Chuseok: Difference between revisions

Korean name
Hangul	추석
Hanja	秋夕
Revised Romanization	chuseok
McCune–Reischauer	ch'usŏk
IPA	[tɕʰusʌk̚]
Original Korean name
Hangul	한가위
Revised Romanization	hangawi
McCune–Reischauer	han'gawi
IPA	[hɐnɡɐɥi]

Chuseok
Chuseok
	Songpyeon, a type of tteok to celebrate Chuseok.
Official name	Chuseok (추석; 秋夕)
Also called	Hangawi, Jungchujeol
Observed by	Koreans
Type	Cultural, religious (Buddhist, Confucian, Muist)
Significance	Celebrates the harvest
Observances	Visit to their family's home town, ancestor worship, harvest feasts with songpyeon and rice wines
Begins	14th day of the 8th lunar month
Ends	16th day of the 8th lunar month
Date	15th day of the 8th lunar month
2024 date	16 September –; 18 September
2025 date	5 October –; 7 October
2026 date	24 September –; 26 September
2027 date	14 September –; 16 September
Frequency	Annual
Related to	Mid-Autumn Festival (in China); Tsukimi (in Japan); Tết Trung Thu (in Vietnam); Uposatha of Ashvini/Krittika (similar festivals that generally occur on the same day in Cambodia, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand )

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Chuseok (Korean: 추석; [tɕʰu.sʌk̚], lit. 'autumn evening'), also known as Hangawi (한가위; [han.ɡa.ɥi]; from Old Korean, "the great middle [of autumn]"), is a major mid-autumn harvest festival and a three-day holiday in South Korea celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunisolar calendar on the full moon. In North Korea, they only celebrate for the day of chuseok.^[1] Like many other harvest festivals around the world, it is held around the autumn equinox, i.e. at the very end of summer or in early autumn. It is the biggest traditional holiday in South Korea.

As a celebration of the good harvest, Koreans visit their ancestral hometowns and share a feast of Korean traditional food such as songpyeon, yakgwa, fruits like Asian pear and hallabong, and rice wines such as sindoju (신도주; 新稻酒). and dongdongju. There are two major traditions related to Chuseok: Charye (차례; 茶禮, ancestor memorial services at home, also known as Jesa), and Seongmyo (성묘; 省墓, family visit to the ancestral graves), which is usually accompanied by Beolcho (벌초; 伐草, tidying graves, removing weeds around them).^[2] Another major custom is to prepare the family's ancestors their favorite meals as an offering.

Origins

According to popular belief, Chuseok originates from gabae (가배; 嘉俳; 嘉排). Gabae started during the reign of the third king of the kingdom of Silla (57 BC – AD 935), when it was a month-long weaving contest between two teams.^[3]^[4] On the day of Gabae, the team that had woven more cloth won and would be treated to a feast by the losing team. It is believed that weaving competitions, archery competitions, and martial arts demonstrations were held as part of the festivities.^[5]

Many scholars also believe Chuseok may originate from ancient shamanistic celebrations of the harvest moon.^[4] New harvests are offered to local deities and ancestors, which means Chuseok may have originated as a worship ritual.^[6] In some areas, if there is no harvest, worship rituals are postponed, or in areas with no annual harvest, Chuseok is not celebrated.^{[citation needed]}

Traditional customs

Another table with many traditional food offerings on it

In contemporary South Korea, on Chuseok, masses of people travel from large cities to their hometowns to pay respect to the spirits of their ancestors.^[7] Chuseok celebrates the bountiful harvest and strives for the next year to be better than the last. People perform ancestral worship rituals early in the morning. Then, they visit the tombs of their immediate ancestors to trim plants, clean the area around the tomb, and offer food, drink, and crops to their ancestors.^[7] The rest of the day is spent playing folk games and bonding with the family members. Harvest crops are attributed to the blessing of ancestors. Chuseok is commonly incorrectly translated as "Korean Thanksgiving" in American English despite the holidays being vastly different in origin and celebration.^[8]^[9] Although most South Koreans visit their families and ancestral homes, there are festivities held at the National Folk Museum of Korea. Many places are closed during this national holiday, including banks, schools, post offices, governmental departments, and stores. Airline tickets to South Korea around the festival are usually sold out three months in advance and roads and hotels are overcrowded.^[10]

Charye

Charye is one of the ancestral memorial rites celebrated during Chuseok, symbolizing the abundance of the harvest season and honoring ancestors and past generations.^[11] The rite involves the gathering of families in holding a memorial service for their ancestors through the harvesting, preparation and presentation of special foods as offerings.^[12] Preparation for the food usually takes hours and many families start the cooking process early in the morning. The rite embodies the traditional view of spiritual life beyond physical death, respecting the spirits of the afterlife that now also serve to protect their descendants. The foods offered vary across provinces depending on what is available, but commonly feature freshly harvested rice, rice cakes (songpyeon) and fresh meat, fruit and vegetables.^[13] The arrangement of the foods of Charye on the table is also notable: traditionally rice and soup are placed on the north and fruits and vegetables are placed on the south; meat dishes are served on the west and in the middle, and rice cake and some drinks such as makgeolli or soju are placed on the east. These details can vary across regions.^[14]

Hanbok

The hanbok (in South Korea) or Choson-ot (in North Korea) is the traditional dress that the Korean people wear on special holidays and formal and semi-formal occasions, such as Chuseok, Lunar New Year, and weddings. The term "hanbok" literally means "Korean clothing." The basic structure of the hanbok consists of the jeogori jacket, baji pants, chima skirt, and the po coat. The design of the hanbok remains unchanged to this day and is designed in a variety of colors.^[15]

Food

Songpyeon

One of the major foods prepared and eaten during the Chuseok holiday is songpyeon (송편; 松餠), a Korean traditional rice cake^[7] made with ingredients such as sesame seeds, black beans, mung beans, cinnamon, pine nut, walnut, chestnut, jujube, and honey. When making songpyeon, steaming them over a layer of pine-needles is critical. The word song in songpyeon means a pine tree in Korean. The pine needles not only contribute to songpyeon's aromatic fragrance, but also its beauty and taste.^[16]^[17]

Songpyeon is also significant because of the meaning contained in its shape. However, some songpyeon are shaped like a ball. Songpyeon's rice skin itself resembles the shape of a full moon, but once it wraps the stuffing, its shape resembles the half-moon. Since the Three Kingdoms era in Korean history, a Korean legend stated that these two shapes ruled the destinies of the two greatest rival kingdoms, Baekje and Silla. During the era of King Uija of Baekje, an encrypted phrase, "Baekje is full-moon and Silla is half-moon" was found on a turtle's back and it predicted the fall of the Baekje and the rise of the Silla. The prophecy came true when Silla defeated Baekje. Ever since Koreans have believed a half-moon shape is an indicator of a bright future or victory.^[17] Therefore, during Chuseok, families gather together and eat half-moon-shaped Songpyeon under the full moon, wishing for a brighter future.^[18] There's a belief that if a single woman makes a pretty songpyeon, she will find a great husband, and if a pregnant woman makes a pretty songpyeon, she will have a pretty daughter.^[19]

Hangwa

Another popular Korean traditional food that people eat during Chuseok is hangwa. It is a general term to categorize sweet foods made with tteok, meaning rice cake. It is an artistic food decorated with natural colors and textured with patterns. Hangwa, also known as Hang, is made with rice flour, honey, fruit, and roots. People use edible natural ingredients to express various colors, flavours, and tastes. Because of its decoration and nutrition, Koreans eat hang not only during Chuseok, but also for special events, for instance, weddings, birthday parties, and marriages.^[20]

The most famous types of hangwa are yakgwa, yugwa, and dasik. Yakgwa is a sweet honey cookie which is made of fried rice flour dough ball and yugwa is a fried cookie consisting of glutinous rice mixed with honey water, and cheongju (rice wine). Dasik is a tea cake that people enjoy with tea.^[21]

Baekju

A major element of Chuseok is alcoholic drinks. Liquor drunk on Chuseok is called baekju (백주, 白酒, literally "white wine") and nicknamed sindoju (신도주, 新稻酒, literally "new rice liquor") as it is made of freshly harvested rice.^[22]^[23]

Kooksoondang, a maker of Korean traditional liquors, restored "Yihwaju", rice wine from the Goryeo era (918–1392), and "Songjeolju" that has been widely enjoyed by Joseon (1392–1910) aristocrats. Its "Jamyang Baekseju" package comprises a variety of liquors ― Jayang Baekseju, Jang Baekseju, Baekokju ― that are claimed to enhance men's stamina.^[24]

Adults say that if you drink the alcoholic beverage which the ancestors have drunk; there will be nothing you'll be scared of.^{[citation needed]}

Others

Other foods commonly prepared are japchae, bulgogi, an assortment of Korean pancakes also known as jeon, saengseon (fish), and fruits.

Gifts

History of Chuseok gifts

The Korean people started sharing daily necessities, such as sugar, soap or condiments, as Chuseok gifts in the 1960s. The gifts have changed since the Korean economy has developed. In the 1970s, Korean people had more options for Chuseok gifts; examples include cooking oil, toothpaste, instant coffee sets, cosmetics, television and rice cookers. People chose gift sets of fruit, meat and cosmetics in the 1980s. In the 1990s, people used gift vouchers for Chuseok. In the 21st century, more sophisticated gifts, such as sets of sweet desserts, spam, fruits, health supplements, and skincare have become the most popular options for Chuseok gifts.^[25]

Types of Chuseok gifts and prices

Some extravagant gifts can be purchased: one kilogram of wild pine mushrooms, which are expensive because they cannot be artificially grown, (560,000 won) US$480.27 and red ginseng products (1.98 million won) US$1698.11. However, the most exorbitantly priced gift is six bottles of wine at Lotte Department Store for a staggering (33 million won) US$28,301.89.^[26]

Chuseok gift sets are big business in Korea and prices are typically inflated around the holiday.^[27]

Folk games

A variety of folk games are played on Chuseok to celebrate the coming of autumn and rich harvest. Sonori is a folk performance where Village folk dress themselves to resemble a cow or turtle and go from house to house along with a nongak band playing pungmul music. Other common folk games played on Chuseok are talchum (mask dance), board game called Yut Nori, (also known as Yunnori, Nyout, and Yout), archery, ssireum,(Korean wrestling), and juldarigi;^[28] folk games vary by region.

Ssireum

Ssireum (씨름) is the most popular Korean sport played during Chuseok and contests are usually held during this holiday. Scholars have found evidence for ssireums dating back to the Goguryeo dynasty, Ssireum is assumed to have 5000 years of history. Two players wrestle each other while holding onto their opponent's satba, a red and blue band. A player loses when his upper body touches the ground, and the winner becomes Cheonha Jangsa, Baekdu Jangsa, or Halla Jangsa, meaning "the most powerful". The winner gets a bull and 1 kg (2.2 lb) of rice as the prize.^[29] Due to its popularity among both the young and the old, ssireum contests are held more frequently, not limited to important holidays.

Taekkyon

Taekkyon (태껸or 택견) is one of the oldest traditional martial arts of Korea. Taekkyon was very popular during the Joseon period (1392–1897) where it was practised alongside Ssireum during festivities, including Chuseok. Though originally a hand-to-hand fighting method, plebs used a more tamed version alike to a kicking game. The practitioner uses the momentum of his opponent to knock him down through kicks, swipes and pushes.^[30] Tournaments between players from different villages were carried out, starting with the children ("Aegi Taekkyon") before finishing with the adults.

Taekkyon almost disappeared during the Japanese occupation (1910–1945) but is now considered a cultural heritage of Korea (1983) and a UNESCO intangible cultural item (2011).^[31]

Ganggangsullae

The Ganggangsullae (강강술래) dance is a traditional folk dance performed under the full moon in the night of Chuseok.^[32] Women wear Korean traditional dress, hanbok, make a big circle by holding hands, and sing a song while going around a circle. Its name, Ganggangsullae, came from the refrain repeated after each verse, and contains no actual meaning.

The dance originated in the southern coastal area of Korea. To watch a video clip of the Ganggangsullae dance, click here.^[clarify]

For other folk games, they also play Neolttwigi (also known as the Korean plank), a traditional game played on a wooden board.^[33]

Juldarigi

Juldarigi (줄다리기), or tug-of-war, was enjoyed by an entire village population. Two groups of people are divided into two teams representing the female and male forces of the natural world. The game is considered an agricultural rite to predict the results of the year's farming. If the team representing the female concept won, it was thought the harvest that year would be rich.

Chicken Fight (Dak SSa Umm)

Korean people used to watch chicken fights (닭싸움), and learned how chickens fought; a game inspired by such was invented.

To play the game, people are separated into two balanced groups. One must bend his or her leg up and hold it bent with the knee poking out. The players must then attack each other with their bent knees, having to eliminate them by making their feet touch the ground; the last player holding up his or her knee wins.

The game is about strength, speed, and balance; to stay alive, one must display the capability of fighting back.^[34]

Hwatu

Hwatu (화투, also known as Go-Stop or Godori) is composed of 48 cards including 12 kinds. The rules of the game and the term water originated from Tujeon. It was formerly similar to Hanafuda, but was changed due to similarities with the latter. It went through a course that made it reduced by four base colors and thinner than before, spreading throughout to turn out goods on a mass-produced basis.^{[clarification needed]}

In North Korea

Since Chuseok is a traditional holiday that has been celebrated long before the division of Korea, people in North Korea also celebrate Chuseok. However, the ideology that divided Korea also caused some differences between the way that the holiday is celebrated in North Korea from the way it is celebrated in South Korea.^[35] In fact, North Korea did not celebrate Chuseok and other traditional holidays until the mid-1980s.

While South Koreans celebrate Chuseok by visiting and spending time with family members, most North Koreans do not have any family gatherings for the holiday. Some, especially those in working classes, try to visit their ancestors' gravesites during Chuseok. However, social and economic issues in North Korea have been preventing visits.^[36] In addition, the extremely poor infrastructure of North Korea, especially in terms of public transportation, makes it almost impossible for people to visit grave sites and their families.^[37] In contrast to the poor Songbun lower class North Koreans, middle and elite classes enjoy the holiday as they want, easily traveling wherever they want to go.^[37]

References

^ Passport to Korean Culture By Published by Korean Culture and Information Service Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism
^ "Chuseok (A Korean Thanksgiving)". chuseok.org. April 2021.
^ The Academy of Korean Studies, ed. (1991.) "Chuseok", Encyclopedia of Korean People and Culture, Woongjin (in Korean).
^ ^a ^b Farhadian, Charles E. (2007.) Christian Worship Worldwide. Wm. Bm. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2853-8.
^ , Yun, Sŏ-sŏk Yun. (2008.) Festive occasions: the customs in Korea, Ewha Womans University Press, Seoul. ISBN 978-8-9730-0781-3.
^ Korea University Institute of Korean Culture, ed. (1982.) "Social Life", Korean Heritage Overview, 1, Korea University (in Korean).
^ ^a ^b ^c "Traditional Korean Holiday, Chuseok". Imagine Your Korea. Archived from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
^ "Chuseok: Korean Thanksgiving Day". Asia Society. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
^ "Why ChuSeok is not Thanksgiving" (PDF). Gwangju: Gwangju Health College University Press. 2012-10-31. p. 8.
^ Lee, Cecilia Hae-Jin (2010). Frommer's South Korea. Hoboken, N.J, Chichester: Wiley, John Wiley. pp. 21, 22, 25. ISBN 978-0470591543.
^ "Korean Ancestral Memorial Rites, Jerye. - South-Korea - korea4expats". Korea4expats.com. Archived from the original on 2021-07-27. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
^ "A time for families, food and festivities". Jejuweekly.com.
^ "Traditional Korean Holiday of Bountiful Harvest, Chuseok". VisitKorea.or.kr. Archived from the original on 2019-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
^ 메세지 페이지. National Folk Museum of Korea.
^ "Chuseok Hanbok". Chuseok.org. 12 March 2022.
^ "Chuseok – Full Moon Harvest Holi…". Archived from the original on 21 February 2013.
^ ^a ^b "No Chuseok Without Songpyeon". The Chosun Ilbo. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ "Chuseok – Full Moon Harvest Holi…". Archived from the original on 21 February 2013.
^ "What are the types of TTEOK 떡 (Rice Cakes) and their meanings?". Hyphe-Nated. Archived from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
^ "Hangwa –Korean Traditional Confectionaries Good for the Body and the Soul - INSIDE Koreabrand.net". www.koreabrand.net. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
^ "Korea Tour Guide". VisitKorea.or.kr. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
^ 임동권 (Im Dong-kwon) (1996). 추석 (秋夕) [Chuseok]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
^ "Let's Share the Happiness of Harvest on Chuseok". AgraFood. August 29, 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
^ "Chuseok, sharing the spirit of gratitude". The Korea Herald. September 6, 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ 한국을 대표하는 글로벌 방송! The World On Arirang!. Arirang TV. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ "Dollar : 네이버 통합검색". Archived from the original on 2021-08-20. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
^ "10 Ridiculously Priced Korean Chuseok Gift Sets". 10 Magazine. 23 September 2015.
^ "Chuseok Games". Chuseok.org. 13 March 2022.
^ What's on Korea. (2001, July 28) Archived 2006-05-23 at the Wayback Machine
^ "the importance of Taekkyon in Korean traditional culture".
^ "Taekkyon entry on UNESCO's world heritage list".
^ Seoul City. (2004, September 2) Archived 2013-04-19 at archive.today
^ "Festivals, events to delight on Chuseok holidays". Korea.net. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
^ "Wikispaces". Archived from the original on 2018-07-31.
^ "Chuseok— A Festival With Two Faces". International Business Times. 10 September 2011.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-01-07. Retrieved 2018-12-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ ^a ^b Jin, Im Jeong (23 September 2010). "Welcome to Chuseok, North Korean Style". Daily NK.

Sources

The Academy of Korean Studies, ed. (1991), "Chuseok", Encyclopedia of Korean People and Culture, Woongjin (in Korean)
Farhadian, Charles E. (2007). Christian Worship Worldwide. Wm. Bm. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2853-8.
Korea University Institute of Korean Culture, ed. (1982). "Social Life". Korean Heritage Overview. Vol. 1. Korea University.(in Korean)
Aviles, K. (2011, September 10). Chuseok : A Festival With Two Faces. International Business Times. Retrieved December 4, 2012^[1]
Im, J. J. (2010, September 23). Daily NK - Welcome to Chuseok, North Korean Style. DailyNK. Retrieved December 4, 2012^[2]
Kim, K.-C. (2008). Ganggangsullae. UNESCO Multimedia Archives. Retrieved December 4, 2012^[3]
Korea.net. (2012, February 5). Chuseok, Korean Thanksgiving Day (English) - YouTube. YouTube. Retrieved December 4, 2012^[4]
Moon, S. H. (2008, September 16). Daily NK - New Chuseok Trends in North Korea. DailyNK. Retrieved December 4, 2012
Official Korea Tourism. (2008, August 26). Chuseok: Full Moon Harvest Holiday, Korean Version of Thanksgiving Day. VisitKorea. Retrieved December 4, 2012
The National Folklore Museum of Korea. (n.d.). Ancestral Memorial Rites - Charye | The National Folklore Museum of Korea. The National Folklore Museum of Korea. Retrieved December 5, 2012^[5]
TurtlePress (Martial Arts Video). (2009, May 1). SSireum Korean Wrestling History - YouTube. YouTube. Retrieved December 4, 2012^[6]
Yoo, K. H. (2009, October 5). Chuseok, North Korean Style. DailyNK. Retrieved December 4, 2012^[7]

External links

Media related to Chuseok at Wikimedia Commons
Chuseok, Korean Thanksgiving Day on YouTube
Chuseok, North Korean Thanksgiving Day on YouTube

^ "Chuseok— A Festival With Two Faces". International Business Times. 10 September 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ Jin, Im Jeong (23 September 2010). "Welcome to Chuseok, North Korean Style". Daily NK. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ Kwang-shik-CHA, Kim (16 June 2010). "Ganggangsullae". Unesco.org. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ "Chuseok, Korean Thanksgiving Day (English)". YouTube. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ 메세지 페이지. National Folk Museum of Korea. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ "SSireum Korean Wrestling History". YouTube. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ Hee, Yoo Gwan (5 October 2009). "Chuseok, North Korean Style". Daily NK. Retrieved 27 December 2018.

[1] Passport to Korean Culture By Published by Korean Culture and Information Service Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism

[2] "Chuseok (A Korean Thanksgiving)". chuseok.org. April 2021.

[3] The Academy of Korean Studies, ed. (1991.) "Chuseok", Encyclopedia of Korean People and Culture, Woongjin (in Korean).

[Farhadian-4] Farhadian, Charles E. (2007.) Christian Worship Worldwide. Wm. Bm. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2853-8.

[5] , Yun, Sŏ-sŏk Yun. (2008.) Festive occasions: the customs in Korea, Ewha Womans University Press, Seoul. ISBN 978-8-9730-0781-3.

[6] Korea University Institute of Korean Culture, ed. (1982.) "Social Life", Korean Heritage Overview, 1, Korea University (in Korean).

[KTO-7] "Traditional Korean Holiday, Chuseok". Imagine Your Korea. Archived from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2016.

[8] "Chuseok: Korean Thanksgiving Day". Asia Society. Retrieved 22 September 2016.

[9] "Why ChuSeok is not Thanksgiving" (PDF). Gwangju: Gwangju Health College University Press. 2012-10-31. p. 8.

[10] Lee, Cecilia Hae-Jin (2010). Frommer's South Korea. Hoboken, N.J, Chichester: Wiley, John Wiley. pp. 21, 22, 25. ISBN 978-0470591543.

[11] "Korean Ancestral Memorial Rites, Jerye. - South-Korea - korea4expats". Korea4expats.com. Archived from the original on 2021-07-27. Retrieved 2018-12-26.

[12] "A time for families, food and festivities". Jejuweekly.com.

[13] "Traditional Korean Holiday of Bountiful Harvest, Chuseok". VisitKorea.or.kr. Archived from the original on 2019-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-22.

[14] 메세지 페이지. National Folk Museum of Korea.

[15] "Chuseok Hanbok". Chuseok.org. 12 March 2022.

[tourism-16] "Chuseok – Full Moon Harvest Holi…". Archived from the original on 21 February 2013.

[Chosun-17] "No Chuseok Without Songpyeon". The Chosun Ilbo. Retrieved 27 December 2018.

[tourismb-18] "Chuseok – Full Moon Harvest Holi…". Archived from the original on 21 February 2013.

[What_are_the_types_of_TTEOK_떡_(Rice_Cakes)_and_their_meanings?-19] "What are the types of TTEOK 떡 (Rice Cakes) and their meanings?". Hyphe-Nated. Archived from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.

[20] "Hangwa –Korean Traditional Confectionaries Good for the Body and the Soul - INSIDE Koreabrand.net". www.koreabrand.net. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2022.

[21] "Korea Tour Guide". VisitKorea.or.kr. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2016.

[22] 임동권 (Im Dong-kwon) (1996). 추석 (秋夕) [Chuseok]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 2021-08-18.

[23] "Let's Share the Happiness of Harvest on Chuseok". AgraFood. August 29, 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-09.

[24] "Chuseok, sharing the spirit of gratitude". The Korea Herald. September 6, 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2018.

[25] 한국을 대표하는 글로벌 방송! The World On Arirang!. Arirang TV. Retrieved 27 December 2018.

[26] "Dollar : 네이버 통합검색". Archived from the original on 2021-08-20. Retrieved 2016-12-09.

[27] "10 Ridiculously Priced Korean Chuseok Gift Sets". 10 Magazine. 23 September 2015.

[28] "Chuseok Games". Chuseok.org. 13 March 2022.

[29] What's on Korea. (2001, July 28) Archived 2006-05-23 at the Wayback Machine

[30] "the importance of Taekkyon in Korean traditional culture".

[31] "Taekkyon entry on UNESCO's world heritage list".

[32] Seoul City. (2004, September 2) Archived 2013-04-19 at archive.today

[33] "Festivals, events to delight on Chuseok holidays". Korea.net. Retrieved 22 September 2016.

[34] "Wikispaces". Archived from the original on 2018-07-31.

[35] "Chuseok— A Festival With Two Faces". International Business Times. 10 September 2011.

[dailynk.com-36] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-01-07. Retrieved 2018-12-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[I'm,_J._J._2010,_September_23-37] Jin, Im Jeong (23 September 2010). "Welcome to Chuseok, North Korean Style". Daily NK.

[38] "Chuseok— A Festival With Two Faces". International Business Times. 10 September 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2018.

[39] Jin, Im Jeong (23 September 2010). "Welcome to Chuseok, North Korean Style". Daily NK. Retrieved 27 December 2018.

[40] Kwang-shik-CHA, Kim (16 June 2010). "Ganggangsullae". Unesco.org. Retrieved 27 December 2018.

[41] "Chuseok, Korean Thanksgiving Day (English)". YouTube. Retrieved 27 December 2018.

[42] 메세지 페이지. National Folk Museum of Korea. Retrieved 27 December 2018.

[43] "SSireum Korean Wrestling History". YouTube. Retrieved 27 December 2018.

[44] Hee, Yoo Gwan (5 October 2009). "Chuseok, North Korean Style". Daily NK. Retrieved 27 December 2018.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Korean words and phrases]]}}
+{{Short description|Korean autumn holiday}}
-{{hatnote|For the related lunar festivals celebrated on the same day, see [[Mid-Autumn Festival]] (across Chinese diaspora and Vietnam) and [[Tsukimi]] (Japan).}}
+{{hatnote|For the related lunisolar festivals celebrated on the same day, see [[Mid-Autumn Festival]] (China), [[Tết Trung Thu]] (Vietnam) and [[Tsukimi]] (Japan).}}
 {{Multiple issues|
-{{More footnotes|date=December 2018}}
+{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2018}}
 {{Travel guide|date=October 2018}}}}
 {{Infobox holiday
 |holiday_name  = Chuseok
 |type          = Asian
-|image         = Korean ancestor veneration-Jesa-01.jpg
+|image         = Songpyeon.jpg
 |imagesize     = 300px
-|caption       = ''[[Jesasang]]'', ceremonial table setting on Chuseok.
+|caption       = ''[[Songpyeon]]'', a type of [[tteok]] to celebrate Chuseok.
-|official_name = Chuseok (추석, 秋夕)
+|official_name = Chuseok ({{Korean|hangul=추석|hanja=秋夕|labels=no}})
-|nickname      = Hangawi, Jungchu-jeol
+|nickname      = Hangawi, Jungchujeol
 |observedby    = Koreans
 |litcolor      =
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 |significance  = Celebrates the harvest
 |begins  = 14th day of the 8th lunar month
-|ends=16th day of the 8th lunar month
+|ends = 16th day of the 8th lunar month
-| date{{LASTYEAR}}    = {{Calendar date/infobox|year=last|cite=no}}
+|date = 15th day of the 8th lunar month
-| date{{CURRENTYEAR}} = {{Calendar date/infobox|year=current|cite=no}}
-| date{{NEXTYEAR}}    = {{Calendar date/infobox|year=next|cite=no}}
+| date{{LASTYEAR}}    = {{Calendar date/infobox|year={{LASTYEAR}}|cite=no}}
-| date{{NEXTYEAR|2}}  = {{Calendar date/infobox|year=next2|cite=no}}
+| date{{CURRENTYEAR}} =  {{Calendar date/infobox|year={{CURRENTYEAR}}|cite=no}}
+| date{{NEXTYEAR}}    = {{Calendar date/infobox|year={{NEXTYEAR}}|cite=no}}
+| date{{NEXTYEAR|2}}  = {{Calendar date/infobox|year={{NEXTYEAR|2}}|cite=no}}
 |celebrations  =
 |observances   = Visit to their family's home town, [[jesa|ancestor worship]], harvest feasts with ''[[songpyeon]]'' and rice wines
-|relatedto     = [[Mid-Autumn Festival]] <small>(in China and Vietnam)</small><br/> [[Tsukimi]] <small>(in Japan)</small><br/>[[Uposatha]] of [[Ashvini]]/[[Kṛttikā|Krittika]] <small>(similar festivals that generally occur on the same day in Cambodia, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand )</small>
+|relatedto     = [[Mid-Autumn Festival]] <small>(in China)</small><br /> [[Tsukimi]] <small>(in Japan)</small><br />[[Tết Trung Thu]] <small>(in Vietnam)</small><br />[[Uposatha]] of [[Ashvini]]/[[Kṛttikā|Krittika]] <small>(similar festivals that generally occur on the same day in Cambodia, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand )</small>
 |frequency = Annual
 }}
 {{Infobox Korean name
 | title      = Korean name
-| hangul     = {{linktext|추석}}
+| hangul     = 추석
-| hanja      = {{linktext|秋夕}}
+| hanja      = 秋夕
 | rr         = chuseok
 | mr         = ch'usŏk
-| koreanipa  = {{IPA-ko|tɕʰu.sʌk̚|}}
+| koreanipa  = {{IPA|ko|tɕʰusʌk̚|}}
+| context1   = old
 | othername1 = Original Korean name
-| hangul1    = {{linktext|한가위}}
+| hangul1    = 한가위
 | hanja1     =
 | rr1        = hangawi
 | mr1        = han'gawi
-| koreanipa1 = {{IPA-ko|han.ɡa.ɥi|}}
+| koreanipa1 = {{IPA|ko|hɐnɡɐɥi|}}
 }}
-'''''Chuseok''''' ({{Korean|hangul=추석|hanja=秋夕|}}; {{IPA-ko|tɕʰu.sʌk̚|}}), literally "Autumn eve", also known as '''''hangawi''''' ([[Hangul]]: {{Korean|hangul=한가위|labels=no}}; {{IPA-ko|han.ɡa.ɥi|}}; from [[Old Korean|archaic Korean]] for "the great middle (of autumn)"), is a major [[harvest festival]] and a three-day holiday in both [[Holidays in North Korea|North]] and [[Holidays in South Korea|South Korea]] celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th month of the [[lunar calendar]] on the full moon.<ref>Passport to Korean Culture By Published by Korean Culture and Information Service Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism</ref> Like many other harvest [[festivals]] around the world, it is held around the autumn [[equinox]], i.e. at the very end of summer or in early autumn. It is one of the biggest traditional holidays.
+'''Chuseok''' ({{Korean|hangul=추석|}}; {{IPA|ko|tɕʰu.sʌk̚|}}, {{Literal translation|autumn evening}}), also known as '''Hangawi''' ({{Korean|hangul=한가위|labels=no}}; {{IPA|ko|han.ɡa.ɥi|}}; from [[Old Korean]], "the great middle [of autumn]"), is a major mid-autumn [[harvest festival]] and a three-day holiday in [[Holidays in South Korea|South Korea]] celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th month of the [[lunisolar calendar]] on the full moon. In [[North Korea]], they only celebrate for the day of chuseok.<ref>Passport to Korean Culture By Published by Korean Culture and Information Service Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism</ref> Like many other harvest [[festivals]] around the world, it is held around the autumn [[equinox]], i.e. at the very end of summer or in early autumn. It is the biggest traditional holiday in South Korea.
+[[File:Hanbok (한복) (4261102177).jpg|thumb|''[[Hanbok]]'']]
 [[File:KOCIS Han-style exhibition 2011 (5753820716).jpg|thumb|''[[Songpyeon]]'']]
-As a celebration of the good [[harvest]], Koreans visit their [[Ancestral home (Chinese)|ancestral hometowns]] and share a feast of Korean traditional food such as ''[[songpyeon]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=송편|hanja=松餠|}}) and rice wines such as ''sindoju'' ({{Korean|hangul=신도주|hanja=新稻酒|}}). and ''[[Makgeolli|dongdongju]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=동동주|hanja=浮蟻酒|}}). There are two major traditions related to Chuseok: '''''[[Charye]]''''' ({{Korean|hangul=차례|hanja=茶禮|}}, ancestor memorial services at home, also known as [[Jesa]]), and '''''Seongmyo''''' ({{Korean|hangul=성묘|hanja=省墓|}}, family visit to the ancestral graves), which is usually accompanied by '''''Beolcho''''' ({{Korean|hangul=벌초|hanja=伐草|}}, tidying graves, removing weeds around them).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rove.me/to/seoul/chuseok-harvest-moon-festival|title=Chuseok (Harvest Moon Festival)|website=Rove.me}}</ref>
+As a celebration of the good [[harvest]], Koreans visit their [[Ancestral home (Chinese)|ancestral hometowns]] and share a feast of Korean traditional food such as ''[[songpyeon]]'', ''[[yakgwa]]'', fruits like Asian pear and ''[[Dekopon|hallabong]]'', and rice wines such as ''sindoju'' ({{Korean|hangul=신도주|hanja=新稻酒|labels=no|}}). and ''[[Makgeolli|dongdongju]]''. There are two major traditions related to Chuseok: '''''[[Charye]]''''' ({{Korean|hangul=차례|hanja=茶禮|labels=no|}}, ancestor memorial services at home, also known as [[Jesa]]), and '''''Seongmyo''''' ({{Korean|hangul=성묘|hanja=省墓|labels=no|}}, family visit to the ancestral graves), which is usually accompanied by '''''Beolcho''''' ({{Korean|hangul=벌초|hanja=伐草|labels=no|}}, tidying graves, removing weeds around them).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chuseok.org/chuseok-a-korean-thanksgiving/|title=Chuseok (A Korean Thanksgiving)|website=chuseok.org|date=April 2021 }}</ref> Another major custom is to prepare the family's ancestors their favorite meals as an offering.
 ==Origins==
-According to popular belief, ''Chuseok'' originates from ''gabae ''({{Korean|hangul=가배|hanja=嘉俳·嘉排}}). ''Gabae'' started during the reign of the third king of the kingdom of [[Silla]] (57 BC ? AD 935), when it was a month-long [[weaving]] contest between two teams.<ref>The Academy of Korean Studies, ed. (1991.) "Chuseok", ''Encyclopedia of Korean People and Culture'', Woongjin (in Korean).</ref><ref name="Farhadian">Farhadian, Charles E. (2007.) ''Christian Worship Worldwide''. Wm. Bm. Eerdmans Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-8028-2853-8}}.</ref> On the day of ''Gabae'', the team that had woven more cloth won and would be treated to a feast by the losing team. It is believed that weaving competitions, archery competitions, and martial arts demonstrations were held as part of the festivities.<ref>, Yun, Sŏ-sŏk Yun. (2008.) ''Festive occasions: the customs in Korea'', Ewha Women's University Press, Seoul. {{ISBN|978-8-9730-0781-3}}.</ref>
+According to popular belief, Chuseok originates from ''gabae ''({{Korean|hangul=가배|hanja=嘉俳; 嘉排|labels=no}}). ''Gabae'' started during the reign of the third king of the kingdom of [[Silla]] (57 BC – AD 935), when it was a month-long [[weaving]] contest between two teams.<ref>The Academy of Korean Studies, ed. (1991.) "Chuseok", ''Encyclopedia of Korean People and Culture'', Woongjin (in Korean).</ref><ref name="Farhadian">Farhadian, Charles E. (2007.) ''Christian Worship Worldwide''. Wm. Bm. Eerdmans Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-8028-2853-8}}.</ref> On the day of ''Gabae'', the team that had woven more cloth won and would be treated to a feast by the losing team. It is believed that weaving competitions, archery competitions, and martial arts demonstrations were held as part of the festivities.<ref>, Yun, Sŏ-sŏk Yun. (2008.) ''Festive occasions: the customs in Korea'', Ewha Womans University Press, Seoul. {{ISBN|978-8-9730-0781-3}}.</ref>
-Many scholars also believe ''Chuseok'' may originate from [[Korean shamanism|ancient shamanistic]] celebrations of the [[harvest moon]].<ref name="Farhadian"/> New harvests are offered to local deities and ancestors, which means ''Chuseok'' may have originated as a worship ritual.<ref>Korea University Institute of Korean Culture, ed. (1982.) "Social Life", ''Korean Heritage Overview'', '''1''', Korea University  (in Korean).</ref> In some areas, if there is no harvest, worship rituals are postponed, or in areas with no annual harvest, ''Chuseok'' is not celebrated.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}
+Many scholars also believe Chuseok may originate from [[Korean shamanism|ancient shamanistic]] celebrations of the [[harvest moon]].<ref name="Farhadian"/> New harvests are offered to local deities and ancestors, which means Chuseok may have originated as a worship ritual.<ref>Korea University Institute of Korean Culture, ed. (1982.) "Social Life", ''Korean Heritage Overview'', '''1''', Korea University  (in Korean).</ref> In some areas, if there is no harvest, worship rituals are postponed, or in areas with no annual harvest, Chuseok is not celebrated.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}
 ==Traditional customs==
+[[File:KOCIS yakgwa, honey cookies (4646996556).jpg|thumb|''[[Yakgwa]]'']]
 [[File:Koreanthanksgiving-chuseok.jpg|thumb|Another table with many traditional food offerings on it]]
-In contemporary [[South Korea]], on'' Chuseok'', masses of people travel from large cities to their hometowns to pay respect to the spirits of their ancestors.<ref name="KTO">{{cite web|title=Traditional Korean Holiday, Chuseok|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=811650|website=Imagine Your Korea|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref> ''Chuseok'' celebrates the bountiful harvest and strives for the next year to be better than the last. People perform ancestral worship rituals early in the morning. Then, they visit the tombs of their immediate ancestors to trim plants and clean the area around the tomb and offer food, drink, and crops to their ancestors.<ref name="KTO" /> South Koreans consider autumn the best season of the year due to clear skies, cool winds, and it is a perfect harvesting season. Harvest crops are attributed to the blessing of ancestors. ''Chuseok'' is commonly translated as "Korean Thanksgiving" in American English.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chuseok: Korean Thanksgiving Day|url=http://asiasociety.org/korea/chuseok-korean-thanksgiving-day|website=Asia Society|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref> Although most South Koreans will be visiting their families and ancestral homes, there are festivities held at the [[National Folk Museum of Korea]]. Many places are closed during this national holiday including banks, schools, post offices, governmental departments, stores, etc. Travel tickets are usually sold out three months in advance and roads and hotels are overcrowded.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Frommer's South Korea|last=Lee|first=Cecilia Hae-Jin|publisher=Wiley, John Wiley|year=2010|isbn=0470591544|location=Hoboken, N.J, Chichester|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470591543/page/21 21, 22, 25]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470591543/page/21}}</ref>
+In contemporary [[South Korea]], on Chuseok, masses of people travel from large cities to their hometowns to pay respect to the spirits of their ancestors.<ref name="KTO">{{cite web|title=Traditional Korean Holiday, Chuseok|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=811650|website=Imagine Your Korea|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817071405/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=811650|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chuseok celebrates the bountiful harvest and strives for the next year to be better than the last. People perform ancestral worship rituals early in the morning. Then, they visit the tombs of their immediate ancestors to trim plants, clean the area around the tomb, and offer food, drink, and crops to their ancestors.<ref name="KTO" /> The rest of the day is spent playing folk games and bonding with the family members. Harvest crops are attributed to the blessing of ancestors. Chuseok is commonly incorrectly translated as "Korean Thanksgiving" in American English despite the holidays being vastly different in origin and celebration.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chuseok: Korean Thanksgiving Day|url=http://asiasociety.org/korea/chuseok-korean-thanksgiving-day|website=Asia Society|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Why ChuSeok is not Thanksgiving|url=https://www.ghu.ac.kr/storage//board/19/201509191143227XCuFQqvW3vLZWaskPzz.pdf|date=2012-10-31|publisher=[[Gwangju Health University|Gwangju Health College University]] Press|location=[[Gwangju]]|page=8}}</ref> Although most South Koreans visit their families and ancestral homes, there are festivities held at the [[National Folk Museum of Korea]]. Many places are closed during this national holiday, including banks, schools, post offices, governmental departments, and stores. Airline tickets to South Korea around the festival are usually sold out three months in advance and roads and hotels are overcrowded.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Frommer's South Korea|last=Lee|first=Cecilia Hae-Jin|publisher=Wiley, John Wiley|year=2010|isbn=978-0470591543|location=Hoboken, N.J, Chichester|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470591543/page/21 21, 22, 25]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470591543/page/21}}</ref>
 ===''Charye''===
-''Charye'' is one of the [[jesa|ancestral memorial rites]] celebrated during ''Chuseok,'' symbolising the returning of favours and honouring ancestors and past generations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.korea4expats.com/article-ancestral-memorial-rites-g.html|title=Korean Ancestral Memorial Rites, Jerye. - South-Korea - korea4expats|website=Korea4expats.com}}</ref>  The rite involves the gathering of families in holding a memorial service for their ancestors through the harvesting, preparation and presentation of special foods as offerings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1917|title=A time for families, food and festivities |website=Jejuweekly.com}}</ref> The rite embodies the traditional view of spiritual life beyond physical death, respecting the spirits of the [[afterlife]] that now also serve to protect their descendants. The foods offered have traditionally varied across provinces depending on what was available, but commonly constitute of freshly harvested rice, rice cakes ''([[songpyeon]])'' and fresh meat, fruit and vegetables.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=811650|title=Traditional Korean Holiday of Bountiful Harvest, Chuseok {{!}} Official Korea Tourism Organization|website=English.visitkorea.or.kr|language=en|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref> The arrangement of the foods of ''Charye'' on the table are also notable: traditionally rice and soup are placed on the north and fruits and vegetables are placed on the south; meat dishes are served on the west and in the middle, and [[rice cake]] and some drinks such as ''[[makgeolli]]'' or ''[[soju]]'' are placed on the east. These details can vary across regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfm.go.kr/Data/cuThar.jsp|title=메세지 페이지|website=Nfm.go.kr}}</ref>
+''Charye'' is one of the [[jesa|ancestral memorial rites]] celebrated during Chuseok, symbolizing the abundance of the harvest season and honoring ancestors and past generations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.korea4expats.com/article-ancestral-memorial-rites-g.html|title=Korean Ancestral Memorial Rites, Jerye. - South-Korea - korea4expats|website=Korea4expats.com|access-date=2018-12-26|archive-date=2021-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727172556/https://korea4expats.com/article-ancestral-memorial-rites-g.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>  The rite involves the gathering of families in holding a memorial service for their ancestors through the harvesting, preparation and presentation of special foods as offerings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1917|title=A time for families, food and festivities |website=Jejuweekly.com}}</ref> Preparation for the food usually takes hours and many families start the cooking process early in the morning. The rite embodies the traditional view of spiritual life beyond physical death, respecting the spirits of the [[afterlife]] that now also serve to protect their descendants. The foods offered vary across provinces depending on what is available, but commonly feature freshly harvested rice, rice cakes ''([[songpyeon]])'' and fresh meat, fruit and vegetables.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=811650|title=Traditional Korean Holiday of Bountiful Harvest, Chuseok|website=[[VisitKorea.or.kr]]|language=en|access-date=2018-08-22|archive-date=2019-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817071405/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=811650|url-status=dead}}</ref> The arrangement of the foods of ''Charye'' on the table is also notable: traditionally rice and soup are placed on the north and fruits and vegetables are placed on the south; meat dishes are served on the west and in the middle, and [[rice cake]] and some drinks such as ''[[makgeolli]]'' or ''[[soju]]'' are placed on the east. These details can vary across regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfm.go.kr/Data/cuThar.jsp|script-title=ko:메세지 페이지|website=[[National Folk Museum of Korea]]}}</ref>
-===''Seongmyo'' and ''Beolcho''===
+===''Hanbok''===
+The ''[[hanbok]]'' (in South Korea) or ''Choson-ot'' (in North Korea) is the traditional dress that the Korean people wear on special holidays and formal and semi-formal occasions, such as Chuseok, Lunar New Year, and weddings. The term "hanbok" literally means "Korean clothing." The basic structure of the hanbok consists of the jeogori jacket, baji pants, chima skirt, and the po coat. The design of the hanbok remains unchanged to this day and is designed in a variety of colors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chuseok Hanbok |date=12 March 2022 |url=https://chuseok.org/chuseok-hanbok/ |publisher=Chuseok.org}}</ref>
-''Seongmyo'' and ''Beolcho'' are also done around ''Chuseok'' week. ''Seongmyo'' is a visiting to ancestral gravesites and ''Beolcho'' is the activity to remove weeds around the grave to clean their ancestor's site.<ref name="tourism">[https://archive.today/20130221010349/http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=613421]</ref>
 ===Food===
 ====''Songpyeon''====
-One of the major foods prepared and eaten during the ''Chuseok holiday'' is ''[[songpyeon]]'' ([[Hangul]]: 송편; 松餠), a Korean traditional rice cake<ref name=KTO/> which contains stuffing made with ingredients such as sesame seeds, black beans, mung beans, [[Cinnamomum cassia|cinnamon]], pine nut, walnut, chestnut, jujube, and honey.
+One of the major foods prepared and eaten during the ''Chuseok holiday'' is ''[[songpyeon]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=송편|hanja=松餠|labels=no}}), a Korean traditional rice cake<ref name=KTO/> made with ingredients such as sesame seeds, black beans, mung beans, [[Cinnamomum cassia|cinnamon]], pine nut, walnut, chestnut, jujube, and honey.
-When making ''songpyeon'', steaming them over a layer of pine-needles is critical. The word ''song'' in ''songpyeon'' means a pine tree in Korean. The pine needles not only contribute to ''songpyeon's'' aromatic fragrance, but also its beauty and taste.<ref name="tourism">[https://archive.today/20130221010349/http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=613421]</ref><ref name="Chosun">{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/09/22/2010092200094.html|title=No Chuseok Without Songpyeon|website=English.chosun.com|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
+When making ''songpyeon'', steaming them over a layer of pine-needles is critical. The word ''song'' in ''songpyeon'' means a pine tree in Korean. The pine needles not only contribute to ''songpyeon's'' aromatic fragrance, but also its beauty and taste.<ref name="tourism">{{Cite web |url=http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=613421 |title = Chuseok – Full Moon Harvest Holi… |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130221010349/http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=613421 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Chosun">{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/09/22/2010092200094.html|title=No Chuseok Without Songpyeon|website=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
-''Songpyeon'' is also significant because of the meaning contained in its shape. ''Songpyeon's'' rice skin itself resembles the shape of a full moon, but once it wraps the stuffing, its shape resembles the half-moon. Since the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms]] era in Korean history, a Korean legend stated that these two shapes ruled the destinies of the two greatest rival kingdoms, [[Baekje]] and [[Silla]]. During the era of King [[Uija of Baekje]], an encrypted phrase, "Baekje is full-moon and Silla is half-moon" was found on a turtle's back and it predicted the fall of the Baekje and the rise of the Silla. The prophecy came true when Silla defeated Baekje. Ever since Koreans have believed a half-moon shape is an indicator of a bright future or victory.<ref name="Chosun" /> Therefore, during ''Chuseok'', families gather together and eat half-moon-shaped ''Songpyeon'' under the full moon, wishing for a brighter future.<ref name="tourism" />
+''Songpyeon'' is also significant because of the meaning contained in its shape. However, some ''songpyeon'' are shaped like a ball. ''Songpyeon's'' rice skin itself resembles the shape of a full moon, but once it wraps the stuffing, its shape resembles the half-moon. Since the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms]] era in Korean history, a Korean legend stated that these two shapes ruled the destinies of the two greatest rival kingdoms, [[Baekje]] and [[Silla]]. During the era of King [[Uija of Baekje]], an encrypted phrase, "Baekje is full-moon and Silla is half-moon" was found on a turtle's back and it predicted the fall of the Baekje and the rise of the Silla. The prophecy came true when Silla defeated Baekje. Ever since Koreans have believed a half-moon shape is an indicator of a bright future or victory.<ref name="Chosun" /> Therefore, during Chuseok, families gather together and eat half-moon-shaped ''Songpyeon'' under the full moon, wishing for a brighter future.<ref name="tourismb">{{Cite web |title=Chuseok – Full Moon Harvest Holi… |url=http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=613421 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130221010349/http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=613421 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There's a belief that if a single woman makes a pretty ''songpyeon'', she will find a great husband, and if a pregnant woman makes a pretty ''songpyeon'', she will have a pretty daughter.<ref name="What are the types of TTEOK 떡 (Rice Cakes) and their meanings?">{{cite web|url= https://hyphe-nated.com/what-are-the-types-of-tteok-%eb%96%a1-rice-cakes-and-their-meanings-when-do-koreans-eat-them-how-are-they-made/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210909014119/https://hyphe-nated.com/what-are-the-types-of-tteok-%EB%96%A1-rice-cakes-and-their-meanings-when-do-koreans-eat-them-how-are-they-made/|url-status= usurped|archive-date= September 9, 2021|title= What are the types of TTEOK 떡 (Rice Cakes) and their meanings?|publisher= Hyphe-Nated| access-date= 9 September 2021}}</ref>
 ====''Hangwa''====
-Another popular Korean traditional food that people eat during ''Chuseok'' is ''[[hangwa]]''. It is an artistic food decorated with natural colors and textured with patterns. ''Hang'' is made with rice flour, honey, fruit, and roots. People use edible natural ingredients to express various colors, flavours, and tastes.  Because of its decoration and nutrition, Koreans eat ''hang'' not only during ''Chuseok'', but also for special events, for instance, weddings, birthday parties, and marriages.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120118154456/http://www.koreabrand.net/en/know/know_view.do?CATE_CD=0005&SEQ=2426]</ref>
+Another popular Korean traditional food that people eat during Chuseok is ''[[hangwa]]''. It is a general term to categorize sweet foods made with ''[[tteok]]'', meaning rice cake. It is an artistic food decorated with natural colors and textured with patterns. ''Hangwa,'' also known as ''Hang,'' is made with rice flour, honey, fruit, and roots. People use edible natural ingredients to express various colors, flavours, and tastes.  Because of its decoration and nutrition, Koreans eat ''hang'' not only during Chuseok, but also for special events, for instance, weddings, birthday parties, and marriages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koreabrand.net/en/know/know_view.do?CATE_CD=0005&SEQ=2426 |title=Hangwa –Korean Traditional Confectionaries Good for the Body and the Soul - INSIDE Koreabrand.net |website=www.koreabrand.net |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118154456/http://www.koreabrand.net/en/know/know_view.do?CATE_CD=0005&SEQ=2426 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-The most famous types of ''hangwa'' are ''[[yakgwa]], [[yugwa]]'', and ''[[dasik]]''.  ''Yakgwa'' is a medicinal cookie which is made of fried rice flour dough ball, and ''yugwa'' is a fried cookie that also refers to a flower. ''Dasik'' is a tea cake that people enjoy with tea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Korea Tour Guide|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/FO/FO_EN_Recipes.jsp?gotoPage=&cid=&cat1=21710&cat2=21735|website=English.visitKorea.or.kr|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>
+The most famous types of ''hangwa'' are ''[[yakgwa]], [[yugwa]]'', and ''[[dasik]]''.  ''Yakgwa'' is a sweet honey cookie which is made of fried rice flour dough ball and ''yugwa'' is a fried cookie consisting of glutinous rice mixed with honey water, and ''[[Cheongju (beverage)|cheongju]]'' (rice wine). ''Dasik'' is a tea cake that people enjoy with tea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Korea Tour Guide|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/FO/FO_EN_Recipes.jsp?gotoPage=&cid=&cat1=21710&cat2=21735|website=[[VisitKorea.or.kr]]|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204071744/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/FO/FO_EN_Recipes.jsp?gotoPage=&cid=&cat1=21710&cat2=21735|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-====''Baekseju''====
+====''Baekju''====
-A major element of Chuseok is [[Alcoholic drink|alcoholic drinks]]. Liquor drunk on Chuseok is called [[baekju]] (백세주, 白酒, literally "white liquor") and nicknamed sindoju (신도주, 新稻酒, literally "new rice liquor") as it is made of freshly harvested rice.
+A major element of Chuseok is [[alcoholic drink]]s. Liquor drunk on Chuseok is called baekju (백주, 白酒, literally "white wine") and nicknamed sindoju (신도주, 新稻酒, literally "new rice liquor") as it is made of freshly harvested rice.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=1996 |script-title=ko:추석 (秋夕) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0057862 |access-date=2021-08-18 |lang=ko |trans-title=Chuseok |author=임동권 (Im Dong-kwon)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kfoodstory.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=2379 |title=Let's Share the Happiness of Harvest on Chuseok |website=AgraFood |date=August 29, 2011 |access-date=2016-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220072203/http://www.kfoodstory.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=2379 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Kooksoondang, a maker of Korean traditional liquors, restored "Yihwaju", rice wine from the [[Goryeo|Goryeo era]] (918–1392), and "Songjeolju" that has been widely enjoyed by Joseon (1392–1910) aristocrats. Its "Jamyang Baekseju" package comprises a variety of liquors ― Jayang Baekseju, Jang Baekseju, Baekokju ― that are claimed to enhance men's stamina.
+Kooksoondang, a maker of Korean traditional liquors, restored "Yihwaju", rice wine from the [[Goryeo|Goryeo era]] (918–1392), and "Songjeolju" that has been widely enjoyed by Joseon (1392–1910) aristocrats. Its "Jamyang Baekseju" package comprises a variety of liquors ― Jayang Baekseju, Jang Baekseju, Baekokju ― that are claimed to enhance men's stamina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130906000739&mod=skb |work=[[The Korea Herald]] |title=Chuseok, sharing the spirit of gratitude |date=September 6, 2013 |access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
-Adults say that if you drink the alcoholic beverage which the ancestors have drunk; there will be nothing you'll be scared of.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130906000739&mod=skb|title=Korea Herald|website=Koreaherald.com|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kfoodstory.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=2379 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220072203/http://www.kfoodstory.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=2379 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+Adults say that if you drink the alcoholic beverage which the ancestors have drunk; there will be nothing you'll be scared of.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
 ====Others====
-Other foods commonly prepared are ''[[japchae]]'', ''[[bulgogi]]'', an assortment of [[Jeon (food)|Korean pancakes]] and fruits.
+Other foods commonly prepared are ''[[japchae]]'', ''[[bulgogi]]'', an assortment of [[Jeon (food)|Korean pancakes]] also known as ''jeon'', ''[[Saengseon-hoe|saengseon]]'' (fish), and fruits.
 ===Gifts===
-====History of ''Chuseok'' gifts====
+====History of Chuseok gifts====
+[[File:Chuseok, Seoul, Korea September, 2013 (9800285474).jpg|thumb|Chuseok Gifts]]
-The Korean people started sharing daily necessities, such as sugar, soap or condiments, as Chuseok gifts in the 1960s. The gifts have changed since the Korean economy has developed. In the 1970s, Korean people had more options for Chuseok gifts; examples include cooking oil, toothpaste, instant coffee sets, cosmetics, television and rice cookers. People chose gift sets of fruit, meat and cosmetics in the 1980s. In the 1990s, people used gift vouchers for Chuseok. In the 21st century, more sophisticated gifts, such as sets of olive oil, natural vinegar and electronic devices have become the most popular option for Chuseok gifts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arirang.com/|title=한국을 대표하는 글로벌 방송! The World On Arirang!|website=Arirang.com|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
+The Korean people started sharing daily necessities, such as sugar, soap or condiments, as Chuseok gifts in the 1960s. The gifts have changed since the Korean economy has developed. In the 1970s, Korean people had more options for Chuseok gifts; examples include cooking oil, toothpaste, instant coffee sets, cosmetics, television and rice cookers. People chose gift sets of fruit, meat and cosmetics in the 1980s. In the 1990s, people used gift vouchers for Chuseok. In the 21st century, more sophisticated gifts, such as sets of sweet desserts, spam, fruits, health supplements, and skincare have become the most popular options for Chuseok gifts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arirang.com/|script-title=ko:한국을 대표하는 글로벌 방송! The World On Arirang!|website=[[Arirang TV]]|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
-====Types of ''Chuseok'' gifts and prices====
+====Types of Chuseok gifts and prices====
-Some extravagant gifts can be purchased: one kilogram of wild pine mushrooms, which are expensive because they cannot be artificially grown, (560,000 won) US$480.27 and red ginseng products (1.98 million won)  US$1698.11. However, the most exorbitantly priced gift is six bottles of wine at Lotte Department Store for a staggering (33 million won) US$28,301.89.<ref>[https://m.search.naver.com/search.naver?query=dollar&where=m&sm=mtp_hty] {{dead link|date=December 2018}}</ref>
+Some extravagant gifts can be purchased: one kilogram of wild pine mushrooms, which are expensive because they cannot be artificially grown, (560,000 won) US$480.27 and red ginseng products (1.98 million won)  US$1698.11. However, the most exorbitantly priced gift is six bottles of wine at Lotte Department Store for a staggering (33 million won) US$28,301.89.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.search.naver.com/search.naver?query=dollar&where=m&sm=mtp_hty |title=Dollar : 네이버 통합검색 |access-date=2016-12-09 |archive-date=2021-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820104405/https://m.search.naver.com/search.naver?query=dollar&where=m&sm=mtp_hty |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-Chuseok gift sets are big business in Korea, and prices are typically inflated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://10mag.com/10-ridiculously-priced-korean-chuseok-gift-sets/|title=10 Ridiculously Priced Korean Chuseok Gift Sets - 10 Magazine Korea|date=23 September 2015|website=10mag.com}}</ref>
+Chuseok gift sets are big business in Korea and prices are typically inflated around the holiday.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://10mag.com/10-ridiculously-priced-korean-chuseok-gift-sets/|title=10 Ridiculously Priced Korean Chuseok Gift Sets|date=23 September 2015|website=[[10 Magazine (South Korean magazine)|10 Magazine]]}}</ref>
 ===Folk games===
+[[File:Yut Nori.jpg|thumb|''[[Yut|Yut Nori]]'']]
-A variety of folk games are played on ''Chuseok'' to celebrate the coming of autumn and rich harvest. Village folk dress themselves to resemble a cow or turtle and go from house to house along with a ''[[nongak]]'' band playing music. Other common folk games played on ''Chuseok'' are [[archery]], ''[[ssireum]],''(Korean wrestling) [[tug-of-war]], and ''[[juldarigi]]''; folk games vary by region.
+A variety of folk games are played on Chuseok to celebrate the coming of autumn and rich harvest. ''Sonori'' is a folk performance where Village folk dress themselves to resemble a cow or turtle and go from house to house along with a ''[[nongak]]'' band playing ''[[pungmul]]'' music. Other common folk games played on Chuseok are [[talchum]] (mask dance), board game called ''[[Yut|Yut Nori]]'', (also known as ''Yunnori, Nyout'', and ''Yout''), [[archery]], ''[[ssireum]],''(Korean wrestling), and ''[[juldarigi]]'';<ref>{{cite web |title=Chuseok Games |date=13 March 2022 |url=https://chuseok.org/chuseok-games/ |publisher=Chuseok.org}}</ref> folk games vary by region.
 ====''Ssireum''====
-''[[Ssireum]] ''([[Hangul]]: 씨름) is the most popular Korean sport played during ''Chuseok'', and contests are usually held during this holiday. Scholars have found evidence for ''ssireum's'' dating back to the [[Goguryeo]] dynasty, ''Ssireum'' is assumed to have 5000 years of history. Two players wrestle each other while holding onto their opponent's ''satba'', a red and blue band. A player loses when his upper body touches the ground, and the winner becomes ''Cheonha Jangsa'', ''Baekdu Jangsa'', or ''Halla Jangsa'', meaning "the most powerful". The winner gets a bull and {{cvt|1|kg}} of rice as the prize.<ref>[http://english.whatsonkorea.com/view_reports.ph?rid=559&code=M&scode=M-08&ss_code=&pst=L What's on Korea. (2001, July 28)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523045948/http://english.whatsonkorea.com/view_reports.ph?rid=559&code=M&scode=M-08&ss_code=&pst=L |date=2006-05-23}}</ref> Due to its popularity among both the young and the old, ''ssireum'' contests are held more frequently, not limited to important holidays.
+''[[Ssireum]] ''({{Korean|hangul=씨름|labels=no}}) is the most popular Korean sport played during Chuseok and contests are usually held during this holiday. Scholars have found evidence for ''ssireums'' dating back to the [[Goguryeo]] dynasty, ''Ssireum'' is assumed to have 5000 years of history. Two players wrestle each other while holding onto their opponent's ''satba'', a red and blue band. A player loses when his upper body touches the ground, and the winner becomes ''Cheonha Jangsa'', ''Baekdu Jangsa'', or ''Halla Jangsa'', meaning "the most powerful". The winner gets a bull and {{cvt|1|kg}} of rice as the prize.<ref>[http://english.whatsonkorea.com/view_reports.ph?rid=559&code=M&scode=M-08&ss_code=&pst=L What's on Korea. (2001, July 28)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523045948/http://english.whatsonkorea.com/view_reports.ph?rid=559&code=M&scode=M-08&ss_code=&pst=L |date=2006-05-23}}</ref> Due to its popularity among both the young and the old, ''ssireum'' contests are held more frequently, not limited to important holidays.
 ====''Taekkyon''====
-[[Taekkyeon|'' Taekkyon'']] ([[Hangul]]: 태껸 or 택견)  is one of the oldest traditional martial arts of Korea. Taekkyon was very popular during the Joseon period where it was practised alongside [[Ssireum]] during festivities, including Chuseok. Though originally a [[Hand-to-hand combat|hand-to-hand fighting method]], plebs used a more tamed version alike to a kicking game. The practitioner uses the momentum of his opponent to knock him down through kicks, swipes and pushes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Sports/view?articleId=121528|title=the importance of Taekkyon in Korean traditional culture}}</ref> Tournaments between players from different villages were carried out, starting with the children ("Aegi Taekkyon") before finishing with the adults.
+[[Taekkyeon|'' Taekkyon'']] ({{Korean|hangul=태껸 |labels=no}}or 택견)  is one of the oldest traditional martial arts of Korea. Taekkyon was very popular during the Joseon period (1392–1897) where it was practised alongside [[Ssireum]] during festivities, including Chuseok. Though originally a [[Hand-to-hand combat|hand-to-hand fighting method]], plebs used a more tamed version alike to a kicking game. The practitioner uses the momentum of his opponent to knock him down through kicks, swipes and pushes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Sports/view?articleId=121528|title=the importance of Taekkyon in Korean traditional culture}}</ref> Tournaments between players from different villages were carried out, starting with the children ("Aegi Taekkyon") before finishing with the adults.
-Taekkyon almost disappeared during the [[Japanese occupation of Korea|Japanese occupation (1910-1945)]] but is now considered a [[Intangible Cultural Property (South Korea)|cultural heritage of Korea]] (1983) and a [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|UNESCO intangible cultural item]] (2011).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/taekkyeon-a-traditional-korean-martial-art-00452|title=Taekkyon entry on UNESCO's world heritage list}}</ref>
+Taekkyon almost disappeared during the [[Japanese occupation of Korea|Japanese occupation (1910–1945)]] but is now considered a [[Intangible Cultural Property (South Korea)|cultural heritage of Korea]] (1983) and a [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|UNESCO intangible cultural item]] (2011).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/taekkyeon-a-traditional-korean-martial-art-00452|title=Taekkyon entry on UNESCO's world heritage list}}</ref>
 ====''Ganggangsullae''====
-The ''[[Ganggangsullae]] ([[Hangul]]: [[강강술래]])'' dance is a traditional folk dance performed under the full moon in the night of ''Chuseok''.<ref>[http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/news/reports_view.php?idx=1073 Seoul City. (2004, September 2)] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130419065159/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/news/reports_view.php?idx=1073 |date=2013-04-19 }}</ref> Women wear Korean traditional dress, [[hanbok]], make a big circle by holding hands, and sing a song while going around a circle. Its name, ''Ganggangsullae'', came from the refrain repeated after each verse, and contains no actual meaning.
+The ''[[Ganggangsullae]] ({{Korean|hangul=강강술래|labels=no}})'' dance is a traditional folk dance performed under the full moon in the night of Chuseok.<ref>[http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/news/reports_view.php?idx=1073 Seoul City. (2004, September 2)] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130419065159/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/news/reports_view.php?idx=1073 |date=2013-04-19 }}</ref> Women wear Korean traditional dress, [[hanbok]], make a big circle by holding hands, and sing a song while going around a circle. Its name, ''Ganggangsullae'', came from the refrain repeated after each verse, and contains no actual meaning.
-{{clarify span|The dance originated in the southern coastal area during the [[Joseon]] dynasty. To watch a video clip of the ''Ganggangsullae'' dance, click [http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/RL/00188/ here].|date=September 2014}}
+{{clarify span|The dance originated in the southern coastal area of Korea. To watch a video clip of the ''Ganggangsullae'' dance, click [http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/RL/00188/ here].|date=September 2014}}
-For other folk games, they also play [[Neolttwigi]] (also known as the [[Korean plank]]), a traditional game played on a wooden board.<ref>{{cite web|title=Festivals, events to delight on Chuseok holidays|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=88719|website=Korea.net|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>
+For other folk games, they also play [[Neolttwigi]] (also known as the [[Korean plank]]), a traditional game played on a wooden board.<ref>{{cite web|title=Festivals, events to delight on Chuseok holidays|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=88719|website=[[Korea.net]]|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>
 ====''Juldarigi''====
-[[Juldarigi]] ([[Hangul]]: 줄다리기), or tug-of-war, was enjoyed by an entire village population. Two groups of people are divided into two teams representing the female and male forces of the natural world. The game is considered an agricultural rite to augur the results of the year's farming. If the team representing the female concept won, it was thought the harvest that year would be rich.
+[[Juldarigi]] ({{Korean|hangul=줄다리기|labels=no}}), or tug-of-war, was enjoyed by an entire village population. Two groups of people are divided into two teams representing the female and male forces of the natural world. The game is considered an agricultural rite to predict the results of the year's farming. If the team representing the female concept won, it was thought the harvest that year would be rich.
+====Chicken Fight (''Dak SSa Umm'')====
-''So-nori'' is a comedic performance in which people used a straw mat to disguise themselves as a cow and call from door to door for all to get together and share food.
+Korean people used to watch [[Cockfighting|chicken fights]] ({{Korean|hangul=닭싸움|labels=no}}), and learned how chickens fought; a game inspired by such was invented.
-====Chicken Fight (''Dak Sa Um'')====
-Korean people used to watch [[Chicken fight|chicken fights]] ([[Hangul]]: 닭싸움), and learned how chickens fought; a game inspired by such was invented.
 To play the game, people are separated into two balanced groups. One must bend his or her leg up and hold it bent with the knee poking out. The players must then attack each other with their bent knees, having to eliminate them by making their feet touch the ground; the last player holding up his or her knee wins.
-The game is about strength, speed, and balance; to stay alive, one must display the capability of fighting back.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180731040742/https://site-closed.wikispaces.com/]</ref>
+The game is about strength, speed, and balance; to stay alive, one must display the capability of fighting back.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://site-closed.wikispaces.com/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180731040742/https://site-closed.wikispaces.com/|archive-date = 2018-07-31|title = Wikispaces}}</ref>
 ====''Hwatu''====
-[[Hwatu]] ([[Hangul]]: 화투, also known as ''[[Go-Stop]]'' or ''Godori'') is composed of 48 cards including 12 kinds. The rules of the game and the term ''water'' originated from [[Tujeon]].
+[[Hwatu]] ({{Korean|hangul=화투|labels=no}}, also known as ''[[Go-Stop]]'' or ''Godori'') is composed of 48 cards including 12 kinds. The rules of the game and the term ''water'' originated from [[Tujeon]].
 It was formerly similar to [[Hanafuda]], but was changed due to similarities with the latter. It went through a course that made it reduced by four base colors and thinner than before, spreading throughout to turn out goods on a mass-produced basis.{{clarify|date=September 2020|reason=Does this mean the cards were simplified so that they could be mass-produced?}}
-==''Chuseok'' in North Korea==
+==In North Korea==
-Since ''Chuseok'' has been a traditional holiday since long before the division of Korea, people in North Korea also celebrate ''Chuseok''. However, the ideology that divided Korea also caused some differences between ''Chuseok'' of North Korea and that of South Korea.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/chuseok-festival-two-faces-311692|title=Chuseok— A Festival With Two Faces|date=10 September 2011|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> In fact, North Korea did not celebrate ''Chuseok'' and other traditional holidays until the mid-1980s.
+Since Chuseok is a traditional holiday that has been celebrated long before the [[division of Korea]], people in North Korea also celebrate Chuseok. However, the ideology that divided Korea also caused some differences between the way that the holiday is celebrated in North Korea from the way it is celebrated in South Korea.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/chuseok-festival-two-faces-311692|title=Chuseok— A Festival With Two Faces|date=10 September 2011|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> In fact, North Korea did not celebrate Chuseok and other traditional holidays until the mid-1980s.
-While South Koreans enjoy the holiday is a typical way of enjoying holidays with family members, most North Koreans do not have any family gatherings during ''Chuseok''. Some, especially those in working classes, try to visit their ancestors' gravesites during ''Chuseok''. However, social and economic issues in North Korea have been preventing visits.<ref name="dailynk.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=4075&#93; |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107010642/http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01500 |archive-date=2018-01-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, the extremely poor infrastructure of North Korea, especially in terms of public transportation, makes it almost impossible for people to visit grave sites and their families.<ref name="I'm, J. J. 2010, September 23">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/welcome-to-chuseok-north-korean-st/|title=Welcome to Chuseok, North Korean Style|first=Im Jeong|last=Jin|date=23 September 2010|website=Dailynk.com}}</ref> In contrast to the poorly situated lower class North Koreans, middle and elite classes enjoy the holiday as they want, easily traveling wherever they want to go.<ref name="I'm, J. J. 2010, September 23"/>
+While South Koreans celebrate Chuseok by visiting and spending time with family members, most North Koreans do not have any family gatherings for the holiday. Some, especially those in working classes, try to visit their ancestors' gravesites during Chuseok. However, social and economic issues in North Korea have been preventing visits.<ref name="dailynk.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=4075&#93; |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107010642/http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01500 |archive-date=2018-01-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, the extremely poor infrastructure of North Korea, especially in terms of public transportation, makes it almost impossible for people to visit grave sites and their families.<ref name="I'm, J. J. 2010, September 23">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/welcome-to-chuseok-north-korean-st/|title=Welcome to Chuseok, North Korean Style|first=Im Jeong|last=Jin|date=23 September 2010|website=[[Daily NK]]}}</ref> In contrast to the poor [[Songbun]] lower class North Koreans, middle and elite classes enjoy the holiday as they want, easily traveling wherever they want to go.<ref name="I'm, J. J. 2010, September 23"/>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 138: / Line 142: @@
 *[[List of festivals in South Korea]]
 *[[Public holidays in South Korea]]
-*[[List of Korea-related topics]]
 *[[List of Korean traditional festivals]]
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
 ==Sources==
@@ Line 146: / Line 152: @@
   | isbn = 978-0-8028-2853-8 }}
 *{{Cite book   | contribution = Social Life  | title = Korean Heritage Overview  | editor-last = Korea University Institute of Korean Culture  | volume = 1
-  | publisher = Korea University  | year = 1982  }}(in Korean)
+  | publisher=[[Korea University]]  | year = 1982  }}(in Korean)
 *Aviles, K. (2011, September 10). Chuseok : A Festival With Two Faces. International Business Times. Retrieved December 4, 2012<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/chuseok-festival-two-faces-311692|title=Chuseok— A Festival With Two Faces|date=10 September 2011|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
-*Im, J. J. (2010, September 23). Daily NK - Welcome to Chuseok, North Korean Style. DailyNK. Retrieved December 4, 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/welcome-to-chuseok-north-korean-st/|title=Welcome to Chuseok, North Korean Style|first=Im Jeong|last=Jin|date=23 September 2010|website=Dailynk.com|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
+*Im, J. J. (2010, September 23). Daily NK - Welcome to Chuseok, North Korean Style. DailyNK. Retrieved December 4, 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/welcome-to-chuseok-north-korean-st/|title=Welcome to Chuseok, North Korean Style|first=Im Jeong|last=Jin|date=23 September 2010|website=[[Daily NK]]|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
-*Kim, K.-C. (2008). Ganggangsullae. UNESCO Multimedia Archives. Retrieved December 4, 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/?s=films_details&id_id=359|title=Ganggangsullae|first=Kim|last=Kwang-shik-CHA|access-date=27 December 2018|website=Unesco.org}}</ref>
+*Kim, K.-C. (2008). Ganggangsullae. UNESCO Multimedia Archives. Retrieved December 4, 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/?s=films_details&id_id=359|title=Ganggangsullae|first=Kim|last=Kwang-shik-CHA|access-date=27 December 2018|website=Unesco.org|date=16 June 2010 }}</ref>
 *Korea.net. (2012, February 5). Chuseok, Korean Thanksgiving Day (English) - YouTube. YouTube. Retrieved December 4, 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4e9N9IAGKYU|title=Chuseok, Korean Thanksgiving Day (English)|access-date=27 December 2018|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
 *Moon, S. H. (2008, September 16). Daily NK - New Chuseok Trends in North Korea. DailyNK. Retrieved December 4, 2012
-*Official Korea Tourism. (2008, August 26). Official Site of Korea Tourism Org.: Chuseok: Full Moon Harvest Holiday, Korean Version of Thanksgiving Day. VisitKorea. Retrieved December 4, 2012
+*Official Korea Tourism. (2008, August 26). Chuseok: Full Moon Harvest Holiday, Korean Version of Thanksgiving Day. VisitKorea. Retrieved December 4, 2012
-*The National Folklore Museum of Korea. (n.d.). Ancestral Memorial Rites - Charye | The National Folklore Museum of Korea. The National Folklore Museum of Korea. Retrieved December 5, 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfm.go.kr/Data/cuThar.jsp|title=메세지 페이지|website=Nfm.go.kr|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
+*The National Folklore Museum of Korea. (n.d.). Ancestral Memorial Rites - Charye | The National Folklore Museum of Korea. The National Folklore Museum of Korea. Retrieved December 5, 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfm.go.kr/Data/cuThar.jsp|script-title=ko:메세지 페이지|website=[[National Folk Museum of Korea]]|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
 *TurtlePress (Martial Arts Video). (2009, May 1). SSireum Korean Wrestling History - YouTube. YouTube. Retrieved December 4, 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xCLYBiwpPw|title=SSireum Korean Wrestling History|access-date=27 December 2018|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
-*Yoo, K. H. (2009, October 5). Chuseok, North Korean Style. DailyNK. Retrieved December 4, 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/chuseok-north-korean-style/|title=Chuseok, North Korean Style|first=Yoo Gwan|last=Hee|date=5 October 2009|website=Dailynk.com|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
+*Yoo, K. H. (2009, October 5). Chuseok, North Korean Style. DailyNK. Retrieved December 4, 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/chuseok-north-korean-style/|title=Chuseok, North Korean Style|first=Yoo Gwan|last=Hee|date=5 October 2009|website=[[Daily NK]]|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref>
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
 ==External links==
-*{{Commonscat-inline}}
+*{{Commons category-inline}}
-*{{youtube|4e9N9IAGKYU|Chuseok, Korean Thanksgiving Day}}
+*{{youTube|4e9N9IAGKYU|Chuseok, Korean Thanksgiving Day}}
+*{{youTube|qb35CT4T5ek|Chuseok, North Korean Thanksgiving Day}}
 {{Festivals in South Korea}}
 {{Public holidays in North Korea}}
+{{Authority control}}
-[[Category: Public holidays in Korea]]
+[[Category:Public holidays in Korea]]
-[[Category: Harvest festivals]]
+[[Category:Harvest festivals]]
-[[Category: Festivals in Korea]]
+[[Category:Festivals in Korea]]
-[[Category: Religious festivals in South Korea]]
+[[Category:Religious festivals in South Korea]]
 [[Category:Lunar observation]]
-[[Category: Food and drink festivals in South Korea]]
+[[Category:Food and drink festivals in South Korea]]
-[[Category: Observances set by the Korean calendar]]
+[[Category:Observances set by the Korean calendar]]
-[[Category: September observances]]
+[[Category:September observances]]
-[[Category: October observances]]
+[[Category:October observances]]
-[[Category: Festivals in North Korea]]
+[[Category:Festivals in North Korea]]
-[[Category: Autumn events in North Korea]]
+[[Category:Autumn events in North Korea]]
-[[Category: Autumn events in South Korea]]
+[[Category:Autumn events in South Korea]]
-[[Category: Observances held on the full moon]]
+[[Category:Observances held on the full moon]]
+[[Category:Autumn equinox]]

v t e Festivals in South Korea
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See also	Asian festivals
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