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Sweet Bird of Youth is a 1959 play by Tennessee Williams that tells the story of a gigolo and drifter, Chance Wayne, who returns to his hometown as the companion of a faded movie star, Alexandra del Lago (travelling incognito as Princess Kosmonopolis), whom he hopes to use to help him break into the movies. The main reason for his homecoming is to get back what he had in his youth, primarily, his old girlfriend, whose father had run him out of town years before. The play was written for Tallulah Bankhead, a good friend of Williams.

Sweet Bird of Youth originated around 1956 as two plays: a two-character version of the final play featuring only Chance and the Princess, and a one-act play titled The Pink Bedroom that was later developed into Act Two of the play, featuring Boss Finley and his family.^[1]

Plot

In St. Cloud, native son Chance Wayne has fled his hometown, seeking to profit from his beauty and youth in New York or Hollywood. When he fails as an actor and a personality in both cities, he becomes a gigolo. As the traveling escort of his employer, Chance returns to St. Cloud to win back his childhood lover, escorting an aging, depressed, semi-alcoholic film star: Alexandra del Lago, who is running away from the negative criticism of her recently released cinematic comeback film.

Del Lago also had been burying herself in sex, alcohol, and drugs until Chance recognized her while hustling in a Florida resort. He saw in her a last chance to build a relationship (taking care of her while on their drive back to Hollywood, with him as her escort). As he and del Lago are driving along the Sunset Route back to California, Chance hopes that he will reunite with Heavenly Finley, his childhood sweetheart, and bring her back to Hollywood, where – with del Lago's aid – they will both achieve stardom.

Once back in St. Cloud, Chance discovers Heavenly is only a shadow of the girl he knew. During his last visit to St. Cloud, she got pregnant. When she discovered the problem, she had to have an abortion and because of an unskilled doctor's knife, the abortion resulted in a hysterectomy and her sterility. Her father and brother are determined to make Chance pay for the injury done to Heavenly. Chance worries that he will receive the same fate as a Black man in town who recently was attacked and castrated.

Using Alexandra's car and funds, Chance tries to prove to the town that he is a success, but his old friends call his bluff and see him for what he has become. Meanwhile, del Lago receives news that the criticism she has been running from is actually praise and that her comeback could not have been better. Chance believes he will ride with her to the top, but she has no wish for a gigolo. With his youth gone, Chance does not know how to move on with his life. Although she will not recommend him for a job in Hollywood, del Lago urges him to continue as her escort, but he decides to stay and accept his punishment in St. Cloud.

Production history

Pre-Broadway

Williams began work on the play in the fall of 1959, calling it at first The Enemy of Time.^[2] As Sweet Bird of Youth, the work-in-progress had a tryout production starring Tallulah Bankhead and Robert Drivas in Coral Gables, Florida, directed by George Keathley^[2] at his Studio M Playhouse in 1956^[3]^[4] which began before Williams' agent Audrey Wood knew he had a new play.^[5] Elia Kazan saw it.^[6] Kazan and Cheryl Crawford were "party to the secret and petitioned Audrey to let them produce and direct the new play."^[5]

Broadway

The original production by Cheryl Crawford opened on March 10, 1959 at the Martin Beck Theatre in New York City. Directed by Elia Kazan, it starred Paul Newman, Geraldine Page, Sidney Blackmer, Madeleine Sherwood, Diana Hyland, Logan Ramsey, and Rip Torn. Bruce Dern also played a small role. The production was nominated for three Tony Awards, including Best Actress for Page. The play ran for more than a year and 375 performances.^[7]

A revival opened on December 29, 1975 at the Harkness Theatre, in a production directed by Edwin Sherin, starring Christopher Walken as Chance Wayne and Irene Worth as Princess Kosmonopolis. Worth won the 1976 Tony Award for Best Actress.^[8]

A production was planned to open in 2011 with David Cromer directing and Scott Rudin serving as producer. In 2012, the production showed at the Goodman Theatre to much acclaim, with Diane Lane in the lead role.^[9]

London

After 26 years, Sweet Bird of Youth appeared in London's West End. It opened on July 8, 1985 at the Haymarket Theatre in a production directed by Harold Pinter and presented by impresario Douglas Urbanski; it starred Lauren Bacall and Michael Beck with James Grout and David Cunningham. This production later transferred to Los Angeles under the direction of Michael Blakemore.^{[citation needed]}

The play returned to the London stage on 1 June 2013 with a production at The Old Vic directed by Marianne Elliott and starring Kim Cattrall as Del Lago and Seth Numrich as Chance.^{[citation needed]}^[10]

Chichester

The play was revived in 2017 at Chichester Festival Theatre, running from June 2 to 24. Directed by Jonathan Kent, it starred Marcia Gay Harden as Alexandra del Lago/The Princess Kosmonopolis and Brian J. Smith as Chance Wayne. Co-stars included Emma Amos and Richard Cordery.^[11]

Film adaptations

1962 feature film

In 1962, the play was made into a feature film starring Paul Newman, Geraldine Page, Shirley Knight, Madeleine Sherwood, Ed Begley, Rip Torn and Mildred Dunnock. The movie was adapted and directed by Richard Brooks.^[12]^[13] The film version earned three Academy Award nominations, all for acting: Geraldine Page for Best Actress, Shirley Knight for Best Supporting Actress, and Ed Begley for Best Supporting Actor, which he won.^[14]

1989 television film

Sweet Bird of Youth was made for television in 1989, directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring Elizabeth Taylor, Mark Harmon, Valerie Perrine, Ronnie Claire Edwards, Cheryl Paris, Kevin Geer and Rip Torn. It was adapted by Gavin Lambert.^{[citation needed]}

In popular culture

In the Robert Zemeckis film Death Becomes Her (1992), lead character Madeline Ashton (played by Meryl Streep) is depicted as the star of a failing Broadway musical adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth titled Songbird!.^[15]
The song "Sweet Bird of Truth" by the rock group The The is a reference to the Tennessee Williams play.^{[citation needed]}
A reference to the Tennessee Williams play (as well as Williams) was written by Bernie Taupin in his lyric for Elton John's song "Lies" from John's 1995 album Made in England.^{[citation needed]}
The Greek composer Eleni Karaindrou wrote incidental music for the play (2016-17)

References

^ Kolin, Phillip (2004). The Tennessee Williams Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 262–263. ISBN 0-313-32101-9.
^ ^a ^b Lahr, John Tennessee Williams: Mad Pilgrimage of the Flesh W. W. Norton & Company, 2014.
^ Leavitt, Richard Freeman; Holditch, Kenneth (2011). The World of Tennessee Williams. Hansen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-60182-000-6.
^ Ennis, Thomas W. (July 1, 1986). "Robert Drivas". The New York Times.
^ ^a ^b Barranger, Milly (2012). Audrey Wood and the Playwrights. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-137-38547-5.
^ Elia Kazan and Sweet Bird of Youth.
^ Internet Broadway Database
^ Internet Broadway Database
^ See for example, Steven Oxman (25 Sep 2012) "Sweet Bird of Youth", Variety.
^ "Sweet Bird of Youth". The Old Vic. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
^ Full casting announced for Sweet Bird of Youth, Chichester Festival Theatre. Accessed 2017-06-04.
^ "Film review". Variety. February 28, 1962. p. 6.
^ "Film review". Harrison's Reports. March 10, 1962. p. 34.
^ "1963". orscars.org. October 5, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
^ Dobbs, Sarah (October 9, 2014). "Revisiting Robert Zemeckis' Death Becomes Her". Den of Geek.

External links

Sweet Bird of Youth at the Internet Broadway Database
Sweet Bird of Youth (film) at IMDb

[encyclopedia-1] Kolin, Phillip (2004). The Tennessee Williams Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 262–263. ISBN 0-313-32101-9.

[Lahr-2] Lahr, John Tennessee Williams: Mad Pilgrimage of the Flesh W. W. Norton & Company, 2014.

[3] Leavitt, Richard Freeman; Holditch, Kenneth (2011). The World of Tennessee Williams. Hansen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-60182-000-6.

[4] Ennis, Thomas W. (July 1, 1986). "Robert Drivas". The New York Times.

[Barranger-5] Barranger, Milly (2012). Audrey Wood and the Playwrights. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-137-38547-5.

[6] Elia Kazan and Sweet Bird of Youth.

[7] Internet Broadway Database

[8] Internet Broadway Database

[9] See for example, Steven Oxman (25 Sep 2012) "Sweet Bird of Youth", Variety.

[10] "Sweet Bird of Youth". The Old Vic. Retrieved December 6, 2020.

[11] Full casting announced for Sweet Bird of Youth, Chichester Festival Theatre. Accessed 2017-06-04.

[Variety-12] "Film review". Variety. February 28, 1962. p. 6.

[Harrison-13] "Film review". Harrison's Reports. March 10, 1962. p. 34.

[14] "1963". orscars.org. October 5, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2020.

[15] Dobbs, Sarah (October 9, 2014). "Revisiting Robert Zemeckis' Death Becomes Her". Den of Geek.

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 [[File:SweetBirdOfYouth.jpg|thumb|First edition<br />(publ. [[New Directions Publishing|New Directions]]) ]]
-'''''Sweet Bird of Youth''''' is a 1959 play by [[Tennessee Williams]] which tells the story of a [[gigolo]] and drifter, Chance Wayne, who returns to his home town as the companion of a faded movie star, Alexandra Del Lago (travelling incognito as Princess Kosmonopolis), whom he hopes to use to help him break into the movies. The main reason for his homecoming is to get back what he had in his youth: primarily, his old girlfriend, whose father had run him out of town years before. The play was written for [[Tallulah Bankhead]], a good friend of Williams.
+'''''Sweet Bird of Youth''''' is a 1959 play by [[Tennessee Williams]] that tells the story of a [[gigolo]] and drifter, Chance Wayne, who returns to his hometown as the companion of a faded movie star, Alexandra del Lago (travelling incognito as Princess Kosmonopolis), whom he hopes to use to help him break into the movies. The main reason for his homecoming is to get back what he had in his youth, primarily, his old girlfriend, whose father had run him out of town years before. The play was written for [[Tallulah Bankhead]], a good friend of Williams.
 ''Sweet Bird of Youth'' originated around 1956 as two plays: a two-character version of the final play featuring only Chance and the Princess, and a one-act play titled '''''The Pink Bedroom''''' that was later developed into Act Two of the play, featuring Boss Finley and his family.<ref name="encyclopedia" />
 == Plot ==
-In St. Cloud, native son Chance Wayne has fled his home town, seeking to profit from his beauty and youth in New York or Hollywood (whichever of the two). When he fails as an actor and then a personality in both cities, he turns to the freelance career of gigolo. As the traveling escort of his current employer, Chance returns to his home town of St. Cloud in an attempt to win back his childhood lover, escorting an aging, depressed, semi-alcoholic film star: Alexandra del Lago, who is running away from the negative criticism she believes is the public and critical response to her attempt at a cinematic comeback in a recently released film.
+In St. Cloud, native son Chance Wayne has fled his hometown, seeking to profit from his beauty and youth in New York or Hollywood. When he fails as an actor and a personality in both cities, he becomes a gigolo. As the traveling escort of his employer, Chance returns to St. Cloud to win back his childhood lover, escorting an aging, depressed, semi-alcoholic film star: Alexandra del Lago, who is running away from the negative criticism of her recently released cinematic comeback film.
-Del Lago also had been running away and burying herself in sex, alcohol, and drugs until Chance recognized her while hustling in a Florida resort. He saw in her a last chance to build a relationship (taking care of her while on their drive back to Hollywood, with him as her escort). He is using his perceived gallantry to entice del Lago to give him the imprimatur of stardom which he failed to achieve on his own. As he and del Lago were driving along the Sunset Route back to California, Chance hopes that he will reunite with Heavenly Finley, his childhood sweetheart, and bring her back to Hollywood, where – with del Lago's aid – they will both achieve stardom.
+Del Lago also had been burying herself in sex, alcohol, and drugs until Chance recognized her while hustling in a Florida resort. He saw in her a last chance to build a relationship (taking care of her while on their drive back to Hollywood, with him as her escort). As he and del Lago are driving along the Sunset Route back to California, Chance hopes that he will reunite with Heavenly Finley, his childhood sweetheart, and bring her back to Hollywood, where – with del Lago's aid – they will both achieve stardom.
-Unfortunately once returned to St. Cloud, Chance discovers Heavenly is only a shadow of the girl he knew. During his last visit to St. Cloud, he had unknowingly infected her with a disease he picked up as a result of his own promiscuity. When she discovered the problem, she had to have surgery to cut the disease out and which, because of an unskilled doctor's knife, resulted in a hysterectomy and her sterility. Her powerful and corrupt father and brother are determined to make Chance pay for the injury done to Heavenly. Chance worries that he will receive the same fate as a black man in town who recently was attacked and castrated.
+Once back in St. Cloud, Chance discovers Heavenly is only a shadow of the girl he knew. During his last visit to St. Cloud, she got pregnant. When she discovered the problem, she had to have an abortion and because of an unskilled doctor's knife, the abortion resulted in a hysterectomy and her sterility. Her father and brother are determined to make Chance pay for the injury done to Heavenly. Chance worries that he will receive the same fate as a Black man in town who recently was attacked and castrated.
-Using Alexandra's car and funds, Chance tries to prove to the town that he is a success, but his old friends call his bluff and see him for what he has become. Meanwhile, Alexandra receives news that the criticism she's been running from is actually praise and that her comeback could not have been better. Chance believes he will ride with her to the top, but Alexandra has no wish for a gigolo to besmirch her good name. With his youth gone, Chance does not know how to move on with his life. Although she will not recommend him for a job in Hollywood, Alexandra urges him to continue as her escort, but he decides to stay and accept his inevitable punishment in St. Cloud.
+Using Alexandra's car and funds, Chance tries to prove to the town that he is a success, but his old friends call his bluff and see him for what he has become. Meanwhile, del Lago receives news that the criticism she has been running from is actually praise and that her comeback could not have been better. Chance believes he will ride with her to the top, but she has no wish for a gigolo. With his youth gone, Chance does not know how to move on with his life. Although she will not recommend him for a job in Hollywood, del Lago urges him to continue as her escort, but he decides to stay and accept his punishment in St. Cloud.
 == Production history ==
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 === Pre-Broadway ===
 Williams began work on the play in the fall of 1959, calling it at first ''The Enemy of Time''.<ref name="Lahr">Lahr, John ''Tennessee Williams: Mad Pilgrimage of the Flesh'' W. W. Norton & Company, 2014.</ref>
-As ''Sweet Bird of Youth'', the work-in-progress had a tryout production starring [[Tallulah Bankhead]] and [[Robert Drivas]] in Coral Gables, Florida, directed by George Keathley<ref name="Lahr" /> at his Studio M Playhouse in 1956<ref>{{cite book|title=The World of Tennessee Williams|first1=Richard Freeman|last1=Leavitt|first2=Kenneth|last2=Holditch|publisher=Hansen Publishing Group|date=2011|isbn=1-60182-000-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Thomas W.|last=Ennis|title=Robert Drivas|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 1, 1986}}</ref> which began before Williams' agent [[Audrey Wood (literary agent)|Audrey Wood ]] knew he had a new play.<ref name="Barranger">{{cite book|last=Barranger|first=Milly|title=Audrey Wood and the Playwrights|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|date=2012|isbn=1-137-38547-2|page=48}}</ref> [[Elia Kazan]] saw it.<ref>[http://www.tennesseewilliamsstudies.org/journal/work.php?ID=58 ''Elia Kazan and Sweet Bird of Youth''].</ref> Kazan and [[Cheryl Crawford]] were "party to the secret and petitioned Audrey to let them produce and direct the new play."<ref name="Barranger" />
+As ''Sweet Bird of Youth'', the work-in-progress had a tryout production starring [[Tallulah Bankhead]] and [[Robert Drivas]] in Coral Gables, Florida, directed by George Keathley<ref name="Lahr" /> at his Studio M Playhouse in 1956<ref>{{cite book|title=The World of Tennessee Williams|first1=Richard Freeman|last1=Leavitt|first2=Kenneth|last2=Holditch|publisher=Hansen Publishing Group|date=2011|isbn=978-1-60182-000-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Thomas W.|last=Ennis|title=Robert Drivas|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 1, 1986}}</ref> which began before Williams' agent [[Audrey Wood (literary agent)|Audrey Wood ]] knew he had a new play.<ref name="Barranger">{{cite book|last=Barranger|first=Milly|title=Audrey Wood and the Playwrights|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|date=2012|isbn=978-1-137-38547-5|page=48}}</ref> [[Elia Kazan]] saw it.<ref>[http://www.tennesseewilliamsstudies.org/journal/work.php?ID=58 ''Elia Kazan and Sweet Bird of Youth''].</ref> Kazan and [[Cheryl Crawford]] were "party to the secret and petitioned Audrey to let them produce and direct the new play."<ref name="Barranger" />
 === Broadway ===
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 === London ===
-After 26 years, ''Sweet Bird of Youth'' appeared in London's [[West End theatre|West End]]. It opened on July 8, 1985 at the [[Haymarket Theatre]] in a production directed by [[Harold Pinter]] and presented by impresario [[Douglas Urbanski]] it starred [[Lauren Bacall]] and [[Michael Beck (actor)|Michael Beck]] with [[James Grout]] and [[David Cunningham (actor)|David Cunningham]]. This production later transferred to Los Angeles under the direction of [[Michael Blakemore]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
+After 26 years, ''Sweet Bird of Youth'' appeared in London's [[West End theatre|West End]]. It opened on July 8, 1985 at the [[Haymarket Theatre]] in a production directed by [[Harold Pinter]] and presented by impresario [[Douglas Urbanski]]; it starred [[Lauren Bacall]] and [[Michael Beck]] with [[James Grout]] and [[David Cunningham (actor)|David Cunningham]]. This production later transferred to Los Angeles under the direction of [[Michael Blakemore]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
-The play returned to the London stage on 1 June 2013 with a production at [[The Old Vic]] directed by [[Marianne Elliott (director)|Marianne Elliott]] and starring [[Kim Cattrall]] as Del Lago and [[Seth Numrich]] as Chance.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sweet Bird of Youth|url=https://www.oldvictheatre.com/whats-on/2013/sweet-bird-of-youth|access-date=2020-12-06|website=The Old Vic|language=en}}</ref>
+The play returned to the London stage on 1 June 2013 with a production at [[The Old Vic]] directed by [[Marianne Elliott]] and starring [[Kim Cattrall]] as Del Lago and [[Seth Numrich]] as Chance.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sweet Bird of Youth|url=https://www.oldvictheatre.com/whats-on/2013/sweet-bird-of-youth|access-date=2020-12-06|website=The Old Vic|language=en}}</ref>
 === Chichester ===
 The play was revived in 2017 at [[Chichester Festival Theatre]], running from June 2 to 24. Directed by [[Jonathan Kent (director)|Jonathan Kent]], it starred [[Marcia Gay Harden]] as Alexandra del Lago/The Princess Kosmonopolis and [[Brian J. Smith]] as Chance Wayne. Co-stars included [[Emma Amos (actress)|Emma Amos]] and [[Richard Cordery]].<ref>[https://www.cft.org.uk/news/full-casting-announced-for-sweet-bird-of-youth/ Full casting announced for Sweet Bird of Youth], Chichester Festival Theatre. Accessed 2017-06-04.</ref>
-== Film and television adaptations ==
+==Film adaptations==
+===1962 feature film===
-=== 1962 feature film ===
 {{Main|Sweet Bird of Youth (1962 film)}}
-In 1962, the play was made into a [[Sweet Bird of Youth (1962 film)|feature film]] starring [[Paul Newman]], [[Geraldine Page]], [[Shirley Knight]], [[Madeleine Sherwood]], [[Ed Begley]], [[Rip Torn]] and [[Mildred Dunnock]]. The movie was adapted and directed by [[Richard Brooks]].<ref name="Variety" /><ref name="Harrison" /> The film version earned three Academy Award nominations, all for acting: Geraldine Page for Best Actress, Shirley Knight for Best Supporting Actress, and Ed Begley for Best Supporting Actor, which he won.<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1963|title=1963|publisher=orscars.org|access-date=5 November 2020}}</ref>
+In 1962, the play was made into a [[Sweet Bird of Youth (1962 film)|feature film]] starring [[Paul Newman]], [[Geraldine Page]], [[Shirley Knight]], [[Madeleine Sherwood]], [[Ed Begley]], [[Rip Torn]] and [[Mildred Dunnock]]. The movie was adapted and directed by [[Richard Brooks]].<ref name="Variety" /><ref name="Harrison" /> The film version earned three Academy Award nominations, all for acting: Geraldine Page for Best Actress, Shirley Knight for Best Supporting Actress, and Ed Begley for Best Supporting Actor, which he won.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1963|title=1963|date=October 5, 2014 |publisher=orscars.org|access-date=5 November 2020}}</ref>
+===1989 television film===
-=== 1989 television version ===
 {{Main|Sweet Bird of Youth (1989 film)}}
 ''[[Sweet Bird of Youth (1989 film)|Sweet Bird of Youth]]'' was made for television in 1989, directed by [[Nicolas Roeg]] and starring [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[Mark Harmon]], [[Valerie Perrine]], [[Ronnie Claire Edwards]], [[Cheryl Paris]], [[Kevin Geer]] and [[Rip Torn]]. It was adapted by [[Gavin Lambert]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
 == In popular culture ==
+* In the [[Robert Zemeckis]] film ''[[Death Becomes Her]]'' (1992), lead character Madeline Ashton (played by [[Meryl Streep]]) is depicted as the star of a failing Broadway musical adaptation of ''Sweet Bird of Youth'' titled ''Songbird!''.<ref>{{cite web| last=Dobbs| first=Sarah| url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/revisiting-robert-zemeckis-death-becomes-her/| title=Revisiting Robert Zemeckis' Death Becomes Her| work=Den of Geek| date=October 9, 2014}}</ref>
-* "Youth of a Thousand Summers" by [[Van Morrison]] is based on the play.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
-* In the [[Robert Zemeckis]] film ''[[Death Becomes Her]]'' (1992), lead character Madeline Ashton (played by [[Meryl Streep]]) is depicted as the star of a failing Broadway musical adaptation of ''Sweet Bird of Youth'' titled ''Songbird!''.<ref>{{cite web| last=Dobbs| first=Sarah| url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/revisiting-robert-zemeckis-death-becomes-her/| title=Revisiting Robert Zemeckis’ Death Becomes Her| work=Den of Geek| date=October 9, 2014}}</ref>
 * The song "Sweet Bird of Truth" by the rock group [[The The]] is a reference to the Tennessee Williams play.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
-* A reference to the Tennessee Williams play (as well as Williams) was written by [[Bernie Taupin]] in his lyric for [[Elton John]]'s song "Lies", from John's 1995 album ''[[Made in England (Elton John album)|Made in England]]''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
+* A reference to the Tennessee Williams play (as well as Williams) was written by [[Bernie Taupin]] in his lyric for [[Elton John]]'s song "Lies" from John's 1995 album ''[[Made in England (Elton John album)|Made in England]]''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
+* The Greek composer [[Eleni Karaindrou]] wrote incidental music for the play (2016-17)
-* "Sweet Bird" by [[Joni Mitchell]] is a reference to the Tennessee Williams play.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
 == References ==
@@ Line 60: / Line 57: @@
 | refs =
-<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite book|last=Kolin|first=Phillip|title=The Tennessee Williams Encyclopedia|pages=262–263|isbn=0-313-32101-9}}</ref>
+<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite book|last=Kolin|first=Phillip|title=The Tennessee Williams Encyclopedia|year=2004|pages=262–263|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=0-313-32101-9}}</ref>
 <ref name="Variety">{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety Film Reviews|Variety]]|title=Film review|date=February 28, 1962|page=6}}</ref>
@@ Line 70: / Line 67: @@
 == External links ==
 * {{Ibdb show|8455}}
-* {{IMDb title|0056541|Sweet Bird of Youth (film)}}
+* {{IMDb title|qid=Q7655230|id=tt0056541|title=Sweet Bird of Youth (film)}}
 {{Tennessee Williams}}
@@ Line 78: / Line 75: @@
 [[Category:1959 plays]]
 [[Category:American plays adapted into films]]
+[[Category:Broadway plays]]
 [[Category:Plays by Tennessee Williams]]
 [[Category:Plays set in Florida]]
+[[Category:Plays set in the 1950s]]

v t e Works by Tennessee Williams
Plays	Candles to the Sun (1936) Spring Storm (1937) Fugitive Kind (1937) Not About Nightingales (1938) Battle of Angels (1940) Auto-da-Fé (1941) The Glass Menagerie (1944) You Touched Me! (1945) Stairs to the Roof (1947) A Streetcar Named Desire (1947) Summer and Smoke (1948) The Rose Tattoo (1951) Camino Real (1953) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955) Orpheus Descending (1957) Suddenly Last Summer (1958) Sweet Bird of Youth (1959) Period of Adjustment (1960) The Night of the Iguana (1961) The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore (1963) The Seven Descents of Myrtle (1968) In the Bar of a Tokyo Hotel (1969) Will Mr. Merriweather Return from Memphis? (1969) Out Cry (1971) Small Craft Warnings (1972) The Two-Character Play (1973) The Red Devil Battery Sign (1975) This Is (An Entertainment) (1976) Vieux Carré (1977) A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur (1979) Clothes for a Summer Hotel (1980) The Notebook of Trigorin (1981) Something Cloudy, Something Clear (1981) A House Not Meant to Stand (1982) In Masks Outrageous and Austere (1983)
Novels	The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1950) Moise and the World of Reason (1975)
Short story collections	Hard Candy: A Book of Stories (1954) Three Players of a Summer Game and Other Stories (1960) The Knightly Quest: a Novella and Four Short Stories (1966) One Arm and Other Stories (1967) Eight Mortal Ladies Possessed: a Book of Stories (1974)
Screenplays	The Glass Menagerie (1950) A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) The Rose Tattoo (1955) Baby Doll (1956) Suddenly, Last Summer (1959) The Fugitive Kind (1959) Ten Blocks on the Camino Real (1966) Boom! (1968) The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond (1957, filmed 2008)
Non-fiction	"The Catastrophe of Success" (1947) "A Streetcar Named Success" (1947)
Poetry	In the Winter of Cities (1956) Androgyne, Mon Amour (1977)
Film Adaptations	The Glass Menagerie (1950) A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) The Rose Tattoo (1955) Baby Doll (1956) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) Suddenly Last Summer (1959) The Fugitive Kind (1960) Summer and Smoke (1961) The Roman Spring of Mrs Stone (1961) Period of Adjustment (1962) Sweet Bird of Yourth (1962) The Night of the Iguana (1964) This Property Is Condemned (1966) Boom! (1968) Last of the Mobile Hot Shots (1970) The Glass Menagerie (1987) The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond (2008)
TV Adaptations	Three by Tennessee (1958) The Glass Menagerie (1966) Ten Blocks on the Camino Real (1966) The Glass Menagerie (1973) The Migrants (1974) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1976) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1984) A Streetcar Named Desire (1984) Sweet Bird of Youth (1989) Orpheus Descending (1990) A Streetcar Named Desire (1995) The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (2003)
Related	List of one-act plays by Tennessee Williams