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{{Short description|Haganah operation against the British in Mandatory Palestine, June 1946}}
{{ref improve|date=April 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2020}}
⚫
The '''Night of the Bridges''' (formally '''Operation Markolet''') was a [[Haganah]] venture on the night of 16 to 17 June 1946 in the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]], as part of the [[Jewish insurgency in Palestine]] (1944–7). Its aim was to destroy eleven bridges linking [[Mandatory Palestine]] to the neighboring countries [[Mandatory Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Mandatory Syria|Syria]], [[Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan|Transjordan]] and [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]], in order to suspend the transportation routes used by the [[British Army]]. Attacks on a further three bridges had been considered, but were not executed.
{{Infobox military operation
|name = Operation Markolet
|partof = Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
|subtitle = The Night of the Bridges
|image =
|image_upright =
|alt =
|caption =
|scope =
|type =
|location = {{flag|Mandatory Palestine}}
|coordinates =
|planned = January–February 1946
|planned_by = [[Haganah]]
|commanded_by =
|objective = Destroy bridges linking Mandatory Palestine to neighboring countries
|target = Bridges to {{flag|Lebanon}}, {{flag|Syria}}, {{flag|Jordan|1928}}, and {{flag|Kingdom of Egypt}}
|date = {{start date|1946|06|16|df=y}}–{{start date|1946|06|17|df=y}}
|executed_by = [[Palmach]]
|outcome =
|casualties =
|fatalities = 15 (14 Palmach members, 1 British Royal Engineer)
|injuries = 5 [[Palmach]] members
}} {{Campaignbox Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine}}


⚫
The '''Night of the Bridges''' (formally '''Operation Markolet''') was a [[Haganah]] venture on the night of 16 to 17 June 1946 in the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]], as part of the [[Jewish insurgency in Palestine]] (1944–47). Its aim was to destroy eleven bridges linking [[Mandatory Palestine]] to the neighboring countries [[Mandatory Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Mandatory Syria|Syria]], [[Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan|Transjordan]] and [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]], in order to suspend the transportation routes used by the [[British Army]]. Attacks on a further three bridges had been considered, but were not executed.
Only one operation failed: the [[Palmach]], the elite fighting force of the Haganah, suffered 14 killed and 5 injured at the Nahal [[Akhziv]] bridges. The other operations succeeded without injuries.


Only one operation failed: the [[Palmach]], the elite fighting force of the Haganah, suffered 14 killed and 5 injured at the Nahal [[Akhziv]] bridges, after the group was spotted by Arabs working for the British, who opened fire on them and prematurely detonated the explosives. The other operations succeeded without injuries. One British [[Royal Engineers|Royal Engineer]] was killed while trying to defuse an undetonated bomb the following day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roll of Honour – Databases – Palestine 1945–1948 – British Casualties |url=https://www.roll-of-honour.com/cgi-bin/palestine.cgi |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.roll-of-honour.com}}</ref>
⚫
To disguise and protect the real operations and to confuse the [[British Army|British forces]], around 50 diversion operations and ambushes were carried out throughout the country on the same night. The confusion also allowed the Palmach members to escape more easily after completion of the operations.

⚫
To disguise and protect the real operations and to confuse the [[British Army|British forces]], around 50 diversionary operations and ambushes were carried out throughout the country on the same night. The confusion also allowed the Palmach members to escape more easily after completion of the operations.


==Preparations==
==Preparations==
The Haganah started the preparations in January–February 1946. First, the [[SHAI]] (Hagana Intelligence Service), Palmach patrols and forces scheduled to carry out the operation began spotting, photographing and measuring the targets but also exploring possible access and escape paths. They were disguised as lovers enjoying nature or as people on geography excursions.
The Haganah started the preparations in January–February 1946. First, the [[SHAI]] (Haganah Intelligence Service), Palmach patrols and forces scheduled to carry out the operation began spotting, photographing and measuring the targets but also exploring possible access and escape paths. They were disguised as lovers enjoying nature or as people on geography excursions.


Originally, the operation should have taken place in May, but due to political reasons it was postponed.
Originally, the operation should have taken place in May, but due to political reasons it was postponed.
Line 39: Line 65:
==Objectives==
==Objectives==
[[File:Yarmooch.jpg|right|thumb|[[Yarmouk River|Yarmouk]] bridge ruins]]
[[File:Yarmooch.jpg|right|thumb|[[Yarmouk River|Yarmouk]] bridge ruins]]
The planners knew that the operation could not cause heavy damage, and that it would only take some weeks for the connections to be restored.<ref>http://info.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?levelId=42858&itemId=8730&itemType=0</ref>
The planners knew that the operation could not cause heavy damage, and that it would only take some weeks for the connections to be restored.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://info.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?levelId=42858&itemId=8730&itemType=0|title=דף הבית|access-date=2018-01-27|archive-date=2018-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127203210/http://info.palmach.org.il/show_item.asp?levelId=42858&itemId=8730&itemType=0|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The real targets were:{{Citation needed|reason=No citation given and listed objectives are contradicted by authors such as Thurston Clarke|date=June 2014}}
The real targets were:{{Citation needed|reason=No citation given and listed objectives are contradicted by authors such as Thurston Clarke|date=June 2014}}
* demonstration of the ability of the Haganah to operate throughout the country, even in deserted areas or at the center of the [[Arab]] population
* demonstration of the ability of the Haganah to operate throughout the country, even in deserted areas or at the center of the [[Arab]] population
Line 48: Line 74:


==Outcome==
==Outcome==
The objectives were fully achieved. The Haganah could hit multiple strategic targets at the same time. As a precaution, the Syrian, Lebanese and Trans-Jordanian armies were put on standby, and the borders were tightened. The British Mandate lost a lot of its prestige and suffered financial damage of 250,000 pounds sterling.
The objectives were fully achieved. The Haganah could hit multiple strategic targets at the same time. As a precaution, the Syrian, Lebanese and Trans-Jordanian armies were put on standby, and the borders were tightened. The British Mandate suffered estimated financial damage of 250,000 pounds sterling.<ref>The National Archives, Kew "National Archives, KV5/30, Palestine: Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence (Colonial Office), July 1946, p. 8.</ref>

===Targeted bridges===
===Targeted bridges===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 123: Line 148:


==Reaction==
==Reaction==
Twelve days later, on 29 June 1946, partly in response to the bridge bombings, the British launched [[Operation Agatha]], whose main goal was to suppress the state of anarchy in Palestine by capturing the most militant Zionists. Numbers for involved British personal varies between 10,000, 17,000<ref> "Some Military Operations - British Forces in Palestine". www.britishforcesinpalestine.org. Retrieved 2017-03-30.</ref> and 25,000. During that surprise action, around 2,700 Jews were arrested, including the senior leadership of the Haganah.<ref>Allon, Yigal (1970) ''Shield of David - The Story of Israel's Armed Forces''. [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]. {{ISBN|0-297-00133-7}}. Page 178.</ref> The British obtained documentary evidence of Jewish Agency involvement in paramilitary acts and collusion between the Haganah and the more violent groups, Irgun and Lehi.
Twelve days later, on 29 June 1946, partly in response to the bridge bombings, the British launched [[Operation Agatha]], whose main goal was to suppress the state of anarchy in Palestine by capturing the most militant Zionists. Numbers for involved British personal varies between 10,000, 17,000<ref>"Some Military Operations – British Forces in Palestine". www.britishforcesinpalestine.org. Retrieved 2017-03-30.</ref> and 25,000. During that surprise action, around 2,700 Jews were arrested, including the senior leadership of the Haganah.<ref>Allon, Yigal (1970) ''Shield of David – The Story of Israel's Armed Forces''. [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]. {{ISBN|0-297-00133-7}}. p. 178.</ref> The British obtained documentary evidence of Jewish Agency involvement in paramilitary acts and collusion between the Haganah and the more violent groups, Irgun and Lehi.

== Collaboration of British politicians ==
In his book ''Publish It Not: The Middle East Cover-up'', [[Christopher Mayhew]] recounted the collaboration of [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] MPs [[Richard Crossman]] and [[John Strachey (politician)|John Strachey]] in the attack:<blockquote>"One day, Crossman, now in the House of Commons, came to see Strachey … [Crossman] had heard from his friends in the Jewish Agency that they were contemplating an act of sabotage … Should this be done, or should it not? Few would be killed … Crossman asked Strachey for his advice … The next day in the smoking room at the House of Commons, Strachey gave his approval to Crossman. The Haganah went ahead and blew up all the bridges over the [River] Jordan."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Winstanley |first=Asa |date=2017-07-25 |title=When Israel's friends in Labour advocated genocide |url=https://electronicintifada.net/content/when-israels-friends-labour-advocated-genocide/21176 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=The Electronic Intifada |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

⚫
==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120830212132/http://www.palmach.org.il/ Homepage of the Palmach Museum and Information Center]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120830212132/http://www.palmach.org.il/ Homepage of the Palmach Museum and Information Center]


{{Authority control}}
⚫
==References==
<references/>


{{DEFAULTSORT:Night Of The Bridges}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Night Of The Bridges}}
[[Category:1946 in Mandatory Palestine]]
[[Category:1946 in Mandatory Palestine]]
[[Category:Haganah]]
[[Category:Palmach]]
[[Category:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine]]
[[Category:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine]]
[[Category:Haganah attacks]]
[[Category:Bridge disasters caused by terrorism]]
[[Category:Ambushes of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in 1946]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in Asia]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Mandatory Palestine]]

Latest revision as of 01:29, 21 November 2024

Operation Markolet
The Night of the Bridges
Part of Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
Location
 Mandatory Palestine
PlannedJanuary–February 1946
Planned byHaganah
TargetBridges to  Lebanon,  Syria,  Jordan, and  Kingdom of Egypt
Date16 June 1946 (1946-06-16)–17 June 1946 (1946-06-17)
Executed byPalmach
Casualties15 (14 Palmach members, 1 British Royal Engineer) killed
5 Palmach members injured

The Night of the Bridges (formally Operation Markolet) was a Haganah venture on the night of 16 to 17 June 1946 in the British Mandate of Palestine, as part of the Jewish insurgency in Palestine (1944–47). Its aim was to destroy eleven bridges linking Mandatory Palestine to the neighboring countries Lebanon, Syria, Transjordan and Egypt, in order to suspend the transportation routes used by the British Army. Attacks on a further three bridges had been considered, but were not executed.

Only one operation failed: the Palmach, the elite fighting force of the Haganah, suffered 14 killed and 5 injured at the Nahal Akhziv bridges, after the group was spotted by Arabs working for the British, who opened fire on them and prematurely detonated the explosives. The other operations succeeded without injuries. One British Royal Engineer was killed while trying to defuse an undetonated bomb the following day.[1]

To disguise and protect the real operations and to confuse the British forces, around 50 diversionary operations and ambushes were carried out throughout the country on the same night. The confusion also allowed the Palmach members to escape more easily after completion of the operations.

Preparations

[edit]

The Haganah started the preparations in January–February 1946. First, the SHAI (Haganah Intelligence Service), Palmach patrols and forces scheduled to carry out the operation began spotting, photographing and measuring the targets but also exploring possible access and escape paths. They were disguised as lovers enjoying nature or as people on geography excursions.

Originally, the operation should have taken place in May, but due to political reasons it was postponed.

The political leadership forbade an attack on four targets: the railway bridge between the Ras an-Nakura tunnels, and the three bridges over the Jordan and Yarmuk Rivers leading to the Naharayim power plant.

Spared bridges

[edit]
Bridge Type To country Coordinates Reason
Bridge between Ras an-Nakura tunnels, Ras an-Nakura (Rosh HaNikra) railway Lebanon Lebanon 33°05′41″N 35°06′16″E / 33.09472°N 35.10444°E / 33.09472; 35.10444 Restoring the tunnel would be too difficult and it was within Lebanon
Over the Yarmuk, near Gesher railway Jordan Jordan 32°38′42″N 35°34′22″E / 32.64500°N 35.57278°E / 32.64500; 35.57278 Led to the power station in Naharayim
Jisr Majami over the Jordan, near Gesher railway Jordan Jordan 32°38′06″N 35°33′57″E / 32.63500°N 35.56583°E / 32.63500; 35.56583 Led to the power station in Naharayim

Objectives

[edit]
Yarmouk bridge ruins

The planners knew that the operation could not cause heavy damage, and that it would only take some weeks for the connections to be restored.[2] The real targets were:[citation needed]

  • demonstration of the ability of the Haganah to operate throughout the country, even in deserted areas or at the center of the Arab population
  • demonstration of the ability to sabotage the British Army's operations
  • demonstration of the ability of the Haganah to discourage neighboring armies from future involvement
  • harming the British Army's prestige as the most powerful force in the Middle East and damaging the legitimacy of the British Mandate
  • strengthening and encouraging the Jewish population in Palestine, and showing the Haganah as being as active as the Irgun and Lehi groups

Outcome

[edit]

The objectives were fully achieved. The Haganah could hit multiple strategic targets at the same time. As a precaution, the Syrian, Lebanese and Trans-Jordanian armies were put on standby, and the borders were tightened. The British Mandate suffered estimated financial damage of 250,000 pounds sterling.[3]

Targeted bridges

[edit]
Bridge type to country coordinates details
Over Ayun Stream, at Metula road Lebanon Lebanon 33°17′0″N 35°34′52″E / 33.28333°N 35.58111°E / 33.28333; 35.58111 was unguarded
NW of Metula road Lebanon Lebanon 33°17′14″N 35°33′58″E / 33.28722°N 35.56611°E / 33.28722; 35.56611 executed discreetly
Over Nahal Kziv railway Lebanon Lebanon 33°03′02″N 35°06′11.5″E / 33.05056°N 35.103194°E / 33.05056; 35.103194 forces were spotted, explosives were laid under fire, operation failed, 14 dead and 5 injured
Over Nahal Kziv road Lebanon Lebanon 33°03′02″N 35°06′15.5″E / 33.05056°N 35.104306°E / 33.05056; 35.104306 called off following the heavy casualties taken during the attack on the nearby railway bridge
Daughters of Jacob/Bnot Ya'akov Bridge road Syria Syria 33°0′37″N 35°37′42″E / 33.01028°N 35.62833°E / 33.01028; 35.62833 executed discreetly
Over the Yarmuk railway Syria Syria 32°40′47″N 35°38′58″E / 32.67972°N 35.64944°E / 32.67972; 35.64944 was unguarded; never repaired since
Sheikh Hussein Bridge over the Jordan road Jordan Jordan 32°29′49″N 35°34′32″E / 32.49694°N 35.57556°E / 32.49694; 35.57556 executed discreetly
Damiya Bridge (Adam) over the Jordan road Jordan Jordan 32°06′10″N 35°32′06″E / 32.10278°N 35.53500°E / 32.10278; 35.53500 executed discreetly
Allenby Bridge over the Jordan road Jordan Jordan 31°52′28″N 35°32′26″E / 31.87444°N 35.54056°E / 31.87444; 35.54056 forces were spotted, explosives were laid under fire
Over Besor Stream, Gaza road Kingdom of Egypt Egypt 31°27′20″N 34°24′53″E / 31.45556°N 34.41472°E / 31.45556; 34.41472 forces were spotted, explosives were laid under fire
Over Besor Stream, Gaza railway Kingdom of Egypt Egypt 31°27′27″N 34°24′44″E / 31.45750°N 34.41222°E / 31.45750; 34.41222 forces were spotted, explosives were laid under fire
Bridge of the Daughters of Jacob/Bnot Ya'akov in May 2009.

Reaction

[edit]

Twelve days later, on 29 June 1946, partly in response to the bridge bombings, the British launched Operation Agatha, whose main goal was to suppress the state of anarchy in Palestine by capturing the most militant Zionists. Numbers for involved British personal varies between 10,000, 17,000[4] and 25,000. During that surprise action, around 2,700 Jews were arrested, including the senior leadership of the Haganah.[5] The British obtained documentary evidence of Jewish Agency involvement in paramilitary acts and collusion between the Haganah and the more violent groups, Irgun and Lehi.

Collaboration of British politicians

[edit]

In his book Publish It Not: The Middle East Cover-up, Christopher Mayhew recounted the collaboration of Labour MPs Richard Crossman and John Strachey in the attack:

"One day, Crossman, now in the House of Commons, came to see Strachey … [Crossman] had heard from his friends in the Jewish Agency that they were contemplating an act of sabotage … Should this be done, or should it not? Few would be killed … Crossman asked Strachey for his advice … The next day in the smoking room at the House of Commons, Strachey gave his approval to Crossman. The Haganah went ahead and blew up all the bridges over the [River] Jordan."[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Roll of Honour – Databases – Palestine 1945–1948 – British Casualties". www.roll-of-honour.com. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
  2. ^ "דף הבית". Archived from the original on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2018-01-27.
  3. ^ The National Archives, Kew "National Archives, KV5/30, Palestine: Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence (Colonial Office), July 1946, p. 8.
  4. ^ "Some Military Operations – British Forces in Palestine". www.britishforcesinpalestine.org. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  5. ^ Allon, Yigal (1970) Shield of David – The Story of Israel's Armed Forces. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-00133-7. p. 178.
  6. ^ Winstanley, Asa (2017-07-25). "When Israel's friends in Labour advocated genocide". The Electronic Intifada. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
[edit]
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