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A Mars rock, viewed by the nuclear-powered Mars rover *Curiosity* in 2012

Since its establishment in 1958, NASA has conducted research on a range of topics. Because of its unique structure, work happens at various field centers and different research areas are concentrated in those centers.^[1] Depending on the technology, hardware and expertise needed, research may be conducted across a range of centers.^[2]

Aeronautics

The Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) is one of five mission directorates within NASA, the other four being the Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate, the Space Operations Mission Directorate, the Science Mission Directorate, and the Space Technology Mission Directorate.^[3] The ARMD is responsible for NASA's aeronautical research, which benefits the commercial, military, and general aviation sectors. The current NASA associate administrator heading ARMD is Robert A. Pearce who has held the position since 2019.^[4]

ARMD is involved in the creation of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen).^[5]

A 2014 audit by the NASA Office of Inspector General reported that ARMD "solicits input from industry, academia, and other Federal agencies regarding research needs and...uses this information to develop its research plans", and concluded that the directorate supported "advancement of the nation's civil aeronautics research and technology objectives consistent with the National Plan" established in 2006.^[6]

ARMD performs its aeronautics research at four NASA facilities: Ames Research Center and Armstrong Flight Research Center in California, Glenn Research Center in Ohio, and Langley Research Center in Virginia.^[5]

Medicine in space

A variety of large-scale medical studies are being conducted in space by the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Study, in which astronauts (including former ISS Commanders Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. Usually there is no physician on board the International Space Station, and diagnosis of medical conditions is challenging. Astronauts are susceptible to a variety of health risks including decompression sickness, barotrauma, immunodeficiencies, loss of bone and muscle, orthostatic intolerance due to volume loss, sleep disturbances, and radiation injury. Ultrasound offers a unique opportunity to monitor these conditions in space. This study's techniques are now being applied to cover professional and Olympic sports injuries as well as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in populations such as medical and high school students. It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations, where access to a trained physician is often rare.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Salt evaporation and energy management

In one of the nation's largest restoration projects, NASA technology helps state and federal government reclaim 15,100 acres (61 km²) of salt evaporation ponds in South San Francisco Bay. Satellite sensors are used by scientists to study the effect of salt evaporation on local ecology.^[10]

NASA has started Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation Program as an agency-wide program directed to prevent pollution and reduce energy and water utilization. It helps to ensure that NASA meets its federal stewardship responsibilities for the environment.^[11]

Earth science

Main page: NASA Earth Science

Understanding of natural and human-induced changes on the global environment (such as global warming) is the main objective of NASA's Earth science. NASA currently has more than a dozen Earth science spacecraft/instruments in orbit studying all aspects of the Earth system (oceans, land, atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere), with several more planned for launch in the next few years.^[12] The earth science research program was created and funded in the 1980s under the administrations of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush.^[13]^[14]

NASA is working in cooperation with National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The goal is to produce worldwide solar resource maps with great local detail.^[15] NASA was also one of the main participants in the evaluation innovative technologies for the cleanup of the sources for dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). On April 6, 1999, the agency signed The Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) along with the United States Environmental Protection Agency, DOE, and USAF authorizing all the above organizations to conduct necessary tests at the John F. Kennedy Space center. The main purpose was to evaluate two innovative in-situ remediation technologies, thermal removal and oxidation destruction of DNAPLs.^[16] National Space Agency made a partnership with Military Services and Defense Contract Management Agency named the "Joint Group on Pollution Prevention". The group is working on reduction or elimination of hazardous materials or processes.^[17]

On May 8, 2003, Environmental Protection Agency recognized NASA as the first federal agency to directly use landfill gas to produce energy at one of its facilities—the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.^[18]

Ozone depletion

In 1975, NASA was directed by legislation to research and monitor the upper atmosphere. This led to Upper Atmosphere Research Program and later the Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites in the 1990s to monitor ozone depletion.^[19] The first comprehensive worldwide measurements were obtained in 1978 with the Nimbus 7 satellite and NASA scientists at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies.^[20]

Climate study

Within the Earth science program, NASA researches and publishes on climate issues.^[21] Its statements concur with the interpretation that the global climate is heating.^[22] Bob Walker, who has advised president-elect Donald Trump on space issues, has advocated that NASA shut down its climate study operations.^[23] The Washington Post reported that NASA scientists copied data on climate change held on U.S. government computers, out of a fear that a Trump administration would end access to data on climate change.^[24]

References

^ "3". www.hq.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
^ "NASA Strategic Management Handbook". www.hq.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-05-10. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
^ Foust, Jeff (September 22, 2021). "NASA splits human spaceflight directorate into two organizations". Space News. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
^ "NASA Administrator Names Robert Pearce Head of Agency Aeronautics". NASA. December 10, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2022 – via prnewswire.
^ ^a ^b "About Us". Nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ NASA Office of Inspector General (January 30, 2014). "NASA OIG: The Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate's Management Strategy for Conducting Aeronautics Research". Spaceref.com. Retrieved 23 June 2016.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "NASA—Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity (ADUM)". NASA. July 31, 2010. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
^ Rao, S; Van Holsbeeck, L; Musial, JL; Parker, A; Bouffard, JA; Bridge, P; Jackson, M; Dulchavsky, SA (2008). "A pilot study of comprehensive ultrasound education at the Wayne State University School of Medicine: a pioneer year review". Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 27 (5): 745–9. doi:10.7863/jum.2008.27.5.745. PMID 18424650. S2CID 30566494.
^ Fincke, E. M.; Padalka, G.; Lee, D.; Van Holsbeeck, M.; Sargsyan, A. E.; Hamilton, D. R.; Martin, D.; Melton, S. L.; McFarlin, K.; Dulchavsky, S. A. (2005). "Evaluation of Shoulder Integrity in Space: First Report of Musculoskeletal US on the International Space Station". Radiology. 234 (2): 319–22. doi:10.1148/radiol.2342041680. PMID 15533948.
^ "NASA Helps Reclaim 15,100 Acres Of San Francisco Bay Salt Ponds". Space Daily. 2003. Archived from the original on 2011-05-23. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
^ Tina Norwood (2007). "Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation". NASA. Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
^ "Taking a global perspective on Earth's climate". Global Climate Change: NASA's Eyes on the Earth. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011.
^ Eric Berger, "Houston Chronicle," April 29, 2015 "A history primer: NASA's robust Earth Science program now under attack originated in the Reagan and Bush administrations," http://blog.chron.com/sciguy/2015/04/a-history-primer-nasas-robust-earth-science-program-now-under-attack-originated-in-the-reagan-and-bush-administrations/
^ Berger, Eric (2015-10-29). "Republicans outraged over NASA earth science programs... that Reagan began". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2023-07-12.
^ D. Renné; S. Wilcox; B. Marion; R. George; et al. (2003). "Progress on Updating the 1961–1990 National Solar Radiation Database" (PDF). NREL. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
^ EPA (1999). "EPA, DOE, NASA AND USAF Evaluate Innovative Technologies". EPA. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ Benjamin S. Griffin; Gregory S. Martin; Keith W. Lippert; J. D. MacCarthy; et al. (2007). "Joint Group on Pollution Prevention" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
^ Michael K. Ewert (2006). "Johnson Space Center's Role in a Sustainable Future" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ W. Henry Lambright (May 2005). "NASA and the Environment: The Case of Ozone Depletion" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
^ Dr. Richard McPeters (2008). "Ozone Hole Monitoring". NASA. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
^ NASA's climate page. climate.nasa.gov/
^ Hille, Karl (2016-07-19). "2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records". NASA. Retrieved 2023-07-12.
^ "Trump adviser proposes dismantling NASA climate research". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2023-07-12.
^ "Scientists are frantically copying U.S. climate data, fearing it might vanish under Trump". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2023-07-12.

[1] "3". www.hq.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2018-07-26.

[2] "NASA Strategic Management Handbook". www.hq.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-05-10. Retrieved 2018-07-26.

[3] Foust, Jeff (September 22, 2021). "NASA splits human spaceflight directorate into two organizations". Space News. Retrieved September 11, 2022.

[4] "NASA Administrator Names Robert Pearce Head of Agency Aeronautics". NASA. December 10, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2022 – via prnewswire.

[Aeronautics_Research_Mission_Directorate_about_us-5] "About Us". Nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2016.

[6] NASA Office of Inspector General (January 30, 2014). "NASA OIG: The Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate's Management Strategy for Conducting Aeronautics Research". Spaceref.com. Retrieved 23 June 2016.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[7] "NASA—Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity (ADUM)". NASA. July 31, 2010. Archived from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2010.

[8] Rao, S; Van Holsbeeck, L; Musial, JL; Parker, A; Bouffard, JA; Bridge, P; Jackson, M; Dulchavsky, SA (2008). "A pilot study of comprehensive ultrasound education at the Wayne State University School of Medicine: a pioneer year review". Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 27 (5): 745–9. doi:10.7863/jum.2008.27.5.745. PMID 18424650. S2CID 30566494.

[9] Fincke, E. M.; Padalka, G.; Lee, D.; Van Holsbeeck, M.; Sargsyan, A. E.; Hamilton, D. R.; Martin, D.; Melton, S. L.; McFarlin, K.; Dulchavsky, S. A. (2005). "Evaluation of Shoulder Integrity in Space: First Report of Musculoskeletal US on the International Space Station". Radiology. 234 (2): 319–22. doi:10.1148/radiol.2342041680. PMID 15533948.

[10] "NASA Helps Reclaim 15,100 Acres Of San Francisco Bay Salt Ponds". Space Daily. 2003. Archived from the original on 2011-05-23. Retrieved May 1, 2008.

[11] Tina Norwood (2007). "Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation". NASA. Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2008.

[Climate_Change:_NASA's_Role-12] "Taking a global perspective on Earth's climate". Global Climate Change: NASA's Eyes on the Earth. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011.

[13] Eric Berger, "Houston Chronicle," April 29, 2015 "A history primer: NASA's robust Earth Science program now under attack originated in the Reagan and Bush administrations," http://blog.chron.com/sciguy/2015/04/a-history-primer-nasas-robust-earth-science-program-now-under-attack-originated-in-the-reagan-and-bush-administrations/

[14] Berger, Eric (2015-10-29). "Republicans outraged over NASA earth science programs... that Reagan began". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2023-07-12.

[15] D. Renné; S. Wilcox; B. Marion; R. George; et al. (2003). "Progress on Updating the 1961–1990 National Solar Radiation Database" (PDF). NREL. Retrieved May 1, 2008.

[16] EPA (1999). "EPA, DOE, NASA AND USAF Evaluate Innovative Technologies". EPA. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

[17] Benjamin S. Griffin; Gregory S. Martin; Keith W. Lippert; J. D. MacCarthy; et al. (2007). "Joint Group on Pollution Prevention" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2008.

[18] Michael K. Ewert (2006). "Johnson Space Center's Role in a Sustainable Future" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.

[19] W. Henry Lambright (May 2005). "NASA and the Environment: The Case of Ozone Depletion" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved June 28, 2012.

[20] Dr. Richard McPeters (2008). "Ozone Hole Monitoring". NASA. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2008.

[21] NASA's climate page. climate.nasa.gov/

[22] Hille, Karl (2016-07-19). "2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records". NASA. Retrieved 2023-07-12.

[23] "Trump adviser proposes dismantling NASA climate research". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2023-07-12.

[24] "Scientists are frantically copying U.S. climate data, fearing it might vanish under Trump". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2023-07-12.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|none}}
-{{lead too short|date=June 2016}}
 [[File:Moon-apollo17-schmitt boulder.jpg|thumb|[[Apollo 17]] astronaut [[Harrison Schmitt]] standing next to a boulder at Taurus-Littrow. ]]
-[[File:PIA16236-MarsCuriosityRover-EtThenRock-20121029.jpg|thumb|right|[[List of rocks on Mars|A Mars rock]], viewed by the nuclear-powered Mars rover ''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]'' in 2012]]
+[[File:PIA16236-MarsCuriosityRover-EtThenRock-20121029.jpg|thumb|upright|[[List of rocks on Mars|A Mars rock]], viewed by the nuclear-powered Mars rover ''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]'' in 2012]]
 [[File:PIA02879 - A New Year for Jupiter and Io.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Cassini-Huygens]]'' mission's view of Jupiter and [[Io (moon)|its moon Io]] on January 1, 2001]]
-Since its establishment in 1958, [[NASA]] has conducted research on a range of topics. Because of its unique structure, work happens at various [[NASA facilities|field centers]] and different research areas are concentrated in those centers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codez/plans/99nsp/9.html|title=3|website=www.hq.nasa.gov|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> Depending on the technology, hardware and expertise needed, research may be conducted across a range of centers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codez/strahand/roles.htm|title=NASA Strategic Management Handbook|website=www.hq.nasa.gov|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>
+Since its establishment in 1958, [[NASA]] has conducted research on a range of topics. Because of its unique structure, work happens at various [[NASA facilities|field centers]] and different research areas are concentrated in those centers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codez/plans/99nsp/9.html|title=3|website=www.hq.nasa.gov|access-date=2018-07-26|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127050749/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codez/plans/99nsp/9.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Depending on the technology, hardware and expertise needed, research may be conducted across a range of centers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codez/strahand/roles.htm|title=NASA Strategic Management Handbook|website=www.hq.nasa.gov|access-date=2018-07-26|archive-date=2021-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510235557/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codez/strahand/roles.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ==Aeronautics==
@@ Line 12: / Line 11: @@
 {{main|Space medicine}}
-A variety of large-scale medical studies are being conducted in space by the [[National Space Biomedical Research Institute]] (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the [[Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity]] Study, in which astronauts (including former ISS Commanders [[Leroy Chiao]] and [[Gennady Padalka]]) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. Usually there is no physician on board the International Space Station, and [[Medical treatment during spaceflight|diagnosis of medical conditions]] is challenging. Astronauts are susceptible to a variety of health risks including [[decompression sickness]], barotrauma, immunodeficiencies, loss of bone and muscle, orthostatic intolerance due to volume loss, [[Fatigue and sleep loss during spaceflight|sleep disturbances]], and radiation injury. [[Ultrasound]] offers a unique opportunity to monitor these conditions in space. This study's techniques are now being applied to cover professional and Olympic sports injuries as well as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in populations such as medical and high school students. It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations, where access to a trained physician is often rare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/ADUM.html |title=NASA—Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity (ADUM) |publisher=NASA |date=July 31, 2010 |access-date=August 13, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rao |first1=S |last2=Van Holsbeeck |first2=L|last3=Musial|first3=JL|last4=Parker|first4=A|last5=Bouffard|first5=JA|last6=Bridge|first6=P|last7=Jackson|first7=M|last8=Dulchavsky|first8=SA|title=A pilot study of comprehensive ultrasound education at the Wayne State University School of Medicine: a pioneer year review|journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine|volume=27|issue=5|pages=745–9|date=2008|pmid=18424650 |doi=10.7863/jum.2008.27.5.745|s2cid=30566494 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fincke|first1=E. M.|last2=Padalka|first2=G.|last3=Lee|first3=D.|last4=Van Holsbeeck|first4=M.|last5=Sargsyan|first5=A. E.|last6=Hamilton|first6=D. R.|last7=Martin|first7=D.|last8=Melton|first8=S. L.|last9=McFarlin|first9=K.|title=Evaluation of Shoulder Integrity in Space: First Report of Musculoskeletal US on the International Space Station |journal=Radiology |volume=234|pages=319–22|date=2005|doi=10.1148/radiol.2342041680|pmid=15533948|issue=2|last10=Dulchavsky|first10=S. A.}}</ref>
+A variety of large-scale medical studies are being conducted in space by the [[National Space Biomedical Research Institute]] (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the [[Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity]] Study, in which astronauts (including former ISS Commanders [[Leroy Chiao]] and [[Gennady Padalka]]) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. Usually there is no physician on board the International Space Station, and [[Medical treatment during spaceflight|diagnosis of medical conditions]] is challenging. Astronauts are susceptible to a variety of health risks including [[decompression sickness]], barotrauma, immunodeficiencies, loss of bone and muscle, orthostatic intolerance due to volume loss, [[Fatigue and sleep loss during spaceflight|sleep disturbances]], and radiation injury. [[Ultrasound]] offers a unique opportunity to monitor these conditions in space. This study's techniques are now being applied to cover professional and Olympic sports injuries as well as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in populations such as medical and high school students. It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations, where access to a trained physician is often rare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/ADUM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823011200/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/ADUM.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 23, 2007 |title=NASA—Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity (ADUM) |publisher=NASA |date=July 31, 2010 |access-date=August 13, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rao |first1=S |last2=Van Holsbeeck |first2=L|last3=Musial|first3=JL|last4=Parker|first4=A|last5=Bouffard|first5=JA|last6=Bridge|first6=P|last7=Jackson|first7=M|last8=Dulchavsky|first8=SA|title=A pilot study of comprehensive ultrasound education at the Wayne State University School of Medicine: a pioneer year review|journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine|volume=27|issue=5|pages=745–9|date=2008|pmid=18424650 |doi=10.7863/jum.2008.27.5.745|s2cid=30566494 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fincke|first1=E. M.|last2=Padalka|first2=G.|last3=Lee|first3=D.|last4=Van Holsbeeck|first4=M.|last5=Sargsyan|first5=A. E.|last6=Hamilton|first6=D. R.|last7=Martin|first7=D.|last8=Melton|first8=S. L.|last9=McFarlin|first9=K.|title=Evaluation of Shoulder Integrity in Space: First Report of Musculoskeletal US on the International Space Station |journal=Radiology |volume=234|pages=319–22|date=2005|doi=10.1148/radiol.2342041680|pmid=15533948|issue=2|last10=Dulchavsky|first10=S. A.}}</ref>
 ==Salt evaporation and energy management==
-In one of the nation's largest restoration projects, NASA technology helps state and federal government reclaim {{convert|15100|acre|km2}} of salt evaporation ponds in South San Francisco Bay. Satellite sensors are used by scientists to study the effect of salt evaporation on local ecology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacedaily.com/news/earth-03t.html|archive-url=https://archive.is/20110523133155/http://www.spacedaily.com/news/earth-03t.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-05-23|title=NASA Helps Reclaim 15,100&nbsp;Acres Of San Francisco Bay Salt Ponds|access-date=May 1, 2008|publisher=Space Daily|date=2003}}</ref>
+In one of the nation's largest restoration projects, NASA technology helps state and federal government reclaim {{convert|15100|acre|km2}} of salt evaporation ponds in South San Francisco Bay. Satellite sensors are used by scientists to study the effect of salt evaporation on local ecology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacedaily.com/news/earth-03t.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110523133155/http://www.spacedaily.com/news/earth-03t.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-05-23|title=NASA Helps Reclaim 15,100&nbsp;Acres Of San Francisco Bay Salt Ponds|access-date=May 1, 2008|publisher=Space Daily|date=2003}}</ref>
 NASA has started Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation Program as an agency-wide program directed to prevent pollution and reduce energy and water utilization. It helps to ensure that NASA meets its federal stewardship responsibilities for the environment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oim.hq.nasa.gov/oia/emd/energy.html|title=Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation|access-date=May 1, 2008|publisher=NASA|date=2007|author=Tina Norwood|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080117130103/http://oim.hq.nasa.gov/oia/emd/energy.html |archive-date= January 17, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ==Earth science==
+''Main page: [[NASA Earth Science]]''
 [[File:ISS-38 Hawaiian Island chain.jpg|thumb|right|Earth from the International Space Station]]
+Understanding of natural and human-induced changes on the global environment (such as [[global warming]]) is the main objective of NASA's [[Earth science]]. NASA currently has more than a dozen Earth science spacecraft/instruments in orbit studying all aspects of the Earth system (oceans, land, atmosphere, [[biosphere]], [[cryosphere]]), with several more planned for launch in the next few years.<ref name="Climate Change: NASA's Role">{{cite news |title= Taking a global perspective on Earth's climate|publisher=Global Climate Change: NASA's Eyes on the Earth |url= https://climate.nasa.gov/NasaRole/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110724230304/https://climate.nasa.gov/NasaRole/ |archive-date= July 24, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The earth science research program was created and funded in the 1980s under the administrations of [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George H. W. Bush]].<ref>Eric Berger, "Houston Chronicle," April 29, 2015 "A history primer: NASA's robust Earth Science program now under attack originated in the Reagan and Bush administrations," http://blog.chron.com/sciguy/2015/04/a-history-primer-nasas-robust-earth-science-program-now-under-attack-originated-in-the-reagan-and-bush-administrations/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (meteorologist) |date=2015-10-29 |title=Republicans outraged over NASA earth science programs... that Reagan began |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/10/republicans-outraged-over-nasa-earth-science-programs-that-reagan-began/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref>
-Understanding of natural and human-induced changes on the global environment (such as [[global warming]]) is the main objective of NASA's [[Earth science]]. NASA currently has more than a dozen Earth science spacecraft/instruments in orbit studying all aspects of the Earth system (oceans, land, atmosphere, [[biosphere]], [[cryosphere]]), with several more planned for launch in the next few years.<ref name="Climate Change: NASA's Role">{{cite news |title= Taking a global perspective on Earth's climate|publisher=Global Climate Change: NASA's Eyes on the Earth |url= https://climate.nasa.gov/NasaRole/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110724230304/https://climate.nasa.gov/NasaRole/ |archive-date= July 24, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The earth science research program was created and funded in the 1980s under the administrations of [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George H.W. Bush]].<ref>Eric Berger, "Houston Chronicle," April 29, 2015 "A history primer: NASA's robust Earth Science program now under attack originated in the Reagan and Bush administrations," http://blog.chron.com/sciguy/2015/04/a-history-primer-nasas-robust-earth-science-program-now-under-attack-originated-in-the-reagan-and-bush-administrations/</ref><ref>Eric Berger, "Ars Tecnica," October 29, 2015, "Republicans outraged over NASA earth science programs… that Reagan began" https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/10/republicans-outraged-over-nasa-earth-science-programs-that-reagan-began/</ref>
 NASA is working in cooperation with [[National Renewable Energy Laboratory]] (NREL). The goal is to produce worldwide solar resource maps with great local detail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/33792.pdf|title=Progress on Updating the 1961–1990 National Solar Radiation Database|access-date=May 1, 2008|publisher=NREL|date=2003|author=D. Renné |display-authors=4 |author2=S. Wilcox |author3=B. Marion |author4= R. George |author5= D. Myers |author6=T. Stoffel |author7= R. Perez |author8=P. Stackhouse, Jr.}}</ref> NASA was also one of the main participants in the evaluation innovative technologies for the cleanup of the sources for [[dense non-aqueous phase liquids]] (DNAPLs). On April 6, 1999, the agency signed The [[Memorandum of Agreement]] (MOA) along with the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]], [[United States Department of Energy|DOE]], and [[USAF]] authorizing all the above organizations to conduct necessary tests at the John F. Kennedy Space center. The main purpose was to evaluate two innovative in-situ remediation technologies, thermal removal and oxidation destruction of DNAPLs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/b1ab9f485b098972852562e7004dc686/137b08f43cc2197e8525674e005f76fd?OpenDocument|title=EPA, DOE, NASA AND USAF Evaluate Innovative Technologies|access-date=April 28, 2008|publisher=EPA|date=1999|author=EPA}}</ref> National Space Agency made a partnership with Military Services and [[Defense Contract Management Agency]] named the "Joint Group on Pollution Prevention". The group is working on reduction or elimination of hazardous materials or processes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jgpp.com/JGPP_Charter_02_2005-complete.pdf|title=Joint Group on Pollution Prevention|access-date=May 1, 2008|publisher=NASA|date=2007|author=Benjamin S. Griffin|display-authors=4|author2=Gregory S. Martin|author3=Keith W. Lippert|author4=J. D. MacCarthy|author5=Eugene G. Payne, Jr.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527194012/http://www.jgpp.com/JGPP_Charter_02_2005-complete.pdf|archive-date=May 27, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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 ===Ozone depletion===
-In 1975, NASA was directed by legislation to research and monitor the upper atmosphere. This led to Upper Atmosphere Research Program and later the [[Earth Observing System]] (EOS) satellites in the 1990s to monitor [[ozone depletion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/monograph38.pdf |title= NASA and the Environment: The Case of Ozone Depletion |publisher= NASA |date= May 2005 |author= W. Henry Lambright |access-date=June 28, 2012}}</ref> The first comprehensive worldwide measurements were obtained in 1978 with the Nimbus 7 satellite and NASA scientists at the [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/eptoms/dataqual/ozone.html |title=Ozone Hole Monitoring |publisher=NASA |date=2008 |author=Dr. Richard McPeters |access-date=May 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509170815/http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/eptoms/dataqual/ozone.html |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+In 1975, NASA was directed by legislation to research and monitor the upper atmosphere. This led to Upper Atmosphere Research Program and later the [[Earth Observing System]] (EOS) satellites in the 1990s to monitor [[ozone depletion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/monograph38.pdf |title= NASA and the Environment: The Case of Ozone Depletion |publisher= NASA |date= May 2005 |author= W. Henry Lambright |author-link=W. Henry Lambright |access-date=June 28, 2012}}</ref> The first comprehensive worldwide measurements were obtained in 1978 with the Nimbus 7 satellite and NASA scientists at the [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/eptoms/dataqual/ozone.html |title=Ozone Hole Monitoring |publisher=NASA |date=2008 |author=Dr. Richard McPeters |access-date=May 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509170815/http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/eptoms/dataqual/ozone.html |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 ===Climate study===
-Within the Earth science program, NASA researches and publishes on [[climate]] issues.<ref>NASA's climate page. climate.nasa.gov/</ref> Its statements concur with the interpretation that the [[Climate change|global climate is heating]].<ref>NASA, July 19, 2016 "2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records" https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/climate-trends-continue-to-break-records</ref> Bob Walker, who has advised president-elect [[Donald Trump]] on space issues, has advocated that NASA shut down its climate study operations.<ref>Jason Samenow, "Washington Post," July 23, 2016 "Trump adviser proposes dismantling NASA climate research" https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/11/23/trump-adviser-proposes-dismantling-nasa-climate-research/</ref> The ''[[Washington Post]]'' reported that NASA scientists are copying data on climate change that is held on U.S. government computers, out of a fear that a Trump administration would end access to data on climate change.<ref>Brady Dennis, "Washington Post," December 13, 2016, "Scientists are frantically copying U.S. climate data, fearing it might vanish under Trump" https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/12/13/scientists-are-frantically-copying-u-s-climate-data-fearing-it-might-vanish-under-trump/?tid=sm_tw</ref>
+Within the Earth science program, NASA researches and publishes on [[climate]] issues.<ref>NASA's climate page. climate.nasa.gov/</ref> Its statements concur with the interpretation that the [[Climate change|global climate is heating]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hille |first=Karl |date=2016-07-19 |title=2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/climate-trends-continue-to-break-records |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=NASA}}</ref> Bob Walker, who has advised president-elect [[Donald Trump]] on space issues, has advocated that NASA shut down its climate study operations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump adviser proposes dismantling NASA climate research |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/11/23/trump-adviser-proposes-dismantling-nasa-climate-research/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=The Washington Post}}</ref> The ''[[Washington Post]]'' reported that NASA scientists copied data on climate change held on U.S. government computers, out of a fear that a Trump administration would end access to data on climate change.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists are frantically copying U.S. climate data, fearing it might vanish under Trump |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/12/13/scientists-are-frantically-copying-u-s-climate-data-fearing-it-might-vanish-under-trump/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=The Washington Post}}</ref>
 ==References==
@@ Line 46: / Line 45: @@
 [[Category:Research in the United States]]
 [[Category:Aeronautics]]
+[[Category:Space research]]
+[[Category:Human spaceflight programs]]