc̣el "big, many") | mikils "big" | magnus "big" | mégas "big" | máha-, mahā́nt- "big" | Av mazant- "big" | OPrus mazs "smaller", Lith mažas "small" | OIr mochtae, MIr mag-, maige "big" | mec "big" | madh "big" | A mak, B makā "much" | mekkis "big" | |
| *dlongʰos, *dl̥h₁gʰós "long";[319] | long (< OE long, lang); |
langs "long" | longus "long" | dolikhós "long, protracted"; |
dīrghá- "long" | Av darəga "long" | OCS dlĭgŭ "long"; |
Lith ilgas "long" | gjatë "long" | talugai- "long" | |||
| *gʷerH₂- "heavy" | kaúrus "heavy" | grāvis "heavy" | barús "heavy" | gurú- "heavy" | Av gouru- "heavy-", NPers girān "heavy" < *grāna- (influenced by *frāna "full") | OCS gromada "big size, huge", gruz "a load, something heavy", | OPrus garrin "tree", Lith geras "good" | MIr bair "heavy (?)", W bryw "strong" | zor "brute force; great effort" | A kra-marts "heavy (?)", B krā-mär "burden" < *gʷroH₂-mVr- | |||
| *h₁le(n)gʷʰ-, *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ro-, *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-u-[br] "light (in weight)" | light (< OE lēoht) | leihts "light" < *h₁lengʷʰ-tos; OHG lungar "fast" < *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ros | levis "light" < *h₁legʷʰ-us | elakʷʰús "small" < *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-us, elapʰrós "light, quick" < *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ros | lagʰú-, ragʰú- "quick, light, small" | Av ragu-, fem. rǝvī "fast", superl. rǝnjišta- "fastest" | OCS lŭgŭkŭ "light" | OPrus langus "light", langsta "window", lankewingis "flexible", linktwei "to bend", Lith lengvas "light", lankstus "flexible", langas "window", lenkti "to bend" | OIr laigiu, laugu, MW llei "smaller" | lanǰ "breast" | lehtë "light-weight" | B lankutse "light" | |
| *h₂élyos, *h₂ényos "other"; *h₂énteros "second" | else (< OE elles); other (< OE ōþer) | aljis, anþar "other" | alius "other" | állos "other" | anyá-, ántara- "other"; aryas, Aryan, "else" | Av anya-, ainya-, OPers aniya- "other"; Av airiia, Aryan, "friend", "faithful", airiio "elsehow"; Ossetian ändär "other"; East Iranian hal-ci "whoever" | Old Sorbian wutory "other" < PSlav *ǫtorŭ | OPrus antars "second", Lith antras "second" | OIr aile, W ail "other"; Gaul allos "other, second"[320] |
ayl "other" | lloj “sort, type” | A ālya-kə, B alye-kə "another" | Lydian aλa- "other" |
| *néwo- "new" | new (< OE nīwe) | niujis "new" | novus "new" | né(w)os "new" | náva- "new" | Av nava- "new" | OCS novŭ "new" | OPrus nawas "new", Lith naujas "new" | OIr nūë, W newydd "new" | nor "new" < *nowero- | A ñu, B ñune "new" | newa- "new" | |
| *h₂yuHn̥- "young" | young (< OE ġeong < *h₂yuHn̥ḱós) | juggs "young" | juvenis "young", iuvencus "young"/"bullock" | yúvan- (yū́nas) "young" | Av yvan-, yavan- (yūnō) "youth, young man" | OCS junŭ "young" | Lith jaunas "young" | OIr ōac "young", W ieuanc "young" < *H₂yuHn̥k̂ós | |||||
| *sen- "old" | sineigs "old (person)" | senex "old" | hénos "former, from a former period" | sánas "old" | Av hana- "old" | OCS sedyi "grey-headed" | OPrus sentwei "to get old", Lith senas "old" | OIr sen "old", Old Welsh hen "old" | hin "old" | ||||
| *nogʷ- "naked" | naked (< OE nacod "naked") | naqaþs "naked" | nudus "naked" | gumnós "naked" | nagnás "naked" | NPers loxt "naked" | OCS nagŭ "naked" | OPrus nags "naked", Lith nuogas "naked" | OIr nocht "naked"; W noeth "naked, bare" | nekumant- "naked, bare" | |||
| *bʰosós "bare, barefoot"[321] | bare (< OE bær) | OCS bosŭ "barefooted, unshod" | Lith basas "barefooted" | ||||||||||
| *n̥mr̥tós "immortal"[322] | ámbrotos "immortal, divine" | amṛ́ta- "immortal" | |||||||||||
| *h₂eḱ- "sharp"[323] | edge (< OE eċġ) | aceō (acēre) "I am sour"; acidus "sour"; acētum "vinegar"; acus "needle, pin"; astus "craft, guile", astūtus "shrewd, astute" |
akmé "point, edge"; oxús "sharp, pointed; quick; clever" | Persian āčār "pickle, marinade" | OCS ostĭnŭ "sharp point" | Lith akstinas "pointy and sharp item" | teh “blade” from eh “sharpen” | ||||||
| *bel- "strong"[324] | dēbilis[bs] "feeble, weak" | βελτίων "better" | bála- "force, strength, power" | Russ bolʹšój "big, large, great" |
Light and color
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *lewk- "light, brightness" | light (< OE lēoht) | liuhaþ (liuhadis) "light" | lūceō (lūcēre) "to shine", lūx "light" | leukós "bright, shining, white"; Leuce "white (poplar); name of a nymph"; Leucothea "bright goddess" | rócate "(he) shines", roká- "light", loka- "world, place" | Av raočant- "shining", raočah "light"; OPers raučah "light"; Kurd roj "sun, light, day", ron "light" | OCS luča "ray, flash" < *loukyā | OPrus lauk "bright", lauksna "star", laukas "field", Lith laukas "outside, field" | OIr luchair "shine"; W llachar "bright", llug "shimmer" | loys "light" | AB lyuk/luk- "to shine" | luk(k)- "to shine" | |
| *bʰel- "to shine"[325] | balefire (< OE bǣlfȳr) | ON bál "fire" | fulgeō "I flash, glitter"; flagrō "I burn, blaze"; flamma "flame, fire" |
phlégō "I scorch, kindle"; Phlegyas "fiery"; Phlegethon "flaming"; phlégma "flame, inflammation"; phalós "white" |
bhrája- "fire, shining"; bhāla- "splendor" |
OCS bělŭ "white" | Lith baltas, Latv balts "fair, white" | balë “white spot” | |||||
| *h₂erǵ- "shining, bright"
*h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm "white metal (silver)"[326] |
argentum "silver (metal)"; Fal arcentelom "a small silver coin" | Myc a-ku-ro,[327] árguros "silver"; argós "white, bright";[bt] Argiope "silver face" | Skt rajatá- "silver; silver-coloured"; árjuna- "white, clear, silvery"[329] | Av ərəzatəm "silver" | Ru yarkiy “the bright one”; yarkostj “brightness” | Celtib arkato[bezom] "silver [mine]"; Ir Airget[lám] "silver[-hand] (title of Nuada)"; OIr argat, OW argant "silver" | arcat‘ "silver" | A ārkyant "silver"; A ārki-, B ārkwi "white" | ḫarkiš "white, bright" | ||||
|
white |
ƕeits |
śvetá- |
OCS
světŭ "light, world"; |
Lith
šviesà "light"; |
|||||||||
|
kṛṣṇa- |
NPers kersne "dirt, dirty" | sorrë “crow” <PAlb *tšārnā | |||||||||||
| *h₁rewdʰ-, *h₁rowdʰ-os, *h₁rudʰ-rós[br] "red" | red (< OE rēad < *h₁rowdʰ-os) | rauþs (raudis) "red" < *h₁rowdʰ-os | ruber "red" < *h₁rudʰ-rós; Umb rufru "red" | Myc e-ru-ta-ra, e-ru-to-ro;[337] erutʰrós "red" < *h₁rudʰ-rós; Erytheia "name of a nymph" (litt. "the red one"); | rudʰirá- "red" < *H₁rudʰ-rós mixed with *H₁rudʰ-i-; rṓhita- "red"; lōhá- "reddish" < *H₁roudʰ-os | Av raoiδita- "red" | OCS rudŭ "red"; Czech rudá "red";[bu] Pol rudy "red-haired"[339] | Lith raũdonas "red", raũdas "reddish-brown", rudas "brown" | OIr rúad, W rhudd "red", rhwd "rust";[340] Gaul Roud- (in personal names)[341] | pruth "redhead" (< PAlb *apa-ruđa) | A rtär, B ratre "red" < *h₁rudʰ-rós | ||
| *gʰel-, ǵʰelh₃- "green, yellow"[342] | gold; yellow (< OE geolu); yolk (< OE ġeoloca) | gulþ "gold" | helvus "honey-yellow"; gilvus "pale yellow (of horses)"[343][bv] | kʰlōrós "pale green";[bw] Chloe "blooming; epithet of Demeter" | híraņya- "gold"; hári- "yellow" | Av zaranyam "gold"; zári "yellow"; Zarinaia < Saka *Zarinayā "the golden one [name of a queen]" | OCS zelenĭ "green"; Rus zóloto "gold"; Pol złoty "gold"; żółty "yellow" |
Latv zèlts "gold"; Lith geltas "yellow"; žel̃vas "golden"; žalias "green" | MWel gell "yellow" | ? diell “sun” <PAlb *delwa | |||
|
hue |
hiwi |
śyāvá- |
Av siiāuua "dark" (cf. Siyâvash < Siiāuuaršan "the one with black stallions")[350] |
Pol siwy "grey" |
Lith šývas "light grey" |
||||||||
|
*bʰer-, bʰerH- |
ON
bjǫrn |
phrū́nē |
babhrú |
Lith bė́ras "reddish brown" |
Positive qualities
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *h₁wésus "good, excellent" [354][355] [356][357] |
iusiza "better"; (Germanic names, e.g., Wisigoth- "the Visigoths") |
vásu "excellent, good; beneficient; goods, property" |
Av vohū "good" | OCS veselŭ "merry, joyful, happy" | Gaul Vesu- (in personal names: Vesuavus, Segovesus, Bellovesus) | Luw wāsu- "good"; Pal wašu "well"[358] | |||||||
| *h₁su- "good" [359][360] [356][361] |
eu- "good, well" (when used prefixally), e.g., eúphoros "well-bearing" (> "euphoria"); eukháristos "good grace"; euángelos "bringing good news" |
su- "good" (used prefixally), e.g., suprabhātam "good morning" (See also bhā́s); supraśna- "inquiry as to welfare, lit. good question" |
Av hu "good" | OCS sŭ- "good" (used prefixally), e.g., sŭ-čęstĭnŭ "happy, lit. good part"; sŭdravĭje "health", Russ zdoróv'je; sŭrěsti "to meet, encounter" |
|||||||||
| *h₁sónts "being, existing, real, true" [362][363] [356][364] (See also *H₁es-) |
sooth (< OE sōþ "truth"); soothe (< OE sōþian "to prove the validity of, to confirm as true"); soothsayer (originally "truth-teller") (< PGmc sanþaz + sagjaną "truth + say"); sin (implying "truly guilty") (< OE synn); OE sōþlīċe "truly, really", later "amen" |
sunjis "true, truthful, correct" |
sōns "guilty, criminal" (compare sin); insōns "innocent"; [bx] sonticus "dangerous, serious, critical" |
sát "being, essence, reality" (also used in compounds, e.g., sad·guru); sattvá- "essence, existence, spirit; creature"; satyá- "true,real, genuine; sincere, honest, valid"; satī́ "good, virtuous, faithful wife" (> suttee) |
senë/send”thing”
gjë “thing” < all from PAlb *sana |
||||||||
|
sweet |
suāvis |
hēdús |
svādú |
Construction, fabrication
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *h₂éyos "copper, bronze"[137] | ore (< OE ār) | aes "copper, bronze, brass; money, fee" | áyas "metal, iron" | ||||||||||
| *dʰwer- "door, doorway, gate" | door (< OE dor, duru) | daúr, daúrō "door" | forēs (pl.) "door" | tʰurā "door" | dvā́r, dvā́ras (pl.) "door" | Av dvarǝm (acc.) "gate, court"; OPers duvarayā "at the gate" NPers dar "door" | OCS dvĭri "door" | OPrus dwarris "gate, goal", dwars "estate", Lith durys "door", dvaras "estate", vartai "gate", Latg durovys "door", vuorti "gate" | OIr dorus "door" < Proto-Celtic *dworestu-, W dôr "door" < *dʰureH₂ | duṙn "door" | derë "door" | B twere "doors" | an-durza "within" |
| h₂(e)nh₂t- "doorpost"[368] | antae "anteroom" | ā́tā "doorpost" | |||||||||||
| *dem- "to build (up), put together" [369][370][371] |
timber (< OE timber "building material"); teem (< OE temian "to fit"); toft (< OE toft) |
démō "to build, construct, make" |
|||||||||||
| *domo-, *domu- "house", "home" | timrjan "to build, erect" | domus (domūs) "house" | dómos "house" | dámas "house" | Av dąm, dąmi "in the house"; dǝmā̆na-, nmāna- "house" < *dm-ā̆na- | OCS domŭ "house" | OPrus dimstis "porch",
Lith dimstis "entryway"
Lith namas "house" |
MIr dom-liacc "house of stones" | tun "house" | dhomë "room" | ?A tem-, B tam- "be born" | ||
| *gʰerdʰ-, *gʰordʰ-os- "enclosure, fence" | yard (< OE ġeard "enclosure"); garden (< AngNor gardin < Frank *gardo) | gards "yard, court"; ON garðr "fence, enclosed space" | hortus "garden" | kʰórtos "feeding place for animals" | gṛhá "house" | Av gərəδa "daeva cave" | OCS gradŭ "fortification; city" | Latv gãrds; Lith gar̃das "fold, pen" | OIr gort "standing crop", W garth "cliff; enclosure" | OArm gerdastan "the body of servants and captives; estate" (either a borrowing from Iranian or inherited) | gardh "fence, enclosure, barricade" | ||
| *kʷekʷlo- "wheel" (See also *kʷel-) |
wheel (< OE hwēol, hweogol < PGerm *hweg(w)ulaz < *kʷekʷlós) | ON hjōl, hvēl "wheel" < PGerm *hweh(w)ulaz < *kʷékʷlos | kúklos "circle", (pl.) "wheels" | cakrá- "wheel" | Av čaxra- "wheel" | OCS kolo "wheel" | OPrus kellin "wheel", Lith kaklas "neck" | W cylch "circle" | A kukäl, B kokale "wagon" | kugullas "donut"[372] | |||
| *Hreth₂- "wheel", "wagon" | OHG Rad "wheel" | rota "wheel", "wagon" | rátha "chariot, car" | Av raθa "wagon", "chariot" | Lith rãtai "wagon" (pl.), rãtas "wheel" (sg.) | OIr roth "wheel", "circle" | rreth "ring, hoop, tyre (for carriages)" (< *Hróth₂ikos) | ||||||
| *néh₂us "vessel, boat" | OE nōwend "shipmaster, sailor" | ON naust "boathouse"; OIc nōr "ship" | nāvis "ship" | naûs "ship"; | naú, nāva "ship" | Pers nâv "boat, ship" (archaic) | OIr nó, nau "boat" | OArm naw "ship, boat" | |||||
| *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ "wool" | wool (< OE wull) | wulla "wool" | lāna "wool" | lênos "wool, fleece (pl.)", Dor lânos | ū́rṇā "wool, woolen thread" | Av varənā "wool" | OCS vlĭna "wool", OESlav vŭlna "wool" | Latv vil̃na, Lith vìlna "wool", OPrus wilna "skirt (made of wool)" | OIr olann, MBret gloan, glan, OW gulan "wool" | OArm gełmn "fleece, wool" | ḫulanaš "wool" | ||
| *s(y)uH- "to sew" | sew (< OE sēowan) | siujan "to sew" | suō (suere) "to sew"; sūtūra "thread, suture"[374] | humḗn "sinew" | sī́vyati "(he) sews", syūtá- "sewn"; sū́tra- "thread, string"[375] | OCS šijǫ (šiti) "to sew" | OPrus šutun "to sew", Lith siūti "to sew", Latg šyut "to sew" | sum(m)anza(n), šuel (?), šuil (?) "thread" | |||||
| *teks- "to fashion, construct" | OE þeox "spear" | OHG dehsa, dehsala "hatchet" | texō (texere) "to weave" | téktōn "carpenter", tíktō "I give birth" | takṣati, tā́ṣṭi "(he) fashions" | Av tašaiti "(he) cuts out, manufactures"; OPers us-tašanā "stairway" < "*construction"; MPers tāšīδan "to do carpentry" | OCS tešǫ (tesati) "to hew", | OPrus tesatun "to hew", Lith tašyti "to hew" | OIr tāl "axe" < *tōkslo- | teshë “cloth, robe” | takkeszi "puts together" | ||
| *webʰ- "to weave" | weave (< OE wefan), web (<P.Gmc. *wabjan) | OHG weban "to weave"; ON vefa | hupʰaínō "I weave" | ubʰnā́ti "ties together"; ūṛna-vābhi- "spider" (litt. "wool-weaver") | Av ubdaēna- "made of cloth"; NPers bāfad "(he) weaves" | viti "weave" | Lith vyti "to twist" | W gwau "knit, weave" | venj "I weave" < *webʰnyō | A wpantär (them. pres.),[376][377]
B wāp- "to weave" |
wēpta- "wove"[378] | ||
| *werǵ- "to work" | work (< OE weorc, wyrc̣an) | waúrkjan "to work" | urgeō (urgēre) "to push, drive" | (w)érgon "work", érdō, hrézdō "I work" < *wérĝ-yoH₂, *wréĝ-yoH₂ | varcas "activity" (? not in Pokorny) | Av varəza- "work, activity", vərəzyeiti "(he) works"; NPers varz, barz "field work, husbandry" | vrǔšiti "to act, to do" | OPrus wargs "bad, evil, malicious, vicious", wargtwei "to torment oneself, to suffer", Lith vargas "the state of going through bad/unlucky events" | MW gwreith "deed" < *wreĝ-tu- | gorc "work " | rregj "to clean" | A wärk-, B wārk- "to shear" | |
| *wes- "to clothe, wear clothes" | wear (< OE werian) | wasjan "to clothe" | vestis "clothing" | héstai "gets dressed" | váste "(s/he) gets dressed"; vástra- "clothing" | Av vaste, vaŋhaiti "(he) gets dressed" | OPrus westi "corset" | W gwisg "clothing" | z-genum "I put on (clothes)" < *wes-nu- | vesh "dress" veshje "clothing" |
B wastsi, wästsi "clothing" | wassezzi "(he) clothes" |
Self-motion, rest
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *h₁es- "to be", *h₁es-ti "is", *h₁és-mi "am" Cf. Indo-European copula (See also *h₁sónts) |
is (< OE is), am | ist "is" | sum (esse) "I am (to be)"; est "it is" | estí "is,"; Dorian Greek entí "(they) are" <- *h₁s-enti | ásti "is"; ásmi "am" | Av asti "is"; Persian ast "is" | OCS jestŭ "is" | OPrus ast "is", ēst "almost", Lith esti "is" | OIr is "is"; Old Welsh hint "(they) are" <- *h₁s-enti | em "I am" | është "is" | B ste "is" | ēszi "is" |
| *bʰuh₂- "to become" Cf. Indo-European copula |
be (< OE bēon); OE būan "to dwell" | bauan "to dwell" | fuī "I was" | pʰúomai "I become", épʰū "became" | bʰávati "become, is", ábʰūt "became, was" | Av bavaiti, OPers bavatiy "(he) becomes" | OCS byti "to become, be" | OPrus butwei "to be", Lith būti "to be" | Gaul biiete "be! (imperative)";[379][by] OIr buith "being", W bod "to be" |
busanim "sprout up" | buj, bûj "I dwell, stay overnight" < *bunjō | ||
| *sed-, *si-sd- "to sit" | sit (< OE sittan < *sed-yo-nom) | sitan "to sit" | sedeō (sedēre) "to sit", sīdō "I sit down" < *si-sd-oH₂ | hézdomai "I sit" < *sed-yo-, hizdō "I set" < *si-sd-oH₂ | sátsi "(he) sits", aor. ásadat "sat"; sī́dati "(he) sits" < *si-sd-eti; Upaniṣad lit. "sit-down-beside" < upa: 'by, beside', ni: 'down', sad: 'sit' | Av ni-šaŋhasti "(he) sits down", opt. hazdyā-t "(he) should sit", hiδaiti "(he) sits" < *si-sd-eti; OPers caus. niya-šād-ayam "I set" | OCS sěždǫ (sěděti) "to sit" | OPrus sistwei "to sit down", Lith sedėti "to be sitting", sėstis "to sit down" | OIr sa(i)did "sits"; Br hezañ "to stop" | nstim "I sit" (< *ni-zdyō), hecanim (< *sed-s-an-yō) "I sit on, I ride" | shëtis "to walk" | ||
| *legʰ- "to lie down" | lie (< OE lic̣gan) | ligan "to lie down" | lectus "bed" | lékʰomai "I lie down" | laṅghate "(he) leans, lies down" | NPers ley "lie down" | OCS ležǫ (ležati) "to lie down" | OPrus laztwei "to lie down" | OIr laigid "lies down" | lagje "city quarter" | A läk- "to lie", B lyśalyñe "(act of) lying down" | lagari "(he) lies down" | |
| *ḱey- "to lie down; settle, bed, cozy, familiar" [380][381] [382][383][384] |
home (< OE hām "village, home" < *k̂oi-mos); hewe "domestic, servant" (< OE hīwa "family member") |
háims (háimáis) "village, town" < *k̂oi-mis; heiwafrauja "marriage" |
cīvis "city dweller, citizen" < *k̂ei-wis ⇒ [note 86]; cūnae "cradle; nest"; Cūnīna (Roman goddess who protects infants in the cradle) cieō; "I put in motion; act, move, stir; rouse" ⇒ [note 87] |
keîmai "I lie (idle, sick, dead, etc.)"; kíō "I go" (Homeric); kīnéō "I move, set in motion, remove; inflect (grammar); meddle; stir on" (> kinetic, cinema, etc.); koítē "bed, place of rest; lair; lodging"; koitā́zō "I put to bed, cause to rest" |
śētē (older śáyē) "(he) lies", śērē "they lie"; śayú "orphan"; śéva- "dear, precious"; śivá- "favorable, happy, fortunate; auspicious" (later applied to the god Rudra, first as Śiva-rudra, then simply Śiva; also spelled Shiva) |
Av saēte "(he) lies", sōire "they lie" | OCS sěmija "family"; sěmĭ "household member" |
OPrus seimi "family", kaims "village", Lith šeima "family", kaimas "village"; sieva "wife" |
OIr cóim, cóem, OW cum "dear" | sirem "I love" < *k̂eiro- | komb “nation, people” | kitta, kittari "lies"; Luwian ziyari "lies" | |
| *tḱey- "to settle, live; cultivate" [385][386] [387][388][389] |
sinō "I let, permit, allow; set down"; situs "permitted, allowed; laid, set down; placed" ⇒ [note 88]; dēsinō "I leave off, cease, desist" (> desinence); pōnō < po + sinō "I place, put, lay; set up" ⇒ [note 89] |
ktízō "I found, build, establish; populate; produce"; eüktímenos "well-built, nice place"; ktísis "a founding, settling; creature"; ktílos "tame, docile, obidient"; ktísma "colony, foundation" |
kṣéti "(s/he) abides, stays, dwells; remains"; kṣití "abode, habitation, dwelling; the earth" |
||||||||||
| *steh₂- "to stand (i.e. be standing)" | stand (< OE standan) | standan "to stand"; OHG stān, stēn "to stand" | stō (stāre) "to stand", sistō (sistere) "to cause to stand" | Doric hístāmi "I stand" | sthā- / tíṣṭhati "(he) stands" | Av hištaiti "(he) stands"; OPers impf. a-ištata "(he) stood" | OCS stajǫ (stati) "to stand up" | OPrus stalitwei "to stand", Lith stovėti "to stand" | OIr tair-(ṡ)issiur "I stand"; W sefyll "to stand" | stanam "I build; gain" | mbështet, pshtet "I support" | B stäm- "to stand", ste "is", "stare" "(they) are" | istanta- "to stay, delay" |
| *h₁ey- "to go" | yede (< OE ēode "went") | iddja "went" | eō (īre) "to go" | eĩmi "I (will) go" | éti "(he) goes", yánti "(they) go" | Av aēiti "(he) goes", yeinti "(they) go"; OPers aitiy "goes" | OCS jiditi "to move away, to arrive", jidene "coming" | OPrus eitwei "to go", Lith eiti "to walk" | W wyf "I am"; OIr ethaid "goes" < *it-āt- | iǰanem (aorist ēǰ) "I climb down" < *i-gh- | iki "to leave; flee" *H₁(e)i-K- | A yā "he went", B yatsi "to go" < *yā- | īt "go!" |
| *gʷem- "to come"[390] | come (< OE cuman) | qiman "to come"; OSax cuman [an liudi] "to come (to people) [to be born]" | veniō (venīre) "to come"[bz] | baínō "I go" | gámati "(he) goes", aor. ágan, gan "(he) went" | Av ǰamaiti "goes"; OAv inj. uz-ǰǝ̄n "(he) goes", pl. gǝmǝn "they go" | OPrus gimtwei "to be born", Lith gimti "to be born", Latv dzimt "to bear (a son)" | ekn (< *h₁e-gʷem-t) "(he) came" | A käm-, kum-, B käm-, kam-, śem "to come" | Luw zammantis "newborn child" (?) | |||
| *Hyewdʰ- "to move swiftly, to move upright, to rise (as if to fight)"[391][392] |
iubeō "I authorize, legitimate; bid, command, order"; iussus "order, command, decree, ordinance" |
euthús "straight, direct"; eîthar "at once, immediately, forthwith"; husmī́nē "battle, conflict, combat" |
yúdhyate "to fight, battle; wage war"; yodháyati "to engage in battle; to overcome in war, to be a match for; to lead to war, to cause to fight"; yuddhá- "battle, fight, war"; yoddhṛ "fighter, warrior, soldier"; yudhmá- "hero, warrior" |
OCS oiminŭ "warrior"; Pol judzić "to incite, instigate" |
Lith judėti "to move" | ||||||||
| *peth₂- "to spread out; fly (spread wings)" [117][118][393][394] (See also *péth₂r̥) |
fathom (< OE fæþm) |
petō "I ask, beg, request; aim; attack, thrust at"; pateō "I am open; accessible, attainable; increase, extend" (> patent); pandō "I spread, open out, extend; unfold, expand" (> expand); passus < *pat-s-tus "spread out; step, pace" (> pass); impetus "attack, assault; rapid motion"; petulāns "impudent, wanton; petulant" > petulant; patera "broad flat dish, saucer"; propitius "favorable, well-disposed" (> propitious) |
pétomai "I fly; rush, dart; make haste"; pī́ptō "I fall, throw self down"; petánnūmi "I spread out, open"; ptôma "fall; misfortune, calamity; ruin" (> symptom); ptôsis "falling; (grammar) case, inflection"; ptōtikós "capable of inflexion"; pétalon "leaf (plant, flower or tree)" > petal |
pátati "(s/he) flies; descends, falls"; pātáyati "(s/he) causes to fly, throws; causes to fall; pours, spills" |
|||||||||
| *ped- "to walk, step; stumble, fall" [395][396][100][397] (See also *pōds) |
fetter (< OE feter); OE fæt "step; stride; pace, gait |
impediō "I hinder, impede, obstruct" (> impede); expediō "I unfetter; remove impediments; prepare" (> expedite); pecco < *ped-co "I sin, transgress; offend" ⇒ [note 90]; pedica "fetter, shackle; snare"; pessum < *ped·tum "to the lowest part; to the bottom; in ruin"; pessimus "worst, lowest" (> pessimism); peior "worse" (> pejorative); oppidum "town" (step > ground > town) |
pédon "ground, earth"; pedíon "open country, plain, field; female genitals"; pēdón "oar blade, oar"; pēdálion "steering paddle"; pezós < *peďďós "on foot, walking; on land, infantry"; pódion "base" ⇒ [note 91] |
pádyate "(s/he) moves, goes; falls"; pādáyati "(s/he) causes to fall, drops"; pada- "step, stride, pace; footstep, vestige; plot of ground; a fourth" |
padati, pasti "to fall"; pěšĭ "on foot, pedestrian"; padežĭ "fall; downfall, disaster"; pod "ground, floor" |
||||||||
| *sekʷ- "to follow" | OE sec̣g "follower, companion, man" | ON seggr "hero" | sequor (sequī) "to follow" ⇒ [note 92] |
hépomai "I follow" | sácate "(he) follows" | Av hačaitē, hačaiti "(he) follows" | šagati "to walk, stride, step"; Russ šag "step" |
OPrus sektwei "to shallow [To breathe lightly]", Lith sekti "to follow" | OIr sechithir "follows" | shoh “ I see” | |||
| *steygʰ- "to go, climb, march" [398][399] [263][400] |
stair (< OE stǣġer); sty (< OE stīgan); stile (< OE stiġel, stigol) |
Ger steigen "to ascend, climb, rise" | vestīgō "I follow a track, search" (> investigate); vestīgium "footprint, track; trace, mark; sole of foot" (> "vestige") |
stíkhos "a row (of soldiers); a line of poetry" > Russ stix "verse, a line of poetry; poem (plu)"; stoîkhos "row, course, file"; stoikheîon "one of a row, one of a series; element" > stoichio- (> stoichiometry, etc.); stókhos "pillar of brick; target" |
stighnóti "(s/he) steps, steps up, mounts" |
OCS stignǫti "to attain; reach"; stĭza "path" |
? Shteg “path” | ||||||
| *wert- "to turn, rotate" [401][402] [403][404] |
-ward (< OE -weard "facing, turned toward"); worth (obsolete meaning "to become", compare German werden) (< OE weorþ); weird (< OE wyrd, wurd "fate, destiny"); OE weorþung "an evaluation, appreciation" |
Ger werden "to become, to get; to turn; to be, happen"; Wurst "sausage, wurst" (< PGmc "something twisted") |
vertō "I turn, revolve; turn around, reverse, retreat" ⇒ [note 93]; vertex, vortex "whirlpool"; vertīgō "giddiness"; prōsus, prorsus < proversus "forwards, towards" > prose;[ca] re- < PIE *wret-, metathesis of *wert- "re-" (> re- (again, repetition, etc.)) |
vartate "(it) turns, rotates; moves, advances; occurs"; vartana- "a turning; conduct, behavior, intercourse"; vartayáti "(it) turns" (transitive, causative); vártman "track; way, course, path" |
OCS vrĭtěti "to turn"; vrotiti "to return"; vrěteno "spindle"; vrota "gate, door"; vratŭ "turn, rotor, wheel"; vrěmę < *vertmen "hour; time" (Compare Skt vártman) |
Lith versti "to turn" | rris “to grow, to increase” | ||||||
| *bʰegʷ- "to run, flee"[405] | phobéō "I put to flight, terrify, alarm; threaten"; phóbos "fear, terror; fright, panic; flight, retreat" | bhājáyati "(s/he) causes to flee" | Kurd bazdan "to run, to escape" | OCS běgati, běžati "to flee, run, escape"; | Lith bėgti "to run" | ||||||||
| *bʰewg- "to flee"[406] | fugiō "I flee"; fuga "flight, escape" | pheúgō "I flee"; phugḗ "flight, escape" | Lith baugus "scary", baugštus "scared easily" |
Object motion
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *bʰer- "to carry" | bear (< OE beran); burden, burthen (< OE byrþen) |
baíran "to carry" | ferō (ferre) "to carry"; lucifer "light-bearing, light-bringing" | pʰerō "I carry"; khristóphoros "Christ-bearing" | bʰarati "(he) carries" | Av baraiti "(he) carries"; OPers barantiy "they carry"; NPers bordan "to carry"; Kurd birin "to carry, to take" | OCS berǫ (bĭrati) "to carry" | Lith berti "to pour non liquid" | OIr biru "I carry"; W beru "to flow" | berem "I carry" | bie "I carry"; barrë "load, burden" | ||
| *weǵʰ- "to convey" | weigh (< OE wegan "carry"); way (< OE weġ); wain "wagon" (< OE wæġn)[cb] | ga-wigan "to move, shake" | vehō (vehere) "to convey" | Pamphylian wekʰétō "he should bring"; Cypriot éwekse "brought there" | váhati "(he) drives"; vahana- (< vah) "divine mount or vehicle of Hindu deities" (lit. "a carrying") | Av vazaiti "(he) leads, carries" | OCS vezǫ (vesti) "to drive" | OPrus weztun "to ride", Lith vežti "to drive" | OIr fēn, W gwain (type of wagon) < *weǵʰ-no-; W arwain "to lead" | vjedh "I steal" | Hier Luw wa-zi/a- "drive" | ||
| *yew-, *yewg- "to join, yoke, tie together" [407][408] (See also yugóm) |
ON eykr draft animal; ON eyki vehicle, cart |
iungō "I yoke, join" ⇒ [note 94]; iūxtā "nearly; near, close to"; coniunx, coniux "spouse, partner (husband or wife)" |
zeúgnūmi "I yoke, saddle; join, link together"; zeûgma "band, bond, that which is used for joining; bridge of boats"; zeûgos "pair, two things, persons or animals seen as a pair" |
yunákti "(s/he) yokes, harnesses, joins"; yóga- "yoking, act of joining; yoke, team, vehicle; employment, use, performance; remedy, cure; means, device, way, manner, method; trick, fraud; undertaking; connection, relation; fitness, suitability; application, concentration, union, yoga";[409] yóktra- "fastening or tying instrument; rope, thong, halter"; yugmá- "pair, couple; Gemini (zodiac sign); junction, confluence"; yújya- "union, alliance"; yugya- "a vehicle, chariot; draft animal"; yuj (root noun) "a yoke-fellow, companion, associate; pair, couple; the Aśvins" |
Lith jungiu "I join" | ||||||||
| *h₂eǵ- "to lead, drive" | ON aka "to drive" | agō (agere) "to drive, do" | ágō "I lead" | ájati "(he) drives" | Av azaiti "(he) drives"; Kurd ajotin "to drive" | ehati "to drive" | OIr ad-aig "compels"; OW agit, hegit "goes" | acem "I lead" | A ak-, B āk- "go, lead" | ||||
| *h₂eḱs- "axis, axle" < *h₂eǵ-[137][410] | OE eax | axis "axle" | ákṣa- "axle" | Russian osь "axis, axle" | Lith ašis "axle" | ashkë “wood splinter <PAlb a(k)škā “axis” | |||||||
| *dʰeh₁-, dʰh₁- "to place, put" | do (< OE dōn) | deds "deed" | faciō (facere) "to do" < *dʰh₁-k-yoh₂; con-ditus "built" (orig. "put together"), ab-ditus "removed" (orig. "put away") < Proto-Italic *-θatos < *dʰh₁-tos | títʰēmi "I put" < *dʰí-dʰeh₁-mi | dádʰāti "(he) puts" < *dʰé-dʰeh₁-ti | Av daδāiti "(he) puts"; OPers impf. adadā "(he) established" | OCS děti "to lay" | OPrus ditun "to put", Lith dėti "to put" | Gaulish dede "he put (pt.)"; W dodi "to place, to put";OIr -tarti "he gives" < Proto-Celtic *to-ro-ad-dīt < *-dʰeh₁-t | dnel "to put"; ed "he put (past)" | dhatë "place, location" < *dʰh₁-teh₂ | A tā-, täs-, tas-, B tes- "to lay" < *dʰeh₁-s- | dāi "puts" |
| *stel- "to put, place, locate; be set, firm" [411][412][263][413] |
stall (< OE steall); stell (non-standard) "to place, set up" (< OE stellan) |
Ger stellen "to put, place, position" |
locus < *stlocus "place, spot, location" ⇒ [note 95]; stultus, stolidus "foolish, stupid"; stolō "shoot, branch" > stolon (botany); stolus < AG stólos "navigation; fleet equipment" |
stéllō "I send; make ready, prepare; summon"; stólos "expedition; army, fleet"; apóstolos "one sent forth; messenger, envoy" > apostle; epistolḗ < epistéllō "message, letter; commission; will" ⇒ [note 96]; stḗlē "block of stone, buttress; boundary post" > stele, stela |
sthala- "place, ground, location" |
OCS stĭlati "to spread" | Lith stalas "table" | shtjell “loosen, I wind up” | |||||
| *deH₃-, dʰH̥₃- "to give" | dō (dare) "to give"; dator "giver, donor"; dōnum "gift" |
dídōmi "I give" | dádāti "(he) gives"; dātṛ "giver, donor"; dānam "gift, giving" |
Av dadāiti "(he) gives"; OPers impv. dadātuv "let him give"; NPers dãdan "to give" | OCS damĭ "I will give" | OPrus datun "to give", Lith duoti "to give" | OIr dān, W dawn "gift" | tam "I give" | dhashë "I gave" < *dH̥₃-sm̥ | dāi "takes" | |||
| *kap- "to grab"[414][415] | have (< OE habban), heave (< OE hebban); haven "hæfen" |
haban "to have", hafjan "to lift" | capiō (capere) "to take" | káptō "I snatch, swallow"; kaûkos "cup" > Lat caucus |
kapaṭī "two handfuls" | NPers časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan "to grasp, seize" | Ukrainian khapaty "to grab" | OPrus kaps "grave", Lith kapas "grave", kapt "expression to indicate grabbing. | OIr cacht "female slave", W caeth "slave, captive" < *kap-tos "taken" | kap "I grasp, grab", kam "I have" | |||
| *gʰabʰ- "to seize, take" | give (< OE ġiefan) | giban "to give" | habeō (habēre) "to have" | gábʰastis "forearm, hand" | OPers grab "to seize"; Kurd girtin "to take, to seize" | Russ. xvatát "to snatch, suffice" | OPrus gabtun "to catch", Lith gebėti "to have the ability" | OIr gaibid "takes"; W gafael "to take hold, to grip" | |||||
| *gʷʰen- "to strike, kill" | bane (< OE bana "murderer") | banja "blow, wound, ulcer" | dē-fendō (dēfendere) "to ward off, defend", of-fendō (offendere) "to bump, offend" | tʰeínō "I kill" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂, épepʰnon "I killed" < redup. + *gʷʰn-om | hánti "(he) strikes, kills" < *gʷʰen-ti, gʰnánti "they strike, kill"; vṛtra·han "Vṛtra-killer, a name of Indra" | Av ǰainti "(he) strikes, kills", ni-γne (mid.) "I strike down"; OPers impf. ajanam "I struck down" | OCS ženǫ (gŭnati) "drive (animals to pasture)", žĭnjǫ (žęti) "reap" | OPrus gintun "to defend", Lith ginti " to defend", ganyti "to drive animals to pasture" | OIr gonim "I wound, kill"; W gwanu "to stab" | ǰnem "I strike" < *gʷʰen-oH₂, ǰnǰem "I destroy" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂ | gjanj "I hunt" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂ | B käsk- "to scatter to destruction" < *gʷʰn̥-sk- | kuēnzi "kills" < *gʷʰen-ti |
| *bʰeyd- "to split, cleave"[416] | bit (< OE bite);bite (< OE bitan); bait (< ON beita) | 'findō "I split"; fissus < fid·tus "split"; fissiō "splitting, fission" |
bhid-, bhinátti "(s/he) splits, breaks"; bhedati "(s/he) splits"; bhinná < bhid·ná "split, cloven" |
||||||||||
| *der- "to tear, crack; split, separate"[417] | tear (< OE teran); turd (< OE tord) |
*taurþs "destruction, a teardown" | dérō "to skin, flay"; dérma "skin, hide" |
dṛṇā́ti "(s/he) tears, rends, rips; splits open, bursts" | OCS dĭrati "to tear, flay" | Lith dirti "to skin" | djerr “I destroy <PIE *dr̥-néH-ti | ||||||
| *bʰreg- "to break"[418] | break (< OE brecan); breech, breeches (< OE brēċ) |
frango "I break, shatter"; frāctus "broken"; fragilis "breakable" |
|||||||||||
| *sek- "to cut off, sever"[419][420][cc] |
saw (tool) (< OE sagu); sax "slate hammer" (< OE seax); seax (directly borrowed from OE seax); zax (< OE seax); Saxon (< Proto-Germanic *sahsą “rock, knife”) |
secō, sectum "I cut, cut off; cleave; castrate; wound; hurt" ⇒ [note 97]; segmen, segmentum "piece; a cutting, cut; slice; segment"; signum "sign, mark, signal; seal, signet; emblem, etc"; sexus "division; sex; gender"; saxum "stone, rock" |
OCS sěšti "to cut, to mow" Pol siekać "to cut" |
shat/shatë “mattock, hoe” <PIE *sēk-teh₂- | |||||||||
| *(s)ker- "to cut"[421][422] (See also: *sek-) |
shear (< OE scieran); share (< OE sċearu); shard, sherd (< OE sċeard ); shred (< OE sċrēad); scrap (< ON skrapa); scrape (< ON skrapa); short (< OE sċort); screen < PGmc *skirmiz "fur, hide" > Yid shirem "umbrella"; Italian schermo "screen"; Russ šírma "screen, shield"; shirt (< OE sċyrte); skirt (< ON skyrta); scar (< PGmc *skardaz "gap, cut"); score (< OE scoru) |
curtus "short; broken"; corium "skin, hide, leather"; carō, carnis "flesh, meat, pulp" ⇒ [note 98]; cēna "dinner, supper ('portion')"; cortex "bark of a tree, cork" > cork; scortum "a skin, hide; harlot"; scrotum; scrautum "a quiver made of hide"; scrūta "rubbish, broken trash" > Lat scrūtor "I search, examine thoroughly" ⇒ [note 99]; scrūpus "a rough sharp stone; anxiety, uneasiness"; scrūpulus "a small sharp or pointed stone; anxiety, uneasiness, doubt" ⇒ [note 100] |
keírō "I shear, shave, cut hair; ravage; destroy; cut short, lessen"; kormós "trunk of a tree; log of timber"; kérma "fragment; coin; cash" |
kartati, kṛṇátti, kṛntáte "(s/he) cuts"; cárman "skin; hide, pelt"; kṛtí "knife, dagger" |
OCS skora "bast, skin"; kora "bark"; OCS xrabrŭ "brave" |
Lith skersti "to cut (especially animal's neck)" | shqerr “to tear, scratch” <PAlb *skera | ||||||
| *skey- *skeyd- "to split, dissect, divide"[423][424] (See also: *sek-, *(s)ker-) |
shed (< OE sċēadan); sheath, sheathe (< OE sċēaþ); shide "a piece of wood, firewood" (< OE sċīd); shite, shit (< OE sċītan) |
sciō "I can, know, understand, have knowledge" > science; scindō, scissus "I cut, tear, rend; tear off; destroy" |
skhízō "I split, cleave" > schizophrenia; skhísma "split, divided; division" > schism; skhísis "cleaving, parting, division; vulva" |
chítti "split, division"; √chid-, chinatti "(s/he) splits, cuts off, divides"[425] |
OCS cěditi "to strain, filter"; čistiti "to clean, purify"; štedrŭ "generous"; štitŭ "shield" |
Lith skiesti "to dilute", skaidyti "to divide into pieces" | shqisë “sense” | ||||||
| *h₃er- "to move, to stir; to rise, spring; quarrel, fight"[426][427] | orior "I rise, get up"; oriēns "rising" > orient; origo "act, event or process of coming into existence; source" > origin |
órnūmi "I set upon, awaken, raise, excite, stir up"; oûros "fair wind"; éris "strife, quarrel; rivalry" |
ṛṇoti "to attack, rise"; ṛtí "quarrel, strife; attack" |
OCS ratĭ "war, battle" | |||||||||
| *h₃reyH- "to move, set in motion; flow, stream (of water); pour, rain; churn"[426][427] | ride (< OE rīdan); raid (< OE rād); run (< OE iernan); -rith "small stream (found in surnames and placenames)"(< OE rīþ) |
rīvus "stream" > rival (lit. "using the same stream as another"), derive; irrīto "to irritate" |
riṇā́ti "to make flow, release"; rītí "motion, course; current; custom, rite"; rétas "flow, gush, current, stream; seed, sperm" |
OCS rinǫti "to push, shove" | Gau rēda "chariot"; Gau rēnos "river, waterway" > Lat Rhēnus > Rhine |
re “clouds” <PAlb *rina | |||||||
| *selǵ- "to let go, send, release" [428][429] [430][431] |
sulk (< OE āsolcen < āseolcan "to be slow; weak, slothful") |
sṛjáti "(it) lets go, discharges, emits"; sarjáyati "causes to let loose, creates"; sṛṣṭá- "let go, discharged, abandoned"; sṛ́ṣṭi "letting go, emission; production, procreation; creation, creation of the world"; sárga- "pouring, rush"; sṛká- "arrow, spear" |
|||||||||||
| *kʷel-, kʷelh₁- "to turn" [432][433] [434][435][436] (See also *kʷekʷlo-) |
halse "neck, throat" (< OE heals) |
colō "I till, cultivate (land); inhabit"; cultus "tilled, cultivated" ⇒ [note 101]; colōnus "farmer; colonist, inhabitant"; -cola "inhabitant; tiller, cultivator; worshipper"; colōnia "colony, settlement; possession" ⇒ [note 102]; collum "neck , throat (one that turns)" ⇒ [note 103]; inquilīnus "sojourner, tenant, lodger"[cd] |
pélō "in motion, go; become"; pólos "pivot, hinge; axis, pole star" > pole; pálin "back, backwards; again, once more" ⇒ [note 104]; télos "completion, maturity; fulfilment; result, product" > teleology, etc.; Aristotélēs "excellent perfection"; teléō "bring about, complete, fulfill; perform, accomplish"; têle "far off, far away" ⇒ [note 105]; pálai "long ago"; palaiós "old, aged; ancient" > paleolithic, etc. |
cárati "it moves, walks, stirs; travels"; caraṇa-, calana- "motion; action; behavior, conduct" |
OCS kologŭ "Yule (lit. turn)"; kolovrotŭ "circulation, whirlpool; wheel and axle"; Bul kolovóz "rut, wheel track"; koláč "a type of (round) bread" |
sjell “to turn, to bring” <PAlb *tšela | |||||||
| *welH-, *wel- "to turn, to wind, roll" [437][438] [403][439][440] |
wallow (< OE wielwan); well (up) (gush) (< OE wellan, willan); well (water source, where the water 'wells up') (< OE wielle); wall (to boil, spring) (< OE weallan); walk (< OE wealcan); wale (< OE walu "ridge, bank") |
walwjan "to roll"; Ger Walz (< walzen "to dance") "the waltz"; Welle "wave" |
volvō "I roll, tumble" ⇒ [note 106] volūmen "roll, scroll, book; turn; fold" > volume; vallis "valley; hollow" ⇒ [note 107]; vallum "wall, rampart"; intervallum "space between walls" > interval; volūcra "a worm, caterpillar"; valgus "knock-kneed, unstraight"; valva "folding door" > valve; vulva "womb" |
eilúō "I wrap, enfold; crawl"; hélix "anything twisted" ⇒ [note 108]; hólmos "round, smooth stone; cylindrical bow, dial" |
valati, valate "(it) turns, turns to; moves to; covers"; úlba- "cover, envelope; womb, vulva"; valayá- "coil"; ūrmí "wave" |
OCS vlĭna "wave"; vlŭnenije "undulation, swell; turmoil, agitation"; Russ valítʹ "to knock down, kill; cut, fell"; val "roller, billow; rampart; shaft" |
Lith vilnìs "wave" | OldArm geł "snake, dragon" | |||||
| *weyp- or *weyb- "to shake, tremble, agitate; sway, swing; turn, wind" [441][442] [403][443][444] |
wipe (< OE wīpian); whip (< OE wippen); weave ("to wander") (< ON veifa "wave, flag"); OE wifer "arrow, missile; sword"; swivel (< OE swifan + el); waive < waif ("ownerless, homeless") (< ON veif);[ce] gimp (< OF wimpil "head scarf"); gimlet (< AF wimble "drill")> |
biwaibjan "to wind around, wrap"; faurwaipjan "to bind, muzzle" |
vibrō "I shake, agitate; tremble; glimmer" > veer, vibrate, etc. |
vip-, vépate "it trembles, shakes, shivers, vibrates, quivers"; viprá- "excited, stirred; inspired" |
Lith viẽpti "to make a face, gape"; vaipī́tis "to grimace, bend"; vī́burti "to swing, turn around" |
||||||||
| *leykʷ-, *li-ne-kʷ- "to leave behind" | OE lēon "to lend" | leiƕan "to lend" | linquō (linquere) "to leave behind" | leípō, limpánō "I leave behind" | riṇákti "(he) leaves behind", 3rd. pl. riñcanti "they leave behind" | Av -irinaxti "(he) frees"; NPers rēxtan "to pour out" | OBulg otŭ-lěkŭ "something left over", lišiti "to rob" < *leikʷ-s-, Ukr lyshyty "to leave behind"[445] | OPrus palaistun "to leave behind", Lith likti "to stay" | OIr lēicid "(he) leaves behind, releases" | lkʿanem "I leave behind" | Alb Lej leave | ||
| *Hrewk- "to dig, till (soil)"; *HrewH- "to dig, to root"[446][447] (See also *Hrew-, *Hrewp-) |
rock (as in 'to move, sway') (< OE roccian); rag (< ON rǫggr) |
runcō "I weed, clear of weeds, weed out"; ruō "I dig out"; rutrum "shovel" |
luñcati "(s/he) plucks, pulls out, tears off; peels" | OCS ryti "to dig"; OCS rylo "spade, snouts" |
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| *Hrewp- "to break, tear up"[446][447] (See also *Hrew-, *Hrewk-) |
reave, reeve, reve, bereave (< OE (be)rēofan) | rumpō "I break, burst, tear, rend; split" > rout, ruption, abrupt, etc. | rópa- "disturbing, confusing; fissure"; lopa- "breaking, injury, destruction" |
||||||||||
| *h₁reh₁- "to row"[137][448] | rudder (< OE rōþor) | rēmus "oar" | erétēs "(in the plural) oars" | áritra- "propelling, driving" |
Time
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
nu |
num, nunc (num + -ce) |
nûn, nun, nu |
nú |
Avestan nū "now" |
OCS
nyně "now"; |
Lith nū, nù "now"; |
nu |
nu "now, and" | |||||
| *dʰǵʰyés "yesterday" | yesterday (< OE ġeostra) | gistra- "tomorrow (?)" | heri "yesterday" | kʰtʰés "yesterday" | hyás "yesterday" < *ǵʰyés | Av zyō, OPers diya(ka) "yesterday" | OIr in-dē, W ddoe "yesterday" | dje "yesterday" | |||||
| *nokʷts (nekʷts) "night" | night (< OE neaht, niht < *nokʷtis) | nahts (nahts) "night" < *nokʷts | nox (noctis) "night" | núks (núktos) "night" | nák (instr. pl. náktīs) "night" | Proto-Iranian *náxts, Kurd nixte "rainy, cloudy (lack of sunlight)" | OCS noštĭ "night" | OPrus nakts "night", Lith naktis "night" | OIr i-nnocht, OW henoid "on this night" | natë "night" | A n[a]ktim "nightly", B nekciye "in the evening" | nekuz (gen. sg.) "of evening", nekuzzi "it becomes dark" | |
| *wek(ʷ)speros "evening" | vesper "evening" | hésperos "of the evening; western"[cf] | OCS večerŭ "evening"; Rus Zorya Vechernyaya "deity of the evening star" | Latv vakars, Lith vãkaras "evening"; Vakarine "goddess of the evening star" | OIr ucher "evening" | OArm gišer "night; darkness" | |||||||
| *h₂éwsōs "dawn", *h₂ews-tero- "east", *h₂ewso- "gold" | eastern (< OE ēasterne) | ON austr "east" | aurōra "dawn" (< *ausōsa, by rhot), aurum "gold" (< *ausom) | Doric āṓs "dawn"; Aeolic aúōs, ā́wōs "dawn" | uṣās (uṣásas), acc. uṣā́sam "dawn" | Av ušā̊ (ušaŋhō), acc. ušā̊ŋhǝm "dawn" | OCS (j)utro "morning" | OPrus austra "dawn", auss "gold"; Lith aušra "dawn", auksas "gold"; Latv ausma, ausmina "dawn" | OIr fāir "sunrise", W gwawr "dawn" < *wōsri- | ?os-ki "gold" | ?A wäs "gold" | ||
| *ken- "to arise, begin" [453][454] [455][456] |
begin (< OE beginnan) |
duginnan "to begin" |
recēns "new, fresh, young" > recent |
kainós "new, recent; fresh, unused; unusual" > Cenozoic |
kanyā̀, kaníyā "maiden, virgin; daughter"; kanī́na- "young, youthful" |
OCS načęti "to begin"; konŭ "beginning, end"; konĭcĭ "end"; zakonŭ "law"; štenę "young animal" |
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| *ǵʰyem-, ǵʰeym- "winter" | ON gói "winter month" | hiems "winter" | kʰeĩma "winter" | híma- "winter", hemantá- "in winter" | Av zyā̊ (acc. zyąm, gen. zimō) "winter" | OCS zima "winter" | OPrus zeima "winter", Lith žiema "winter" | Gaul Giamonios "winter month";[cg][54][457]
OIr gam "winter", gem-adaig "winter night"; OW gaem "winter" |
jmeṙ "winter", jiwn "snow" | Gheg dimën, Tosk dimër(ë) "winter" | ? A śärme "winter"; ? B śimpriye "winter".[ch] | gimmanza "winter", gimi "in winter" | |
| *semh₂- "summer" | summer (< Old English sumor) | OHG sumar, OIc sumar "summer" | sámā "season; year" | Av ham- "summer"; Pers hâmin "summer"; Khot-Saka hamāñarva "summer season" | Gaul Samon(ios) "summer month"; | OArm am "year", amaṙn "summer" | A şme "summer"; B ṣmāye "summer" (adj.), ywārś-ṣmañe "midsummer"[460] | ||||||
| *wés-r̥, wes-n-és "spring" | ON vár "spring" | vēr "spring" | (w)éar "spring" | vasan-tá- "spring" | Av vaŋri "in spring"; OPers θūra-vāhara- | OCS vesna "spring" | OPrus wassara "spring", Lith vasara "summer", pavasaris "spring", vėsu "cool" | OIr errach "spring"< *ferrach < *wesr-āko-; OW guiannuin "in spring" < *wes-n̥t-eino- | garun "spring"< *wesr- | ||||
| *wet- "year", *per-ut- "last year" | wether "castrated male sheep" (< OE weþer), | OHG widar "male sheep", MHG vert "last year" <- *per-ut-, ON fjorð "last year" <- *per-ut- | vetus (veteris) "old" | (w)étos "year", pérusi "last year" | vatsá-, vatsará- "year", par-út "last year" | Sogdian wtšnyy (read wat(u)šanē) "old" | OCS vetŭchŭ "old" | OLith vẽtušas "old" | MIr feis, Cornish guis "sow" < *wet-si- | heru "last year" < *peruti | vit (pl. vjet) "year" | witt- "year" | |
| *h₂et- "to go, year"[461] | annus < atnus "year" | átati "(it) goes, walks, wanders"; hā́yana- "yearly" | |||||||||||
| *yeh₁r- "year" | year (< OE ġēar) | jēr "year" | hōrnus "this year's" < *hōyōr- | hōra "time, year" < *yoH₁r- | Av yārə "year" | Russ. CH jara "spring" | OLith Jórė "spring festival" | W iâr "hen", MIr eir-īn "fowl" | |||||
| *h₂óyu "long time, lifetime" | aiws | aevum aeternum, aeternitas "lifetime" | āyus "life, age" (as in the word āyur·veda, "knowledge of (long) life") | Gaul aiu- "eternity, longevity"[462] |
Ideas and rituals
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ǵʰew- "to pour, libate, invoke"[322] | god (< OE god < PIE. ǵʰutós "invoked, libated") | fundō "I pour" | hotrá "libation"; hotṛ "priest, offerer of libations"; juhóti "to worship, sacrifice, present an oblation"; hóma "oblation, a Vedic ritual" | gumoj “I pour” | |||||||||
| *h₁yaǵ- "to sacrifice, worship"[322] | ieientō "to eat breakfast" | hágios "devoted to the gods, holy, pious" | yájati "(s/he) worships"; yajña "worship, devotion, prayer"; yájus "religious reverence, worship, sacrifice"; | ||||||||||
| *ḱréddʰh₁eti "to believe" < *ḱred- “heart” + *dʰh₁eti "place"[322] (See also *k̂erd-) |
crēdō "I believe, I trust in, I confide in" (> creed, credo) | śraddhā́ "faith, trust, confidence, loyalty", śrad-dadʰāti "(he) trusts, believes" | Av zrazdā- "to believe" < *srazdā[ci] | Old Irish cretim, W credaf "I believe" | |||||||||
| *gʷerH- "to praise, express approval; to elevate" [463][464][465] |
grātus "pleasing"; grātia "grace, thankfulness"; grātuītus "freely given, free" |
járate "(s/he) praises, invokes"; gṛṇā́ti "(s/he) calls, invokes, mentions with praise, extols"; gūrtá- "agreeable, pleasing, lovely; approved, welcome"; gūrtí "approval, praise; benediction" |
OCS žrĭti "to sacrifice"; žrĭtva "sacrifice, offering"; žrĭcĭ "priest" |
OIr bard, W bardd "bard" | grah “ to incite, to roar” | ||||||||
| *h₁wegʷʰ- "to promise, vow; praise"[466][467] | voveō, vōtum "I vow, promise; dedicate, devote; wish for" | eúkhomai "I pray, vow, wish for; profess"; eûkhos "prayer, object of prayer; boast; vow" |
óhate "(s/he) says"; ukthá "saying; sentence, verse; eulogy" |
Av uxδa "word" | |||||||||
| *ḱwen-, *ḱwen-tos "holy"[322][312] | Av spəṇta "holy"[468] | OCS svętŭ "holy" | Lith šveñtas "holy" | ||||||||||
| *seh₂k- "holy"[469][470] |
sanciō "I render, appoint as sacred; devote, consecrate, dedicate"; sānctus "sacred, made inviolable; venerable, blessed, saintly"; sacer "sacred, holy, dedicated, consecrated; devoted" |
Unclassified
[edit]| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *gʰedʰ- "to unite, join, suit"[471] | good (< OE gōd); gather (< OE gaderian); together (< OE togædere) |
godǔ "suitable time, holiday, feast, right time, time, term, year"; [cj] OCS godina "hour; time"; godĭnŭ "suitable" |
|||||||||||
| *bʰed- "to improve, make better"[472] | better (< OE betera); batten (< ON batna "to grow better, improve, recover"); boot[ck] (< OE bōt "help, relief, advantage, remedy") |
bhadrá- "blessed, auspicious, fortunate, prosperous, happy; good, gracious, friendly, kind; excellent, fair, lovely, pleasant, dear" | betë “good, right” | ||||||||||
| *h₂el- "to grow, nourish"[473] | old (< OE eald, ald); alderman (< OE ealdorman) | aljan "to cause to grow fat, fatten" | *oleō (*olēre) "I grow"; alō (alere) "I foster, I nourish; I raise"; alimentum "food, nourishment; obligation to one's parents"; alumnus "nourished, fostered"; alimōnia "food, nourishment"; altus "high, tall"; indolēs "innate, inborn; talent"; adolescēns "growing up"; adultus "grown-up, matured" |
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| *h₃erdʰ- "to increase, grow; upright, high"[474][475] | arbor (< OLat arbōs < PIta *arðōs) "tree (high plant)"; arduus "lofty, high, steep, elevated; arduous" |
orthós "straight, upright, erect; straight forward" | ūrdhvá "rising, raised, erected; upright, high, above"; ṛ́ddhi "growth, increase; prosperity; elevation" |
||||||||||
| *bʰeh₂g- "to divide, distribute, allot"[476] | baksheesh (< Pers baxšidan "to give, grant, bestow") | éphagon "I ate, devoured (took my share)" > -phagy, (o)esophagus | bhakṣá- "food, drink, delight"; bhájati "to distribute, divide, allot, chooe, serve" | ||||||||||
| *deh₂- *deh₂y- "to share, divide"[477][478] |
time (< OE tīma); tide (< OE tīd) |
daíomai "I divide, share; host (a feast)"; dêmos "district, country, land; the common people; free citizens, sovereign people; deme"; daís "feast, banquet"; daitrós "one who carves and portions out meat at table"; daímōn "god, goddess; departed soul; demon" |
dītí "brightness, time"; dā́ti, dyáti "(s/he) cuts, clips, mows, separates, divides"; dātrá- "allotted share" |
ditë “day” | |||||||||
| *deh₂p- "to sacrifice, lose"[477][478] |
tap "hit lightly" (< OE tappen); tip "touch quietly, bump quietly" (< OE tippen) |
ON tafn "sacrifice" | daps "a sacrificial or solemn feast, religious banquet; meal"; damnum < dapnum "damage, injury; (financial) loss; fine" |
dáptō "I eat, devour; consume, corrode"; dapánē "cost, expenditure; extravagance" |
dāpayati "(s/he) divides" | Ga duan "song, poem" (< PC *daunā) | tawn "feast" | A tāpal "food" | tappala- "person responsible for court cooking" | ||||
| *delh₁- "to split, divide"[479][480] |
tell, teller (< OE tellen); tale (< OE talu); talk (< OE tealcian) |
dolō "I hew, chop into shape; fashion, devise"; doleō "I hurt, suffer; I grieve for, lament"; dolor "pain, ache, hurt; anguish, grief, sorrow" |
dalati "it bursts"; dālayati "(s/he) splits, cracks"; dala- "deal, portion, piece, half"; |
OCS delěti, odolěti "to overcome, defeat"; Russ dólja "share, fate" |
|||||||||
| *dʰayl- "part, watershed" |
deal (< OE dǣl); dole (< OE dāl) |
OCS děliti "to divide"; OCS dělŭ "part" |
|||||||||||
| *bʰeh₂- "to shine, glow"[481] | faveō "I favor"; favor "id"; faustus "favorable, fortunate"; fautor "patron, protector, promoter" |
phaínō "I shine, appear, bring to light" | bhā́s "light"; bhānú "light, ray, sun" | ||||||||||
| *bʰewg- "to enjoy, benefit"[482] | fungor "I perform, execute, discharge; finish, complete, end" > fungible, defunct; fūnctiō "performance, execution (of a task)" > function |
bhuj-, bhunákti "(s/he) enjoys; consumes, eats, drinks; uses, utilizes" | |||||||||||
| *bʰruHg- "to make use of, have enjoyment of"[483] | brook (< OE brūcan) "(old meaning) to use, enjoy"; Ger brauchen "to need, require" |
fruor "I enjoy, derive pleasure from"; frūctus "enjoyment, delight, satisfaction; produce, product, fruit; profit, yield, outcome" ⇒ [note 109]; frūmentum "corn, grain"; frūx, frūgēs "fruits of the earth, produce" > frugal |
|||||||||||
| *deyḱ- "to point out";[484] | toe (< OE tā); token (< OE tācn); teach (< OE tǣċan) |
PGmc *taihwǭ "toe"; *tīhwaną "to show, announce" | dīcō "I say, utter; mention, talk"; digitus "finger, toe, digit" |
díkē "custom, manner, fashion; law, order, right; judgement, justice"; deîgma "specimen, sample; pattern"; deíknumi, "I point out, show" |
diśáti "(s/he) points out, shows;teaches, informs; orders, commands, bids"; deśá- "point, region, spot, part; province, country" |
||||||||
| *h₂eyḱ- "to own, obtain, come in possession of"; *h₂eh₂óyḱe- "to possess, own"[485][486] |
own (< OE āgen); owe (< OE āgan); OE āga "owner"; ought, aught (< OE ǣht) |
√īś, īṣṭe "(s/he) owns, possesses, is master of; rules"; īśá- "owning"; īśāná-, īśvara- "owner, master; ruler; epithets of the god Śiva" |
|||||||||||
| *seǵʰ- "to hold, overpower"[487][488] |
OE siġe "victory" < PGmc segaz (In personal names, e.g., Sigmund, Siegfried, etc.) | sigis "victory"; sigislaun "prize, spoils" |
sevērus "severe, serious, strict, stern, stringent, austere, harsh, grave" | ékhō "I have, possess; hold, am able" ⇒ [note 110]; ískhō "I hold back, restrain; stay; hold fast, maintain"; iskhū́s "strength, power, might"; héxis "possession, act of having; a certain state, condition" ⇒ [note 111]; skhêma "form, shape, figure; appearance, show; bearing, look, air; stateliness, dignity; fashion, manner; character, persona; state, nature; species, kind; dance; sketch, outline, plan, scheme" ⇒ [note 112]; okhurós "firm, lasting, stout"; skholḗ "leisure, free time; rest; philosophy; place where lectures are given" ⇒ [note 113]; Héktōr lit. "conqueror"; skhétlios "able to hold out, steadfast, unflinching" |
sáhate "(s/he) overcomes, vanquishes, conquers, prevails; is able, capable; bears, endures"; sáhas "strength, power, force"; sā́ḍhṛ[cl] "conqueror" |
Gaul Sego- (in personal and tribal names) "victory"[489] | |||||||
| *h₃erbʰ- "to change status, ownership"; *h₃órbʰos "servant, worker, slave; orphan"[490][491] |
erf "heritage, inheritance" (< OE erfe); | Ger arbeit "work", Erbe heir | orbus "orphaned, parentless" | orphanós "orphan; childless; bereft" | árbha- "orphan; child; small" | OCS rabŭ "servant, slave" (< *ārbǔ);[492] Czech orbota "hard work, slavery" > robot; Pol robić "to make, to do" |
|||||||
| *Hrew- "to tear out, dig out, open, acquire"[446][447] (See also *Hrewp-, *Hrewk-) |
rudis "rough, raw, uncultivated; unrefined, unskilled" ⇒ [note 114] |
róman "hair, body hair" | OCS runo "fleece" |
Derivatives
[edit]- ^ maternal, maternity, matron, matrimony, matrix, matriculate, material, matter, madeira, alma mater, etc.
- ^ Dēmḗtēr Demeter;
mētrópolis "metropolis, lit., mother-city" - ^ paternal, paternity, patron, patronize, pattern, patrimony, patriot, expatriate, patrician, perpetrate, compadre, etc.
- ^ fraternal, fraternity, fraternize, friar,[b] confrere
- ^ sorority
- ^ nepotism
- ^ avuncular
- ^ human, , humanity, ad hominem, etc
- ^ virile, virtue, triumvir(ate), etc.[o]
- ^ regal, regalia, regicide, royal, etc.
- ^ corps, corpse, corporal, corporation, incorporate, etc.
- ^ cap, cape, chapeau, capital, chapter, capitulate, decapitate, per capita, kaput, etc.
- ^ language, lingo etc.
- ^ ocular, binoculars, etc.
- ^ core, cordial, record, accord, discord, concord, accordion, misericordia, courage, etc.
- ^ cruel, crude
- ^ tripod, podium, etc.
- ^ manual, manufacture, manuscript, manipulate, manifest, maintain, manage, manumission, emancipate, mandate, demand, commend, countermand, mandatory, masturbate etc.
- ^ pecunious, impecunious
- ^ a b auspices, auspicious
- ^ grain, granary, granule, granite, pomegranate, etc.
- ^ agrarian, agriculture, pilgrim, peregrinate, etc.
- ^ promulgate, emulsion, etc.
- ^ molar (tooth)
- ^ immolate
- ^ maul, mallet, malleable
- ^ Spanish 'zumo' via Arabic
- ^ fervent, fervor, fervid, effervescence
- ^ saline, salsa, sauce, salad, sausage (salchicha, saucisse), salami, salary
- ^ semen, seminar, seminary, seminal, disseminate, inseminate, season, sative, etc.
- ^ member, membrane
- ^ "dorm, dormitory, dorter"
- ^ progeny, progenitor
- ^ nee [aw]
- ^ nascent
- ^ native, nativity, etc.
- ^ Spa Navidad "Christmas"
- ^ nature, natural, etc.
- ^ nation, national, etc.
- ^ Natalia, Natalie, Natasha, Noël, etc.
- ^ general, generic, generate, generous, congenital, degenerate, gender, genre, etc.
- ^ gent, gentle, gentleman, gentile, genteel, etc.
- ^ genitive, primogeniture, etc.
- ^ ingenuous, ingenu, ingenue
- ^ ingenious, engine, engineer, gin (instrument, as in cotton gin), etc.
- ^ germ, germinate, germane, etc., but not German
- ^ genitals, genitalia
- ^ genesis, genes, genetic, etc.
- ^ auction, etc.
- ^ author, etc.
- ^ augment, etc.
- ^ augury, inaugurate, etc.
- ^ August, etc.
- ^ auxiliary, etc.
- ^ "audio, audience, obey, obedience, auditorium, etc."
- ^ aesthetic
- ^ memento
- ^ reminisce
- ^ memory
- ^ monster
- ^ mathematics
- ^ "memory, remember, etc."
- ^ "mora, moratory, moratorium"
- ^ "martyr"
- ^ dekko
- ^ aspect, inspect, respect, prospect, perspective, retrospect, despicable, conspicuous, perspicuous, perspicacious, spectacle, spectacular, etc etc.
- ^ species, spice, special, specify, specific
- ^ spectre, spectrum
- ^ speculate
- ^ scope, -scope, -scopy
- ^ bishop, episcopal
- ^ skeptic, skeptical, skepticism
- ^ council, conciliate, etc.
- ^ clamor, claim, exclamation, etc.
- ^ clear, clarify, etc.
- ^ stylus, style (originally same meaning as stylus: a particular form of writing > style)
- ^ humble, humility, exhume, etc
- ^ "incinerate, cinerary, cinerarium"
- ^ "foment, fomentation"
- ^ "fever, febrile"
- ^ "February"
- ^ pollute, pollution
- ^ fort, forte, fortitude, fortification, force, effort, etc
- ^ chernozem, chernukha, Cherno(byl)
- ^ ?Siam
- ^ civic, city, citizen, etc.
- ^ cite, incite, excite, Incitātus (Caligula's horse), resuscitate, solicit, etc.
- ^ site, situation, etc.
- ^ expose, exponent, depose, deponent, oppose, opponent, proponent, posit, position, positive, post, etc.
- ^
impeccable, impeach - ^ podium, pew
- ^ sequence, second, segue, etc.
- ^ vert-, verse, versus, version, invert, convert, inverse, reverse, controversy, anniversary etc.
- ^ join, joinder, joint, junction, juncture, conjugal, conjugate, conjunct, adjunct, injunction, rejoin, rejoinder, jostle, joust, adjust, etc.
- ^ local, locate, locality, locomotion, allocate, etc.
- ^ epistle, pistle, epistolary, etc.
- ^ sect (or possibly from Lat. sequi, "follow"), -sect, sectile, section, sector, dissect, insect, intersect, resect, transect, etc.
- ^ carnal, carnage, carnation, carnival, carrion, caruncle, carnivorous, charnel, charcuterie, incarnate, etc., Spa carne
- ^ scrutiny, scrutinize, inscrutable, etc.
- ^ scruple, scrupulous, etc.
- ^ cult, culture, cultivate, incult, etc.
- ^ colony, colonial, etc.
- ^ collar, accolade, decollate, etc
- ^ palindrome, palimpsest, palinode
- ^ telegraph, television, etc.
- ^ evolve, revolve, involve, involucrum, convolve, devolve, voluble etc.;
- ^ vale, valley
- ^ helix, helical, helicopter
- ^ fruit, fructose
- ^ eunuch (lit. bed-keeper)
- ^ hectic
- ^ scheme, schematic
- ^ school, scholar, scholastic
- ^ rude, rudimentary, erudite
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Reflexes of the stem in daughter languages also refer to deified beings and deities within their respective mythologies/religions: Old English Mōdraniht ('Night of the Mothers'); Celtic and Germanic Matres and Matronae (Latin for 'Mothers and Matrons'); Latvian Māte ('Mother'); Gaulish Dea Matrona ('Divine Mother Goddess'); Sanskrit Matrikas ('Divine Mothers').
- ^ e.g., black friar
- ^ Phralipe, or Pralipe, "brotherhood", name of several Gypsy/Romany organizations, including a music band and a literary magazine.
- ^ sw- > xw-
- ^ kʿoyr *swesōr; kʿeʿ < *swesros; kʿor-kʿ < *swesŏres.
- ^ Varias García (2017) pointed out that a tablet from Mycene uses "tu-ka-te", whereas tablets from Knossos, Pylos and Thebes use "ko-wa" (*korwa, later koré 'maiden, girl').[21]
- ^ Although this word is attested in Hittite, it is considered a loanword from Luwian. While scholarship recognizes the likelihood of its being the reflex of the root in Anatolian, its appearance in Hittite and Luwian would indicate a different meaning, however.[26][27]
- ^ The root could also be found in Anatolian languages with later attestation: Isaurian personal name Τουάτρης Touatris; Pisidian name Δωταρι Dotari.[28] However, Simon Zsolt questions the interpretation of Dotari as a reflex, since this word is attested as a compound in male names.[29]
- ^ Other interpretations are "son of the yew" or "son of the boar".[34]
- ^ The word is attested in Plate III of the Botorrita plaques. Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel interprets "-SUNOS" as the remnant of the root in the Celtic branch.[22][35]
- ^ This is the other possible attestation of the root in the Celtic branch.[36]
- ^ As argued by Peyrot and Meng (2021).[42]
- ^ cf. divide
- ^ bridegome in Middle English, subsequently influenced by groom (archaically "servant, man").
- ^ But not virus
- ^ These reflexes are suggested by Belarusian scholar Siarhiej Sanko.[51]
- ^ See also Thr goni "woman".[52]
- ^ See also Phry knaiko, knaikan "woman".[53]
- ^ Joseph Vendryes had suggested that compound names with the stem seem to be common around the southeast and the Balkans.[64] However, the stem "is attested ... in Messapic, in Osco-Umbrian, in Venetic, in Gaulish, in Celtiberian, in Brittonic languages, in Welsh, in German and in the Baltic languages",[65] as seen, for instance, in Illyrian Teuta (a Illyrian female ruler); Messapic teuta (community) and Taotor (name of deity); tribal name Teutons.
- ^ However, Robert Beekes suggests a non-Indo-European, substrate origin for the stem and its reflexes.[66]
- ^ Woudhuizen lists possible reflexes: Phrygian totos, teutous; Mycenaean te-u-ta-(ko-ro).[53] Another reflex appears in Thracian personal name Tautomedes, cited by J. P. Mallory,[69] and Ancient Macedonian (Pelasgian?) general Teutamus.[66]
- ^ hēm- < *ām- (with h- after hum- "you (pl.)") < *asm- < *n̥sm-.
- ^ a b OE ēow (acc., dat.) and ēow-ic̣ (acc., with the same -c̣ ending visible in 1st. sg. acc. mēc̣ "me", also modern German mich "me"), likewise Old High German iuwih "you (acc./dat. pl.)" (modern euch), appear to have the same origin as izw- in Gothic izwis "you (acc./dat. pl)", with unexplained loss of -z-. izwis appears to come from stem izw- plus originally genitive -is, where izw- comes ultimately from PIE *us-we with the loss of u- also visible in Avestan and Celtic, followed by the addition of a prothetic i-. (Ringe, 2006)
- ^ Cf. Latin ne-que, Gothic ni-h, Hittite ni-kku, Lydian ni-k "and not, nor".
- ^ All suggested etymologies of një "one" are highly speculative, at best. This etymology is one of two given by E. Hamp in Indo-European Numerals (Jadranka Gvozdanović, ed., 1992), pp. 903-904; the other is simply from PIE *eni- (or H₂en-), a PIE deictic particle visible in Sanskrit anyá- "the other", OCS onŭ "that one", Lithuanian anàs "that one". Michiel de Vaan, in a review of Demiraj's Sistemi i numerimit, suggests PIE *H₂en-io-no- > pre-Proto-Albanian *ëńán > Proto-Albanian *ńâ > një. M. Huld (Basic Albanian Etymologies, p. 101) attempts to derive një from PIE *sm-iH₂, feminine of *sem "one" and reflected in Ancient Greek mía; this etymology is also tentatively suggested in Don Ringe et al. "IE and Computational Cladistics", p. 75 (Transactions of the Philological Society 100, 2002).
- ^ For example, qñnã-tba "twelve" (litt. "ten" plus "two").[73]
- ^ See also: Umb peturpursus "quadruped".
- ^ Cf. Thr ketri- "four".[76]
- ^ See also: Osc pomp- "five".[77]
- ^ See also Phry pinke "five".[53]
- ^ Built upon osmŭ "eighth" < *H₁ok̂t-mo-.
- ^ With nasalization after *septḿ̥ "seven".
- ^ There is the possibility that Lycian sñta could mean either "ten" or "(one) hundred".[78][81]
- ^ But not kephalḗ!
- ^ Possible Anatolian reflex of the root, as posited by Sasseville (2020).[110]
- ^ Only in *aíƕatundi "bramble", literally "horse-tooth".
- ^ Expected form is *vōs, not *bōs; evidently this is a borrowing from Oscan or Umbrian.
- ^ bóu, báu are archaic genitives; later báo, bó.
- ^ Celtic river-goddess
- ^ In the latter case, a direct parallel to Skt. go·vinda- "cow-finder"
- ^ River in Ireland
- ^ Proposed by Yakubovich and Sasseville (2018).[124]
- ^ Cf. also Phry ἔξις or ἔζις (ezi) "hedgehog".
- ^ In ancient Roman tradition, the Avernus was a lake where birds died as they flew near it.
- ^ See also Illyrian tribal name Enchele "eel-people".
- ^ The name migrated to Eastern Europe,[150] assumed the form "azhdaja" and the meaning "dragon", "dragoness"[151] or "water snake"[152] in Balkanic and Slavic languages.[153]
- ^ See also Ovinnik 'a spirit of the barn'.[192]
- ^ a b Lit. drinking implement
- ^ Via French né, née
- ^ Cf. Sanskrit janitár-, Greek genetḗr, genétōr, Latin genitor "procreator".
- ^ Seen in many personal or tribal names: Biuitoni, Biuonia, Dago-bius, etc
- ^ This borrowing is found in almost every Slavic language and is said to be "without doubt the most famous Germanic loanword in Slavic" (Pronk-Tiethoff (2013))
- ^ Derived by some from *men- "to think"
- ^ standard present tense formed using a suppletive root
- ^ all Slavic languages
- ^ Under the misguided influence of Greek stûlos "pillar"
- ^ Cf. Asteria (litt.) "starry one"; Astraeus "god of dusk" (litt. "starry"); Astraea "star-maiden"; Cretan king Asterion "starry".
- ^ acc. stā̆rǝm, gen. stārō, pl. nom. staras-ča, stārō, acc. strǝ̄uš, gen. strǝ̄m, dat. stǝrǝbyō.
- ^ Tīw < *déywos was the Germanic god of war, but originally was a sky-god and head of the gods, like Zeus.
- ^ *déywos > Lat. deus; gen. *deiwī > Lat. dīvī. From each stem a full declension was formed.
- ^ According to linguist Vitaly Shevoroshkin, the noun exists in other Anatolian languages: Lycian ziw-; Lydian civ-; Luwian Tiwa-; Palaic Tija-.[123]
- ^ Other dialectal variants are Cretan awélios or ābélios; Doric āélios.
- ^ Seen in chamomile (from khamaimēlon "earth-apple") and chameleon (from khamailéōn "earth-lion").[190]
- ^ a b c d It is unclear how the original PIE forms produced the attested daughter-language forms. After the loss of laryngeals, original *péh₂wr̥, ph₂unés would regularly produce *pāwr̥, punés. It is possible that this form was considered too strange-looking, with the result that the u vowel was borrowed from the second stem into the first, yielding *púwr̥, punés. This compressed to *pūr, punés, and this stem set, or its regularized version *pūr, purés, might form the basis of the Umbrian, Greek and Armenian forms. For Germanic, however, something else must be at work. Ringe (2006) suggests that the following sequence of events produced Gothic fōn: Collective péh₂wōr -> ph₂uṓr (cf. Tocharian B puwar) > puōr > Proto-Germanic fuwōr > fwōr > fōr -> fōn (using -n- from the oblique stem), where -> indicates a change due to analogy, while > indicates a regular sound change. His explanation of funins and fuïr is very tentative and complicated. Pokorny's suggestion for Germanic is rather different. He derives fōn from *fwōn, with no further derivation, but probably different from Ringe's. fuïr comes from *puweri, a locative that could be formed from a nominative *púwr̥ or possibly from a stem *pur-. It suffices to say that the processes involved are not well understood.
- ^ Februārius mēnsis - Roman month of expiation
- ^ Cf. Thracian river name Struma and river-god Strymon; Illyrian toponyms Stravianae and Strevintia; Lith. (dial.) river name Straujà; Old Prussian place-names Strewe, Stromyke and Strowange.[296] Stravianae (or Stravijanu) is tentatively located by scholars near the modern day city of Našice, in east Croatia.[297]
- ^ The literal meaning is "place between the rivers".
- ^ Scholarly opinion seems to agree that the word must have referred to a large body of water.
- ^ Replaced OE sār, compare Ger sehr
- ^ a b *H₁le(n)gʷʰ- and *h₁rewdʰ- are both roots that form Caland-type adjectives. These roots are notable in that they form zero-stem adjectives with certain characteristic suffixes, especially -ro- and -u-, along with -i- in compounds. Other examples are *h₂erǵ- "white" (cf. Greek argós < *argrós "white", Sanskrit ṛjrá- "brilliant", Tocharian B ārkwi "white", Greek argi-kéraunos "with bright lightning") and *dʰewb- "deep" (cf. Lithuanian dubùs "hollow" < *dʰub-u-, Tocharian B tapre "high" < *dʰub-ro-).
- ^ contested
- ^ Cf. also Thrac arzas "white".[328]
- ^ Etymon rudá appears in idiomatic expressions denoting "anger".[338]
- ^ Latin etymons galbus ("yellow") and galbinus ("greenish-yellow") are also suggested to derive from this root.[344]
- ^ See also: Phr glouros "gold".[345][346]
- ^ Not cognate
- ^ ibetis uciu andecari biiete - 'drink from here and be nice' - Limé (Aisne) inscrpition
- ^ See also Umbrian benust (Latin uenerit) and Oscan kúm-bened (Latin conuentio).
- ^ Now compare 'prose' and 'verse'
- ^ wagon is a loan-word from Dutch.
- ^ Some of these words might instead derive from *sekʷ- "to follow"
- ^ Not related to Spanish alquilar
- ^ Probably
- ^ See also Hesperus "evening star"; Hesperides "daughters of the evening; nymphs of the west".
- ^ Attested in the Coligny calendar, written in Gaulish language.
- ^ Douglas Q. Adams reads the words as "winter, wintry", although there are other interpretations.[458][459]
- ^ Influenced by zǝrǝd "heart".
- ^ Range of meanings across the different Slavic languages
- ^ as in 'to boot', 'bootless'
- ^ exact cognate of Héktōr
Tabular notes
[edit]- ^ a b c
Complex ablauting stem:
Singular Plural Language Nom Acc Gen Dat Nom Acc Gen PIE gʷṓws gʷṓm gʷéws gʷéwey gʷówes gʷówm̥s gʷéwoHom Sanskrit gáus gā́m gṓs gávē gā́vas gā́s gávām Avestan gāuš gąm gāuš gave gā̆vō gā̊ gavąm - ^
Complex ablauting stem:
Language Nom Acc Voc Gen Dat Loc Instr Pl PIE d(i)yḗws dyḗm dyéw diw-és, -ós diwéy dyéwi and dyéw ? Greek Zdeús Zdẽn Zdeũ Di(w)ós Di(w)í Sanskrit d(i)yāús dyā́m ? divás, dyōs divḗ dyáví, diví dyú-bhis - ^ a b
Complex ablauting stem:
Language Nom Acc Voc Gen Dat Loc Instr Pl PIE d(i)yēus dyēum dyĕu diw-és, -ós diwéi dyéwi and dyēu ? Greek Zdeús Zdẽn Zdeũ Di(w)ós Di(w)í Sanskrit d(i)yāús dyā́m ? divás, dyōs divḗ dyáví, diví dyú-bhis
References
[edit]- ^ Dnghu, pp. 1993-1994.
- ^ Pokorny, pp. 700-701.
- ^ a b Dnghu, p. 2394.
- ^ a b Pokorny, p. 829.
- ^ a b Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 210.
- ^ Dnghu, pp. 485-486.
- ^ Pokorny, pp. 163-164.
- ^ a b Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 214.
- ^ Yūsuke, Sumi (2018). New Express Romani (Gypsy). p. 142.
- ^ Kenrick, Donald (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies. Scarecrow Press. pp. 195, 204. ISBN 978-0-8108-5468-0.
- ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012). The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Celtic. Brill. p. 110. doi:10.1163/9789004233096. ISBN 978-90-04-22539-8.
- ^ Campbell, George L. with King, Gareth. Compendium of the World's Languages. Routledge. 2013. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-415-62191-5
- ^ Dnghu, p. 3027.
- ^ Pokorny, p. 1051.
- ^ Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (1 December 2015). "Gaulish SUIOREBE 'with two sisters'". Lingua Posnaniensis. 57 (2): 59–62. doi:10.1515/linpo-2015-0011. S2CID 56122374.
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2011). "The accentuation of the PIE word for 'daughter'". Accent Matters. pp. 235–243. doi:10.1163/9789401200325_009. ISBN 978-90-420-3332-0.
- ^ Dnghu, pp. 757-758.
- ^ Pokorny, p. 277.
- ^ Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 213.
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- ^ Delamarre (2003), p. 118.
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- ^ Pokorny, p. 78.
- ^ Monier Williams, p. 155.
- ^ Villanueva Svensson, Miguel (16 December 2011). "Lithuanian žinóti "to know"". Baltistica. 43 (2): 175–199. doi:10.15388/baltistica.43.2.1232.
- ^ Kortlandt, Frederik (14 December 2011). "Lithuanian žinóti 'to know'". Baltistica. 45 (1): 81–84. doi:10.15388/baltistica.45.1.1067.
- ^ Dnghu, pp. 1908-1909
- ^ Pokorny, pp. 683-684
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- ^ Dnghu, pp. 2800-2801.
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- ^ Monier Williams, p. 1271.
- ^ Dnghu, p. 3142.
- ^ Pokorny, p. 1088.
- ^ Dnghu, p. 2094.
- ^ Pokorny, pp. 737-738.
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- ^ Dnghu, pp. 598-599.
- ^ Pokorny, p. 213.
- ^ a b c Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 325.
- ^ Monier Williams, p. 491.
- ^ Dnghu, p. 2840.
- ^ Pokorny, p. 984.
- ^ Monier Williams, p. 611.
- ^ Dnghu, p. 1798.
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- ^ Monier Williams, p. 280.
- ^ Dnghu, p. 329
- ^ Dnghu, pp. 1497-1499
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- ^ Delamarre (2003), p. 50.
- ^ Dnghu, pp. 2926-2927.
- ^ Pokorny, pp. 1016-1017.
- ^ a b c Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 513.
- ^ Monier Williams, p. 454.
- ^ Dnghu, pp. 3050-3052.
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- ^ a b c d Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 123
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- ^ Dnghu, p. 64.
- ^ Pokorny, pp. 18-22.
- ^ a b c Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 121.
- ^ Monier Williams, p. 114.
- ^ Dnghu, p. 1902.
- ^ Pokorny, p. 678.
- ^ a b c Mallory & Adams (2006), p. 122.
- ^ Still scanned as three syllables in some passages of the Rigveda, Ringe (2006) p. 77.
- ^ Monier Williams, p. 557.
- ^ Ringe (2006) p. 77, sourced to Melchert (1994) p. 54.
- ^ Mallory, p. 202.
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- ^ Dnghu, p. 536
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- ^ Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John. Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge at the University Press. 1956. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-521-08558-8
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- ^ a b c Mallory & Adams (2006), p. [page needed].
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- ^ Erkut, Sedat (1 October 2006). "Hititçe-Kugulla Sözcüğü" (PDF). Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi. 25 (40): 108–111. doi:10.1501/Tarar_0000000247.
- ^ Chadwick, John; Baumbach, Lydia (1963). "The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary". Glotta. 41 (3/4): 157–271. JSTOR 40265918.
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- ^ Haruyuki Saito. Das Partizipium Präteriti im Tocharischen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2006. pp. 556-557. ISBN 3-447-05330-5
- ^ Kim, Ronald I. (March 2019). "Old English Cyme and the Proto-Indo-European Aorist Optative in Germanic". Transactions of the Philological Society. 117 (1): 96–111. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12147. S2CID 150325591.
- ^ Delamarre (2003), p. 74.
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- ^ Dnghu, pp. 1376-1377
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- ^ Pokorny, pp. 1156-1158.
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- ^ "ЛИШИТИ — ЕТИМОЛОГІЯ | Горох — українські словники". goroh.pp.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2021-02-07.
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Bibliography
[edit]- Pokorny, Julius (1959). Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch.
- Dnghu. Proto-Indo-European Etymological Dictionary. (A revised edition of Julius Pokorny's Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, CCA-GNU)
- Beekes, Robert (1995). Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. J. Benjamins Pub. ISBN 1-55619-504-4.
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-17418-4.
- Mallory, James; Adams, DQ (24 August 2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (2006 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-928791-0.
- Kölligan, Daniel (2018). "The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European". Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. pp. 2229–2279. doi:10.1515/9783110542431-045. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1. S2CID 134708437.
- Delamarre, Xavier. Le Vocabulaire Indo-Européen. Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. 1984. ISBN 2-7200-1028-6
- Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
- Kloekhorst, Alwin. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5. Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11996
- Matasovic, Ranko. Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 2009. ISBN 978-90-04-17336-1
- Monier-Williams, Monier (1960). A Sanskrit-English. Oxford: Oxford Clarendon.
Further reading
[edit]On numerals:
- Bjørn, Rasmus (2019). "Nouns and Foreign Numerals: Anatolian 'Four' and the Development of the PIE Decimal System". Dispersals and Diversification. pp. 54–76. doi:10.1163/9789004416192_004. ISBN 978-90-04-41450-1. S2CID 213661601.
- Bomhard, Allan R. (2008). "Some thoughts on the Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers". In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory. pp. 213–221. doi:10.1075/z.145.18bom. ISBN 978-90-272-3252-6.
- Prósper, Blanca María (2014). "The Indo-european ordinal numerals 'fourth' and 'fifth' and the reconstruction of the Celtic and Italic numeral systems". Die Sprache. 51 (1): 1–50. doi:10.13173/SPR.51.1.001.
- de Vaan, Michiel (2019). "Proto-Indo-European *sm and *si 'one'". The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European. pp. 203–218. doi:10.1163/9789004409354_015. ISBN 978-90-04-40934-7. S2CID 213154612.
On nature and the passage of time:
- Blažek, Václav. "Astronomická terminologie v indoevropských jazycích" [Astronomic terminology in Indo-European languages]. In: Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity. A, Řada jazykovědná = Linguistica Brunensia. 2005, vol. 54, iss. A53, pp. [31]-49. ISSN 0231-7567.
- Huld, Martin E. (1986). "Proto- and post-Indo-European designations for 'sun'". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 99 (2): 194–202. JSTOR 40848835.
- Paraskiewicz, Kinga (2002). "The names of seasons of the year in Iranian languages". Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia. 7: 67–78.
On animals:
- Gąsiorowski, Piotr (2013). "Gruit Grus: The Indo-European Names of the Crane". Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia. 18 (1): 51–68. hdl:10593/2391.
- Hammer, Niels (2015). "Eurasian Cranes, Demoiselle Cranes, PIE +ger-and Onomatopoetics". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 43 (1–2): 81–99. ProQuest 1692251424.
- Huld, Martin E. (2014). "Armenian agraw and an Indo-European Word for 'Crow, Raven'". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 42 (3–4): 294–301. ProQuest 1628229687.
- Huard, Athanaric. "On Tocharian B kents* and PIE *g̑hans- ‘goose’". In: wékwos: Revue d'études indo-européennes. Volume 5. Les Cent Chemins. 2019. ISBN 979-8581017487.
- Palmér, Axel I.; Jakob, Anthony; Thorsø, Rasmus; Sluis, Paulus van; Swanenvleugel, Cid; Kroonen, Guus (18 March 2021). "Proto-Indo-European 'fox' and the reconstruction of an athematic ḱ-stem". Indo-European Linguistics. 9 (1): 234–263. doi:10.1163/22125892-bja10008. hdl:1887/3212933. S2CID 233677001.
- Nurkiyazova, Sevindj (13 May 2019). "The English Word That Hasn't Changed in Sound or Meaning in 8,000 Years". Nautilus.
On kinship and family:
- Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European *suHnu- 'son' and his relatives". In: Indogermanistik und Linguistik im Dialog. Akten der XIII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft von 21. bis 27. September 2008 in Salzburg, hrg. Thomas Krisch & Thomas Lindner. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2011. pp. 79–89. ISBN 978-3-89500-681-4
- Cooper, Brian. "The Lexicology and Etymology of Russian Family Relationships". In: Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia Vol. 14. Issue 1. Kraków: 2009. pp. 153–176. ISBN 978-83-233-2758-5
- Fernández, Esteban Ngomo (2022). "La palabra para 'hija' en indoeuropeo: un análisis comparativo" [THE WORD FOR ‘DAUGHTER’ IN INDO-EUROPEAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS]. Revista Española de Lingüística (in Spanish). 52 (1): 169–182. doi:10.31810/RSEL.52.1.5. S2CID 250377644.
- Friedrich, Paul (January 1966). "Proto-Indo-European Kinship". Ethnology. 5 (1): 1–36. doi:10.2307/3772899. JSTOR 3772899.
- Galton, Herbert (1957). "The Indo-European Kinship Terminology". Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 82 (1): 121–138. JSTOR 25840433.
- Hettrich, Heinrich (1985). "Indo-European Kinship Terminology in linguistics and Anthropology". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (4): 453–480. JSTOR 30028080.
- Heltoft, Lars (29 April 2020). "The Malt stone as evidence for a morphological archaism: Reconstructing the Proto-Nordic and Proto-Germanic systems of kinship terms". NOWELE. 73 (1): 4–20. doi:10.1075/nowele.00031.hel. S2CID 219013196.
- Humphreys, S. C. (2017). "Proto-Indo-European Kinship and Society: Kin Terms". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 45 (3–4): 373–425. ProQuest 2070902282.
- Kullanda, Sergey (February 2002). "Indo-European 'Kinship Terms' Revisited". Current Anthropology. 43 (1): 89–111. doi:10.1086/324127. S2CID 224797067.
- Milanova, Veronika (2020). "Brothers and Many Others: The Concept 'Offspring' and its Semantic Extensions in IndoEuropean Languages". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 48 (1–2): 189–217. ProQuest 2429828943.
- Pârvulescu, Adrian (1 January 1989). "Blood and IE. Kinship Terminology". Indogermanische Forschungen. 94 (1): 67–88. doi:10.1515/if-1989-0107. S2CID 171400036.
- Rau, Jeremy (2011). "Indo-European Kinship Terminology: *ph₂tr-ou̯-/ph₂tr̥-u̯- and its Derivatives". Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 124: 1–25. doi:10.13109/hisp.2011.124.1.1. JSTOR 41553560.
- Starke, Frank (1987). "Die Vertretungen von uridg. *d h ugh₂tér- "Tochter" in den luwischen Sprachen und ihre Stammbildung". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 100 (2): 243–269. JSTOR 40848875.
On agriculture and produce:
- Blažek, Václav. "On Indo-European ‘barley’". In: Simmelkjaer Sandgaard Hansen, Bjarne; Nielsen Whitehead, Benedicte; Olander, Thomas; Olsen, Birgit Anette. Etymology and the European Lexicon. Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft (17-22 September 2012, Copenhagen). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2016. pp. 53–68. ISBN 978-3-95490-202-6
- Hyllested, Adam (2019). "Did Proto-Indo-European Have a Word for Wheat? Hittite šeppit(t)- Revisited and the Rise of Post-PIE Cereal Terminology". Dispersals and Diversification. pp. 130–143. doi:10.1163/9789004416192_007. ISBN 978-90-04-41450-1. S2CID 213979041.
- Mikić, Aleksandar (14 December 2011). "A note on some Proto-Indo-European roots related to grain legumes". Indogermanische Forschungen. 116 (2011): 60–71. doi:10.1515/9783110239485.60. S2CID 170487201.
- Mikić, Aleksandar (2015). "Palaeolinguistics and ancient Eurasian pulse crops". Current Science. 108 (1): 45–50. JSTOR 24216173.
- Garnier, Romain; Sagart, Laurent; Sagot, Benoît (2017). "Milk and the Indo-Europeans". Language Dispersal Beyond Farming. pp. 291–311. doi:10.1075/z.215.13gar. ISBN 978-90-272-1255-9. S2CID 165681446.
- Schürr, Diether (1 January 2019). "Urindogermanisch Wein und Met in den anatolischen Sprachen". Aramazd. 13 (1): 44–59.
On colors:
- Shields, Kenneth (1979). "Indo-European Basic Colour Terms". Canadian Journal of Linguistics. 24 (2): 142–146. doi:10.1017/S0008413100023409. S2CID 148651177.
On verbs related to action and motion:
- Verkerk, Annemarie (10 April 2015). "Where do all the motion verbs come from?: The speed of development of manner verbs and path verbs in Indo-European". Diachronica. 32 (1): 69–104. doi:10.1075/dia.32.1.03ver. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0026-D05D-6.
On bodily functions:
- Kocharov, Petr (2016). "Proto-Indo-European lexical aspect and stem patterns". Faits de Langues. 47 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000005. S2CID 211952112. [on PIE roots for sleep and dream]
External links
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Look up Category:Proto-Indo-European terms by etymology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- Query Julius Pokorny's landmark Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [dead link], the standard reference for Indo-European vocabulary. Complete coverage of cognates of each root (although Hittite and Tocharian coverage is spotty), highly accurate forms. Beware, roots are given in pre-laryngeal form and glosses are in German.
- American Heritage Indo-European Roots Index
- Database query to the online version of Pokorny's PIE dictionary
- Index to the online version of Pokorny's PIE dictionary
- Jonathan Slocum, Indo-European Lexicon from the University of Texas Linguistic Research Center
- IE-CoR (Indo-European Cognate Relationships)