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{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| image = wood-apple dec2007.jpg
| image = Wood-apple tree.JPG
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| image_caption = In [[Trincomalee]], Sri Lanka
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
⚫
| genus = Limonia (plant)
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
| parent_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
⚫
| species = acidissima
| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
| authority = L.
| familia = [[Rutaceae]]
| display_parents = 2
| subfamilia = [[Aurantioideae]]
| tribus = [[Citreae]]
⚫
| genus = '''''Limonia'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
⚫
| species = '''''L. acidissima'''''
| binomial = ''Limonia acidissima''
| binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
Genus:<ref name="POWO_30103708-2">{{cite web |title=''Limonia'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30103708-2 |access-date=2021-09-14 }}</ref>
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
{{Genus list
⚫
*''Schinus limonia'' <small>L.</small>
|Anisifolium|Rumph. ex Kuntze
*''Ferronia elephantum'' <small>Corrêa</small>
|Feronia|Corrêa
⚫
}}
|Hesperethusa|M.Roem.
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|Winterlia|Dennst.
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-50172365
⚫
}}
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
Species:<ref name="POWO_774113-1">{{cite web |title=''Limonia acidissima'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:774113-1 |access-date=2021-09-14 }}</ref>
|accessdate=1 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Arguments for ''Limonia acidissima'' L. (Rutaceae) and against Its Rejection as a ''nomen ambiguum'' |journal=Taxon |authors=B. C. Stone, D. H. Nicolson |date=November 1978 |jstor=1219924 |volume=27 |issue=5/6 |pages=551–552|doi=10.2307/1219924 }}</ref>
{{Species list
⚫
|Schinus limonia|L.
|Crateva balangas|K.D.Koenig
|Crateva vallanga|J.Koenig ex Wight & Arn.
|Anisifolium curvispina|(Miq.) Kuntze
|Anisifolium limonia|Kuntze
|Anisifolium spectabile|(Miq.) Kuntze
|Feronia balanghas|(K.D.Koenig) Steud.
|Feronia elephantum|Corrêa
|Feronia limonia|(L.) Swingle
|Hesperethusa acidissima|(L.) M.Roem.
|Hesperethusa ambigua|M.Roem.
|Limonia ambigua|DC.
|Limonia curvispina|Miq.
|Limonia dulcis|J.F.Gmel.
|Limonia elephantum|(Corrêa) Panigrahi
|Limonia engleriana|Perkins
|Limonia pinnatifolia|Houtt.
|Limonia spectabilis|Miq.
|Murraya odorata|Blanco
}}
}}
}}


'''''Limonia acidissima''''' is the only species within the [[monotypic]] [[genus]] '''''Limonia'''''. Common names for the species in [[English language|English]] include '''wood-apple''' and '''elephant-apple'''.<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | 22253 | ''Limonia acidissima'' | accessdate = 2016-04-03 }}</ref>
'''''Limonia acidissima''''' is the only species within the [[monotypic]] [[genus]] '''''Limonia'''''. Common names for the species in [[English language|English]] include '''wood-apple''' and '''elephant-apple'''.<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | 22253 | ''Limonia acidissima'' | accessdate = 2016-04-03 }}</ref> It is sometimes also called '''monkey fruit'''.


==Description==
==Description==
⚫
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2024}}
''Limonia acidissima'' is a large tree growing to {{convert|9|m|ft}} tall, with rough, spiny bark. The [[leaf|leaves]] are pinnate, with 5-7 leaflets, each leaflet 25–35&nbsp;mm long and 10–20&nbsp;mm broad, with a [[citrus]]-scent when crushed. The flowers are white and have five petals. The [[fruit]] is a [[berry (botany)|berry]] 5–9&nbsp;cm diameter, and may be sweet or sour. It has a very hard rind which can be difficult to crack open, it appears greenish-brown in colour from outside and contains sticky brown pulp and small white seeds. The fruit looks similar in appearance to the [[Aegle marmelos|Bael]] fruit ''(Aegle marmelos)''. It contains considerable amount of protein, carbohydrate, iron, fat, calcium, Vit-B & C etc. 100&nbsp;g of ripe fruit pulp contains up to 49 KCal.
''Limonia acidissima'' is a large tree growing to {{convert|9|m|ft}} tall, with rough, spiny bark. The [[leaf|leaves]] are pinnate, with 5-7 leaflets, each leaflet 25–35&nbsp;mm long and 10–20&nbsp;mm broad, with a [[citrus]]-scent when crushed. The flowers are white and have five petals. The large [[fruit]] is a [[berry (botany)|berry]] 5–9&nbsp;cm diameter, and may be sweet or sour. It has a very hard rind similar to a rock which can be cracked open, it appears greenish-brown in colour from outside and contains sticky brown pulp and small white seeds. The fruit looks similar in appearance to the [[Aegle marmelos|Bael]] fruit ''(Aegle marmelos)''. It contains considerable amount of protein, carbohydrate, iron, fat, calcium, Vit-B & C etc. 100&nbsp;g of ripe fruit pulp contains up to 49 KCal.
{|
|- valign="top"
|[[Image:Wood-apple tree.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Wood-apple tree in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka]]
⚫
|[[File:Woodapple juice 14.jpg|thumb|240px|A glass of woodapple juice]]

⚫
|[[File:Limonia acidissima of Salem.jpg|full woodapple]]

|}


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
A number of other species formerly included in the genus are now treated in the related genera ''[[Atalantia]]'', ''[[Citropsis]]'', ''[[Citrus]]'', ''[[Glycosmis]]'', ''[[Luvunga]]'', ''[[Murraya]]'', ''[[Microcitrus]]'', ''[[Micromelum]]'', ''[[Naringi]]'', ''[[Pamburus]]'', ''[[Pleiospermium]]'', ''[[Severinia (plant)|Severinia]]'', ''[[Skimmia]]'', ''[[Swinglea]]'', and ''[[Triphasia]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=John H. Wiersema |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6846 |title=Species in GRIN for genus |publisher=Ars-grin.gov |date=2005-02-22 |accessdate=2011-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001102153408/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6846 |archive-date=2000-11-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
A number of other species formerly included in the genus are now treated in the related genera ''[[Atalantia]]'', ''[[Citropsis]]'', ''[[Citrus]]'', ''[[Glycosmis]]'', ''[[Luvunga]]'', ''[[Murraya]]'', ''[[Micromelum]]'', ''[[Naringi]]'', ''[[Pamburus]]'', ''[[Pleiospermium]]'', ''[[Severinia (plant)|Severinia]]'', ''[[Skimmia]]'', ''[[Swinglea]]'', and ''[[Triphasia]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=John H. Wiersema |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6846 |title=Species in GRIN for genus |publisher=Ars-grin.gov |date=2005-02-22 |accessdate=2011-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001102153408/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6846 |archive-date=2000-11-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Line 45: Line 53:


==Uses==
==Uses==
⚫
The fruit is used to make a fruit juice with [[astringent]] properties and jams. Ripe fruit can be used as pickle (mashed with green chili pepper, sugar and salt only).<ref>{{cite web|author=Jaya Surya Kumari Manthena and K. Mythili |url=https://www.academia.edu/11934371 |title=Development of wood apple pickle |publisher=Int. J. Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2014 |date=2004 |accessdate=2019-06-09}}</ref>
⚫
{{refimprove section|date=June 2019}}

⚫
The fruit is used to make a fruit juice with [[astringent]] properties and jams. Ripe fruit can be used as pickle (mashed with green chilly, sugar and salt only).<ref>{{cite web|author=Jaya Surya Kumari Manthena and K. Mythili |url=https://www.academia.edu/11934371 |title=Development of wood apple pickle |publisher=Int. J. Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2014 |date=2004 |accessdate=2019-06-09}}</ref> Another species of this fruits are considered auspicious to be offered to [[Shiva]] and [[Ganesha]] in pujas. A majority of Hindu temples will have a sacred tree within its compound and is known as the [[Sthala Vriksha]].
In some parts of India, mainly Gujarat, the fruit pulp is used to make chutney which is then used as a main condiment in and on top of meals, especially in winter.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In Myanmar, the wood is used to make the distinctive local face cream [[thanaka]].<ref name=kollner>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y42DMkS3ZXUC&pg=PA18|last1=Köllner|first1=Helmut|last2=Bruns|first2=Axel |title=Myanmar (Burma)|year=1998|publisher=Hunter Publishing |isbn=9783886184156|pages=18|accessdate=2021-05-08}}</ref>


== Nutrition ==
== Nutrition ==
Line 60: Line 71:
| mineral=1.9 g
| mineral=1.9 g
| iron_mg=6
| iron_mg=6
| phosphorous_mg=110
| phosphorus_mg=110
| manganese_mg=18
| manganese_mg=18
| magnecium_mg=41
| magnesium_mg=41
| chromium_mg=21
| chromium_mg=21
| calcium_mg=130
| calcium_mg=130
| zinc_mg=10
| zinc_mg=10
| vitC_mg=3
| vitC_mg=3
| carotene_mg=61
| betacarotene_ug=61
| thiamin_mg=0.04
| thiamin_mg=0.04
| riboflavin_mg=17
| riboflavin_mg=17
Line 75: Line 86:
values are for edible portion
values are for edible portion
}}
}}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights=140>
⚫
File:Limonia acidissima of Salem.jpg|Woodapple fruit
File:wood-apple dec2007.jpg|Opened woodapple fruit
⚫
File:Woodapple juice 14.jpg|A glass of woodapple juice
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
Line 80: Line 98:


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Limonia acidissima}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Limonia acidissima}}
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/wood-apple.html Purdue-hort_edu: The Wood Apple]
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/wood-apple.html Purdue-hort_edu: The Wood Apple]
*[http://iu.ff.cuni.cz/pandanus/database/details.php?id=712&enc=utf&sort=ka&display=20&lat=&skt=&pkt=&hin=&ben=&tam=&mal=&eng=on&start=340 Pandanus Database - ''Limonia'']
*[http://iu.ff.cuni.cz/pandanus/database/details.php?id=712&enc=utf&sort=ka&display=20&lat=&skt=&pkt=&hin=&ben=&tam=&mal=&eng=on&start=340 Pandanus Database - ''Limonia'']


{{Taxonbar|from=Q935616}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q935616|from2=Q15943539}}


[[Category:Aurantioideae]]
[[Category:Aurantioideae]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Citrus]]
[[Category:Citrus]]
[[Category:Flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Flora of the Andaman Islands]]
[[Category:Flora of the Andaman Islands]]
⚫
[[Category:Trees of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Plants used in Ayurveda]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]
[[Category:Trees in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Trees in Buddhism]]
⚫
[[Category:Plants in Hinduism]]

Latest revision as of 01:56, 22 December 2024

Limonia acidissima
In Trincomalee, Sri Lanka
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Subfamily: Aurantioideae
Genus: Limonia
L.
Species:
L. acidissima
Binomial name
Limonia acidissima
L.
Synonyms

Genus:[1]

  • Anisifolium Rumph. ex Kuntze
  • Feronia Corrêa
  • Hesperethusa M.Roem.
  • Winterlia Dennst.

Species:[2]

  • Schinus limonia L.
  • Crateva balangas K.D.Koenig
  • Crateva vallanga J.Koenig ex Wight & Arn.
  • Anisifolium curvispina (Miq.) Kuntze
  • Anisifolium limonia Kuntze
  • Anisifolium spectabile (Miq.) Kuntze
  • Feronia balanghas (K.D.Koenig) Steud.
  • Feronia elephantum Corrêa
  • Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle
  • Hesperethusa acidissima (L.) M.Roem.
  • Hesperethusa ambigua M.Roem.
  • Limonia ambigua DC.
  • Limonia curvispina Miq.
  • Limonia dulcis J.F.Gmel.
  • Limonia elephantum (Corrêa) Panigrahi
  • Limonia engleriana Perkins
  • Limonia pinnatifolia Houtt.
  • Limonia spectabilis Miq.
  • Murraya odorata Blanco

Limonia acidissima is the only species within the monotypic genus Limonia. Common names for the species in English include wood-apple and elephant-apple.[3] It is sometimes also called monkey fruit.

Description

[edit]

Limonia acidissima is a large tree growing to 9 metres (30 ft) tall, with rough, spiny bark. The leaves are pinnate, with 5-7 leaflets, each leaflet 25–35 mm long and 10–20 mm broad, with a citrus-scent when crushed. The flowers are white and have five petals. The large fruit is a berry 5–9 cm diameter, and may be sweet or sour. It has a very hard rind similar to a rock which can be cracked open, it appears greenish-brown in colour from outside and contains sticky brown pulp and small white seeds. The fruit looks similar in appearance to the Bael fruit (Aegle marmelos). It contains considerable amount of protein, carbohydrate, iron, fat, calcium, Vit-B & C etc. 100 g of ripe fruit pulp contains up to 49 KCal.

Taxonomy

[edit]

A number of other species formerly included in the genus are now treated in the related genera Atalantia, Citropsis, Citrus, Glycosmis, Luvunga, Murraya, Micromelum, Naringi, Pamburus, Pleiospermium, Severinia, Skimmia, Swinglea, and Triphasia.[4]

Distribution

[edit]

Limonia acidissima is native to India (including the Andaman Islands), Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.[5][6] The species has also been introduced to Indochina and Malesia.[6][5]

Uses

[edit]

The fruit is used to make a fruit juice with astringent properties and jams. Ripe fruit can be used as pickle (mashed with green chili pepper, sugar and salt only).[7]

In some parts of India, mainly Gujarat, the fruit pulp is used to make chutney which is then used as a main condiment in and on top of meals, especially in winter.[citation needed]

In Myanmar, the wood is used to make the distinctive local face cream thanaka.[8]

Nutrition

[edit]
Woodapple, raw (Daily Value)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy518.816 kJ (124.000 kcal)
18.1 g
Sugars0 g
Dietary fiber5 g
3.7 g
7.1 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
1%
61 μg
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.04 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
1308%
17 mg
Niacin (B3)
50%
8 mg
Vitamin C
3%
3 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
10%
130 mg
Iron
33%
6 mg
Magnesium
10%
41 mg
Manganese
783%
18 mg
Phosphorus
9%
110 mg
Zinc
91%
10 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water64.2 g
in Fruit Wood Apple values are for edible portion
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[9] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[10]
Source: 1
[edit]
  • Woodapple fruit
    Woodapple fruit
  • Opened woodapple fruit
    Opened woodapple fruit
  • A glass of woodapple juice
    A glass of woodapple juice

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Limonia L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  2. ^ "Limonia acidissima L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  3. ^ "Limonia acidissima". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  4. ^ John H. Wiersema (2005-02-22). "Species in GRIN for genus". Ars-grin.gov. Archived from the original on 2000-11-02. Retrieved 2011-04-19.
  5. ^ a b "Limonia acidissima L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2018-03-25.
  6. ^ a b Smith, Albert C. (1985). Flora Vitiensis nova : a new Flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only). Vol. 3. Lawaii, Hawaii: Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. pp. 526–527. Retrieved 2018-03-25 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library, digitized by Smithsonian Libraries.
  7. ^ Jaya Surya Kumari Manthena and K. Mythili (2004). "Development of wood apple pickle". Int. J. Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2014. Retrieved 2019-06-09.
  8. ^ Köllner, Helmut; Bruns, Axel (1998). Myanmar (Burma). Hunter Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 9783886184156. Retrieved 2021-05-08.
  9. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  10. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
[edit]
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