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{{Short description|Military industry by country}}
{{Short description|Military industry by country}}
{{cleanup|reason=Too many photos, some have too much citations in one part.|date=December 2020}}
{{cleanup bare URLs|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{infobox military unit
{{infobox military unit
|unit_name= [[Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries]]
|unit_name= Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries
|native_name={{my|ကာကွယ်ရေးပစ္စည်းစက်ရုံများညွှန်ကြားရေးမှူးရုံး}}
|native_name={{lang|my|ကာကွယ်ရေးပစ္စည်းစက်ရုံများညွှန်ကြားရေးမှူးရုံး}}
|image=
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|country= [[Myanmar]]
|country= [[Myanmar]]
|allegiance=
|allegiance=
|branch= Under Military Training General, Chief of Staff
|branch=
|type= [[Arms industry|Defence product industries]]
|type= [[Arms industry|Defence product industries]]
|role=
|role=
|size=
|size=
|command_structure={{Flagicon image|Flag of the Myanmar Armed Forces.svg}} [[Tatmadaw]]
|command_structure={{Flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defense (Myanmar).svg}} [[Tatmadaw]]
}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Burmese}}
{{Contains special characters|Burmese}}


The '''Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries''' ({{langx|my|ကာကွယ်ရေး ပစ္စည်းစက်ရုံများ ညွှန်ကြားရေးမှူးရုံး}}; [[BGN/PCGN romanization of Burmese|BGN/PCGN]]: Kagwèye Passizetyônmya Hnywan-Gyayehmuyôn; abbreviated '''DI'''), also known as '''Directorate of Defence Industries''',<ref name="GSH">{{cite web | url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/myanmar/ddi.htm | title=Myanmar - Directorate of Defence Industries |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> '''Defence Product Industry''' and '''Defence Product Industries'''<ref name="SACM">https://specialadvisorycouncil.org/fatal-business/made-in-myanmar/</ref> or by its Burmese name, Karkweye Pyitsee Setyoun,<ref name="GOVUK">{{cite web|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1057456/Myanmar.pdf|title=Consolidated list of financial sanctions targets in the UK|date=2022-06-24|access-date=2022-08-20|publisher=Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation, [[HM Treasury]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311164249/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1057456/Myanmar.pdf|archivedate=2022-03-11}}</ref><ref name="SAPDF">https://web.archive.org/web/20230412025211/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/216586/1/136_Burma%E2%80%99s_secret_military_partners_%28Canberra_papers_on_strategy_and_defence%29_Andrew_Selth_86p_0731527755.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> ('''Ka Pa Sa''')<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=Report: Myanmar arms industry growing after army takeover |url=https://apnews.com/article/politics-united-states-government-aerospace-and-defense-industry-middle-east-europe-4819fffdb55fdefe1086a2772a698317 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate for Defence Industries |url=https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/NK-WZjnDHADyh4va3T7C7eWAU/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=[[opensanctions.org]] |date=10 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> is a state-owned enterprise that is officially part of the [[Tatmadaw]].<ref name="GOVUK"/>
{{cleanup|reason=Too many photos, some have too much citations in one part.|date=December 2020}}


DI is responsible for producing military equipment throughout the country for the [[Myanmar Army]], the [[Myanmar Navy]] and the [[Myanmar Air Force]]. It is the only company that has monopolized firearms production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trendsresearch.org/insight/arms-proliferation-amid-heterogeneous-resistance-in-myanmar/|title=Arms proliferation amid heterogeneous resistance in Myanmar|website=trendsresearch.org|accessdate=24 March 2023}}</ref>
The '''Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries (D.I.)''' ({{lang-my|ကာကွယ်ရေး ပစ္စည်းစက်ရုံများ ညွှန်ကြားရေးမှူးရုံး}}) is a part of the [[Tatmadaw]]. D.I. produces various types of military equipment throughout the country. It produced more than 70 products for the [[Myanmar Army]], the [[Myanmar Navy]] and the [[Myanmar Air Force]] as of 2008. The main products include [[Automatic rifle|automatic rifles]], [[Machine gun|machine guns]], [[Sub-machine gun|sub-machine guns]], anti-aircraft guns, mortars and [[Artillery shell|artillery ammunition]], [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]] and [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft ammunition]], [[tank]]s , [[Armored car (military)|armoured vehicles]] and anti-tank ammunition, bombs, [[Grenade|grenades]], [[Anti-tank mine|anti-tank mines]], [[Anti-personnel mine|anti-personnel mines]] such as the [[M14 mine|M14]]<ref name="Asia Times Online">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HK04Ae01.html |title=Asia Times Online :: Southeast Asia news - Myanmar, the world's landmine capital |publisher=Atimes.com |date=2006-11-04 |access-date=2009-11-02}}</ref> pyrotechnics, commercial explosives and commercial products, and rockets and so forth.


==History==
D.I. has produced new assault rifles and light machine-guns for the infantry. The MA series of weapons were designed to replace the old German-designed but locally manufactured BA-series rifles which are copy of [[Heckler & Koch]] [[Heckler & Koch G3|G3s]] and G4s were equipped to the army since the 1960s.<ref name="Tatmadaw">{{cite book|last=Maung|first=Aung Myoe|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272092747|title=Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948|year=2009|isbn=978-981-230-848-1}}</ref>
The DI was established in the 1950s under the General Staff Office.{{sfn|Maung|2009|p=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maung-Myoe/publication/272092747_Building_the_Tatmadaw/links/54dac5d50cf2ba88a68de69a/Building-the-Tatmadaw.pdf?origin=publication_detail 106]}} The first indigenous firearm produced in Myanmar is the TZ-45, made under license as the BA52.<ref name="SAR">{{Cite web |url=http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=1154 |title=Burmese Small Arms Development |access-date=2018-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715210629/http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=1154 |archive-date=2018-07-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SAPDF"/> In 1953, Heckler & Koch and Fritz Werner Industrie-Ausrüstungen GmbH cooperated with Myanmar to create a production line to made G3 battle rifles under license.<ref name="SAPDF"/><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03064229108535235|doi = 10.1080/03064229108535235|title = The Burmese way to rack and ruin|year = 1991|last1 = Smith|first1 = Martin|journal = Index on Censorship|volume = 20|issue = 10|pages = 43–45|s2cid = 147326655}}</ref> The first Myanma-made G3, known as the BA63, was first produced in 1957.<ref name="SAPDF"/> The use of the BA rifles ended in the 1990s when the MA-based rifles were being developed and brought into service.<ref name="SARB">{{cite web |url=http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=1154 |title=Burmese Small Arms Development |website=www.smallarmsreview.com |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715210629/http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=1154 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After a worldwide arms embargo was enacted against Myanmar after the establishment of the [[State Peace and Development Council]] in the 1980s, they turned to Chinese assistance to improve its technological base.{{sfn|Maung|2009|p=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maung-Myoe/publication/272092747_Building_the_Tatmadaw/links/54dac5d50cf2ba88a68de69a/Building-the-Tatmadaw.pdf?origin=publication_detail 107]}} The SPDC has received covert assistance from Singapore while working with Israeli consultants by providing factory-built equipment to produce small arms.<ref name="IR">{{Cite web|url=https://www2.irrawaddy.com/article.php?art_id=1173|title = Burma Making Small Arms}}</ref> From 1983 to 1991, the country made indigenous APCs due to budgetary reasons, which consist of the BAAC-83 APC, BAAC-84 SC, BAAC-85 SC, BAAC-86 SC, BAAC-87 APC, and BAAC-87 CCC.{{sfn|Maung|2009|p=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maung-Myoe/publication/272092747_Building_the_Tatmadaw/links/54dac5d50cf2ba88a68de69a/Building-the-Tatmadaw.pdf?origin=publication_detail 107]}}{{sfn|Maung|2009|p=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maung-Myoe/publication/272092747_Building_the_Tatmadaw/links/54dac5d50cf2ba88a68de69a/Building-the-Tatmadaw.pdf?origin=publication_detail 108]}}

Israel assisted Myanmar in developing its indigenous firearms manufacturing capabilities.<ref name="Medium">{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@SmallArmsSurvey/seeking-supplies-developments-of-small-arms-production-and-industry-in-myanmar-e2fb72daccd7|title=Seeking Supplies: Developments of Small Arms Production and Industry in Myanmar|author=Small Arms Survey|access-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111085748/https://medium.com/@SmallArmsSurvey/seeking-supplies-developments-of-small-arms-production-and-industry-in-myanmar-e2fb72daccd7|archive-date=11 November 2020|url-status=live|df=dmy-all|date=2020-11-11}}</ref> They previously sold Uzis to the SPDC in 1991, being made locally as the BA94.<ref name="SARB"/> Serial production of the Galils, known locally as the MA-1, MA-2, and MA-3, started in 2002 after an agreement with IMI.<ref name="Irrawaddy">{{Cite web|title=Burmese Army Equipped with New Arms|url=https://www2.irrawaddy.com/article.php?art_id=16508|access-date=2021-04-15|website=Irrawaddy}}</ref> Production was located at Ka Pa Sa No 1 or DI-1, a factory located near Inya Lake.<ref name="APS">{{Cite web|title=Toys for the Boys|url=http://asia-pacific-solidarity.net/asiapacific/focus/at_toysfortheboysinmyanmar_060911.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623173548/http://asia-pacific-solidarity.net/asiapacific/focus/at_toysfortheboysinmyanmar_060911.htm|archive-date=2016-06-23|access-date=2018-07-26|website=Asia Pacific Solidarity Network}}</ref>

Ukraine signed an agreement with Myanmar in 2004 under a $US500 million contract to provide 1000 BTR-3Us.<ref name="DVB">{{cite web |url=http://english.dvb.no/news/ukraine-%E2%80%98ceases%E2%80%99-arms-sales-to-burma/13297 |title=Ukraine 'ceases' arms sales to Burma &#124; DVB Multimedia Group |website=english.dvb.no |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113094509/http://english.dvb.no/news/ukraine-%E2%80%98ceases%E2%80%99-arms-sales-to-burma/13297 |archive-date=13 November 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On April 30, 2008, Washington DC place sanctions on DI under Executive Order 13464 (Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Burma).<ref name="GSH"/>

In 2014, DI has constructed the BTR-3U with spare parts provided by Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|title=Myanmar to manufacture locally Ukrainian-made BTR-3U 8x8 armoured vehicle personnel carrier|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/june_2014_global_defense_security_news_uk/myanmar_to_manufacture_locally_ukrainian-made_btr-3u_8x8_armoured_vehicle_personnel_carrier_0906143.html|publisher=Army Recognition}}</ref> According to the Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau, Deutz-made engines are used in BTR-3Us in Myanma service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amnesty-eu.org/enwiki/static/documents/Final_Germany_Burma_China.rtf |title=Archived copy |website=www.amnesty-eu.org |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929041036/http://www.amnesty-eu.org/enwiki/static/documents/Final_Germany_Burma_China.rtf |archive-date=29 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On July 2, 2013, Lt. General Thein Htay was sanctioned under Executive Order 13619 in targeting people closely connected between Myanmar and North Korea by the Department of the Treasury.<ref name="GSH"/> On December 17, 2013, the Department of the Treasury placed Asia Metal Company Ltd., Soe Min Htike Co. Ltd., and Excellence Mineral Manufacturing Co. Ltd. under Executive Order 13619 because of its connections to North Korea in assisting DI to acquire construction materials to build additional facilities.<ref name="GSH"/>

In March 2019, Ukrspecexport has signed an agreement with Myanmar to deliver equipment for a production line assembly to assemble the BTR-4U APC and the 2S1U howitzer.<ref name="Ukrainian APCs">{{cite news|title=Joint venture to supply Ukrainian APCs to Myanmar army|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/march_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/joint_venture_to_supply_ukrainian_apcs_to_myanmar_army.html|publisher=Army Recognition}}</ref>

It's reported in November 2019 that the Tatmadaw has plan to market Myanma-made military hardware for overseas sales in an appearance at the Defense & Security (D&S) show in Bangkok, Thailand.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmars-military-eyes-overseas-weapons-sales.html |title=Myanmar's Military Eyes Overseas Weapons Sales |website=www.irrawaddy.com |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011141334/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmars-military-eyes-overseas-weapons-sales.html |archive-date=11 October 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/article/92632/d-s-2019-myanmar-makes-international-defence-show-debut |title=D&S; 2019: Myanmar makes international defence show debut &#124; Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107094629/https://www.janes.com/article/92632/d-s-2019-myanmar-makes-international-defence-show-debut |archive-date=7 January 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In October 2021, it's reported that a Myanma businessman named U Tun Hlaing is involved in purchasing materials that are needed for military production.<ref name="LP"/>

DI was placed under British sanctions due to the 2021 coup as of 2022.<ref name="GOVUK"/> On 20 February 2023, the European Union imposed sanctions on DI for enabling the Tatmadaw to carry out violence against civilians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myanmar/Burma: EU imposes sixth round of sanctions against 9 individuals and 7 entities |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/02/20/myanmar-burma-eu-imposes-sixth-round-of-sanctions-against-9-individuals-and-7-entities/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.consilium.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EUR-Lex - 32023D0380 - EN - EUR-Lex |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2023/380/oj |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>


== Factories ==
== Factories ==
The major factories of the DI are as follows:<ref name="DDIGS">{{cite web | url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/myanmar/ddi-subsidiaries.htm | title=Myanmar - Directorate of Defence Industries - Subsidiaries }}</ref>
The major factories of the DI are as follows:
<ref name="Tatmadaw"/>


* [[Weapon|Weapons]] Factories
* Weapons Factory
* Machine Gun Factory
* [[Bomb|Bombs]] & [[Grenade|Grenades]] Factories
* Tungsten Carbide Factory
* Tank Ammo Factory
* [[Machine gun|Machine Gun]] Factory
* Heavy Artillery Ammo Factory
* Medium Artillery Ammo Factory
* Small Arms Ammo Factory
* Bombs & Grenades Factory
* Filling Factory
* Filling Factory
* Propellants Factory
* Propellants Factory
* Heavy [[Artillery]] Ammo Factories
* Small Arms Ammo Factories
* [[Brass mill|brass mills]]
* Tungsten Alloy Factory
* Tank,armoured vehicles and their ammunition Factories
* Explosives Factory
* Explosives Factory
* Brass Factory
* Artillery Ammo Factories
* Ultility vehicle Factory
* Tungsten Alloy Factory
* Tungsten Carbide Factory


Officially, Myanmar has not disclosed how many factories it has. Estimates suggest that it has less than six prior to 1988 to “more than 20” in 2011 and 25 in 2022.<ref>https://specialadvisorycouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/SAC-M-REPORT-Fatal-Business-ENGLISH-1.pdf</ref>
=== Heavy Industries ===
Myanmar Heavy Industries was established with Ukrainian assistance mainly to assemble a [[BTR-3]]U fleet of the [[Myanmar Army]]. A total of 1,000 BTR-3U wheeled APCs were to be assembled in Myanmar over a 10-year period from parts sent by Ukraine. The BTR-3U is fitted with a number of modern weapon systems including 30&nbsp;mm gun, 7.62&nbsp;mm coaxial machine gun, 30&nbsp;mm automatic grenade launcher and anti-tank guided weapons. HI has also built APC/IFV such as MAV 1, MAV 2, MAV-3, MAV-4 and BAAC series APCs. Little is known about MAV infantry fighting vehicles but it appears that only 60% of the components are produced locally while some vital components such as fire control systems, turrets, engines and transmissions are imported from China [[Norinco|NORINCO industries]]. In addition to [[BTR-3|BTR 3Us]], MAVs and BAACs, HI also produces a number of Mil-truk and jeeps for the [[Myanmar Army|Army]], the [[Myanmar Navy|Navy]] and the [[Myanmar Air Force|Air Force]].<ref name="Tatmadaw"/>


== Products ==
== Products ==
The following list includes the defence products produced by the DI and its predecessors since 1952.


=== Tanks and armoured vehicles ===
=== Tanks and armoured vehicles ===
<ref>{{cite news|title=Myanmar army has developed new 105mm light tank based on 2S1 chassis|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/march_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/myanmar_army_has_developed_new_105mm_light_tank_based_on_2s1_chassis.html|publisher=Army Recognition}}</ref><ref name="Tatmadaw"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.amnesty-eu.org/enwiki/static/documents/Final_Germany_Burma_China.rtf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929041036/http://www.amnesty-eu.org/enwiki/static/documents/Final_Germany_Burma_China.rtf|archive-date=29 September 2007|access-date=21 November 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=JOSEPH ALLCHIN|title=Ukraine ‘ceases’ arms sales to Burma(Myanmar)|url=http://english.dvb.no/news/ukraine-%E2%80%98ceases%E2%80%99-arms-sales-to-burma/13297}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Myanmar to manufacture locally Ukrainian-made BTR-3U 8x8 armoured vehicle personnel carrier|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/june_2014_global_defense_security_news_uk/myanmar_to_manufacture_locally_ukrainian-made_btr-3u_8x8_armoured_vehicle_personnel_carrier_0906143.html|publisher=Army Reconition}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=MilitaryFactory|title=BTR-3 APC|url=https://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor_id=401}}</ref><ref name="Ukrainian APCs">{{cite news|title=Joint venture to supply Ukrainian APCs to Myanmar army|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/march_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/joint_venture_to_supply_ukrainian_apcs_to_myanmar_army.html|publisher=Army Recognition}}</ref>


* 105&nbsp;mm [[Light tank]] based on [[2S1 Gvozdika|2S1]] chassis (Prototype)
* MA-MMT 40 105&nbsp;mm [[Light tank]] based on [[2S1 Gvozdika|2S1]] chassis (Prototype)<ref>{{cite news|title=Myanmar army has developed new 105mm light tank based on 2S1 chassis|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/march_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/myanmar_army_has_developed_new_105mm_light_tank_based_on_2s1_chassis.html|publisher=Army Recognition}}</ref>
[[File:MA-MMT-40.jpg|thumb|Light tank with 105mm gun]]
* [[BTR-3|BTR-3U]] (Assembling 180 units per year)
* [[BTR-3|BTR-3U]] (Assembling 180 units per year)
* [[BTR-4|BTR-4E]] (Planned for assembling)
* [[BTR-4|BTR-4E]] (Planned for assembling)
* [[MT-LB|ML-LBSh]]
* [[MT-LB|ML-LBSh]]
* BAAC-73 [[Infantry fighting vehicle|IFV]]/[[Armoured personnel carrier|APC]] (Produced between 1973 and 1989)
* BAAC-73 [[Infantry fighting vehicle|IFV]]/[[Armoured personnel carrier|APC]] (Produced between 1973 and 1989)
* BAAC-83 IFV/APC (Produced between 1983 and 1989)
[[File:BAAC-83.jpg|thumb|BAAC-83 armoured vehicle in early 1990s]]
* BAAC-83 IFV]]APC (Produced between 1983 and 1989)
[[File:BAAC-84.jpg|thumb|BAAC-84 armoured vehicle in early 1990s]]
* BAAC-84 IFV/APC (Produced between 1984 and 1989)
* BAAC-84 IFV/APC (Produced between 1984 and 1989)
[[File:BAAC-85.jpg|thumb|BAAC-85 armoured vehicle in early 1990s]]
* BAAC-85 IFV/APC (Produced between 1985 and 1989)
* BAAC-85 IFV/APC (Produced between 1985 and 1989)
[[File:BAAC-86.jpg|thumb|BAAC-86 armoured vehicle in early 1990s]]
* BAAC-86 IFV/APC (Produced between 1986 and 1989)
* BAAC-86 IFV/APC (Produced between 1986 and 1989)
[[File:BAAC-87.jpg|thumb|BAAC-87 armoured vehicle in early 2000s]]
* BAAC-87 IFV/APC (Produced between 1987 and 1989)
* BAAC-87 IFV/APC (Produced between 1987 and 1989)
[[File:MAV-1.jpg|thumb|MAV-1 armoured vehicle in early 1990s]]
* MAV-1 [[Infantry fighting vehicle|IFV]] (Produced between 1987 and 1993.)
* MAV-1 [[Infantry fighting vehicle|IFV]] (Produced between 1987 and 1993.)
[[File:MA-MAV-2.jpg|thumb|MAV-2 MK-I armoured vehicle]]
* MAV-2 [[Infantry fighting vehicle|IFV]] (Two variants: MAV-2 and MAV-2 MK-2. Produced between 1990 and 2000.)
* MAV-2 [[Infantry fighting vehicle|IFV]] (Two variants: MAV-2 and MAV-2 MK-2. Produced between 1990 and 2000.)
[[File:MAV-3.jpg|thumb|MAV-3 armoured vehicle in early 1990s]]
* MAV-3 IFV (Produced between 1990 and 2000.)
* MAV-3 IFV (Produced between 1990 and 2000.)
[[File:MAV-4.jpg|thumb|MAV-4 armoured vehicle in early 2000s]]
* MAV-4 IFV (Produced between 1990 and 2000.)
* MAV-4 IFV (Produced between 1990 and 2000.)
* ULARV-1 IFV (Three variants. Production started in the late 2000s)
* ULARV-1 IFV (Three variants. Production started in the late 2000s)
* ULARV-2 IFV (Production started in the late 2000s)
* ULARV-2 IFV (Production started in the late 2000s)
* ULARV-3 IFV/APC (1 prototype)
* ULARV-3 IFV/APC (1 prototype)
[[File:MA-NY-V-1.jpg|thumb|Naung Yoe ([[Humvee]] version) IFV]]
* Naung Yoe ([[Humvee]] version) IFV (Unveiled at the 61st Armed Force Day Parade, 2006)
* Naung Yoe ([[Humvee]] version) IFV (Unveiled at the 61st Armed Force Day Parade, 2006)


=== Ultility Vehicles ===
=== Utility Vehicles ===
* Naung Yoe ([[Utility vehicle|utility]] version) Jeep - (Three different variants)
<ref name="Tatmadaw"/>
* [[Innlay Tactical Jeep|Innlay Jeep]]
[[File:MA-NY-V-2.jpg|thumb|Naung Yoe Jeep Version-2]]
[[File:MA-NY-V-3.jpg|thumb|Naung Yoe Jeep Version-3]]
[[File:MA-NY-MADV.jpg|thumb|Naung Yoe Jeep Version-4]]
* Naung Yoe ([[Utility vehicle|ultility]] version) Jeep - (Three different variants)
* Inlay Jeep
* DI-Tiger [[Pickup truck|pick up truck]]
* DI-Tiger [[Pickup truck|pick up truck]]
* Mil-truk [[Heavy truck|Heavy Truck]] (400 units per year)
* Mil-truk [[Heavy truck|Heavy Truck]] (400 units per year)
* 6-ton [[Truck|trucks]] (400 units per year)
* 6-ton [[truck]]s (400 units per year)


=== Towed Artillery ===
=== Towed Artillery ===
<ref name="Tatmadaw"/>


* 105&nbsp;mm [[Howitzer|Howitzers]] (production started in 2006 with the help of Singaporean technicians)
* 105&nbsp;mm [[Howitzer]]s (production started in 2006 with the help of Singaporean technicians)


=== Self-propelled Artillery ===
=== Self-propelled Artillery ===


* [[2S1 Gvozdika|2S1U]] (Planning to assemble)<ref name="Ukrainian APCs"/><ref>{{cite web|author=MilitaryFactory|title=BTR-3 APC|url=https://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor_id=401}}</ref>
* [[2S1 Gvozdika|2S1U]] (Planning to assemble)<ref name="Ukrainian APCs"/>


=== Multiple Launch Rocket Systems ===
=== Multiple Launch Rocket Systems ===

<ref name="Tatmadaw"/><ref name=Selth>{{cite web|url=https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/118313/Regional-Outlook-Paper-49-Selth-web.pdf|title=Strong,Fully Efficience And Modern: Myanmar's New Look Armed Forces|first=Andrew|last=Selth|publisher=Griffith Asia Institute|date=2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029072541/https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/118313/Regional-Outlook-Paper-49-Selth-web.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2020|url-status=live|df=dmy-all|access-date=29 October 2020|journal = Regional Outlook Paper|volume = 49}}</ref><ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web|title=SIPRI Trade Register|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=M1985/M1991 MLRS|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/m1985m1991-mlrs/|access-date=2020-11-07|website=Missile Threat|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lintner|first=Bertil|date=2018-02-08|title=North Korea, Myanmar in a sanctions-busting embrace|url=https://asiatimes.com/2018/02/north-korea-myanmar-sanctions-busting-embrace/|access-date=2020-11-07|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
* MAM-01 (MA-122) - 122&nbsp;mm [[Rocket artillery|rocket artillery system]]. Two variants. Mass-produced since 2010.
[[File:MAM01 Early Version.jpg|thumb|MAM-01 MLRS (Early Version) of [[Myanmar Army]] ]]
[[File:MAM-01B.jpg|thumb|MAM-01B MLRS]]
[[File:MA-MAM-production.jpg|thumb|Produing of MAM-01 MLRS]]
* MAM-01 (MA-122) - 122&nbsp;mm [[Rocket artillery|rocket artillery system]]. Two variants. Mass produced since 2010.
[[File:MAM-02 in 2015.jpg|thumb|MAM-02 240mm MLRS in 2015]]
* MAM-02 (MA-240) - 240&nbsp;mm [[Rocket artillery|rocket artillery system]]. Based on [[North Korea|North Korea's]] M-1991 240&nbsp;mm [[Rocket artillery|rocket artillery system]].
* MAM-02 (MA-240) - 240&nbsp;mm [[Rocket artillery|rocket artillery system]]. Based on [[North Korea|North Korea's]] M-1991 240&nbsp;mm [[Rocket artillery|rocket artillery system]].


=== Mortars ===
=== Mortars ===
* 2-inch(50.8&nbsp;mm) light mortar : Copy produced mortars based on British [[Two-inch mortar]].Produced between 1950s and 1960s.Substituted with BA-series motars in 1990s.
<ref name="Tatmadaw"/>
* 2-inch(50.8 mm) light mortar : Copy produced mortars based on British [[Two-inch mortar]].Produced between 1950s and 1960s.Substituted with BA-series motars in 1990s.
* 3-inch(81&nbsp;mm) mortar : Copy produced mortars based on British [[ML 3-inch mortar]].Produced between 1950s and 1960s.Substituted with BA-series motars in 1990s.
* 3-inch(81 mm) mortar : Copy produced mortars based on British [[ML 3-inch mortar]].Produced between 1950s and 1960s.Substituted with BA-series motars in 1990s.
* BA-90 81&nbsp;mm [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]](400 units per year) : Production started in late 1980s.Now the production was stopped and the production was substituted with MA-8.
* BA-90 81&nbsp;mm [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]](400 units per year) : Production started in late 1980s.Now the production was stopped and the production was substituted with MA-8.
* BA-97 (MA-6 MK-II) 120&nbsp;mm [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]](50 units per year) : Production started in late 1980s. Produced as the BA-97 mortar to early 1990s. Name changed to MA-6 MK-II in the late 1990s. The only BA-series mortar still in production.
* BA-97 (MA-6 MK-II) 120&nbsp;mm [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]](50 units per year) : Production started in late 1980s. Produced as the BA-97 mortar to early 1990s. Name changed to MA-6 MK-II in the late 1990s. The only BA-series mortar still in production.
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=== Air Defence ===
=== Air Defence ===
* MADV : Self-propelled short range air defence system. [[9K38 Igla|Igla]] turret with 4 SA-16 missiles and a 14.5&nbsp;mm [[Anti-aircraft warfare|AA gun]] fitted on a Naung Yoe. 180 units had been produced as of 2013.
<ref name="SIPRI"/>
[[File:MA-NY-MADV.jpg|thumb|MADV(Myanmar Air Defence Vehicle)]]
* MADV : Self-propelled short range air defence system. [[9K38 Igla|Igla]] turrent with 4 SA-16 missiles and a 14.5&nbsp;mm [[Anti-aircraft warfare|AA gun]] are fitted on Naung Yoe ultility vehicle. 180 units had been produced as of 2013.
* [[KS-1 (missile)|KS-1M]] : Medium air defence system. Licensed production of [[KS-1 (missile)|HQ-12]]. Two GYD-1B surface-to-air missiles are fitted on the locally made Mil-truk. Production began in 2015 and one battery of [[KS-1 (missile)|KS-1M]] air defence system was unveiled at the 71st Armed Force Day Parade(2016).
* [[KS-1 (missile)|KS-1M]] : Medium air defence system. Licensed production of [[KS-1 (missile)|HQ-12]]. Two GYD-1B surface-to-air missiles are fitted on the locally made Mil-truk. Production began in 2015 and one battery of [[KS-1 (missile)|KS-1M]] air defence system was unveiled at the 71st Armed Force Day Parade(2016).


=== Missiles ===
=== Missiles ===
<ref name="SIPRI"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/myanmar-defence-forum.347379/page-228|title=KS-1M medium range air defence system|author=Tagaung(Full Number)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Murdoch|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|first=Lindsay|date=February 6, 2018|title=Fears Myanmar buying missiles from North Korea raise Canberra's alarm|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/fears-myanmar-buying-missiles-from-north-korea-raise-canberra-s-alarm-20180206-p4yzgz.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020040243/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/fears-myanmar-buying-missiles-from-north-korea-raise-canberra-s-alarm-20180206-p4yzgz.html|archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Board (ASEAN Economist)|first=Editorial|date=2018-02-07|title=Myanmar ‘buying’ N Korean arms|url=https://www.aseaneconomist.com/myanmar-buying-n-korean-arms/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020041511/https://www.aseaneconomist.com/myanmar-buying-n-korean-arms/|archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Tatmadaw"/>


* [[9K38 Igla|SA-16]] : Very short range [[Man-portable air-defense system|man portable air defence system]]. Licensed production since 2004. According to Arms Trade RTF by [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]], 1000 SA-16s had been produced as of 2014.
* [[9K38 Igla|SA-16]] : Very short range [[Man-portable air-defense system|man portable air defence system]]. Licensed production since 2004. According to Arms Trade RTF by [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]], 1000 SA-16s had been produced as of 2014.
* [[KS-1 (missile)|GYD-1B (KS-1M)]] : Medium range surface-to-air missile. Based on the technology of [[KS-1 (missile)|HQ-12]] missile. For locally made [[KS-1 (missile)|KS-1M medium range air defence systems]]. It is a little bit faster than [[KS-1 (missile)|KS-1A surface-to-air missile]]. The maximum range is between 50 and 75&nbsp;km.
[[File:Myanmar Missile Production Facility.jpg|right|thumb|GYD-1B (KS-1M) missile production facility of Myanmar Army]]
* [[Hwasong-5]] : Short range tactical ballistic missile based on [[R-17 Elbrus|R-17 Elbras]] ([[Scud missile|Scud-B]]). In 2008, North Korea transferred [[Hwasong-5|Hwasong-5 (Scud-B)]] missile technology to Myanmar. In December 2006, South Korean press reported that [[Daewoo]] signed a deal with the Myanmar government in May 2002 to build an arms factory near [[Pyay]], worth US$133.8 million. Some analysts believed that this deal included the supply of some parts for missile development in Myanmar. In 2014, China told UN monitors that North Korean-made ballistic missiles and missile-related alloy rods destined for Myanmar had been found on a ship docked in China.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Murdoch|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|first=Lindsay|date=February 6, 2018|title=Fears Myanmar buying missiles from North Korea raise Canberra's alarm|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/fears-myanmar-buying-missiles-from-north-korea-raise-canberra-s-alarm-20180206-p4yzgz.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020040243/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/fears-myanmar-buying-missiles-from-north-korea-raise-canberra-s-alarm-20180206-p4yzgz.html|archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Board (ASEAN Economist)|first=Editorial|date=2018-02-07|title=Myanmar 'buying' N Korean arms|url=https://www.aseaneconomist.com/myanmar-buying-n-korean-arms/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020041511/https://www.aseaneconomist.com/myanmar-buying-n-korean-arms/|archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>
* [[KS-1 (missile)|GYD-1B (KS-1M)]] : Medium range surface-to-air missile. Based on the technology of [[KS-1 (missile)|HQ-12]] missile. For locally made [[KS-1 (missile)|KS-1M medium range air defence systems]]. It is a little bit faster than [[KS-1 (missile)|KS-1A surface-to-air missile]]. The maximum range is between 50 and 75km.
* [[Hwasong-5]] : Short range tactical ballistic missile based on [[R-17 Elbrus|R-17 Elbras]] ([[Scud missile|Scud-B]]). In 2008, North Korea transferred [[Hwasong-5|Hwasong-5 (Scud-B)]] missile technology to Myanmar. In December 2006, South Korean press reported that [[Daewoo]] signed a deal with the Myanmar government in May 2002 to build an arms factory near [[Pyay]], worth US$133.8 million. Some analysts believed that this deal included the supply of some parts for missile development in Myanmar. In 2014, China told UN monitors that North Korean-made ballistic missiles and missile-related alloy rods destined for Myanmar had been found on a ship docked in China.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Murdoch|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|first=Lindsay|date=February 6, 2018|title=Fears Myanmar buying missiles from North Korea raise Canberra's alarm|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/fears-myanmar-buying-missiles-from-north-korea-raise-canberra-s-alarm-20180206-p4yzgz.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020040243/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/fears-myanmar-buying-missiles-from-north-korea-raise-canberra-s-alarm-20180206-p4yzgz.html|archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Board (ASEAN Economist)|first=Editorial|date=2018-02-07|title=Myanmar ‘buying’ N Korean arms|url=https://www.aseaneconomist.com/myanmar-buying-n-korean-arms/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020041511/https://www.aseaneconomist.com/myanmar-buying-n-korean-arms/|archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>


=== Small Arms ===
=== Small Arms ===
<ref name="jones2009">Jones, Richard D. ''Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010''. Jane's Information Group; 35th edition (27 January 2009). {{ISBN|978-0-7106-2869-5}}.</ref><ref name="Tatmadaw"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/firearms/stk_50mg.htm|title=STK 50MG Heavy Machine Gun &#124; Military-Today.com|website=www.military-today.com}}</ref><ref name="SA">{{Cite web |url=http://securityarms.com/20010315/galleryfiles/3200/3273.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503030722/http://securityarms.com/20010315/galleryfiles/3200/3273.htm |archive-date=2018-05-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SAR">{{Cite web |url=http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=1154 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715210629/http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=1154 |archive-date=2018-07-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@SmallArmsSurvey/seeking-supplies-developments-of-small-arms-production-and-industry-in-myanmar-e2fb72daccd7|title=Seeking Supplies: Developments of Small Arms Production and Industry in Myanmar|author=Small Arms Survey|access-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111085748/https://medium.com/@SmallArmsSurvey/seeking-supplies-developments-of-small-arms-production-and-industry-in-myanmar-e2fb72daccd7|archive-date=11 November 2020|url-status=live|df=dmy-all|date=2020-11-11}}</ref>


* BA-52 : 9&nbsp;mm [[machine gun]]. Produced with the Italian technical assistance.Design similar to [[TZ-45]]. Also known as '''Ne Win Sten'''. The first defence product of '''Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries (D.D.I)'''. Production started between 1952 and 1953. No longer in production, substituted with [[Uzi|BA-94 (MA-13)]].
* BA-52 : 9&nbsp;mm [[machine gun]]. Produced with the Italian technical assistance. Design similar to [[TZ-45]]. Also known as '''Ne Win Sten'''. Production started between 1952 and 1953.
* BA-63 : 7.62&nbsp;mm [[battle rifle]]. Licensed production of [[Heckler & Koch G3]]. 63 refers to production started year, 1963.
* BA-63 : 7.62&nbsp;mm [[battle rifle]]. Licensed production of [[Heckler & Koch G3]]. 63 refers to production started year, 1963.<ref name="SAR"/>
*BA-64 : 7.62&nbsp;mm [[light machine gun]]. Licensed production of [[Heckler & Koch G3]]. 64 refers to production started year, 1964.
* BA-64 : 7.62&nbsp;mm [[light machine gun]]. Licensed production of [[Heckler & Koch G3]]. 64 refers to production started year, 1964.<ref name="SAPDF"/>
* BA-72 : 7.62&nbsp;mm [[assault rifle]]. Licensed production of [[Heckler & Koch G3]]. 72 refers to production started year, 1972.
* BA-72 : 7.62&nbsp;mm [[assault rifle]]. Licensed production of [[Heckler & Koch G3]]. 72 refers to production started year, 1972.<ref name="SAR"/>
* BA-93(Grenade launcher) : [[Grenade launcher|Rifle grenade launcher]]. 93 refers to production started year, 1993.
* BA-93 (Grenade launcher) : [[Grenade launcher|Rifle grenade launcher]]. 93 refers to production started year, 1993.
* BA-93 (submachine gun) : 9&nbsp;mm [[submachine gun]]. Licensed production of [[Uzi]]. Early version of BA-94 (MA-13) with wooden stock. 93 refers to production started year, 1993.
* BA-93 (submachine gun) : 9&nbsp;mm [[submachine gun]]. Licensed production of [[Uzi]]. Early version of BA-94 (MA-13) with wooden stock. 93 refers to production started year, 1993.
* BA-94 (MA-13) : 9&nbsp;mm submachine gun. Upgraded variant of BA-93 (machine gun). 94 refers to production started year,1994.Later,the name was changed as MA-13.
* BA-94 (MA-13) : 9&nbsp;mm submachine gun. Upgraded variant of BA-93 (machine gun).<ref name="SAR"/> 94 refers to production started year, 1994.<ref name="SAR"/> The name was changed as MA-13.<ref name="Medium"/>
* MA-1 MK-I : 5.56&nbsp;mm [[assault rifle]]. Licensed production of [[IMI Galil]].
* [[DI MA-1|MA-1 MK-I]] : 5.56&nbsp;mm [[assault rifle]]. Licensed production of [[IMI Galil]].<ref name="SAR"/><ref name="BRG">{{cite web | url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/08/17/burmese-rifle-grenades-of-the-infantry-ma-series-of-rifles/ | title=Burmese Rifle Grenades of the Infantry MA Series of Rifles - | date=17 August 2018 }}</ref>
* MA-1 MK-II : Upgraded version of MA-1 MK-I with own design.
* MA-1 MK-II : Upgraded version of MA-1 MK-I with own design.
* MA-1 MK-III : 5.56&nbsp;mm assault [[Bullpup|bullpup rifle]]. Licensed production of [[QBZ-95|QBZ-95/97]].
* [[DI MA-1 Mk. III|MA-1 MK-III]] : 5.56&nbsp;mm assault [[Bullpup|bullpup rifle]]. Unlicensed production of [[QBZ-95|QBZ-95/97]].
* MA-2 MK-I : 5.56&nbsp;mm [[light machine gun]]. Licensed production of IMI Galil
* MA-2 MK-I : 5.56&nbsp;mm [[light machine gun]]. Licensed production of IMI Galil.<ref name="SAR"/>
* MA-2 MK-II : Upgraded version of MA-2 MK-I with own design.
* MA-2 MK-II : Upgraded version of MA-2 MK-I with own design.
* A-2 MK-III : 5.56&nbsp;mm [[bullpup]] light machine gun. Licensed production of QBZ-95/97.
* MA-2 MK-III : 5.56&nbsp;mm [[bullpup]] light machine gun. Licensed production of QBZ-95/97.
* MA-3 MK-I : 5.56&nbsp;mm Submachine gun. Licensed production of IMI Galil
* MA-3 MK-I : 5.56&nbsp;mm Submachine gun. Licensed production of IMI Galil.<ref name="SAR"/>
* MA-3 MK-II : Upgraded version of MA-3 MK-I with own design.
* MA-3 MK-II : Upgraded version of MA-3 MK-I with own design.
* MA-3 MK-III : 5.56&nbsp;mm bullpup Submachine gun. Licensed production of QBZ-95/97.
* MA-3 MK-III : 5.56&nbsp;mm bullpup Submachine gun. Licensed production of QBZ-95/97.
* MA-4 MK-I : 5.56&nbsp;mm [[assault rifle]] with grenade launcher.Licensed production of IMI Galil.
* MA-4 MK-I : 5.56&nbsp;mm [[assault rifle]] with grenade launcher. Licensed production of IMI Galil.<ref name="SAR"/><ref name="BRG"/>
* MA-4 MK-II : Upgraded version of MA-4 MK-I with own design.
* MA-4 MK-II : Upgraded version of MA-4 MK-I with own design.<ref name="BRG"/>
* MA-4 MK-III : 5.56&nbsp;mm assault bullpup rifle with grenade launcher. Licensed production of QBZ-95/97.
* MA-4 MK-III : 5.56&nbsp;mm assault bullpup rifle with grenade launcher. Licensed production of QBZ-95/97.
* MA-5 MK-I : 9&nbsp;mm Semi-automatic [[pistol]]. Copy of [[Browning Hi-Power]].
* MA-5 MK-II : 9&nbsp;mm Semi-automatic pistol. Copy of [[Glock]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/07/20/ma5-the-burmese-tatmadaws-production-glock/ | title=MA5 MK II: The Burmese Tatmadaw's Production Glock Handgun - | date=20 July 2018 }}</ref>
* MA-5 MK-II : 9&nbsp;mm Semi-automatic pistol. Copy of [[Glock]].
* MA-11 5.56&nbsp;mm [[assault rifle]]. Licensed production of [[Heckler & Koch HK33]].<ref name="SAR"/>
* MA-11 5.56&nbsp;mm [[assault rifle]]. Licensed production of [[Heckler & Koch HK33]].
* MA-12 : 5.56&nbsp;mm light machine gun. Licensed production of Heckler & Koch HK33.<ref name="SAR"/>
* MA-13 MK-II : 9&nbsp;mm submachine gun. Copy of [[Steyr TMP]].<ref name="Medium"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/07/20/the-ma-13-mk-ii-myanmars-steyr-micro-uzi-knock-off/ | title=The MA-13 MK II: Myanmar's Steyr/Micro Uzi Knock off - | date=20 July 2018 }}</ref>
* MA-12 : 5.56&nbsp;mm light machine gun. Licensed production of Heckler & Koch HK33.
* MA-13 MK-II : 9&nbsp;mm submachine gun. Copy of [[Steyr TMP]].
* MA-15 : 7.62&nbsp;mm [[general purpose machine gun]]. Licensed production of [[MG3 machine gun]]
* MA-16 : .50-inch [[heavy machine gun]]. Licensed production of [[STK 50MG]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/firearms/stk_50mg.htm|title=STK 50MG Heavy Machine Gun &#124; Military-Today.com|website=www.military-today.com}}{{dead link|date=December 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* MA-15 : 7.62&nbsp;mm [[general purpose machine gun]].Licensed production of [[MG3 machine gun]]
* MAS-1 MK-I : 7.62&nbsp;mm Designated marksman rifle. Production started in 2010. Copy of [[Zastava M76]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/08/30/the-ma-sniper-early-burmese-army-designated-marksman-rifle-development/ | title=The MA-Sniper: Early Burmese Army Designated Marksman Rifle Development - | date=30 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/09/13/ma-sniper-development-continues-production-and-issue/|title = MA-Sniper Development Continues: Production and Issue -|date = 13 September 2018}}</ref>
* MA-16 : .50-inch [[heavy machine gun]]. Licensed production of [[STK 50MG]].
* MAS-1 MK-I : 7.62&nbsp;mm Designated marksman rifle. Production started in 2010. Copy of [[Zastava M76]].
* MAS-1 MK-II : 7.62&nbsp;mm Designated marksman rifle. Production started in 2012. Copy of [[Zastava M91]].
* MAS-1 MK-II : 7.62&nbsp;mm Designated marksman rifle. Production started in 2012. Copy of [[Zastava M91]].
* MAS-2 : .50inch [[Anti-materiel rifle|Anti-materiel]] [[Sniper rifle|sniper rifle]].
* MAS-2 : .50inch [[Anti-materiel rifle|Anti-materiel]] [[sniper rifle]].
[[File:MAS-2 Anti-materiel sniper rifle.jpg|thumb|MAS-2 Anti-materiel sniper rifle]]
* [[Grenade launcher]] : producing 7,000 units per year.


=== Anti-aircraft guns ===
=== Anti-aircraft guns ===
[[File:25mm Self-propelled anti-aircraft guns of Myanmar Army.jpg|thumb|right|Self-propelled 25mm anti-aircraft guns of the Myanmar Army]]
<ref name="Tatmadaw"/><ref name="SIPRI"/>


* MAA-01 : 35&nbsp;mm AA guns. Production of [[Oerlikon GDF]] with the chinese technology assistance.
* MAA-01 : 35&nbsp;mm AA guns. Production of [[Oerlikon GDF]] with the Chinese technology assistance.
* 25&nbsp;mm self-propelled twin anti-aircraft guns : Two locally made 25&nbsp;mm AA guns which are fitted on the locally made Mil-truk.
* 25&nbsp;mm self-propelled twin anti-aircraft guns : Two locally made 25&nbsp;mm AA guns which are fitted on the locally made Mil-truk.
* 14.5&nbsp;mm QJG-02G AA guns : Licensed production. 50 units per year.
* 14.5&nbsp;mm QJG-02G AA guns : Licensed production. 50 units per year.
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=== Anti-tank weapons ===
=== Anti-tank weapons ===
<ref name="Tatmadaw"/>


* MA-10 RPG : Copy of [[RPG-7]]. Producing 1,500 units per year.
* MA-10 RPG : Copy of [[RPG-7]]. Producing 1,500 units per year.
Line 191: Line 177:


=== Land mines ===
=== Land mines ===
<ref name="Asia Times Online"/><ref name="Tatmadaw"/><ref name="KHRG Photo 2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.karenhumanrightsgroup.org/photoreports/2008photos/gallery2008/section5.html |title=KHRG Photo Gallery 2008 &#124; Landmines, mortars, army camps and soldiers |publisher=Karen Human Rights Group |access-date=2009-11-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501105138/http://www.karenhumanrightsgroup.org/photoreports/2008photos/gallery2008/section5.html |archive-date=2011-05-01 }}</ref><ref name="Free Burma Rangers">[http://www.freeburmarangers.org/Reports/2009/20090119.html Free Burma Rangers Report: "Pictures of oppression: attacks, displacement and oppression in Karen and Karenni States - Karen State, Burma, 19 January, 2009"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201092647/http://www.freeburmarangers.org/Reports/2009/20090119.html |date=2009-02-01 }}. Retrieved on March 23, 2009</ref>


* [[POMZ|MM-1]] mine<ref name="Asia Times Online">{{cite web |url=http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HK04Ae01.html |title=Asia Times Online :: Southeast Asia news - Myanmar, the world's landmine capital |website=atimes.com |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061229045738/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HK04Ae01.html |archive-date=29 December 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[POMZ|MM-1]] mine (Stake mounted [[Anti-personnel mine#Fragmentation mines|anti-personnel fragmentation mine]])
* [[PMN mine|MM-2]] mine (Anti-personnel mine)
* [[PMN mine|MM-2]] mine<ref name="Asia Times Online"/>
* Unlicensed production of [[M14 mine]]<ref name="Free Burma Rangers">{{cite web |url=http://www.freeburmarangers.org/Reports/2009/20090119.html |title=Free Burma Rangers :: Reports |website=www.freeburmarangers.org |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201092647/http://www.freeburmarangers.org/Reports/2009/20090119.html |archive-date=1 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karenhumanrightsgroup.org/photoreports/2008photos/gallery2008/section5.html |title=Karen Human Rights Group &#124; KHRG Photo Gallery 2008 &#124; Landmines, mortars, army camps and soldiers |website=www.karenhumanrightsgroup.org |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501105138/http://www.karenhumanrightsgroup.org/photoreports/2008photos/gallery2008/section5.html |archive-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* M14 mine mine (Anti-personnel mine. Unlicensed production of American [[M14 mine]])
* Anti-tank mine (Copy of Chinese Type-59 Anti-tank mine)
* Bounding Anti-personal mine (Copy of US [[M16 mine]])
* MM-5 mine (copy of [[Claymore mine]])


=== Ammunitions and Bombs ===
=== Ammunitions and Bombs ===
<ref name="Tatmadaw"/>


* [[Firearm|small arms]] [[Ammunition|ammunition]] (60 million units per year)
* [[Firearm|small arms]] [[ammunition]] (60 million units per year)
* MG-1 [[Grenade|hand grenades]]
* MG-1 [[Grenade|hand grenades]]
* MG-2 40&nbsp;mm [[Grenade|rifle grenades]] (HEDP) for MA-4 MK-I,II,III rifles.
* MG-2 40&nbsp;mm [[Grenade|rifle grenades]] (HEDP) for MA-4 MK-I,II,III rifles.
Line 208: Line 195:
* MR-1 73&nbsp;mm Anti-personnel rocket propelled grenades (HE) for MA-10.
* MR-1 73&nbsp;mm Anti-personnel rocket propelled grenades (HE) for MA-10.
* MR-2 75&nbsp;mm Anti-personnel rocket propelled grenades (HE) for MA-10.
* MR-2 75&nbsp;mm Anti-personnel rocket propelled grenades (HE) for MA-10.
* 122&nbsp;mm and 240&nbsp;mm [[Rocket|rockets]] for MAM-01 and MAM-02.
* 122&nbsp;mm and 240&nbsp;mm [[rocket]]s for MAM-01 and MAM-02.
* 120/81/60&nbsp;mm [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar bombs]] for BA-series and MA-series mortars.
* 120/81/60&nbsp;mm [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar bombs]] for BA-series and MA-series mortars.
* 155/130/122/105/76&nbsp;mm ammunition for towed guns.
* 155/130/122/105/76&nbsp;mm ammunition for towed guns.
* 57/77/122&nbsp;mm [[Rocket|rockets]] and up to 500&nbsp;kg [[Unguided bomb|dumb bombs]] for the air force.
* 57/77/122&nbsp;mm [[rocket]]s and up to 500&nbsp;kg [[Unguided bomb|dumb bombs]] for the air force.
* 14.5/12.7/25/37/40/57/76&nbsp;mm ammunition for the navy.
* 14.5/12.7/25/37/40/57/76&nbsp;mm ammunition for the navy.


Line 219: Line 206:
* DI fire trucks(one of the variants of Mil-truk).
* DI fire trucks(one of the variants of Mil-truk).
* DI water/fuel tanker trucks(one of the variants of Mil-truk).
* DI water/fuel tanker trucks(one of the variants of Mil-truk).
* DI Mobile hospital truck
* DI Mobile kitchen
* DI Bridge layer

==Known heads of DDI==
* Lieutenant General Thein Htay<ref name="LP">{{cite web | url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/low-profile-arms-dealer-continues-to-supply-myanmar-militarys-weapons.html | title=Low-Profile Arms Dealer Continues to Supply Myanmar Military's Weapons | date=12 October 2021 }}</ref>
* Lieutenant General Kan Myint Than<ref name="SACM"/>


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Military industry by country|Myanmar]]
==Bibliography==
[[Category:Military equipment of Myanmar]]
* {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Richard D.|title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010|year=2009|publisher=Jane's Information Group|isbn=978-0-7106-2869-5}}
[[Category:Weapons of Myanmar]]
* {{cite book|last=Maung|first=Aung Myoe|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272092747|title=Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948|year=2009|isbn=978-981-230-848-1}}
[[Category:Cold War military equipment of Myanmar]]

[[Category:Cold War weapons of Myanmar]]
{{Myanmar topics}}
[[Category:Post–Cold War weapons of Myanmar]]
{{Military industries of the world}}
[[Category:Myanmar_Directorate_of_Defence_Industries]]

[[Category:Military industry in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Myanmar]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in Burma]]
[[Category:Entities related to Myanmar sanctions]]
[[Category:Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries| ]]

Latest revision as of 20:04, 22 December 2024

Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries
ကာကွယ်ရေးပစ္စည်းစက်ရုံများညွှန်ကြားရေးမှူးရုံး
Founded1950; 75 years ago (1950)
CountryMyanmar
BranchUnder Military Training General, Chief of Staff
TypeDefence product industries
Part of Tatmadaw
This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.

The Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries (Burmese: ကာကွယ်ရေး ပစ္စည်းစက်ရုံများ ညွှန်ကြားရေးမှူးရုံး; BGN/PCGN: Kagwèye Passizetyônmya Hnywan-Gyayehmuyôn; abbreviated DI), also known as Directorate of Defence Industries,[1] Defence Product Industry and Defence Product Industries[2] or by its Burmese name, Karkweye Pyitsee Setyoun,[3][4] (Ka Pa Sa)[5][6] is a state-owned enterprise that is officially part of the Tatmadaw.[3]

DI is responsible for producing military equipment throughout the country for the Myanmar Army, the Myanmar Navy and the Myanmar Air Force. It is the only company that has monopolized firearms production.[7]

History

[edit]

The DI was established in the 1950s under the General Staff Office.[8] The first indigenous firearm produced in Myanmar is the TZ-45, made under license as the BA52.[9][4] In 1953, Heckler & Koch and Fritz Werner Industrie-Ausrüstungen GmbH cooperated with Myanmar to create a production line to made G3 battle rifles under license.[4][10] The first Myanma-made G3, known as the BA63, was first produced in 1957.[4] The use of the BA rifles ended in the 1990s when the MA-based rifles were being developed and brought into service.[11]

After a worldwide arms embargo was enacted against Myanmar after the establishment of the State Peace and Development Council in the 1980s, they turned to Chinese assistance to improve its technological base.[12] The SPDC has received covert assistance from Singapore while working with Israeli consultants by providing factory-built equipment to produce small arms.[13] From 1983 to 1991, the country made indigenous APCs due to budgetary reasons, which consist of the BAAC-83 APC, BAAC-84 SC, BAAC-85 SC, BAAC-86 SC, BAAC-87 APC, and BAAC-87 CCC.[12][14]

Israel assisted Myanmar in developing its indigenous firearms manufacturing capabilities.[15] They previously sold Uzis to the SPDC in 1991, being made locally as the BA94.[11] Serial production of the Galils, known locally as the MA-1, MA-2, and MA-3, started in 2002 after an agreement with IMI.[16] Production was located at Ka Pa Sa No 1 or DI-1, a factory located near Inya Lake.[17]

Ukraine signed an agreement with Myanmar in 2004 under a $US500 million contract to provide 1000 BTR-3Us.[18]

On April 30, 2008, Washington DC place sanctions on DI under Executive Order 13464 (Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Burma).[1]

In 2014, DI has constructed the BTR-3U with spare parts provided by Ukraine.[19] According to the Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau, Deutz-made engines are used in BTR-3Us in Myanma service.[20]

On July 2, 2013, Lt. General Thein Htay was sanctioned under Executive Order 13619 in targeting people closely connected between Myanmar and North Korea by the Department of the Treasury.[1] On December 17, 2013, the Department of the Treasury placed Asia Metal Company Ltd., Soe Min Htike Co. Ltd., and Excellence Mineral Manufacturing Co. Ltd. under Executive Order 13619 because of its connections to North Korea in assisting DI to acquire construction materials to build additional facilities.[1]

In March 2019, Ukrspecexport has signed an agreement with Myanmar to deliver equipment for a production line assembly to assemble the BTR-4U APC and the 2S1U howitzer.[21]

It's reported in November 2019 that the Tatmadaw has plan to market Myanma-made military hardware for overseas sales in an appearance at the Defense & Security (D&S) show in Bangkok, Thailand.[22][23]

In October 2021, it's reported that a Myanma businessman named U Tun Hlaing is involved in purchasing materials that are needed for military production.[24]

DI was placed under British sanctions due to the 2021 coup as of 2022.[3] On 20 February 2023, the European Union imposed sanctions on DI for enabling the Tatmadaw to carry out violence against civilians.[25][26]

Factories

[edit]

The major factories of the DI are as follows:[27]

  • Weapons Factory
  • Machine Gun Factory
  • Tank Ammo Factory
  • Heavy Artillery Ammo Factory
  • Medium Artillery Ammo Factory
  • Small Arms Ammo Factory
  • Bombs & Grenades Factory
  • Filling Factory
  • Propellants Factory
  • Explosives Factory
  • Brass Factory
  • Tungsten Alloy Factory
  • Tungsten Carbide Factory

Officially, Myanmar has not disclosed how many factories it has. Estimates suggest that it has less than six prior to 1988 to “more than 20” in 2011 and 25 in 2022.[28]

Products

[edit]

Tanks and armoured vehicles

[edit]
  • MA-MMT 40 105 mm Light tank based on 2S1 chassis (Prototype)[29]
  • BTR-3U (Assembling 180 units per year)
  • BTR-4E (Planned for assembling)
  • ML-LBSh
  • BAAC-73 IFV/APC (Produced between 1973 and 1989)
  • BAAC-83 IFV/APC (Produced between 1983 and 1989)
  • BAAC-84 IFV/APC (Produced between 1984 and 1989)
  • BAAC-85 IFV/APC (Produced between 1985 and 1989)
  • BAAC-86 IFV/APC (Produced between 1986 and 1989)
  • BAAC-87 IFV/APC (Produced between 1987 and 1989)
  • MAV-1 IFV (Produced between 1987 and 1993.)
  • MAV-2 IFV (Two variants: MAV-2 and MAV-2 MK-2. Produced between 1990 and 2000.)
  • MAV-3 IFV (Produced between 1990 and 2000.)
  • MAV-4 IFV (Produced between 1990 and 2000.)
  • ULARV-1 IFV (Three variants. Production started in the late 2000s)
  • ULARV-2 IFV (Production started in the late 2000s)
  • ULARV-3 IFV/APC (1 prototype)
  • Naung Yoe (Humvee version) IFV (Unveiled at the 61st Armed Force Day Parade, 2006)

Utility Vehicles

[edit]

Towed Artillery

[edit]
  • 105 mm Howitzers (production started in 2006 with the help of Singaporean technicians)

Self-propelled Artillery

[edit]

Multiple Launch Rocket Systems

[edit]

Mortars

[edit]
  • 2-inch(50.8 mm) light mortar : Copy produced mortars based on British Two-inch mortar.Produced between 1950s and 1960s.Substituted with BA-series motars in 1990s.
  • 3-inch(81 mm) mortar : Copy produced mortars based on British ML 3-inch mortar.Produced between 1950s and 1960s.Substituted with BA-series motars in 1990s.
  • BA-90 81 mm mortar(400 units per year) : Production started in late 1980s.Now the production was stopped and the production was substituted with MA-8.
  • BA-97 (MA-6 MK-II) 120 mm mortar(50 units per year) : Production started in late 1980s. Produced as the BA-97 mortar to early 1990s. Name changed to MA-6 MK-II in the late 1990s. The only BA-series mortar still in production.
  • BA-100 60 mm commando mortar (400 units per year) : Production started in the late 1980s. No longer produced. Substituted with MA-9.
  • MA-6 120 mm extended range mortar (50 units per year) : Production started in the late 1990s.
  • MA-7 60 mm extended range mortar (400 units per year) : Production started in the late 1990s.
  • MA-8 81 mm extended range mortar (400 units per year) : Production started in the late 1990s.
  • MA-9 60 mm commando mortar(400 units per year) : Production started in the late 1990s.

Air Defence

[edit]
  • MADV : Self-propelled short range air defence system. Igla turret with 4 SA-16 missiles and a 14.5 mm AA gun fitted on a Naung Yoe. 180 units had been produced as of 2013.
  • KS-1M : Medium air defence system. Licensed production of HQ-12. Two GYD-1B surface-to-air missiles are fitted on the locally made Mil-truk. Production began in 2015 and one battery of KS-1M air defence system was unveiled at the 71st Armed Force Day Parade(2016).

Missiles

[edit]

Small Arms

[edit]
  • BA-52 : 9 mm machine gun. Produced with the Italian technical assistance. Design similar to TZ-45. Also known as Ne Win Sten. Production started between 1952 and 1953.
  • BA-63 : 7.62 mm battle rifle. Licensed production of Heckler & Koch G3. 63 refers to production started year, 1963.[9]
  • BA-64 : 7.62 mm light machine gun. Licensed production of Heckler & Koch G3. 64 refers to production started year, 1964.[4]
  • BA-72 : 7.62 mm assault rifle. Licensed production of Heckler & Koch G3. 72 refers to production started year, 1972.[9]
  • BA-93 (Grenade launcher) : Rifle grenade launcher. 93 refers to production started year, 1993.
  • BA-93 (submachine gun) : 9 mm submachine gun. Licensed production of Uzi. Early version of BA-94 (MA-13) with wooden stock. 93 refers to production started year, 1993.
  • BA-94 (MA-13) : 9 mm submachine gun. Upgraded variant of BA-93 (machine gun).[9] 94 refers to production started year, 1994.[9] The name was changed as MA-13.[15]
  • MA-1 MK-I : 5.56 mm assault rifle. Licensed production of IMI Galil.[9][32]
  • MA-1 MK-II : Upgraded version of MA-1 MK-I with own design.
  • MA-1 MK-III : 5.56 mm assault bullpup rifle. Unlicensed production of QBZ-95/97.
  • MA-2 MK-I : 5.56 mm light machine gun. Licensed production of IMI Galil.[9]
  • MA-2 MK-II : Upgraded version of MA-2 MK-I with own design.
  • MA-2 MK-III : 5.56 mm bullpup light machine gun. Licensed production of QBZ-95/97.
  • MA-3 MK-I : 5.56 mm Submachine gun. Licensed production of IMI Galil.[9]
  • MA-3 MK-II : Upgraded version of MA-3 MK-I with own design.
  • MA-3 MK-III : 5.56 mm bullpup Submachine gun. Licensed production of QBZ-95/97.
  • MA-4 MK-I : 5.56 mm assault rifle with grenade launcher. Licensed production of IMI Galil.[9][32]
  • MA-4 MK-II : Upgraded version of MA-4 MK-I with own design.[32]
  • MA-4 MK-III : 5.56 mm assault bullpup rifle with grenade launcher. Licensed production of QBZ-95/97.
  • MA-5 MK-II : 9 mm Semi-automatic pistol. Copy of Glock.[33]
  • MA-11 5.56 mm assault rifle. Licensed production of Heckler & Koch HK33.[9]
  • MA-12 : 5.56 mm light machine gun. Licensed production of Heckler & Koch HK33.[9]
  • MA-13 MK-II : 9 mm submachine gun. Copy of Steyr TMP.[15][34]
  • MA-15 : 7.62 mm general purpose machine gun. Licensed production of MG3 machine gun
  • MA-16 : .50-inch heavy machine gun. Licensed production of STK 50MG.[35]
  • MAS-1 MK-I : 7.62 mm Designated marksman rifle. Production started in 2010. Copy of Zastava M76.[36][37]
  • MAS-1 MK-II : 7.62 mm Designated marksman rifle. Production started in 2012. Copy of Zastava M91.
  • MAS-2 : .50inch Anti-materiel sniper rifle.

Anti-aircraft guns

[edit]
  • MAA-01 : 35 mm AA guns. Production of Oerlikon GDF with the Chinese technology assistance.
  • 25 mm self-propelled twin anti-aircraft guns : Two locally made 25 mm AA guns which are fitted on the locally made Mil-truk.
  • 14.5 mm QJG-02G AA guns : Licensed production. 50 units per year.
  • 12.7 mm heavy machine guns (200 units per year)
  • Various kinds of Remote controlled weapon stations for ULARV-series armoured vehicles.
  • Type-91 14.5 mm quad AA guns (only for the navy)
  • 14.5 mm DI Remote controlled weapon stations. (only for the navy)

Anti-tank weapons

[edit]

Land mines

[edit]

Ammunitions and Bombs

[edit]
  • small arms ammunition (60 million units per year)
  • MG-1 hand grenades
  • MG-2 40 mm rifle grenades (HEDP) for MA-4 MK-I,II,III rifles.
  • MG-3 40 mm launcher grenades (HE).
  • MG-4 40 mm launcher grenades (HEDP).
  • AZDM 111 A 1/2 Fuze.
  • MR-1 73 mm Anti-personnel rocket propelled grenades (HE) for MA-10.
  • MR-2 75 mm Anti-personnel rocket propelled grenades (HE) for MA-10.
  • 122 mm and 240 mm rockets for MAM-01 and MAM-02.
  • 120/81/60 mm mortar bombs for BA-series and MA-series mortars.
  • 155/130/122/105/76 mm ammunition for towed guns.
  • 57/77/122 mm rockets and up to 500 kg dumb bombs for the air force.
  • 14.5/12.7/25/37/40/57/76 mm ammunition for the navy.

Others

[edit]
  • Various kinds of scope for rifles and sniper rifles.
  • Telescopic sights for MA-10.
  • DI fire trucks(one of the variants of Mil-truk).
  • DI water/fuel tanker trucks(one of the variants of Mil-truk).
  • DI Mobile hospital truck
  • DI Mobile kitchen
  • DI Bridge layer

Known heads of DDI

[edit]
  • Lieutenant General Thein Htay[24]
  • Lieutenant General Kan Myint Than[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Myanmar - Directorate of Defence Industries". www.globalsecurity.org.
  2. ^ a b https://specialadvisorycouncil.org/fatal-business/made-in-myanmar/
  3. ^ a b c "Consolidated list of financial sanctions targets in the UK" (PDF). Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation, HM Treasury. 24 June 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e https://web.archive.org/web/20230412025211/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/216586/1/136_Burma%E2%80%99s_secret_military_partners_%28Canberra_papers_on_strategy_and_defence%29_Andrew_Selth_86p_0731527755.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  5. ^ "Report: Myanmar arms industry growing after army takeover". AP News. 16 January 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  6. ^ "Directorate for Defence Industries". opensanctions.org. 10 December 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  7. ^ "Arms proliferation amid heterogeneous resistance in Myanmar". trendsresearch.org. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  8. ^ Maung 2009, p. 106.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Burmese Small Arms Development". Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  10. ^ Smith, Martin (1991). "The Burmese way to rack and ruin". Index on Censorship. 20 (10): 43–45. doi:10.1080/03064229108535235. S2CID 147326655.
  11. ^ a b "Burmese Small Arms Development". www.smallarmsreview.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  12. ^ a b Maung 2009, p. 107.
  13. ^ "Burma Making Small Arms".
  14. ^ Maung 2009, p. 108.
  15. ^ a b c Small Arms Survey (11 November 2020). "Seeking Supplies: Developments of Small Arms Production and Industry in Myanmar". Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  16. ^ "Burmese Army Equipped with New Arms". Irrawaddy. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  17. ^ "Toys for the Boys". Asia Pacific Solidarity Network. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  18. ^ "Ukraine 'ceases' arms sales to Burma | DVB Multimedia Group". english.dvb.no. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  19. ^ "Myanmar to manufacture locally Ukrainian-made BTR-3U 8x8 armoured vehicle personnel carrier". Army Recognition.
  20. ^ "Archived copy". www.amnesty-eu.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ^ a b "Joint venture to supply Ukrainian APCs to Myanmar army". Army Recognition.
  22. ^ "Myanmar's Military Eyes Overseas Weapons Sales". www.irrawaddy.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  23. ^ "D&S; 2019: Myanmar makes international defence show debut | Jane's 360". www.janes.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  24. ^ a b "Low-Profile Arms Dealer Continues to Supply Myanmar Military's Weapons". 12 October 2021.
  25. ^ "Myanmar/Burma: EU imposes sixth round of sanctions against 9 individuals and 7 entities". www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  26. ^ "EUR-Lex - 32023D0380 - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  27. ^ "Myanmar - Directorate of Defence Industries - Subsidiaries".
  28. ^ https://specialadvisorycouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/SAC-M-REPORT-Fatal-Business-ENGLISH-1.pdf
  29. ^ "Myanmar army has developed new 105mm light tank based on 2S1 chassis". Army Recognition.
  30. ^ Murdoch, Lindsay (6 February 2018). "Fears Myanmar buying missiles from North Korea raise Canberra's alarm". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  31. ^ Board (ASEAN Economist), Editorial (7 February 2018). "Myanmar 'buying' N Korean arms". Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  32. ^ a b c "Burmese Rifle Grenades of the Infantry MA Series of Rifles -". 17 August 2018.
  33. ^ "MA5 MK II: The Burmese Tatmadaw's Production Glock Handgun -". 20 July 2018.
  34. ^ "The MA-13 MK II: Myanmar's Steyr/Micro Uzi Knock off -". 20 July 2018.
  35. ^ "STK 50MG Heavy Machine Gun | Military-Today.com". www.military-today.com.[dead link‍]
  36. ^ "The MA-Sniper: Early Burmese Army Designated Marksman Rifle Development -". 30 August 2018.
  37. ^ "MA-Sniper Development Continues: Production and Issue -". 13 September 2018.
  38. ^ a b "Asia Times Online :: Southeast Asia news - Myanmar, the world's landmine capital". atimes.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  39. ^ "Free Burma Rangers :: Reports". www.freeburmarangers.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  40. ^ "Karen Human Rights Group | KHRG Photo Gallery 2008 | Landmines, mortars, army camps and soldiers". www.karenhumanrightsgroup.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2022.

Bibliography

[edit]
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