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{{Short description|Pakistani politician (1938–2016)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =Meraj Muhammad Khan Afridi
| name =Meraj Muhammad Khan
| office =
| office =
| order = First General Secretary [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]]<ref name=TNI/>
| order = First General Secretary [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]]<ref name=TNI/>
Line 43: Line 44:
| term_start1 =1977
| term_start1 =1977
| term_end1 =Unknown
| term_end1 =Unknown
| term_start2 =20 December 1971
| term_start2 =December 20, 1971
| term_end2 = 13 August 1973
| term_end2 =August 13, 1973
| order3 =Vice-President of the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]
| order3 =Vice-President of the [[Pakistan People's Party]]
| office3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number-->
| office3 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number-->
| term_start3 =30 November 1967
| term_start3 =November 30, 1967
| term_end3 =22 October 1974
| term_end3 =October 22, 1974
| predecessor3 = Office Established
| predecessor3 = Office Established
| successor3 =Dr. [[Mubashir Hassan]]
| successor3 =Dr. [[Mubashir Hassan]]
Line 64: Line 65:
}}
}}


'''Meraj Muhammad Khan Afridi''' ({{lang-ur|معراج محمد خان}}; 20 October 1938 – 21 July 2016),<ref>{{cite news |title=PPP founding member dies |url=https://nation.com.pk/23-Jul-2016/ppp-founding-member-dies |work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)]] newspaper |date=23 July 2016 |accessdate=28 July 2019 }}</ref> was a Pakistani [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialist]] politician and philosopher. He was noted as one of the key philosophers and founding personality of the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) and as a major contributor to the initial Left of Centre/Social Democratic so-called Basic Programme of the [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI). He was also founder of Qaumi Mahaz-i-Azadi which he founded after leaving PPP in 1977.
'''Meraj Muhammad Khan''' ({{langx|ur|معراج محمد خان}}; October 20, 1938 – July 21, 2016),<ref>{{cite news |title=PPP founding member dies |url=https://nation.com.pk/23-Jul-2016/ppp-founding-member-dies |work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)]] newspaper |date=23 July 2016 |accessdate=28 July 2019 }}</ref> was a well-known Pakistani [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialist]] politician. He was noted as one of the key intellectuals and founding personalities of the [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP) and as a major contributor to the initial left of center/social democratic so-called Basic Programme of the [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI). He was also the founder of Qaumi Mahaz-i-Azadi which he founded after leaving the PPP in 1977.


In addition, he was a well-known and influential socialist figure in the country, and known for his political struggle and advocacy against [[anti-capitalist convergence]] and the support of the [[social democracy]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=edited by Mike O'Donnell, Bryn|title=Resurgence of the Sixties: Radicalism Revisited|year=2010|publisher=Anthem|location=London|isbn=978-1-84331-895-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3LGy0yWmEVMC&q=meraj+muhammad+khan+PPP&pg=PA77}}</ref>
In addition, he was a well-known and influential socialist figure in the country, and known for his political struggle and advocacy against [[anti-capitalist convergence]] and the support of the [[social democracy]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=edited by Mike O'Donnell, Bryn|title=Resurgence of the Sixties: Radicalism Revisited|year=2010|publisher=Anthem|location=London|isbn=978-1-84331-895-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3LGy0yWmEVMC&q=meraj+muhammad+khan+PPP&pg=PA77}}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
Meraj Muhammad Khan was born on 20 October 1938 in [[Farrukhabad]], Uttar Pradesh, [[British Indian Empire]] to an educated family of Zakha Khel [[Afridi]] tribe of [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] origin.<ref name="Frontier Post">{{cite news|last=Naimat Khan|title='His Excellency' Meraj Muhammad Khan|url=http://www.thefrontierpost.com/article/23564/|accessdate=3 November 2013|newspaper=Frontier Post|date=30 June 2013<!-- 09:55:36-->}}</ref><ref name=TNI/> He was the youngest of four sons and his father, Hakeem Molvi Taj Muhammad Khan, was a [[Homoeopathy|homoeopath]] who practised the methods of [[Unani|Greek medicine]] in [[Quetta]], [[Balochistan Province|Balochistan]].<ref name="Frontier Post"/> His elder brother was the famous Pakistani journalist [[Minhaj Barna]].<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/598673/icon-of-struggle-barna-is-dead Icon of struggle Barna is dead] Dawn (newspaper), Published 14 January 2011, Retrieved 28 July 2019</ref>
Khan was born on October 20, 1938, in [[Farrukhabad]], Uttar Pradesh, [[British Indian Empire]] to an educated family of Zakha Khel [[Afridi]] tribe of [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] origin.<ref name="Frontier Post">{{cite news|last=Naimat Khan|title='His Excellency' Meraj Muhammad Khan|url=http://www.thefrontierpost.com/article/23564/|accessdate=3 November 2013|newspaper=Frontier Post|date=30 June 2013<!-- 09:55:36-->}}</ref><ref name=TNI/> He was the youngest of four sons and his father, Hakeem Molvi Taj Muhammad Khan, was a [[Homoeopathy|homoeopath]] who practised the methods of [[Unani|Greek medicine]] in [[Quetta]], [[Balochistan Province|Balochistan]].<ref name="Frontier Post"/> His elder brother was the Pakistani journalist [[Minhaj Barna]].<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/598673/icon-of-struggle-barna-is-dead Icon of struggle Barna is dead] Dawn (newspaper), Published January 14, 2011, Retrieved 28 July 2019</ref>


After graduating from a local high school in Quetta in 1956, Khan moved to [[Karachi]] where he attended [[DJ Science College]] and later pursued his higher education at [[Karachi University]] in 1957.<ref name="Frontier Post"/> He earned a BA degree in philosophy and [[humanities]] in 1960, and an MA degree in philosophy in 1962.<ref name="Frontier Post"/>
After graduating from a local high school in Quetta in 1956, Khan moved to [[Karachi]] where he attended [[DJ Science College]] and later pursued his higher education at [[Karachi University]] in 1957.<ref name="Frontier Post"/> He earned a BA degree in philosophy and [[humanities]] in 1960, and a master's degree in philosophy in 1962.<ref name="Frontier Post"/>


===Communism and PPP activism===
===Communism and PPP activism===
Meraj Muhammad Khan came to public prominence in the 1960s while studying at [[Karachi University]]. During this time, there was a debating competition in which students from all the colleges of Karachi were participating.<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan">{{cite news|last=Khan|first=Lal|title=Pakistan's Other Story: 6. Witness to Revolution – Veterans of the 1968–69 upheaval|url=http://www.marxist.com/pakistans-other-story-6.htm|accessdate=28 July 2019|newspaper=Marxist News, Pakistan|date=22 May 2009 }}</ref> At this competition, some activists of the [[Communist Party of Pakistan|Communist Party]] were sitting in the audience, who asked him to join the Communist Party after he won that debating competition.<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/>
Meraj Muhammad Khan came to public prominence in the 1960s while studying at [[Karachi University]]. During this time, there was a debating competition in which students from all the colleges in Karachi were participating.<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan">{{cite news|last=Khan|first=Lal|title=Pakistan's Other Story: 6. Witness to Revolution – Veterans of the 1968–69 upheaval|url=http://www.marxist.com/pakistans-other-story-6.htm|accessdate=28 July 2019|newspaper=Marxist News, Pakistan|date=22 May 2009 }}</ref> At this competition, some activists of the [[Communist Party of Pakistan|Communist Party]] were sitting in the audience, who asked him to join the Communist Party after he won that debating competition.<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/>


He became an active member of the [[National Students Federation]] (NSF), eventually becoming NSF's president in 1963. Khan turned the NSF into a militant student political organisation that campaigned for the rights of students.<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/> In 1967, he quit the NSF after secretly learning of a socialist convention being held in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/>
He became an active member of the [[National Students Federation]] (NSF), eventually becoming NSF's president in 1963. Khan turned the NSF into a militant student political organization that campaigned for the rights of students.<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/> In 1967, he quit the NSF after secretly learning of a socialist convention being held in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQudvPsaGpo | title=Meraj Mohammad Khan | website=[[YouTube]] | date=5 November 2022 }}</ref>


He was among those who founded the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) and fully endorsed [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] for the PPP's chairmanship.<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/> Through the PPP, he went into mainstream politics and successfully contested the [[1970 Pakistani general elections|1970 general elections]] on a PPP platform from a [[Karachi]] constituency called [[Lalukhait]].<ref name=TNI/><ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/>
He was among those who founded the [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP) and fully endorsed [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] for the PPP's chairmanship.<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/> Through the PPP, he went into mainstream politics and successfully contested the [[1970 Pakistani general elections|1970 general elections]] on a PPP platform from a [[Karachi]] constituency called [[Lalukhait]].<ref name=TNI/><ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/>


===Labour ministry (1971–1973)===
===Labour ministry (1971–1973)===
In December 1971, Khan was appointed [[Ministry of Labour (Pakistan)|Minister for Manpower]] and directed the [[Ministry of Labour (Pakistan)|Ministry of Labour]] (MoL) in Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]'s government.<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/> In 1972, his tenure saw a [[Karachi labour unrest of 1972|major labour strike]] in Karachi; though it was peacefully resolved by Meraj's intervention.<ref name="Routledge"/> It was later reported in [[Pakistani newspapers|newspapers]] and television that the labour strike was actually a competition between two PPP ministers, Meraj and [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Law Minister]] [[Abdul Hafiz Pirzada]] for the control of the labour.<ref name="Routledge"/>
In December 1971, Khan was appointed [[Ministry of Labour (Pakistan)|Minister for Manpower]] and directed the [[Ministry of Labour (Pakistan)|Ministry of Labour]] (MoL) in Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]'s government.<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/> In 1972, his tenure saw a [[Karachi labour unrest of 1972|major labour strike]] in Karachi; though it was peacefully resolved by Meraj's intervention.<ref name="Routledge"/> It was later reported in [[Pakistani newspapers|newspapers]] and television that the labour strike was actually a competition between two PPP ministers, Meraj and [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Law Minister]] [[Abdul Hafiz Pirzada]] for the control of the labour.<ref name="Routledge"/>


Meraj's radical leftist group was in direct competition against Law Minister Pirzada's [[Chinese Communist Party|Pro-Peking]] group. However, Meraj denied all accusations on the television.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Naveeda|title=Beyond Crisis: Re-evaluating Pakistan|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon [u.k]|isbn=978-1136517587|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lydM6gRQH6EC&q=meraj+muhammad+khan+East+Pakistan&pg=PT321}}</ref>
Meraj's radical leftist group was in direct competition against Law Minister Pirzada's [[Chinese Communist Party|Pro-Peking]] group. However, Meraj denied all accusations on TV.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Naveeda|title=Beyond Crisis: Re-evaluating Pakistan|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon [u.k]|isbn=978-1136517587|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lydM6gRQH6EC&q=meraj+muhammad+khan+East+Pakistan&pg=PT321}}</ref>


In 1973, Meraj fell out with the Bhutto government when Bhutto started to compromise on his so-called [[Socialism in Pakistan|Socialist agenda]] and the regime resorted to repressive measures.<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/> As time passed, his differences with Prime Minister Bhutto grew and he left the PPP to reorganise the [[National Students Federation|NSF]]. However, Meraj fell into political isolation, never to regain his political credibility and popularity.<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/>
In 1973, Meraj fell out with the Bhutto government when Bhutto started to compromise on his so-called [[socialism in Pakistan|Socialist agenda]] and the regime resorted to repressive measures.<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/> As time passed, his differences with Prime Minister Bhutto grew and he left the PPP to reorganize the [[National Students Federation|NSF]]. However, Meraj fell into political isolation, never to regain his political credibility and popularity.<ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/>


Commenting on PPP, Meraj later revealed that "the radical (leftist) rhetoric was more than a mask designed to win and retain power."<ref name=Scribner>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Tariq|title=The Duel: Pakistan on the Flight Path of American Power|year=2008|publisher=Scribner|location=New York [u.s.]|isbn=978-1471105883|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SELWCgBjYSwC&q=meraj+mohamed+khan&pg=RA1-PA1950}}</ref> He once said: "[[Ali Bhutto]] was a great man&nbsp;... but he could be cruel."<ref name="Sixth hour">{{cite web|last=Allam|first=Zalan|title=Understanding Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto|url=http://sixhour.com/understanding%20zulfiqar%20ali%20bhutto.htm|publisher=sixhour.com website|accessdate=28 July 2019|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908032638/http://sixhour.com/understanding%20zulfiqar%20ali%20bhutto.htm|archivedate=8 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Commenting on the PPP, Meraj later revealed that "the radical (leftist) rhetoric was more than a mask designed to win and retain power."<ref name=Scribner>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Tariq|title=The Duel: Pakistan on the Flight Path of American Power|year=2008|publisher=Scribner|location=New York [u.s.]|isbn=978-1471105883|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SELWCgBjYSwC&q=meraj+mohamed+khan&pg=RA1-PA1950}}</ref> He once said: "[[Ali Bhutto]] was a great man&nbsp;... but he could be cruel."<ref name="Sixth hour">{{cite web|last=Allam|first=Zalan|title=Understanding Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto|url=http://sixhour.com/understanding%20zulfiqar%20ali%20bhutto.htm|publisher=sixhour.com website|accessdate=28 July 2019|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908032638/http://sixhour.com/understanding%20zulfiqar%20ali%20bhutto.htm|archivedate=8 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>


===Political activism (1980s-until his death)===
===Political activism (1980s-until his death)===
Line 96: Line 97:


==Death==
==Death==
Meraj Muhammad Khan died at a local hospital in Karachi on 21 July 2016 at age 77. He had been hospitalized for a serious respiratory and lung problem for some time.<ref name=TNI>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/136653-Senior-politician-Meraj-Muhammad-Khan-passes-away|title=Senior politician Meraj Muhammad Khan passes away|newspaper=The News International (newspaper)|accessdate=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/>
Khan died at a local hospital in Karachi on July 21, 2016, at the age of 77. He had been hospitalized for a serious respiratory and lung problem for some time.<ref name=TNI>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/136653-Senior-politician-Meraj-Muhammad-Khan-passes-away|title=Senior politician Meraj Muhammad Khan passes away|newspaper=The News International (newspaper)|accessdate=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Marxist News, Pakistan"/>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Farrukhabad]]
[[Category:People from Farrukhabad]]
[[Category:People from Quetta]]
[[Category:Politicians from Quetta]]
[[Category:University of Karachi alumni]]
[[Category:University of Karachi alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karachi]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karachi]]
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[[Category:D. J. Sindh Government Science College alumni]]
[[Category:D. J. Sindh Government Science College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Pakistan Peoples Party politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistan People's Party politicians]]
[[Category:Federal ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Federal ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Government of Benazir Bhutto staffers and personnel]]
[[Category:Government of Benazir Bhutto staffers and personnel]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf politicians]]

Latest revision as of 05:36, 19 November 2024

Meraj Muhammad Khan
First General Secretary Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf[1]
In office
1998–2003
Founder and Chairman Qaumi Mahaz-i-Azadi (Party)[2]
In office
1977–Unknown
Minister of Labour and Manpower
In office
December 20, 1971 – August 13, 1973
Preceded byAir Marshal Nur Khan
Succeeded byAbdul Qayyum Khan
Vice-President of the Pakistan People's Party
In office
November 30, 1967 – October 22, 1974
Preceded byOffice Established
Succeeded byDr. Mubashir Hassan
Founding Member of the Pakistan Peoples Party
In office
30 November 1967 – 1977
President of National Students Federation
In office
4 July 1963 – 30 November 1967
Preceded byJohar Hassan
Succeeded byRasheed Hassan Khan
Personal details
Born(1938-10-20)20 October 1938
Farrukhabad, Uttar Pradesh, British Raj
Died21 July 2016(2016-07-21) (aged 77)
Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
CitizenshipPakistan
NationalityPakistani
Political partyPakistan Peoples Party
Other political
affiliations		Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
Alma materKarachi University
DJ Science College
OccupationPolitician
ProfessionPhilosopher
CabinetGovernment of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
AwardsHabib Jalib Award

Meraj Muhammad Khan (Urdu: معراج محمد خان; October 20, 1938 – July 21, 2016),[3] was a well-known Pakistani socialist politician. He was noted as one of the key intellectuals and founding personalities of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and as a major contributor to the initial left of center/social democratic so-called Basic Programme of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). He was also the founder of Qaumi Mahaz-i-Azadi which he founded after leaving the PPP in 1977.

In addition, he was a well-known and influential socialist figure in the country, and known for his political struggle and advocacy against anti-capitalist convergence and the support of the social democracy.[4]

Early life

[edit]

Khan was born on October 20, 1938, in Farrukhabad, Uttar Pradesh, British Indian Empire to an educated family of Zakha Khel Afridi tribe of Pashtun origin.[5][1] He was the youngest of four sons and his father, Hakeem Molvi Taj Muhammad Khan, was a homoeopath who practised the methods of Greek medicine in Quetta, Balochistan.[5] His elder brother was the Pakistani journalist Minhaj Barna.[6]

After graduating from a local high school in Quetta in 1956, Khan moved to Karachi where he attended DJ Science College and later pursued his higher education at Karachi University in 1957.[5] He earned a BA degree in philosophy and humanities in 1960, and a master's degree in philosophy in 1962.[5]

Communism and PPP activism

[edit]

Meraj Muhammad Khan came to public prominence in the 1960s while studying at Karachi University. During this time, there was a debating competition in which students from all the colleges in Karachi were participating.[7] At this competition, some activists of the Communist Party were sitting in the audience, who asked him to join the Communist Party after he won that debating competition.[7]

He became an active member of the National Students Federation (NSF), eventually becoming NSF's president in 1963. Khan turned the NSF into a militant student political organization that campaigned for the rights of students.[7] In 1967, he quit the NSF after secretly learning of a socialist convention being held in Lahore, Punjab.[7] [8]

He was among those who founded the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and fully endorsed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto for the PPP's chairmanship.[7] Through the PPP, he went into mainstream politics and successfully contested the 1970 general elections on a PPP platform from a Karachi constituency called Lalukhait.[1][7]

Labour ministry (1971–1973)

[edit]

In December 1971, Khan was appointed Minister for Manpower and directed the Ministry of Labour (MoL) in Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's government.[7] In 1972, his tenure saw a major labour strike in Karachi; though it was peacefully resolved by Meraj's intervention.[9] It was later reported in newspapers and television that the labour strike was actually a competition between two PPP ministers, Meraj and Law Minister Abdul Hafiz Pirzada for the control of the labour.[9]

Meraj's radical leftist group was in direct competition against Law Minister Pirzada's Pro-Peking group. However, Meraj denied all accusations on TV.[9]

In 1973, Meraj fell out with the Bhutto government when Bhutto started to compromise on his so-called Socialist agenda and the regime resorted to repressive measures.[7] As time passed, his differences with Prime Minister Bhutto grew and he left the PPP to reorganize the NSF. However, Meraj fell into political isolation, never to regain his political credibility and popularity.[7]

Commenting on the PPP, Meraj later revealed that "the radical (leftist) rhetoric was more than a mask designed to win and retain power."[10] He once said: "Ali Bhutto was a great man ... but he could be cruel."[11]

Political activism (1980s-until his death)

[edit]

After leaving the PPP, he became a prominent democratic activist and leftist leader of the Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD) opposing the military government of President General Zia-ul-Haq.[12]

Awami Insaf and the birth of PTI Basic Programme

[edit]

In 1998, he joined the center-left/centrist Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) headed by Imran Khan, but resigned from the party in 2003, citing differences with Khan.[12][1] He then joined the Mazdoor Kisan Party, which later merged with the Communist Party of Pakistan to form the Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party.[12]

Death

[edit]

Khan died at a local hospital in Karachi on July 21, 2016, at the age of 77. He had been hospitalized for a serious respiratory and lung problem for some time.[1][7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "Senior politician Meraj Muhammad Khan passes away". The News International (newspaper). Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  2. ^ "The left in Pakistan: a brief history – Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal". links.org.au. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  3. ^ "PPP founding member dies". The Nation (Pakistan) newspaper. 23 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  4. ^ Jones, edited by Mike O'Donnell, Bryn (2010). Resurgence of the Sixties: Radicalism Revisited. London: Anthem. ISBN 978-1-84331-895-8. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b c d Naimat Khan (30 June 2013). "'His Excellency' Meraj Muhammad Khan". Frontier Post. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  6. ^ Icon of struggle Barna is dead Dawn (newspaper), Published January 14, 2011, Retrieved 28 July 2019
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Khan, Lal (22 May 2009). "Pakistan's Other Story: 6. Witness to Revolution – Veterans of the 1968–69 upheaval". Marxist News, Pakistan. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  8. ^ "Meraj Mohammad Khan". YouTube. 5 November 2022.
  9. ^ a b c Khan, Naveeda (2012). Beyond Crisis: Re-evaluating Pakistan. Abingdon [u.k]: Routledge. ISBN 978-1136517587.
  10. ^ Ali, Tariq (2008). The Duel: Pakistan on the Flight Path of American Power. New York [u.s.]: Scribner. ISBN 978-1471105883.
  11. ^ Allam, Zalan. "Understanding Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto". sixhour.com website. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  12. ^ a b c Pakistan Herald. "Profile of Meraj Muhammad Khan". Pakistan Herald (newspaper). Retrieved 28 July 2019.
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