Raymond Effect: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Backwatering (talk | contribs) m Small edits to avoid spurious sub-sections titled e.g. "Roosevelt Island", "Korff Ice Rise" |
m fix capitalization, add missing word |
||
| (11 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''Raymond Effect''' is a flow effect in [[ice sheets]], occurring at [[Ice divide|flow divides]], which gives rise to disturbances in the stratigraphy, showing unusual arches or [[anticline]]s called ''Raymond Arches''.<ref name="Vaughan1999">{{cite journal|last=Vaughan|first=David G.|author2=Hugh F. J. Corr |author3=Christopher S. M. Doake |author4=Ed. D. Waddington |title=Distortion of isochronous layers in ice revealed by ground-penetrating radar|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=25 March 1999|volume=398|pages=323–326|doi=10.1038/18653|issue=6725|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/18653}}</ref> The stratigraphy is detected by [[radio-echo sounding]]. The Raymond |
'''Raymond Effect''' is a flow effect in [[ice sheets]], occurring at [[Ice divide|flow divides]], which gives rise to disturbances in the stratigraphy, showing unusual arches or [[anticline]]s called ''Raymond Arches''.<ref name="Vaughan1999">{{cite journal|last=Vaughan|first=David G.|author2=Hugh F. J. Corr |author3=Christopher S. M. Doake |author4=Ed. D. Waddington |title=Distortion of isochronous layers in ice revealed by ground-penetrating radar|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=25 March 1999|volume=398|pages=323–326|doi=10.1038/18653|issue=6725|bibcode=1999Natur.398..323V |s2cid=4414504 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/18653}}</ref> The stratigraphy is detected by [[radio-echo sounding]]. The Raymond Effect arises from the unusual flow properties of [[ice]], as its viscosity decreases with [[Stress_(mechanics)|stress]].<ref>{{cite journal |
||
| last1 = Glen| first1 = J.W. |
|||
| title = The creep of polycrystalline ice |
|||
.<ref>{{cite journal |
|||
| date = 1955 |
|||
| journal = [[Proceedings of the Royal Society]] |
|||
| volume = A228 |
|||
| issue = 1175 |
|||
| pages = 519–538 |
|||
| doi = 10.1098/rspa.1955.0066 |
|||
| bibcode = 1955RSPSA.228..519G |
|||
| s2cid = 138364513 |
|||
| url = https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspa.1955.0066 |
|||
}}</ref> It is of importance because it provides field evidence for the flow properties of ice.<ref>{{cite journal |
|||
| display-authors = 1 |
| display-authors = 1 |
||
| last1 = Gillet-Chaulet| first1 = F. |
| last1 = Gillet-Chaulet| first1 = F. |
||
| Line 6: | Line 17: | ||
| last3 = Corr | first3 = H.F.J. |
| last3 = Corr | first3 = H.F.J. |
||
| last4 = King | first4 = E.C. |
| last4 = King | first4 = E.C. |
||
| last5 = |
| last5 = Jenkins | first5 = A. |
||
| title = In-situ quantification of ice rheology and direct measurement of the Raymond Effect at Summit, Greenland using a phase-sensitive radar |
| title = In-situ quantification of ice rheology and direct measurement of the Raymond Effect at Summit, Greenland using a phase-sensitive radar |
||
| date = 2011 |
| date = 2011 |
||
| journal = [[Geophysical Research Letters]] |
| journal = [[Geophysical Research Letters]] |
||
| volume = 38 |
| volume = 38 |
||
| doi = 10.1029/2011GL049843 |
| issue = 24| doi = 10.1029/2011GL049843 |
||
| bibcode = 2011GeoRL..3824503G| doi-access = free |
|||
| url = https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011GL049843 |
|||
| ⚫ | }}</ref> In addition, it permits dating of changes in ice flow and the establishment of changes in ice thickness.<ref name="ConwayHall99">{{cite journal |last=Conway |first=H. |author2=B. Hall |author3=G. Denton |author4=A. Gades |author5=E.D. Waddington |title=Past and future grounding-line retreat of the West Antarctic Ice |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |year=1999 |volume=286 |issue=5438 |pages=280–283 |doi=10.1126/science.286.5438.280 |pmid=10514369 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.286.5438.280}}</ref> The effect was first predicted by Charles F. Raymond.<ref name=steig2009>{{cite journal |author=Raymond C.F. |title=Deformation in the vicinity of ice divides |journal=[[Journal of Glaciology (journal)|Journal of Glaciology]] |volume=29 |pages=357–373 |year=1983 |issue= 103 |doi=10.1017/S0022143000030288 |bibcode=1983JGlac..29..357R |doi-access=free }}</ref> Raymond Arches and the Raymond Effect have been observed at numerous other ice divides e.g. [[Siple Dome]],<ref name="Siple2000">{{cite journal |
||
| ⚫ | |||
|last1=Nereson|first1=N.A. |
|||
| ⚫ | }}</ref> In addition, it permits dating of changes in ice flow and the establishment of changes in ice thickness.<ref name="ConwayHall99">{{cite journal|last=Conway |first=H. |author2=B. Hall |author3=G. Denton |author4=A. Gades |author5=E.D. Waddington |title=Past and future grounding-line retreat of the West Antarctic Ice |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |year=1999 |volume=286 |
||
|last2=Raymond|first2=C.F. |
|||
<ref name="Siple2000">{{cite journal|last1=Nereson|first1=N.A.|last2=Raymond|first2=C.F.|last3=Jacobel|first3=R.W.|last4=Waddington|first4=E.D. |
|||
|last3=Jacobel|first3=R.W.|last4=Waddington|first4=E.D.|display-authors=2 |
|||
|title=The accumulation pattern across Siple Dome, West Antarctica, inferred from radar-detected internal layers |
|||
|journal=[[Journal of Glaciology (journal)|Journal of Glaciology]] |
|||
|year=2000|volume=46|issue=152|pages=75–87|doi=10.3189/172756500781833449 |
|year=2000|volume=46|issue=152|pages=75–87|doi=10.3189/172756500781833449 |
||
|bibcode=2000JGlac..46...75N |
|||
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/accumulation-pattern-across-siple-dome-west-antarctica-inferred-from-radardetected-internal-layers/A8CB43803443F9DA3D953F70EF3D76F1}}</ref>; |
|||
|s2cid=18864009 |
|||
[[Fletcher Ice Rise]], [[Berkner Island]]<ref name=FletcherGroundRES>{{cite journal |last1=Hindmarsh|first1=R.C.A. |last2=King|first2=E.C. |last3=Mulvaney|first3=R. |last4=Corr|first4=H.F.J. |last5=Hiess|first5=G. |last6=Gillet-Chaulet|first6=F. | display-authors = 3 |title=Flow at ice-divide triple junctions: 2. Three-dimensional views of isochrone architecture from ice-penetrating radar surveys |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=116 |issue=F02024 |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2009JF001622 |date=2011 |accessdate=19 August 2020|doi=10.1029/2010JF001785}}</ref><ref name=Fourdivides14/>; [[Roosevelt Island, Antarctica|Roosevelt Island]] |
|||
|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fletcher Ice Rise]], [[Berkner Island]],<ref name=FletcherGroundRES>{{cite journal |last1=Hindmarsh|first1=R.C.A. |
|||
<ref name= ConwayHall99/><ref name= Fourdivides14/>; [[Korff Ice Rise]]. |
|||
|last2=King|first2=E.C. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
|last3=Mulvaney|first3=R. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
|last4=Corr|first4=H.F.J. |last5=Hiess|first5=G. |last6=Gillet-Chaulet|first6=F. | display-authors = 3 |title=Flow at ice-divide triple junctions: 2. Three-dimensional views of isochrone architecture from ice-penetrating radar surveys |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=116 |issue=F02024 |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2009JF001622 |date=2011 |accessdate=19 August 2020|doi=10.1029/2010JF001785|hdl=20.500.11820/68fe4f33-75c6-4e8f-b511-2201147fde24 |
|||
|s2cid=55008674 |
|||
|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Fourdivides14">{{cite journal |
|||
|last1=Kingslake|first1=J. |
|||
|last2=Hindmarsh|first2=R.C.A. |
|||
|last3=Aðalgeirsdóttir|first3=G. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
|journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |
|||
|year=2014|volume=119|issue=12 |
|||
|pages=2604–2618 |
|||
|doi=10.1002/2014JF003275|bibcode=2014JGRF..119.2604K |
|||
|s2cid=129824379 |
|||
|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Roosevelt Island, Antarctica|Roosevelt Island]],<ref name= ConwayHall99/><ref name= Fourdivides14/> and [[Korff Ice Rise]].<ref name="Korff16">{{cite journal |
|||
|last1=Kingslake|first1=J. |
|||
|last2=Martín|first2=C. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
|journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
Ice [[viscosity]] is [[stress (mechanics)|stress]]-dependent, and in zones where the (deviatoric) stresses are low, the viscosity becomes very high. Near the base of ice-sheets, stress is proportional to the surface slope, at least when averaged over a suitable horizontal distance. At the flow divide, the surface slope is zero, and calculations show that the viscosity increases.<ref name=steig2009 /> This diverts ice flow laterally, and is the cause of the characteristic anticlines, which are in effect draped over the high viscosity area. |
Ice [[viscosity]] is [[stress (mechanics)|stress]]-dependent, and in zones where the (deviatoric) stresses are low, the viscosity becomes very high. Near the base of ice-sheets, stress is proportional to the surface slope, at least when averaged over a suitable horizontal distance. At the flow divide, the surface slope is zero, and calculations show that the viscosity increases.<ref name=steig2009 /> This diverts ice flow laterally, and is the cause of the characteristic anticlines, which are in effect draped over the high viscosity area. |
||
== References == |
== References == |
||
<ref name="Fourdivides14">{{cite journal|last1=Kingslake|first1=J.|last2=Hindmarsh|first2=R.C.A|last3=Aðalgeirsdóttir|first3=G.|last4=Conway|first4=H.|last5=Corr|first5=H.F.J.| |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
year=2014|volume=119|doi=10.1029/2014JF003275|url = https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014JF003275}}</ref> |
|||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
||
Latest revision as of 21:39, 15 August 2024
Raymond Effect is a flow effect in ice sheets, occurring at flow divides, which gives rise to disturbances in the stratigraphy, showing unusual arches or anticlines called Raymond Arches.[1] The stratigraphy is detected by radio-echo sounding. The Raymond Effect arises from the unusual flow properties of ice, as its viscosity decreases with stress.[2] It is of importance because it provides field evidence for the flow properties of ice.[3] In addition, it permits dating of changes in ice flow and the establishment of changes in ice thickness.[4] The effect was first predicted by Charles F. Raymond.[5] Raymond Arches and the Raymond Effect have been observed at numerous other ice divides e.g. Siple Dome,[6] Fletcher Ice Rise, Berkner Island,[7][8] Roosevelt Island,[4][8] and Korff Ice Rise.[9]
Ice viscosity is stress-dependent, and in zones where the (deviatoric) stresses are low, the viscosity becomes very high. Near the base of ice-sheets, stress is proportional to the surface slope, at least when averaged over a suitable horizontal distance. At the flow divide, the surface slope is zero, and calculations show that the viscosity increases.[5] This diverts ice flow laterally, and is the cause of the characteristic anticlines, which are in effect draped over the high viscosity area.
References
[edit]- ^ Vaughan, David G.; Hugh F. J. Corr; Christopher S. M. Doake; Ed. D. Waddington (25 March 1999). "Distortion of isochronous layers in ice revealed by ground-penetrating radar". Nature. 398 (6725): 323–326. Bibcode:1999Natur.398..323V. doi:10.1038/18653. S2CID 4414504.
- ^ Glen, J.W. (1955). "The creep of polycrystalline ice". Proceedings of the Royal Society. A228 (1175): 519–538. Bibcode:1955RSPSA.228..519G. doi:10.1098/rspa.1955.0066. S2CID 138364513.
- ^ Gillet-Chaulet, F.; et al. (2011). "In-situ quantification of ice rheology and direct measurement of the Raymond Effect at Summit, Greenland using a phase-sensitive radar". Geophysical Research Letters. 38 (24). Bibcode:2011GeoRL..3824503G. doi:10.1029/2011GL049843.
- ^ a b Conway, H.; B. Hall; G. Denton; A. Gades; E.D. Waddington (1999). "Past and future grounding-line retreat of the West Antarctic Ice". Science. 286 (5438): 280–283. doi:10.1126/science.286.5438.280. PMID 10514369.
- ^ a b Raymond C.F. (1983). "Deformation in the vicinity of ice divides". Journal of Glaciology. 29 (103): 357–373. Bibcode:1983JGlac..29..357R. doi:10.1017/S0022143000030288.
- ^ Nereson, N.A.; Raymond, C.F.; et al. (2000). "The accumulation pattern across Siple Dome, West Antarctica, inferred from radar-detected internal layers". Journal of Glaciology. 46 (152): 75–87. Bibcode:2000JGlac..46...75N. doi:10.3189/172756500781833449. S2CID 18864009.
- ^ Hindmarsh, R.C.A.; King, E.C.; Mulvaney, R.; et al. (2011). "Flow at ice-divide triple junctions: 2. Three-dimensional views of isochrone architecture from ice-penetrating radar surveys". Journal of Geophysical Research. 116 (F02024). doi:10.1029/2010JF001785. hdl:20.500.11820/68fe4f33-75c6-4e8f-b511-2201147fde24. S2CID 55008674. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
- ^ a b Kingslake, J.; Hindmarsh, R.C.A.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; et al. (2014). "Full-depth englacial vertical ice-sheet velocities measured using phase-sensitive radar". Journal of Geophysical Research. 119 (12): 2604–2618. Bibcode:2014JGRF..119.2604K. doi:10.1002/2014JF003275. S2CID 129824379.
- ^ Kingslake, J.; Martín, C.; et al. (2016). "Ice‐flow reorganization in West Antarctica 2.5 kyr ago dated using radar‐derived englacial flow velocities". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (17): 9103–9112. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..43.9103K. doi:10.1002/2016GL070278.
 | This glaciology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |