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{{short description|British Zionist intellectual and civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
⚫
|honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
⚫
|name = Leon Simon
|native_name = אריה (לאון) סימון
|image = File:SirLeonSimon.jpg
|native_name_lang = he
|image_size = 225px
⚫
|image = Leon Simon cropped.jpg
⚫
|honorific_prefix = [[Knight Bachelor|Sir]]
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CB}}
|caption = Sir Leon Simon in 1944 from the [[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]]
|caption = Simon in 1911
|birth_name =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1881|07|11|df=y}}
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1881|07|11|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Southampton]], [[United Kingdom]]
|birth_place = [[Southampton, England]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1965|04|27|1881|07|11|df=y}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1965|04|27|1881|07|11|df=y}}
|death_place = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
|death_place = [[London, England]]
|citizenship = [[United Kingdom|British]], [[Israelis|Israeli]]
|nationality = British, [[Israelis|Israeli]]
|known_for = [[Cultural Zionism|Cultural Zionist]], writer, [[Hebrew]] scholar, [[political activism|political activist]]
|known_for = [[Cultural Zionist]], writer, [[Hebrew]] scholar, [[political activist]]
|alma_mater = [[Balliol College]], [[University of Oxford]]
|alma_mater = [[Balliol College, Oxford]]
|occupation = [[Civil Servant]]
|occupation = [[Civil servant]]
|years_active = 1904 - 1949
|years_active = 1904–1949
|spouse = {{marriage|Ellen Simon|1916|27 April 1965}}
|spouse = {{marriage|Ellen Simon|1916<!--|27 April 1965-->}}
}}
}}


'''Sir Leon Simon''' [[Order of the Bath|CB]] ('''אריה (לאון) סימון'''; born 1881 in [[Southampton]]; died 1965 in [[London]]) was a leading British [[Zionism|Zionist]] intellectual and civil servant who took part in the drafting of the [[Balfour Declaration]] of 1917 and served on the [[Zionist Commission]] with [[Chaim Weizmann]].<ref name=bio>{{cite news|title=The birth of modern Israel: A scrap of paper that changed history|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-birth-of-modern-israel-a-scrap-of-paper-that-changed-history-223199.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=26 May 2005}}</ref> An advocate of [[cultural Zionism]] and the [[Revival of the Hebrew language|revival of Hebrew language]], Simon was a scholar and translator of [[Ahad Ha'am]], and produced the first modern Hebrew translations of [[Plato]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last1=Comay|first1=Joan|title=Routledge who's who in Jewish history : after the period of the Old Testament|url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhojewishhis00cohn|url-access=limited|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780415260305|page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhojewishhis00cohn/page/n398 362]|edition=3rd}}</ref> He served as the Chairman of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]’s Executive Council, and from 1949-50 as the university's President.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jta.org/1949/08/21/archive/chairman-of-board-of-governors-of-hebrew-university-reveals-plans-for-expansion|title=Chairman of Board of Governors of Hebrew University Reveals Plans for Expansion|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}}</ref>
'''Sir Leon Simon''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CB}} (11 July 1881{{snd}}27 April 1965) was a leading British [[Zionism|Zionist]] intellectual and civil servant who took part in the drafting of the [[Balfour Declaration]] of 1917 and served on the [[Zionist Commission]] with [[Chaim Weizmann]].<ref name=bio>{{cite news|title=The birth of modern Israel: A scrap of paper that changed history|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-birth-of-modern-israel-a-scrap-of-paper-that-changed-history-223199.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=26 May 2005}}</ref> An advocate of [[cultural Zionism]] and the [[Revival of the Hebrew language|revival of Hebrew language]], Simon was a scholar and translator of [[Ahad Ha'am]], and produced the first modern Hebrew translations of [[Plato]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last1=Comay|first1=Joan|title=Routledge who's who in Jewish history : after the period of the Old Testament|url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhojewishhis00cohn|url-access=limited|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780415260305|page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhojewishhis00cohn/page/n398 362]|edition=3rd}}</ref> He served as the Chairman of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]’s Executive Council, and from 1949–50 as the university's President.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jta.org/1949/08/21/archive/chairman-of-board-of-governors-of-hebrew-university-reveals-plans-for-expansion|title=Chairman of Board of Governors of Hebrew University Reveals Plans for Expansion|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=21 August 1949}}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
[[File:Leon Simon cropped.jpg|thumb|240px|Leon Simon]]
Simon was the son of Rabbi Isadore Simon of the [[South Manchester Synagogue]] and Kitty Avner, both of whom had moved to Britain in the late 19th century from [[Lithuania]].<ref name="manchesterjewishstudies.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.manchesterjewishstudies.org/manchester-school/|title=Centre for Jewish Studies, University of Manchester - Manchester School|publisher=}}</ref> He studied at [[Manchester Grammar School]] and read [[Greats]] at [[Balliol College]] at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref name="auto"/>
Simon was the son of Rabbi Isadore Simon of the [[South Manchester Synagogue]] and Kitty Avner, both of whom had moved to Britain in the late 19th century from [[Lithuania]].<ref name="manchesterjewishstudies.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.manchesterjewishstudies.org/manchester-school/|title=Centre for Jewish Studies, University of Manchester - Manchester School|publisher=}}</ref> He studied at [[Manchester Grammar School]] and read [[Greats]] at [[Balliol College]] at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref name="auto"/>


Line 30: Line 32:
Simon edited the newspaper "The Zionist Banner" with Sacher and the monthly journal "Palestine".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manchesterjewishstudies.org/harry-sacher/|title=Centre for Jewish Studies, University of Manchester - Harry Sacher|publisher=}}</ref>
Simon edited the newspaper "The Zionist Banner" with Sacher and the monthly journal "Palestine".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manchesterjewishstudies.org/harry-sacher/|title=Centre for Jewish Studies, University of Manchester - Harry Sacher|publisher=}}</ref>


In 1904 Simon joined the [[General Post Office]] and rose to become Director of Telegraphs and Telephones and later Director of Savings.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-link=William Rubinstein|editor3-link=Hilary L. Rubinstein|editor1-first=William D. |editor1-last=Rubinstein|editor2-last=Jolles|editor2-first=Michael A.|editor3-last=Rubinstein|editor3-first=Hilary L.|title=The Palgrave dictionary of Anglo-Jewish history|date=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=9781403939104|page=636}}</ref> He was made CB in 1931<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jta.org/1931/06/03/archive/jews-in-the-honours-list-knighthoods-for-lion-simon-and-montague-burton-distinctions-for-albert-hy|title=Jews in the Honours List, Knighthoods for Lion Simon and Montague Burton: Distinctions for Albert Hy|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}}</ref> and was knighted in 1944.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1944_1945_11_YRAppendices.pdf|title=Review of the Year: Appendices (1944-1945) - AJC Archives|publisher=}}</ref> He married Ellen Umanski, (later called by the name Lady Ellen Simon), and they had two daughters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://british-jewry.org.uk/leedsjewry/getperson.php?personID=I18201&tree=1|title=British Jewry Birth & Marriage Records|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lyon|first1=Meghan|url=http://blogs.library.duke.edu/rubenstein/2014/02/13/happy-valentines-day-my-rapturous-codfish|title=David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Duke University|publisher=}}</ref>
In 1904 Simon joined the [[General Post Office]] and rose to become Director of Telegraphs and Telephones and later Director of Savings.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-link=William Rubinstein|editor3-link=Hilary L. Rubinstein|editor1-first=William D. |editor1-last=Rubinstein|editor2-last=Jolles|editor2-first=Michael A.|editor3-last=Rubinstein|editor3-first=Hilary L.|title=The Palgrave dictionary of Anglo-Jewish history|date=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=9781403939104|page=636}}</ref> He was made CB in 1931<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jta.org/1931/06/03/archive/jews-in-the-honours-list-knighthoods-for-lion-simon-and-montague-burton-distinctions-for-albert-hy|title=Jews in the Honours List, Knighthoods for Lion Simon and Montague Burton: Distinctions for Albert Hy|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=3 June 1931}}</ref> and was knighted in 1944.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1944_1945_11_YRAppendices.pdf|title=Review of the Year: Appendices (1944-1945) - AJC Archives|publisher=}}</ref> He married Ellen Umanski, (later called by the name Lady Ellen Simon), and they had two daughters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://british-jewry.org.uk/leedsjewry/getperson.php?personID=I18201&tree=1|title=British Jewry Birth & Marriage Records|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lyon|first1=Meghan|url=http://blogs.library.duke.edu/rubenstein/2014/02/13/happy-valentines-day-my-rapturous-codfish|title=David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Duke University|date=13 February 2014|publisher=}}</ref>


==Zionist and author==
==Cultural Zionist==
Under the influence of Chaim Weizmann, whose family had immigrated from Belarus to Manchester, Simon belonged to the first generation of leading British Jews who preferred Zionism to conventional religiosity and who pressed for Hebrew to supplant [[Yiddish]] as the main language of the diaspora.<ref name="manchesterjewishstudies.org"/>
Under the influence of Chaim Weizmann, whose family had immigrated from Belarus to Manchester, Simon belonged to the first generation of leading British Jews who preferred Zionism to conventional religiosity and who pressed for Hebrew to supplant [[Yiddish]] as the main language of the diaspora.<ref name="manchesterjewishstudies.org"/>


Simon came under the influence of [[Ahad Ha'am]] (Asher Zvi Hirsch Ginsberg), a leading figure of [[cultural Zionism]], and went on to translate many of his works into English<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.academicstudiespress.com/jewish-studies-books/ahad-ha-am-selected-essays|title=Selected Essays by Ahad Ha-am|work=Academic Studies Press|access-date=2016-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426192147/http://www.academicstudiespress.com/jewish-studies-books/ahad-ha-am-selected-essays|archive-date=2015-04-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as writing his biography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ir.nmu.org.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/132625/6ab1eb823c317b29f48e82c4ee6e5c58.pdf?sequence=1|title=Ahad Ha-am : Asher Ginzberg : a Biography|work=Varda Books}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Simon wrote several works on Zionism, including ''Zionism and the Jewish Problem'' published in 1917 and "Studies in Jewish Nationalism" published in 1920.
Simon came under the influence of [[Ahad Ha'am]] (Asher Zvi Hirsch Ginsberg), a leading figure of [[cultural Zionism]], and went on to translate many of his works into English<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.academicstudiespress.com/jewish-studies-books/ahad-ha-am-selected-essays|title=Selected Essays by Ahad Ha-am|work=Academic Studies Press|access-date=2016-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426192147/http://www.academicstudiespress.com/jewish-studies-books/ahad-ha-am-selected-essays|archive-date=2015-04-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as writing his biography.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ir.nmu.org.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/132625/6ab1eb823c317b29f48e82c4ee6e5c58.pdf?sequence=1|title=Ahad Ha-am : Asher Ginzberg : a Biography|work=Varda Books}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


===Language revival===
⚫
He also wrote the first translations into modern Hebrew of [[John Stuart Mill]]'s Essay on Liberty, and of several of [[Plato]]'s Dialogues, work for which he received [[Tchernichovsky Prize]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kedem-auctions.com/content/collection-documents-estate-sir-aryeh-leon-simon|title=Collection of Documents from the Estate of Sir Aryeh (Leon) Simon|work=[[Kedem Auction House]]}}</ref>
{{main|Revival of the Hebrew language}}
⚫
He also wrote the first translations into [[modern Hebrew]] of [[John Stuart Mill]]'s ''Essay on Liberty'', and of several of [[Plato]]'s Dialogues, work for which he received the [[Tchernichovsky Prize]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kedem-auctions.com/content/collection-documents-estate-sir-aryeh-leon-simon|title=Collection of Documents from the Estate of Sir Aryeh (Leon) Simon|work=[[Kedem Auction House]]}}</ref>


===Balfour Declaration===
⚫
Simon accompanied Weizmann as a member of the [[Zionist Commission]] alongside [[Israel Sieff]], [[M. D. Eder]] and others in 1918 to begin talks with the government of [[David Lloyd George]] on the establishment of a [[Jewish State]] in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].
⚫
A draft of the [[Balfour Declaration]], written by Simon on paper of London's Imperial Hotel on July 17, 1917 was auctioned off in 2005 through Sotheby's for $884,000 US in New York. It is the only known surviving handwritten draft of the declaration.<ref name="haaretz.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/draft-of-1917-balfour-declaration-sells-at-auction-for-900-000-1.161325|title=Draft of 1917 Balfour Declaration Sells at Auction for $900,000|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref>

⚫
A draft of the [[Balfour Declaration]], written by Simon on paper of London's Imperial Hotel on July 17, 1917 was auctioned off in 2005 through Sotheby's for $884,000 US in New York. It is the only known surviving handwritten draft of the declaration.<ref name="haaretz.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/draft-of-1917-balfour-declaration-sells-at-auction-for-900-000-1.161325|title=Draft of 1917 Balfour Declaration Sells at Auction for $900,000|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref>


The draft of the declaration noted down by Simon read:
The draft of the declaration noted down by Simon read:
Line 49: Line 52:
</blockquote>
</blockquote>


⚫
Simon accompanied Weizmann as a member of the [[Zionist Commission]] alongside [[Israel Sieff]], [[M. D. Eder]] and others in 1918 to begin talks with the government of [[David Lloyd George]] on the establishment of a [[Jewish State]] in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].
⚫
From 1946 to 1953 Simon lived in Jerusalem where he served as Chair of the Executive Council of the [[Hebrew University]] and from 1949-50 as its President, preceded by [[Judah Leon Magnes]] and followed by [[Selig Brodetsky]] (1949-1952).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/page/454|title=Office of the President|publisher=}}</ref> He also served as President of [[Israel Postal Company]] Bank.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp132719/sir-leon-simon|title=Sir Leon Simon|publisher=}}</ref> A collection of his papers are held at [[Duke University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.library.duke.edu/search?id=DUKE005688987|title=Leon Simon letters, 1915-1916, 1918, Duke University Library|publisher=}}</ref>

==Career==
⚫
From 1946 to 1953 Simon lived in Jerusalem where he served as Chair of the Executive Council of the [[Hebrew University]] and from 1949-50 as its President, preceded by [[Judah Leon Magnes]] and followed by [[Selig Brodetsky]] (1949-1952).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.huji.ac.il/en/page/454|title=Office of the President|publisher=}}</ref> He also served as President of [[Israel Postal Company]] Bank.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp132719/sir-leon-simon|title=Sir Leon Simon - Person |website=[[National Portrait Gallery, London]]}}</ref>

==Published works==
Simon wrote several works on Zionism, including ''Zionism and the Jewish Problem'' published in 1917 and ''Studies in Jewish Nationalism'' published in 1920. A collection of his papers are held at [[Duke University]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://search.library.duke.edu/search?id=DUKE005688987|title=Leon Simon letters, 1915-1916, 1918, Duke University Library|year=1915}}</ref>


==Works==
==Works==
*''Zionism and the Jewish Problem'' (1917)
* ''Zionism and the Jewish Problem'' (1917)
*"Studies in Jewish Nationalism" (1920)
* "Studies in Jewish Nationalism" (1920)
*''Ahad Ha-Am'' (1927, Biography)
* ''Ahad Ha-Am'' (1927, Biography)
*''Synopsis of the Haskalah Movement'' (1934)
* ''Synopsis of the Haskalah Movement'' (1934)
*''The Elements of Zionism for Young Zionists'' (1934)<ref>{{cite web|title=Collection of bibliography of Leon Simon|url=https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Leon+Simon%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=3|website=google.com}}</ref>
* ''The Elements of Zionism for Young Zionists'' (1934)<ref>{{cite web|title=Collection of bibliography of Leon Simon|url=https://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Leon+Simon%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=3|website=google.com}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Chaim Weizmann]]
* [[Chaim Weizmann]]
*[[Tchernichovsky Prize]] Recipients
* [[Tchernichovsky Prize]] Recipients
*[[Knight Bachelor]]
* [[Knight Bachelor]]
*[[1944 New Year Honours#Knight Bachelor|1944 Knighthood Awardees]]
* [[1944 New Year Honours#Knight Bachelor|1944 Knighthood Awardees]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]

[[Category:Presidents of universities in Israel]]
[[Category:Presidents of universities in Israel]]
[[Category:People educated at Manchester Grammar School]]
[[Category:People educated at Manchester Grammar School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People from Southampton]]
[[Category:Writers from Southampton]]
[[Category:Jewish English writers]]
[[Category:English–Hebrew translators]]
[[Category:British people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]

Latest revision as of 21:59, 21 December 2023

Sir
Leon Simon
CB
אריה (לאון) סימון
Simon in 1911
Born(1881-07-11)11 July 1881
Southampton, England
Died27 April 1965(1965-04-27) (aged 83)
London, England
NationalityBritish, Israeli
Alma materBalliol College, Oxford
OccupationCivil servant
Years active1904–1949
Known forCultural Zionist, writer, Hebrew scholar, political activist
Spouse
Ellen Simon
​
(m. 1916)​

Sir Leon Simon CB (11 July 1881 – 27 April 1965) was a leading British Zionist intellectual and civil servant who took part in the drafting of the Balfour Declaration of 1917 and served on the Zionist Commission with Chaim Weizmann.[1] An advocate of cultural Zionism and the revival of Hebrew language, Simon was a scholar and translator of Ahad Ha'am, and produced the first modern Hebrew translations of Plato.[2] He served as the Chairman of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem’s Executive Council, and from 1949–50 as the university's President.[3]

Early life

[edit]

Simon was the son of Rabbi Isadore Simon of the South Manchester Synagogue and Kitty Avner, both of whom had moved to Britain in the late 19th century from Lithuania.[4] He studied at Manchester Grammar School and read Greats at Balliol College at the University of Oxford.[2]

In Manchester he became a core part of a group of young anglicised Jewish intellectuals that congregated around Chaim Weizmann.[4] The group included the journalist Harry Sacher, Samuel Landman, Israel Sieff and Simon Marks of Marks & Spencer. All of them had studied at Manchester Grammar School.[4]

The group were members of the Manchester Zionist Association, where Simon and his brother Maurice Simon would hold discussions in Hebrew.[5] Charles Dreyfus, Weizmann's employer in Manchester, was the President of the Society.[6]

Simon edited the newspaper "The Zionist Banner" with Sacher and the monthly journal "Palestine".[7]

In 1904 Simon joined the General Post Office and rose to become Director of Telegraphs and Telephones and later Director of Savings.[8] He was made CB in 1931[9] and was knighted in 1944.[10] He married Ellen Umanski, (later called by the name Lady Ellen Simon), and they had two daughters.[11][12]

Cultural Zionist

[edit]

Under the influence of Chaim Weizmann, whose family had immigrated from Belarus to Manchester, Simon belonged to the first generation of leading British Jews who preferred Zionism to conventional religiosity and who pressed for Hebrew to supplant Yiddish as the main language of the diaspora.[4]

Simon came under the influence of Ahad Ha'am (Asher Zvi Hirsch Ginsberg), a leading figure of cultural Zionism, and went on to translate many of his works into English[13] as well as writing his biography.[14]

Language revival

[edit]
Main article: Revival of the Hebrew language

He also wrote the first translations into modern Hebrew of John Stuart Mill's Essay on Liberty, and of several of Plato's Dialogues, work for which he received the Tchernichovsky Prize.[15]

Balfour Declaration

[edit]

A draft of the Balfour Declaration, written by Simon on paper of London's Imperial Hotel on July 17, 1917 was auctioned off in 2005 through Sotheby's for $884,000 US in New York. It is the only known surviving handwritten draft of the declaration.[16]

The draft of the declaration noted down by Simon read:

"H(is) M(ajesty's) G(overnment) accepts the principle that P(alestine) should be reconstituted as the Nat(ional) Home of the J(ewish) P(eople). HMG will use its best efforts to secure the achievement of this object, and will discuss the necessary methods and means with the Z(ionist) O(rganization)."[16]

Simon accompanied Weizmann as a member of the Zionist Commission alongside Israel Sieff, M. D. Eder and others in 1918 to begin talks with the government of David Lloyd George on the establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine.

Career

[edit]

From 1946 to 1953 Simon lived in Jerusalem where he served as Chair of the Executive Council of the Hebrew University and from 1949-50 as its President, preceded by Judah Leon Magnes and followed by Selig Brodetsky (1949-1952).[17] He also served as President of Israel Postal Company Bank.[18]

Published works

[edit]

Simon wrote several works on Zionism, including Zionism and the Jewish Problem published in 1917 and Studies in Jewish Nationalism published in 1920. A collection of his papers are held at Duke University.[19]

Works

[edit]
  • Zionism and the Jewish Problem (1917)
  • "Studies in Jewish Nationalism" (1920)
  • Ahad Ha-Am (1927, Biography)
  • Synopsis of the Haskalah Movement (1934)
  • The Elements of Zionism for Young Zionists (1934)[20]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The birth of modern Israel: A scrap of paper that changed history". The Independent. 26 May 2005.
  2. ^ a b Comay, Joan (2002). Routledge who's who in Jewish history : after the period of the Old Testament (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 362. ISBN 9780415260305.
  3. ^ "Chairman of Board of Governors of Hebrew University Reveals Plans for Expansion". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 21 August 1949.
  4. ^ a b c d "Centre for Jewish Studies, University of Manchester - Manchester School".
  5. ^ "Centre for Jewish Studies, University of Manchester - Leon Locker".
  6. ^ Halpern, Ben (1987). A clash of heroes--Brandeis, Weizmann, and American Zionism ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0195040623.
  7. ^ "Centre for Jewish Studies, University of Manchester - Harry Sacher".
  8. ^ Rubinstein, William D.; Jolles, Michael A.; Rubinstein, Hilary L., eds. (2011). The Palgrave dictionary of Anglo-Jewish history. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 636. ISBN 9781403939104.
  9. ^ "Jews in the Honours List, Knighthoods for Lion Simon and Montague Burton: Distinctions for Albert Hy". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 3 June 1931.
  10. ^ "Review of the Year: Appendices (1944-1945) - AJC Archives" (PDF).
  11. ^ "British Jewry Birth & Marriage Records".
  12. ^ Lyon, Meghan (13 February 2014). "David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Duke University".
  13. ^ "Selected Essays by Ahad Ha-am". Academic Studies Press. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  14. ^ "Ahad Ha-am : Asher Ginzberg : a Biography" (PDF). Varda Books.[permanent dead link‍]
  15. ^ "Collection of Documents from the Estate of Sir Aryeh (Leon) Simon". Kedem Auction House.
  16. ^ a b "Draft of 1917 Balfour Declaration Sells at Auction for $900,000". Haaretz.com.
  17. ^ "Office of the President".
  18. ^ "Sir Leon Simon - Person". National Portrait Gallery, London.
  19. ^ Leon Simon letters, 1915-1916, 1918, Duke University Library. 1915.
  20. ^ "Collection of bibliography of Leon Simon". google.com.
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