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{{short description|Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions}} |
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''For the [[The Sandman (DC Comics Modern Age)|Sandman]] character, see [[Duma (Sandman)]].'' |
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{{about||the lower house of the Russian Federation|State Duma|other uses|}} |
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The '''Duma''' (''Ду́ма'' in [[Russian language|Russian]]) is the term for various representative assemblies in modern [[Russia]] and Russian history. The '''[[State Duma]]''' in the [[Russian Empire]] and [[Russian Federation]] corresponds to the [[lower house]] of the [[parliament]]. It is also the term for a council to early Russian rulers ([[Boyar Duma]]), as well as for city councils in Imperial Russia ([[City Duma]]). |
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A '''duma''' ({{langx|ru|дума}}) is a [[History of Russia|Russian]] assembly with advisory or [[legislative]] functions. |
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== Duma in early Russian history == |
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The term ''boyar duma'' is used to refer to advisory councils in Russia from the 10th to 17th centuries. Starting in the 18th century, [[city duma]]s were formed across Russia. |
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The term comes from the Russian word ''думать'' (''dumat''), "to think". [[Boyar Duma ]] was an advisory council to the [[grand prince]]s and [[tsars]] of [[Muscovy]]. It was composed of all nobles having the rank of [[boyar]]. The Duma was discontinued by [[Peter the Great]], who transferred its functions to the Governing [[Senate]] in [[1711]]. |
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The first formally constituted state duma was the [[State Duma (Russian Empire) |Imperial State Duma]] introduced to the [[Russian Empire]] by [[Emperor]] [[Nicholas II]] in 1905. The Emperor retained an absolute [[veto]] and could dismiss the State Duma at any time for a suitable reason. Nicholas dismissed the [[First State Duma]] (1906) within 75 days; [[January 1907 Russian legislative election | elections]] for a second Duma took place the following year. The [[Russian Provisional Government]] dissolved the last Imperial State Duma (the fourth Duma) in 1917 during the [[Russian Revolution]]. |
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== State Duma in Imperial Russia == |
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Since 1993, the [[State Duma]] ({{langx|ru|Государственная дума|translit=Gosudarstvennaya Duma|label=none}}) has functioned as the lower legislative house of the [[Russian Federation]]. |
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Under the pressure of the [[Russian Revolution and Counterrevolution, 1905-1907|Russian Revolution of 1905]], [[Tsar]] [[Nicholas II]] issued the [[October Manifesto]], which announced the basic human freedoms, including the [[freedom of assembly]], and provided for the formation of the '''State Duma'''. While Russia being an empire, rather than democracy, State Duma is sometimes formally compared to the lower house of a parliament (the [[State Council]] being compared to the upper house). |
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==Etymology== |
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| ⚫ | However, Nicholas II was determined to retain his autocratic power. Just before the creation of Duma in May |
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The Russian word is inherited from the [[Proto-Slavic]] word ''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/duma|*duma]]'' which is of disputed origin. Its origin has many proposed theories that provide convincing evidence to support each proposed origin. Mladenov, Stender-Petersen: From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke”), akin to Proto-Slavic *duti (“to blow, to inflate”), *dymъ (“smoke”), perhaps originally meaning “breath, spirit”. Compare Ancient Greek θῡμός (thūmós, “soul, emotion”), occasionally also “thought, mind”. |
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Vaillant: Contracted from hypothetical *douma < *do- + *umъ (“mind”) + *-a. Compare *douměti (“to comprehend”) (whence Russian надоу́мить (nadoúmitʹ, “to advise”)). |
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Machek: From an inversion of root *mewHdʰ-, otherwise yielding Proto-Slavic *myslь (“thought”), Ancient Greek μῦθος (mûthos, “word, fable”). Also thought to be derived from [[Proto-Germanic]] ''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dōmaz|*dōmaz]]''. The word is also related to the Russian verb ''dumat′'' ([[wiktionary:думать|думать]]) meaning "to think".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vasmer |first1=Max |title=Этимологический словарь Макса Фасмера |url=https://lexicography.online/etymology/vasmer/д/дума}}</ref> |
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==Boyar duma== |
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[[Image:tauride_duma.jpg|center|700px|Pre-revolutionary Duma met in the Tauride Palace, St Petersburg]] |
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The term ''boyar duma'' ({{langx|ru| боярская дума|translit=boyarskaya duma|label=none}}) is used to refer to the councils of [[boyars]] and junior boyars ([[boyar scions]]) which advised the prince on state matters during the times of [[Kievan Rus']] and the [[Tsardom of Russia]] (then tsar).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/boyar|title=boyar|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref> In 1711 [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] transferred its functions to the [[Governing Senate]]. Contemporary sources always refer simply to "the boyars" or to "the duma", but never to the "boyar duma". Originally there were ten to twelve boyars{{fact|date=June 2020}} and five or six ''[[Okolnichy|okolnichies]]''. By 1613 the duma had increased to twenty boyars and eight ''okolnichies''. Lesser nobles, "duma gentlemen" (''dumnye dvoriane'') and secretaries, were added to the duma and the number of ''okolnichies'' rose in the latter half of the 17th century. In 1676, the number of boyars increased to 50 – by then they constituted only a third of the duma.<ref>Paul Bushkovitch, ''Peter the Great'' (Rowman and Littlefield, 2001).</ref><ref>Gustave Alef, "Reflections on the Boyar Duma in the Reign of Ivan III", ''The Slavonic and East European Review'', 45, 104 (1967): 76–123.</ref> |
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==Municipal dumas== |
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Election for the '''First Duma''', which opened in July 1906, returned a significant bloc of moderate socialists and both liberal parties who demanded further reforms. It was dissolved within ten weeks. |
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[[File:Municipal Album 1.001 City Duma.jpg|thumb|250px|Building of the Moscow City Duma]] |
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{{See also|Moscow City Duma|Saint Petersburg City Duma}} |
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Under the reign of [[Catherine II]], reforms to local government led to [[city duma]]s being established in Russian cities. |
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Under the reign of Alexander II, several reforms were enacted during the 1860s and 1870s. These included the creation of local political bodies known as [[zemstvos]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stearns|first=Peter|title=World Civilizations the Global Experience|year=2007|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New York|isbn=978-0132206990|page=620}}</ref> All owners of houses, tax-paying merchants and workmen are enrolled on lists in a descending order according to their assessed wealth. The total valuation is then divided into three equal parts, representing three groups of electors very unequal in number, each of which elects an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma. The executive is in the hands of an elective [[mayor]] and an ''uprava'', which consists of several members elected by the duma. Under [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]], however, by laws promulgated in 1892 and 1894, the municipal dumas were subordinated to the governors in the same way as the zemstvos. In 1894 municipal institutions, with still more restricted powers, were granted to several towns in Siberia, and in 1895 to some in Caucasia. |
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The '''Second Duma''' in February [[1907]] was equally short-lived. Using emergency power, Prime Minister [[Petr Stolypin]] changed the electoral law and gave greater electoral value to the votes of [[nobility]] and [[landowner]]s. This ensured the Third Duma would be dominated by gentry, landowners and businessmen. |
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==State dumas== |
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Between 1907 and [[1912]], the [[Octobrist]]-dominated '''Third Duma''' ran its course. Being more oriented towards conservative positions, it was able to last its full five-years term. The assassination of Stolypin and increasingly reactionary policies of the Tsar and his [[State Council of Imperial Russia|State Council]] further weakened the significance of the Third Duma. |
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===Russian Empire=== |
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{{main|State Duma (Russian Empire)}} |
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Under the pressure of the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]], on 6 August 1905, [[Sergei Witte]] issued a manifesto about the convocation of the Duma, initially thought to be an advisory organ. In the subsequent [[October Manifesto]], Nicholas II pledged to introduce basic [[civil liberties]], provide for broad participation in the State Duma, and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers. |
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| ⚫ | However, Nicholas II was determined to retain his autocratic power. Just before the creation of the Duma in May 1906, the Tsar issued the [[Russian Constitution of 1906|Fundamental Laws]]. It stated in part that the Tsar's [[Minister (government)|minister]]s could not be appointed by, and were not responsible to, the Duma, thus denying [[responsible government]] at the executive level. Furthermore, the Tsar had the power to dismiss the Duma and announce new elections whenever he wished. At this first meeting of the Duma members proposed that political prisoners should be released, trade unions given rights and land reform be introduced. Nicholas II rejected these suggestions and dissolved the assembly in July, 1906.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spartacus-educational.com/RUSduma.htm|title=The Duma|access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref> |
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The '''Fourth Duma''' of 1912–[[1917]] was also of limited political influence; however, it played a role in the events of 1917, partly cooperating with the [[Russian Provisional Government, 1917|provisional government]]. It was dissolved in the course of the [[Russian revolution]]. |
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The imperial State Duma was elected four times: in 1906, twice in 1907, and in 1912. |
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== State Duma in modern Russia == |
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===Russian Federation=== |
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| ⚫ | The |
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{{main|State Duma}} |
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| ⚫ | The State Duma (Russian: Государственная дума, ''Gosudarstvennaya Duma'', common abbreviation: Госдума, ''Gosduma'') in Russia is the [[lower house]] of the [[Federal Assembly of Russia]] ([[parliament]]), the [[upper house]] being the [[Federation Council of Russia]]. Under Russia's 1993 constitution, there are 450 deputies of the State Duma (Article 95), each elected to a term of four years (Article 96); this was changed to a five-year term in late 2008. In previous elections of 1993, 1995, 1999 and 2003 one half of the deputies were elected by a system of [[proportional representation]] and one half were elected by [[Plurality voting system|plurality in single member districts]]. However, the 2007 Duma elections were carried out in a new format: all 450 deputies were elected by a system of proportional representation. Russian citizens at least 21 years old are eligible to run for the Duma (Article 97). |
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==References== |
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== Related article == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} |
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*[[Elections in Russia]] |
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*[[Zemsky Sobor]] |
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*[[Veche]] |
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{{Wiktionary|Duma}} |
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== External link == |
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* [http://www.duma.ru/ Duma homepage] (in Russian) |
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[[Category:National lower houses]] <!-- must be split out, topgether with all [[State Duma]] part --> |
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[[de:Duma]] |
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[[eo:Dumao]] |
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[[et:Duuma]] |
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[[fr:Douma]] |
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[[nl:Doema]] |
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[[pl:Duma]] |
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[[fi:Duuma]] |
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[[ru:Дума]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:34, 20 October 2024
A duma (Russian: дума) is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions.
The term boyar duma is used to refer to advisory councils in Russia from the 10th to 17th centuries. Starting in the 18th century, city dumas were formed across Russia.
The first formally constituted state duma was the Imperial State Duma introduced to the Russian Empire by Emperor Nicholas II in 1905. The Emperor retained an absolute veto and could dismiss the State Duma at any time for a suitable reason. Nicholas dismissed the First State Duma (1906) within 75 days; elections for a second Duma took place the following year. The Russian Provisional Government dissolved the last Imperial State Duma (the fourth Duma) in 1917 during the Russian Revolution.
Since 1993, the State Duma (Государственная дума, Gosudarstvennaya Duma) has functioned as the lower legislative house of the Russian Federation.
Etymology
[edit]The Russian word is inherited from the Proto-Slavic word *duma which is of disputed origin. Its origin has many proposed theories that provide convincing evidence to support each proposed origin. Mladenov, Stender-Petersen: From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke”), akin to Proto-Slavic *duti (“to blow, to inflate”), *dymъ (“smoke”), perhaps originally meaning “breath, spirit”. Compare Ancient Greek θῡμός (thūmós, “soul, emotion”), occasionally also “thought, mind”. Vaillant: Contracted from hypothetical *douma < *do- + *umъ (“mind”) + *-a. Compare *douměti (“to comprehend”) (whence Russian надоу́мить (nadoúmitʹ, “to advise”)). Machek: From an inversion of root *mewHdʰ-, otherwise yielding Proto-Slavic *myslь (“thought”), Ancient Greek μῦθος (mûthos, “word, fable”). Also thought to be derived from Proto-Germanic *dōmaz. The word is also related to the Russian verb dumat′ (думать) meaning "to think".[1]
Boyar duma
[edit]The term boyar duma (боярская дума, boyarskaya duma) is used to refer to the councils of boyars and junior boyars (boyar scions) which advised the prince on state matters during the times of Kievan Rus' and the Tsardom of Russia (then tsar).[2] In 1711 Peter the Great transferred its functions to the Governing Senate. Contemporary sources always refer simply to "the boyars" or to "the duma", but never to the "boyar duma". Originally there were ten to twelve boyars[citation needed] and five or six okolnichies. By 1613 the duma had increased to twenty boyars and eight okolnichies. Lesser nobles, "duma gentlemen" (dumnye dvoriane) and secretaries, were added to the duma and the number of okolnichies rose in the latter half of the 17th century. In 1676, the number of boyars increased to 50 – by then they constituted only a third of the duma.[3][4]
Municipal dumas
[edit]
Under the reign of Catherine II, reforms to local government led to city dumas being established in Russian cities.
Under the reign of Alexander II, several reforms were enacted during the 1860s and 1870s. These included the creation of local political bodies known as zemstvos.[5] All owners of houses, tax-paying merchants and workmen are enrolled on lists in a descending order according to their assessed wealth. The total valuation is then divided into three equal parts, representing three groups of electors very unequal in number, each of which elects an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma. The executive is in the hands of an elective mayor and an uprava, which consists of several members elected by the duma. Under Alexander III, however, by laws promulgated in 1892 and 1894, the municipal dumas were subordinated to the governors in the same way as the zemstvos. In 1894 municipal institutions, with still more restricted powers, were granted to several towns in Siberia, and in 1895 to some in Caucasia.
State dumas
[edit]Russian Empire
[edit]Under the pressure of the Russian Revolution of 1905, on 6 August 1905, Sergei Witte issued a manifesto about the convocation of the Duma, initially thought to be an advisory organ. In the subsequent October Manifesto, Nicholas II pledged to introduce basic civil liberties, provide for broad participation in the State Duma, and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers.
However, Nicholas II was determined to retain his autocratic power. Just before the creation of the Duma in May 1906, the Tsar issued the Fundamental Laws. It stated in part that the Tsar's ministers could not be appointed by, and were not responsible to, the Duma, thus denying responsible government at the executive level. Furthermore, the Tsar had the power to dismiss the Duma and announce new elections whenever he wished. At this first meeting of the Duma members proposed that political prisoners should be released, trade unions given rights and land reform be introduced. Nicholas II rejected these suggestions and dissolved the assembly in July, 1906.[6]
The imperial State Duma was elected four times: in 1906, twice in 1907, and in 1912.
Russian Federation
[edit]The State Duma (Russian: Государственная дума, Gosudarstvennaya Duma, common abbreviation: Госдума, Gosduma) in Russia is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (parliament), the upper house being the Federation Council of Russia. Under Russia's 1993 constitution, there are 450 deputies of the State Duma (Article 95), each elected to a term of four years (Article 96); this was changed to a five-year term in late 2008. In previous elections of 1993, 1995, 1999 and 2003 one half of the deputies were elected by a system of proportional representation and one half were elected by plurality in single member districts. However, the 2007 Duma elections were carried out in a new format: all 450 deputies were elected by a system of proportional representation. Russian citizens at least 21 years old are eligible to run for the Duma (Article 97).
References
[edit]- ^ Vasmer, Max. Этимологический словарь Макса Фасмера.
- ^ "boyar". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ Paul Bushkovitch, Peter the Great (Rowman and Littlefield, 2001).
- ^ Gustave Alef, "Reflections on the Boyar Duma in the Reign of Ivan III", The Slavonic and East European Review, 45, 104 (1967): 76–123.
- ^ Stearns, Peter (2007). World Civilizations the Global Experience. New York: Pearson Education. p. 620. ISBN 978-0132206990.
- ^ "The Duma". Retrieved 8 November 2016.
