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{{short description|Former country in Western Asia (1925–1979)}}
{{Short description|Iranian royal dynasty (1925–1979)}}
{{About|the Iranian royal dynasty|the country under its rule|Pahlavi Iran}}
{{split|Pahlavi Iran|date=February 2021}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox family
|name = Pahlavi
| conventional_long_name = Imperial State of Iran{{ref|box1|a}}
|type = [[Royal house]]
| native_name = {{lang|fa|کشور شاهنشاهی ایران}}<br/>{{transl|fa|''Kešvar-e Šâhanšâhi-ye Irân''}}
| common_name = Iran
|coat_of_arms = Imperial Coat of Arms of Iran.svg
| status = Empire
|coat_of_arms_size = 200px
| life_span = 1925–1979
|alt =
|coat_of_arms_caption = [[Arms of dominion]] of the [[Shah]]s, and therefore [[coat of arms]], of [[Pahlavi Iran]] from 1932. The emblem of the dynasty is the mountain and sun in the blue circle in the middle.
| p1 = Sublime State of Persia
| flag_p1 = State flag of Persia (1907–1933).svg
|image =
| s1 = Interim Government of Iran
|image_size =
| flag_s1 = Flag of Iran (1964).svg
|alt2 =
|image_caption =
| image_flag = State flag of the Imperial State of Iran (with standardized lion and sun).svg
|parent_family = <!-- Family (or house, clan) from which the family in subject is descended -->
| image_coat = [[File:Lion and Sun Colored.svg|80px]]
|country = [[Pahlavi Iran|Imperial State of Iran]]
| symbol_type = [[Emblem of Iran|Emblem]]<ref>{{citation|title=Flags and Arms across the World|author=Whitney Smith|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-059094-6|year=1980|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/flagsarmsacrossw0000smit}}</ref><br>(1932–1979)
|region = <!-- Main current location - please note, countries that are merely associated with titles should be indicated in "titles" -->
| flag_type = [[Flag of Iran|State flag]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fotw.info/flags/ir_imp64.html |title=Flags of the World: Iranian Empire (Pahlavi Dynasty, 1964–1979) |access-date=10 November 2010}}</ref><br>(1964–1979)
| national_motto =
|early_forms =
|etymology = <!-- Etymology; name origin and/or meaning -->
| national_anthem = (1933–1979)<br>سرود شاهنشاهی ایران<br />''[[Imperial Anthem of Iran|Sorude Šâhanšâhiye Irân]]''<ref name="Statesman's"/><br>{{small|("Imperial Anthem of Iran")}}<div style="text-align: center;">[[File:Former imperial Iranian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]
| image_map = Iran (orthographic projection).svg
|origin = [[Mazandaran]]
|founded = {{Start date|1925|12|15|df=y}}
| image_map_caption = Location of Iran on the globe<br />(current geopolitical boundaries, not at the time of the Imperial State of Iran).
| capital = [[Tehran]]
|founder = [[Reza Shah]]
|current_head = [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]
| largest_city = Tehran
|final_ruler = [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]
| official_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]]
|final_head = <!-- I.e. last person with family name or else subject to end of continuous consistency -->
| religion = [[Islam in Iran|Islam]]<ref name="Statesman's"/><br>
|titles = <!-- If multiple ones, please consider using {{tlx|Template:Collapsible list}} -->
*[[Shia Islam in Iran|Shia Islam]] ([[state religion|official]])
|styles = <!-- Styles (manners of address) -->
*Sunni<br>
|members =
[[Christianity in Iran|Christianity]]<br>[[History of the Jews in Iran|Judaism]]<br>[[Zoroastrians in Iran|Zoroastrianism]]
|connected_members = <!-- Notable members in selection, only if relevant in infobox and readability-wise applicable -->
| demonym = Persian (until 1935)<br>Iranian (from 1935)
|other_families = [[Muhammad Ali dynasty]] (1941–1948)
| government_type = {{Unbulleted list|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] <small>(''de jure'')</small>|{{*}} Under an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] [[one party state]]}}
|distinctions = <!-- Primarily associated distinctions such as orders, prizes, awards, etc. -->
| title_leader = [[List of kings of Persia|Shah]]
|traditions = <!-- Philosophy, movement, adherence, allegiance, etc. -->
| year_leader1 = 1925–1941<small> (first)</small>
|motto = {{lang|fa|مرا داد فرمود و خود داور است}}<br />{{transliteration|fa|Marā dād farmud o Khod dāvar ast}}
| leader1 = [[Reza Shah|Reza Shah Pahlavi]]
| year_leader2 = 1941–1979<small> (last, longest)</small>
|motto_lang =
|motto_trans = He (Allah or God) named me justice and he himself is the judge
| leader2 = [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]
|heirlooms = <!-- Inheritances; antiques, mementos, jewelry, etc. -->
| title_deputy = [[List of Prime Ministers of Iran|Prime minister]]
| year_deputy1 = 1925–1926 <small>(first)</small>
|estate = <!-- Residence, seat, etc. -->
| deputy1 = [[Mohammad-Ali Foroughi]]
|properties =
|dissolution = <!-- {{End date|YYYY}}, removal of public status applicable primarily to royal and aristocratic houses -->
| year_deputy2 = 1979 <small>(last)</small>
| deputy2 = [[Shapour Bakhtiar]]
|deposition = {{End date|1979|02|11|df=y}} ([[Iranian revolution]])
|cadet_branches = <!-- Branches families - if multiple ones, please consider using {{tlx|Template:Collapsible list}} -->
| legislature = [[Deliberative assembly]]
|website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}}, website of the family association/foundation/memorial, etc. -->
| house1 = [[Senate of Iran|Senate]] (1949–79)
| house2 = [[National Consultative Assembly]]
|footnotes =
| era = 20th century
| year_start = 1925
| event_start = Constituent Assembly voted formation of Pahlavi dynasty
| date_start = 15 December
| event1 = [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]]
| date_event1 = {{nowrap|25 August – 17 September 1941}}
| event2 = [[United Nations Charter|Admitted]] to the [[United Nations]]
| date_event2 = 24 October 1945
| event3 = [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|Coup d'etat]]
| date_event3 = 19 August 1953
| event4 = {{nowrap|[[White Revolution]]}}
| date_event4 = 26 January 1963
| event_end = [[Iranian Revolution]]
| year_end = 1979
| date_end = 11 February
| event_post = [[March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum|Islamic Republic established]]
| date_post = 31 March 1979
| currency = [[Iranian Rial|Rial]]<ref name="Statesman's"/>
| stat_year1 = 1955
| stat_pop1 = 19,293,999
| stat_year2 = 1965
| stat_pop2 = 24,955,115
| stat_year3 = 1979
| stat_area3 = 1648195
| stat_pop3 = 37,252,629
| footnote_a = {{note|box1}} From 1935 to 1979. From 1925 to 1935, it was known officially as the Imperial State of Persia in the Western world.
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP_year = 1972
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = [[United States dollar|$]]571<ref name="Statesman's"/>
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| GDP_PPP =
| today =
}}
}}
The '''Pahlavi dynasty''' ({{langx|fa|دودمان پهلوی}}) was the last [[Pahlavi Iran|Iranian]] [[Dynasty|royal dynasty]] that ruled for roughly 53 years between 1925 and 1979. The dynasty was founded by [[Reza Shah|Reza Shah Pahlavi]], a non-aristocratic [[Mazanderani people|Mazanderani]] soldier<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aghaie|first=Kamran Scot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egGgUM_YdL8C&dq=Reza+shah+is+Mazanderani&pg=PA49|title=The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran|date=1 December 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80078-3|language=en}}</ref> in modern times, who took on the name of the [[Middle Persian|Pahlavi language]] spoken in the pre-Islamic [[Sasanian Empire]] to strengthen his nationalist credentials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=کوروش |first1=نوروز مرادی |last2=نوری |first2=مصطفی |title=سندی نویافته از نیای رضاشاه |journal=پیام بهارستان |date=1388 |volume=د۲،س ۱،ش۴ |url=http://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20101205103251-0%20(51).pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=معتضد |first1=خسرو |title=تاج های زنانه |date=1387 |publisher=نشر البرز |location=تهران |isbn=9789644425974 |pages=46 47 48 49 50 51 جلد اول |edition=چاپ اول}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=نیازمند |first1=رضا |title=رضاشاه از تولد تا سلطنت |date=1387 |publisher=حکایت قلم نوین |location=تهران |isbn=9645925460 |pages=15 16 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 39 40 43 44 45 |edition=چاپ ششم}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=زیباکلام |first1=صادق |title=رضاشاه |date=1398 |publisher=روزنه،لندن:اچ انداس |location=تهران |isbn=9781780837628 |pages=61, 62 |edition=اول}}</ref>


The dynasty replaced the [[Qajar dynasty]] in 1925 after the [[1921 Persian coup d'état|1921 coup d'état]], beginning on 14 January 1921 when 42-year-old soldier [[Reza Shah|Reza Khan]] was promoted by British General [[Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside|Edmund Ironside]] to lead the British-run [[Persian Cossack Brigade]].<ref name="GhaniGhanī2001">{{cite book|author1=Cyrus Ghani|author2=Sīrūs Ghanī|title=Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGZItY9kL0AC&pg=PA147|date=6 January 2001|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-629-4|pages=147–}}</ref> About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan's 3,000–4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade reached Tehran in what became known as the [[1921 Persian coup d'état]].<ref name=Zirinsky/><ref>Brysac, Shareen Blair. "A Very British Coup: How Reza Shah Won and Lost His Throne." ''World Policy Journal'' 24, no. 2 (2007): 90–103. Accessed 8 August 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40210096</ref> The rest of the country was taken by 1923, and by October 1925 the [[Majlis]] agreed to depose and formally exile [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]]. The Majlis declared Reza Pahlavi as the new Shah of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to the [[Persian Constitution of 1906]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajoudani.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=27|title=Mashallah Ajudani|work=Ajoudani|access-date=17 January 2013|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022170922/http://ajoudani.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Initially, Pahlavi had planned to declare the country a republic, as his contemporary [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]] had done in [[Turkey]], but abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Curtis|first1=Glenn E.|last2=Hooglund|first2=Eric|author-link2=Eric Hooglund|title=Iran: A Country Study: A Country Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPf_f7skJUYC&pg=PA27|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-8444-1187-3|page=27}}</ref>
{{infobox royal house
|surname = Pahlavi
|coat of arms = [[File:Imperial Coat of Arms of Iran.svg|220px]]
|titles =
*[[Aryamehr]]
*[[Shahanshah]]
*[[Shah#Shahzadeh|Shahzadeh]]
|founder = [[Reza Shah]]
|final ruler = [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]
|current head = [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]]
|founding year = 15 December 1925
|dissolution =
|deposition = 11 February 1979
}}
The '''Imperial State of Iran''' ({{lang-fa|کشور شاهنشاهی ایران|Kešvar-e Šâhanšâhi-ye Irân}}),<ref name="Statesman's">{{citation|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1978–79|entry=IRAN: Keshvaré Shahanshahiyé Irân|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=9780230271074|pages=674–682}}</ref> also known as the '''Imperial State of Persia''' from 1925 to 1935, was a sovereign state in [[Western Asia]] which was bordered by [[Turkey]] and [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] to the west, the [[Soviet Union]] to the north, [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] to the east and shared a maritime border with [[Oman]] toward the south. With a [[Demographics of Iran|population]] of 37 million in 1979, [[Tehran]] served as its capital city.


The dynasty ruled Iran for 28 years as a form of [[constitutional monarchy]] from 1925 until 1953, and following [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|the overthrow of the elected prime minister]], for a further 26 years as a more autocratic monarchy until the dynasty was [[Iranian Revolution|itself overthrown in 1979]].
It was ruled by the '''Pahlavi dynasty''', the last ruling house of Iran, from 1925 until 1979, when the [[Monarchy of Iran|Persian monarchy]] was overthrown and abolished as a result of the [[Iranian Revolution]]. The dynasty was founded by [[Rezā Shāh|Reza Shah Pahlavi]] in 1925, a former brigadier-general of the [[Persian Cossack Brigade]], whose reign lasted until 1941, when he was forced to abdicate by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] after the [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]]. He was succeeded by his son, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], the last [[Shah of Iran]].


==Family background==
The Pahlavis came to power after [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]], the last [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] ruler of Iran, proved unable to stop British and Soviet encroachment on Iranian sovereignty, had his position extremely weakened by a military coup, and was removed from power by the parliament while in France. The Iranian parliament, known as the ''[[Majlis of Iran|Majlis]]'', convening as a [[Constituent Assembly]] on 12 December 1925, deposed the young Ahmad Shah Qajar, and declared Reza Khan the new king (''[[shah]]'') of the Imperial State of [[Name of Iran|Persia]]. In 1935, [[Reza Shah]] asked foreign delegates to use the [[endonym]] [[Name of Iran|Iran]] in formal correspondence, and the official name the Imperial State of Iran was adopted.
{{See also|Pahlavi family tree}}
In 1878, Reza Khan was born at the village of [[Alasht]] in [[Savadkuh County]], Mazandaran Province. His parents were Abbas Ali Khan and Noushafarin Ayromlou.<ref name="Afkhami2008">{{cite book|author=Gholam Reza Afkhami|title=The Life and Times of the Shah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTVSPmyvtkAC&pg=PP2|access-date=2 November 2012|date=27 October 2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25328-5|page=4}}</ref><ref name=Zirinsky>{{cite journal|last=Zirinsky|first=Michael P.|title=Imperial power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921-1926|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|year=1992|volume=24|issue=4|pages=639–663|url=http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=history_facpubs&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fstart%3D20%26q%3Dlife%2Bof%2Bshah%2Bmohammed%2Breza%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%2C5#search=%22life%20shah%20mohammed%20reza%22|access-date=2 November 2012|doi=10.1017/s0020743800022388|s2cid=159878744 }}</ref> His mother was a Muslim immigrant from [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] (then part of the [[Russian Empire]]),<ref>{{cite book |quote="(..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother's care in Tehran. (...)."|title=The Life and Times of the Shah|first1= Gholam Reza |last1=Afkhami |publisher= University of California Press | date = 2009 |page=4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |quote="(...) His mother, Nush Afarin, was a Georgian Muslim immigrant (...)."|title=The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam |author= GholamAli Haddad Adel |publisher= EWI Press | date = 2012 |page=3 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> whose family had emigrated to mainland [[Qajar Iran]] after Iran was forced to cede all of its territories in the [[Caucasus]] following the [[Russo-Persian Wars]] several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth.<ref>Homa Katouzian. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FzVANM0p29kC&dq=reza+shahs+mother+georgian&pg=PA269 "State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis"] I.B.Tauris, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1845112721}} p 269</ref> His father was a Mazandarani, commissioned in the 7th [[Savadkuh County|Savadkuh]] Regiment, and served in the [[Anglo-Persian War]] in 1856.


==Heads of House of Pahlavi==
Following the [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|''coup d'état'']] in 1953 supported by the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]], Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's rule became more autocratic and was aligned with the [[Western Bloc]] during the [[Cold War]], although he enacted a series of economic and social reforms known as the [[White Revolution]]. By 1978 the Shah faced growing public discontent and popular rebellion, and the second Pahlavi went into exile with his family in January 1979, sparking a series of events that quickly led to the [[Iranian Revolution|end]] of the state and the beginning of the Islamic Republic of Iran on 11 February 1979.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2| Name !! Portrait !! Family relations !! Lifespan !! Entered office !! Left office
|-
! colspan=7 align=center|''[[List of monarchs of Persia|Shahs of Iran]]''
|-
! | 1
| [[Reza Shah|Reza Shah Pahlavi]] || [[File:Reza Shah portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg|80px|Reza Shah]] || Son of Abbas Ali || 1878–1944 || 15 December 1925 || 16 September 1941<br>(''[[Abdication]]'')
|-
! | 2
| [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi]] || [[File:Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi 1973 (3x4 cropped).jpg|80px|Mohammad Reza Shah]]|| Son of Reza Shah || 1919–1980 || 16 September 1941 || 27 July 1980<br>(''Death'')
|-
! | 3
| [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi]] || [[File:Crown Prince of IRAN Reza PAHLAVI EP-146067A AR2 (cropped).jpg|80px|Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran]] || Son of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi || 1960–current|| 27 July 1980 || ''Incumbent''
|}


==Origins==
== Consorts ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
The Pahlavi dynasty is an Iranian royal dynasty of [[Mazandarani people|Mazandarani]] ethnicity. The Pahlavi dynasty originated in Iran’s [[Mazandaran province]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=کوروش |first1=نوروز مرادی |last2=نوری |first2=مصطفی |title=سندی نویافته از نیای رضاشاه |journal=پیام بهارستان |date=1388 |volume=د۲،س ۱،ش۴ |url=http://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20101205103251-0%20(51).pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=معتضد |first1=خسرو |title=تاج های زنانه |date=1387 |publisher=نشر البرز |location=تهران |isbn=9789644425974 |pages=46 47 48 49 50 51 جلد اول |edition=چاپ اول}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=نیازمند |first1=رضا |title=رضاشاه از تولد تا سلطنت |date=1387 |publisher=حکایت قلم نوین |location=تهران |isbn=9645925460 |pages=15 16 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 39 40 43 44 45 |edition=چاپ ششم}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=زیباکلام |first1=صادق |title=رضاشاه |date=1398 |publisher=روزنه،لندن:اچ انداس |location=تهران |isbn=9781780837628 |pages=61, 62 |edition=اول}}</ref> In 1878 Reza Shah Pahlavi was born at the village of [[Alasht]] in [[Savadkuh County]], Mazandaran Province. His parents were Abbas Ali Khan and Noushafarin Ayromlou.<ref name="Afkhami2008">{{cite book|author=Gholam Reza Afkhami|title=The Life and Times of the Shah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTVSPmyvtkAC&pg=PP2|access-date=2 November 2012|date=27 October 2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25328-5|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Zirinsky|first=Michael P.|title=Imperial power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921-1926|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|year=1992|volume=24|issue=4|pages=639–663|url=http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=history_facpubs&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fstart%3D20%26q%3Dlife%2Bof%2Bshah%2Bmohammed%2Breza%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%2C5#search=%22life%20shah%20mohammed%20reza%22|access-date=2 November 2012|doi=10.1017/s0020743800022388}}</ref> His mother was a Muslim immigrant from [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] (then part of the [[Russian Empire]]),<ref>{{cite book |quote="(..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother's care in Tehran. (...)."|title=The Life and Times of the Shah|first1= Gholam Reza |last1=Afkhami |publisher= University of California Press | date = 2009 |page=4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |quote="(...) His mother, Nush Afarin, was a Georgian Muslim immigrant (...)."|title=The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam |author= GholamAli Haddad Adel |publisher= EWI Press | date = 2012 |page=3 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> whose family had emigrated to mainland [[Qajar Iran]] after Iran was forced to cede all of its territories in the [[Caucasus]] following the [[Russo-Persian Wars]] several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth.<ref>Homa Katouzian. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=FzVANM0p29kC&pg=PA269&dq=reza+shahs+mother+georgian&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CC8Q6AEwA2oVChMInI-z8tDsxgIVci_bCh3Mfw4g#v=onepage&q=reza%20shahs%20mother%20georgian&f=false "State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis"] I.B.Tauris, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1845112721}} p 269</ref> His father was a Mazandarani, commissioned in the 7th [[Savadkuh County|Savadkuh]] Regiment, and served in the [[Anglo-Persian War]] in 1856.
!Picture
!Name
!Father
!Birth
!Marriage
!Became Consort
!Ceased to be Consort
!Death
![[List of monarchs of Persia|Spouse]]
|-
|[[File:Taj ol-Molouk - queen of Persia (3x4 cropped).jpg|80px]]
|[[Tadj ol-Molouk]]
|[[Teymūr Khan Ayromlou]]
|1896
|1916
|rowspan=2|15 December 1925
|rowspan=2|16 September 1941<br />''husband's abdication''
|1982
|rowspan=2|[[Reza Shah]]
|-
|[[File:Esmat Dowlatshahi (3x4 cropped).jpg|80px]]
|[[Esmat Dowlatshahi]]
|Gholam Ali Mirza Dowlatshahi
|1905
|1923
|1995
|-
|[[File:Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt by Armand (3x4 cropped).jpg|80px]]
|[[Fawzia Fuad of Egypt|Princess Fawzia of Egypt]]
|[[Fuad I of Egypt]]
|1921
|1939
|16 September 1941
|17 November 1948<br />''divorced''
|2013
|rowspan=3|[[Mohammad Reza Shah]]
|-
|[[File:Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari-045 (3x4 cropped).jpg|80px]]
|[[Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary]]
|[[Khalil Esfandiary-Bakhtiary]]
|1932
|colspan=2|12 February 1951
|15 March 1958<br />''divorced''
|2001
|-
|[[File:Shahbanu of Iran (3x4 cropped).jpg|80px]]
|[[Farah Diba]]
|Sohrab Diba
|1938
|colspan=2|21 December 1959
|11 February 1979<br />''husband's deposition''
|''Alive''
|}


==Establishment==
== Heirs ==
[[File:Prince Alireza Pahlavi.jpg|thumb|[[Ali Reza Pahlavi (born 1922)|Prince Ali-Reza Pahlavi]], the heir presumptive until his death in 1954]]
{{further|Reza Shah|1921 Persian coup d'état|History of Iran#Pahlavi era (1925–1979)}}
The [[Persian Constitution of 1906|former constitution of Iran]] specifically provided that only a male who was not descended from [[Qajar dynasty]] could become the [[heir apparent]].<ref name="Dareini">{{cite book |last1=Dareini |first1=Ali Akbar |title=The rise and fall of the Pahlavi dynasty |year=1999 |isbn=81-208-1642-0 |page=446 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |quote=2. The Shah gives another account for his separation with Fawzia. "For reasons still obscure to medical science, Queen Fawzia bore only one child; thus unfortunately no male heir issued from our marriage. Under the Persian Constitution the crown must pass by direct line of descent to a male heir. This rules out not only my daughter but also my three sisters. The Constitution further stipulates that no one descended from the previous Qajar dynasty is eligible to become king. Since two of my father’s wives were of Qajar blood, my half-brothers who are their sons are ineligible. In fact I had only one brother not related to the Qajar line, and to my sorrow he was to die in an aeroplane crash in 1954. With these limitations it is no wonder that my advisors felt it important for my wife to bear a son. It is true that the Constitution might have been amended, but the dimate of opinion seemed opposed to tampering with the provisions relating to the royal succession. Besides, I was young and, quite apart from the constitutional factor, I wanted more children. When Queen Fawzia went to Egypt on an extended stay, we decided on a divorce." Please see Mission for My Country His Imperial Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahiavi, Hutchinson and Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London, 1961–1968; pp. 219–220}}</ref> This made all half-brothers of [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza]] ineligible to become heirs to the throne.<ref name="Dareini"/> Until his death in 1954, the Shah's only full brother [[Ali Reza Pahlavi (born 1922)|Ali Reza]] was his [[heir presumptive]].<ref name="Dareini"/>
[[File:Persia 1921.JPG|thumb|left|Persia on the eve of Reza Pahlavi's coup]]
In 1925, Reza Khan, a former Brigadier-General of the [[Persian Cossack Brigade]], deposed the [[Qajar dynasty]] and declared himself king ([[shah]]), adopting the dynastic name of ''Pahlavi'', which recalls the [[Pahlavi language|Middle Persian]] language of the [[Sasanian Empire]].<ref name="Ansari2003">{{cite book|last=Ansari|first=Ali M.|title=Modern Iran Since 1921: The Pahlavis and After|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3koQLfiTkJkC&pg=PA36|access-date=14 February 2016|year=2003|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-35685-6|page=36}}</ref> By the mid-1930s, Rezā Shāh's strong secular rule caused dissatisfaction among some groups, particularly the clergy, who opposed his reforms, but the middle and upper-middle class of Iran liked what Rezā Shāh did. In 1935, Rezā Shāh issued a decree asking foreign delegates to use the term Iran in formal correspondence, in accordance with the fact that "[[Persia]]" was a term used by Western peoples for the country called "Iran" in Persian. His successor, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, announced in 1959 that both Persia and Iran were acceptable and could be used interchangeably.


The constitution also required the Shah to be of [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] descent, meaning that his father and mother are Iranian.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyt|first1=Edwin Palmer |title=The Shah: The Glittering Story of Iran and Its People|publisher=P. S. Eriksson|year=1976 |isbn=9780839777533|page=49}}</ref>
Reza Shah tried to avoid involvement with the UK and the [[Soviet Union]]. Though many of his development projects required foreign technical expertise, he avoided awarding contracts to British and Soviet companies because of dissatisfaction during the Qajar Dynasty between Persia, the UK, and the Soviets. Although the UK, through its ownership of the [[Anglo-Iranian Oil Company]], controlled all of Iran's oil resources, Rezā Shāh preferred to obtain technical assistance from Germany, France, Italy and other European countries. This created problems for Iran after 1939, when Germany and Britain became enemies in [[World War II]]. Reza Shah proclaimed Iran as a [[neutral country]], but Britain insisted that German engineers and technicians in Iran were spies with missions to [[sabotage]] British oil facilities in southwestern Iran. Britain demanded that Iran expel all German citizens, but Rezā Shāh refused, claiming this would adversely affect his development projects.


=== Line of succession in February 1979 ===
==World War II==
{{History of Iran}}
{{Tree list}}
* [[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] ''[[Reza Shah Pahlavi]] (1878–1944)''
{{Main|Invasion of Iran (1941)}}
**{{Tree list/final branch}}[[File:Simple gold crown.svg|15px]] '''[[Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi]]''' (1919–1980)
***'''(1)''' [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi]] (b. 1960)
***{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(2)''' [[Ali Reza Pahlavi (born 1966)|Prince Ali-Reza Pahlavi]] (1966)
**{{Tree list/final branch}} ''[[Ali Reza Pahlavi (born 1922)|Prince Ali-Reza Pahlavi]] (1922–1954)''
***{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(3)''' [[Patrick Ali Pahlavi|Prince Patrick Ali Pahlavi]] (b. 1947)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(4)''' Prince Davoud Pahlavi (b. 1972)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(5)''' Prince Houd Pahlavi (b. 1973)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(6)''' Prince Mohammad Pahlavi (b. 1976)
{{Tree list/end}}


=== Current Line of Succession ===
Iran claimed to be a neutral country during the opening years of World War II. In April, 1941, the war reached Iran's borders when [[Rashid Ali al-Gaylani|Rashid Ali]], with assistance from [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], launched the [[1941 Iraqi coup d'état]], sparking the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] of May, 1941. Germany and Italy quickly sent the pro-Axis forces in Iraq military aid from Syria but during the period from May to July the British and their allies defeated the pro-Axis forces in Iraq and later [[Syria–Lebanon campaign|Syria and Lebanon]].
{{Tree list}}
* [[File:Simple silver crown.svg|15px]] ''[[Reza Shah Pahlavi]] (1878–1944)''
**{{Tree list/final branch}}[[File:Simple gold crown.svg|15px]] '''[[Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi]]''' (1919–1980)
***'''(1)''' [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi]] (b. 1960)
***{{Tree list/final branch}} ''[[Ali Reza Pahlavi (born 1966)|Prince Ali-Reza Pahlavi]] (1966–2011)''
**{{Tree list/final branch}} ''[[Ali Reza Pahlavi (born 1922)|Prince Ali-Reza Pahlavi]] (1922–1954)''
***{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(2)''' [[Patrick Ali Pahlavi|Prince Patrick Ali Pahlavi]] (b. 1947)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(3)''' Prince Davoud Pahlavi (b. 1972)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(4)''' Prince Houd Pahlavi (b. 1973)
*****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(5)''' Prince Rafaël Pahlavi (b. 2006)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(6)''' Prince Mohammad Pahlavi (b. 1976)
{{Tree list/end}}


=== List of crown princes ===
In June 1941, [[Nazi Germany]] broke the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] and [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded]] the [[Soviet Union]], Iran's northern neighbor. The Soviets quickly allied themselves with the [[Allies of World War II|Allied countries]] and in July and August, 1941 the British demanded that the Iranian government expel all Germans from Iran. Reza Shah refused to expel the Germans and on 25 August 1941, the British and Soviets launched a [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran|surprise invasion]] and Reza Shah's government quickly surrendered after less than a week of fighting.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPf_f7skJUYC |title=Iran: A Country Study|author=Glenn E. Curtis, Eric Hooglund|author2=US Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-8444-1187-3|page=30|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=2008}}</ref> The invasion's strategic purpose was to secure a [[supply line]] to the USSR (later named the [[Persian Corridor]]), secure the oil fields and [[Abadan Refinery]] (of the UK-owned [[Anglo-Iranian Oil Company]]), and limit German influence in Iran. Following the invasion, on 16 September 1941 Reza Shah abdicated and was replaced by [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], his 21 year old son.<ref name="Farrokh 03">{{cite book|last= Farrokh|first= Kaveh|title= Iran at War: 1500–1988|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dUHhTPdJ6yIC|isbn= 978-1-78096-221-4|date= 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07o_BAAAQBAJ | title =An Introduction to the Modern Middle East: History, Religion, Political Economy, Politics | author =David S. Sorenson | isbn =978-0-8133-4922-0 | page =206 | publisher =Westview Press | year =2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2h_Jfg1xRYEC | title =Iran: Foreign Policy & Government Guide | isbn = 978-0-7397-9354-1 | page =53| publisher =International Business Publications | year =2009}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!colspan=2| Name !! Portrait !! Relationship to monarch !! Became heir !! Ceased to be heir; reason
[[File:Teheran conference-1943.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] "Big Three" at the 1943 [[Tehran Conference]]]]
During the rest of World War II, Iran became [[Persian Corridor|a major conduit]] for [[Lend-Lease|British and American aid]] to the Soviet Union and an avenue through which [[Evacuation of Polish civilians from the USSR in World War II#Iran and the Middle East|over 120,000 Polish refugees]] and [[Anders' Army|Polish Armed Forces]] fled the Axis advance.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/persian/chapter01.htm#b1|title=United States Army in World War II the Middle East Theater the Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia |author=T.H. Vail Motter|author2 =United States Army Center of Military History|publisher=CMH|year=1952|author2-link=United States Army Center of Military History }}</ref> At the 1943 [[Tehran Conference]], the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] "Big Three"—[[Joseph Stalin]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[Winston Churchill]]—issued the [[Tehran Conference#Decisions|Tehran Declaration]] to guarantee the post-war independence and boundaries of Iran.

On 13 September 1943 the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] reassured the Iranians that all foreign troops would leave by 2 March 1946.<ref name=Jessup>{{cite book |last1=Jessup |first1=John E. |title=A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985 |year=1989 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=New York |isbn=0-313-24308-5 }}</ref> At the time, the [[Tudeh Party of Iran]], a [[communist party]] that was already influential and had parliamentary representation, was becoming increasingly militant, especially in the North. This promoted actions from the side of the government, including attempts of the Iranian armed forces to restore order in the Northern provinces. While the Tudeh headquarters in [[Tehran]] were occupied and the [[Isfahan]] branch crushed, the Soviet troops present in the Northern parts of the country prevented the Iranian forces from entering. Thus, by November 1945 [[Azerbaijan People's Government|Azerbaijan]] had become an autonomous state helped by the Tudeh party.<ref name="Jessup" /><ref>''The Iranian Crisis of 1945–1946 and the Spiral Model of International Conflict'', by Fred H. Lawson in ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'' p.9</ref> This pro-Soviet nominal-government fell by November 1946, after support from the United States for Iran to reclaim the regions that declared themselves autonomous.

At the end of the war, Soviet troops remained in Iran and established two puppet states in north-western Iran, namely the [[Azerbaijan People's Government|People's Government of Azerbaijan]] and the [[Republic of Mahabad]]. This led to the [[Iran crisis of 1946]], one of the first confrontations of the [[Cold War]], which ended after oil concessions were promised to the USSR and Soviet forces withdrew from Iran proper in May 1946. The two puppet states were soon overthrown and the oil concessions were later revoked.<ref>Louise Fawcett, "Revisiting the Iranian Crisis of 1946: How Much More Do We Know?." ''Iranian Studies'' 47#3 (2014): 379–399.</ref><ref>Gary R. Hess, "the Iranian Crisis of 1945–46 and the Cold War." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 89#1 (1974): 117–146. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211023/http://azargoshnasp.com/recent_history/atoor/theiraniancriris194546.pdf online]</ref>

==Cold War==
{{further|Mohammad Reza Pahlavi}}
[[File:Mohammad Pahlavi Coronation.jpg|thumb|Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and his wife [[Farah Pahlavi|Farah Diba]] upon his coronation as the [[Shah|Shâhanshâh]] of Iran. His wife was crowned as the [[Shahbanu]] of Iran.]]
[[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] replaced his father on the throne on 16 September 1941. He wanted to continue the reform policies of his father, but a contest for control of the government soon erupted between him and an older professional politician, the nationalistic [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]].

In 1951, the ''Majlis'' (the [[Parliament of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Parliament of Iran]]) named [[Mohammad Mossadegh]] as new prime minister by a vote of 79–12, who shortly after nationalized the British-owned oil industry (see [[Abadan Crisis]]). Mossadegh was opposed by the Shah who feared a resulting oil embargo imposed by the West would leave Iran in economic ruin. The Shah fled Iran but returned when the United Kingdom and the United States staged a coup against Mossadegh in August 1953 (see [[Operation Ajax]]). Mossadegh was then arrested by pro-Shah army forces.

Major plans to build Iran's infrastructure were undertaken, a new middle class began flourishing and in less than two decades Iran became the indisputable major economic and military power of the Middle East.

==Collapse of the dynasty==
{{Main|Iranian Revolution}}
[[File:Shah and Farah.jpg|thumb|The Shah and his wife left Iran on 16 January 1979.]]
[[File:ShahVaRohanioon1.jpg|thumb|The last [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Iran]] meets clergy. Some of Iranian clergy opposed him while some others supported him as "The only Shi'ite ruler".{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}]]

The Shah's government suppressed its opponents with the help of Iran's security and intelligence secret police, [[SAVAK]]. Such opponents included leftists and Islamists.

By the mid-1970s, relying on increased oil revenues, Mohammad Reza began a series of even more ambitious and bolder plans for the progress of his country and the march toward the "[[White Revolution]]". But his socioeconomic advances increasingly irritated the clergy. Islamic leaders, particularly the exiled cleric [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], were able to focus this discontent with an ideology tied to Islamic principles that called for the overthrow of the Shah and the return to Islamic traditions, called the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic revolution]]. The Pahlavi regime collapsed following widespread uprisings in 1978 and 1979. The Islamic Revolution dissolved the SAVAK and replaced it with the [[SAVAMA]]. It was run after the revolution, according to U.S. sources and Iranian exile sources in the US and in Paris, by Gen. [[Hossein Fardoust]], who was deputy chief of SAVAK under Mohammad Reza's reign, and a friend from boyhood of the deposed monarch.

Mohammad Reza fled the country, seeking medical treatment in [[Egypt]], Mexico, the United States, and Panama, and finally resettled with his family in Egypt as a guest of [[Anwar Sadat]]. On his death, his son [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi]] succeeded him ''[[wikt:in absentia|in absentia]]'' as heir apparent to the Pahlavi dynasty. Reza Pahlavi and his wife live in the United States in [[Potomac, Maryland]], with three daughters.<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://www.washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9475&Itemid=437 |title=Son of Iran's Last Shah: 'I Am My Own Man' |author=Michael Coleman |publisher=The Washington Diplomat |date=30 July 2013 |access-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922202648/http://www.washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9475&Itemid=437 |archive-date=22 September 2013 |url-status=live}}
</ref>

==Legacy==
Under the [[Qajar dynasty]] the Persian character of Iran was not very explicit. Although the country was referred to as Persia by westerners, and the dominant language in court and administration was [[Persian language|Persian]] the dichotomy between pure Persian and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] elements had remained obvious until 1925.<!--Leave this redirect for now, as it may be more correct to refer to [[Western Persian]]--> The Pahlavi rule was instrumental in Iran's nationalisation in line with Persian culture and language which, among other ways, was achieved through the official ban on the use minority languages such as [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] and successful suppression of separatist movements. [[Reza Shah|Reza Pahlavi]] is credited for [[Sheikh Khazal rebellion|reunification of Iran]] under a powerful central government. The use of minority languages in schools and newspapers was not tolerated. The succeeding regime&nbsp;– [[Iran|the Islamic Republic of Iran]]&nbsp;– has adopted a more inclusive approach in relation to the use of ethnic minorities and their language, however the issues as to [[Azerbaijani people|Azeris]], the Iran's largest ethnic minority, remain and pose considerable challenges for the unity and territorial integrity of [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Tohidi|first=Nayereh|title=Iran: regionalism, ethnicity and democracy|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-irandemocracy/regionalism_3695.jsp|access-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714195518/http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-irandemocracy/regionalism_3695.jsp|archive-date=14 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clearleft}}

==Pahlavi Shahs of Iran==
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Name !! Portrait !! Family relations !! Lifespan !! Entered office !! Left office
|-
|-
|colspan=6|''Office vacant from 15 December 1925 to 24 April 1926''
! colspan=7 align=center|''Shahs of Iran''
|-
|-
! | 1
! | 1
| [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] || [[File:Crown Prince Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (3x4 cropped).jpg|80px|Mohammad Reza Shah]] || Eldest son || 25 April 1926<ref name="LOC">{{Cite book |last1 = Curtis |first1 = Glenn |url = https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/195 |last2 = Hooglund |first2 = Eric |title = Iran, a country study |place = Washington, D.C., US |publisher = Library of Congress |date = April 2008 |page =186 |isbn = 978-0-8444-1187-3 }}</ref> || 16 September 1941<br>
| [[Reza Shah]] || [[File:Reza Shah portrait.jpg|80px|Reza Shah]] || Son of Abbas Ali || 1878–1944 || 15 December 1925 || 16 September 1941
(''Became king'')
|-
|-
|colspan=6|''Office vacant from 16 September 1941 to 26 October 1967''
! | 2
| [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] || [[File:Mohammad-reza-shah.jpg|80px|Mohammad Reza Shah]] || Son of Reza Shah || 1919–1980 || 16 September 1941 || 11 February 1979
|-
! colspan=7 align=center|''In pretence''
|-
! | 1
| [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] || [[File:ShahanshahAryamehr2.jpg|80px|Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] || Son of Reza Shah || 1919–1980 || 11 February 1979 || 27 July 1980
|-
! | —
| [[Farah Pahlavi]]<br />(Regent in pretence)<ref name="UPI"/>|| [[File:Queen Farah of Iran 7.jpg|80px|Farah Pahlavi]] || Wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi || 1938– || 27 July 1980<ref name="UPI"/> || 31 October 1980<ref name="UPI"/>
|-
|-
! | 2
! | 2
| [[Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran|Reza Pahlavi II]] || [[File:Reza Pahlavi Crown Prince of Iran 1973 (3x4 close cropped).jpg|80px|Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran]] || Eldest son || 1 November 1960 (''Proclaimed'')<ref name="LOC"/>
| [[Reza Pahlavi II|Reza Pahlavi]] || [[File:Reza Pahlavi by Gage Skidmore.jpg|80px|Reza Pahlavi II]] || Son of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi || 1960– || 31 October 1980<ref name="UPI">{{citation|title=Former Iranian Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi will proclaim himself the new shah of Iran|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/10/17/Former-Iranian-Crown-Prince-Reza-Pahlavi-will-proclaim-himself/5780340603200/|date=17 October 1980|access-date=25 January 2019|work=United Press International|quote=His Imperial Highness Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran, will reach his constitutional majority on the 9th of Aban, 1359 (October 31, 1980). On this date, and in conformity with the Iranian Constitution, the regency of Her Imperial Majesty Farah Pahlavi, Shahbanou of Iran, will come to an end and His Imperial Highness, who on this occasion will send a message to the people of Iran, will succeed his father, His Imperial Majesty Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi, deceased in Cairo on Mordad 5, 1359 (July 27, 1980).|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128030335/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/10/17/Former-Iranian-Crown-Prince-Reza-Pahlavi-will-proclaim-himself/5780340603200/|archive-date=28 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> || ''Incumbent''
----
26 October 1967 (''Designated'')<ref name="LOC"/>
|| 11 February 1979<br>
(''Father deposed'')
|}
|}

==Royal jewels==
{{Main|Pahlavi Crown|Empress Crown|Iranian Crown Jewels}}

==Monuments==
{{Main|Mausoleum of Reza Shah|Shahyad Tower}}


==Use of titles==
==Use of titles==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
*Shâh: Emperor, followed by Shâhanshâh of Iran, with style ''His Imperial Majesty''
*[[Shahbânu]]: Shahbânu or Empress, followed by first name, followed by "of Iran", with style ''Her Imperial Majesty''
*[[Shah|Shâh]]: Emperor, followed by Shâhanshâh of Iran, with style ''His Imperial Majesty''
*[[Shahbanu|Shahbânu]]: Shahbânu or Empress, followed by first name, followed by "of Iran", with style ''Her Imperial Majesty''
*Valiahd: Crown Prince of Iran, with style ''His Imperial Highness''
*Valiahd: Crown Prince of Iran, with style ''His Imperial Highness''
*Younger sons: Prince (Shâhpūr, or King's Son), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style ''His Imperial Highness''.
*Younger sons: Prince (Shâhpūr, or King's Son), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style ''His Imperial Highness''.
*Daughters: Princess (Shâhdokht, or King's Daughter), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style ''Her Imperial Highness''.
*Daughters: Princess (Shâhdokht, or King's Daughter), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style ''Her Imperial Highness''.
*Children of the monarch's daughter/s use another version of Prince (Vâlâ Gohar, "of superior essence") or Princess (Vâlâ Gohari), which indicate descent in the second generation through the female line, and use the styles ''His Highness'' or ''Her Highness''. This is then followed by first name and father's surname, whether he was royal or a commoner. However, the children by the last Shah's sister Fatemeh, who married an American businessman as her first husband, are surnamed Pahlavi Hillyer and do not use any titles.
*Children of the monarch's daughter/s use another version of Prince (Vâlâ Gohar, "of superior essence") or Princess (Vâlâ Gohari), which indicate descent in the second generation through the female line, and use the styles ''His Highness'' or ''Her Highness''. This is then followed by first name and father's surname, whether he was royal or a commoner. However, the children by the last Shah's sister Fatemeh, who married an American businessman as her first husband, are surnamed Pahlavi Hillyer and do not use any titles.

==Human rights==
{{Main|Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran}}

The rulers of the Imperial State of Iran — Reza Shah Pahlavi and his son Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi — employed secret police, torture, and executions to stifle political dissent. The Pahlavi dynasty has sometimes been described as a "royal dictatorship" or "one-man rule". According to one history of the use of torture by the Iranian government, the abuse of prisoners varied at times during the Pahlavi dynasty.

== Corruption ==
{{Main|Corruption in Iran#Pahlavi dynasty}}

[[Manouchehr Ganji]] led an anti-corruption study group which submitted at least 30 reports in 13 years detailing corruption of high-ranking officials and the royal circle, but Shah called the reports "false rumors and fabrications". [[Parviz Sabeti]], a high-ranking official of [[SAVAK]] believed that the one important reason for successful opposition to the regime was the allegations of corruption.<ref>Ganji, p. 8-9</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Iran|History}}
{{Portal|Iran|Monarchy|Modern history}}
*[[List of Shia dynasties]]
*[[Abdolhossein Teymourtash]]
*[[List of Muslim states and dynasties]]
*[[Abdul Reza Pahlavi]]
*''[[Ey Iran]]''
*[[Imperial Standards of Iran]]
*''[[Fajr decade]]''
*[[Monarchism in Iran]]
*[[Gholamreza Pahlavi]]
*[[Kamal Habibollahi]]
*''[[Kashf-e hijab]]''
*[[Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr.]]
*[[Persian Corridor]]
*''[[Imperial Anthem of Iran]]''
*[[Tehran Conference]] ("Eureka")
*[[Trans-Iranian Railway]]
*[[List of Shi'a Muslims dynasties]]


==References==
==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
==Further reading==
* {{Commons category-inline|Pahlavi dynasty}}
* ''The Fall of Heaven: The Pahlavis and the Final Days of Imperial Iran'', by Andrew Scott Cooper (Henry Holt and Company, 2016) {{ISBN|9780805098983}}.
*[http://www.payvand.com/news/06/mar/1090.html What Really Happened to the Shah of Iran], Payvand News, 10 March 2006.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pahlavi}}
{{Wikiquote|Imperial State of Iran}}
*[http://www.iranchamber.com/history/pahlavi/pahlavi.php Pahlavi dynasty] at Iran Chamber
*[http://irancollection.alborzi.com/ The Pahlavi Dynasty coins and insignia]


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{{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling house]] of [[Iran]]|years=15 December 1925 – 11 February 1979}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling house]] of [[Iran]]|years=15 December 1925 – 11 February 1979}}
{{s-vac|reason=[[Iranian Revolution|Monarchy abolished]]<br />'''[[Interim Government of Iran|Republic declared]]'''}}
{{s-vac|reason=[[Iranian Revolution|Monarchy abolished]]<br />'''[[Interim Government of Iran|Republic declared]]'''}}
{{S-break}}
{{s-other|[[State (polity)|State]] of [[Iran]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Qajar Iran|Sublime State of Persia]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Imperial State of Iran|years=1925–1979}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Interim Government of Iran]]}}
{{s-bef|before=Representative for Persia in the [[League of Nations]]<br>{{nobold|1920–1925}}|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title= Representative for Persia/Iran in the [[League of Nations]]|years=1925–1945}}
{{s-after|after= Representative for the [[Iran and the United Nations|Iran]] in the [[United Nations]]<br>{{nobold|1979}}|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title= Representative for [[Iran and the United Nations|Iran]] in the [[United Nations]]|years=1945–1979}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}

{{Iran topics}}
{{Iran topics}}
{{People executed by the Islamic Republic of Iran}}
{{Former Monarchies}}
{{Empires}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Pahlavi dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Pahlavi dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Monarchy in Persia and Iran]]
[[Category:Iranian royalty|*]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]]
[[Category:Iranian royalty]]
[[Category:Political history of Iran]]
[[Category:1920s in Iran]]
[[Category:1930s in Iran]]
[[Category:1940s in Iran]]
[[Category:1950s in Iran]]
[[Category:1960s in Iran]]
[[Category:1970s in Iran]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1925]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1979]]
[[Category:1925 establishments in Iran]]
[[Category:1979 disestablishments in Iran]]
[[Category:Iranian Revolution]]
[[Category:20th century in Iran]]
[[Category:Former polities of the Cold War]]

Latest revision as of 14:23, 17 December 2024

This article is about the Iranian royal dynasty. For the country under its rule, see Pahlavi Iran.

Pahlavi
Royal house
Arms of dominion of the Shahs, and therefore coat of arms, of Pahlavi Iran from 1932. The emblem of the dynasty is the mountain and sun in the blue circle in the middle.
CountryImperial State of Iran
Place of originMazandaran
Founded15 December 1925 (1925-12-15)
FounderReza Shah
Current headReza Pahlavi
Final rulerMohammad Reza Pahlavi
Connected familiesMuhammad Ali dynasty (1941–1948)
Mottoمرا داد فرمود و خود داور است
Marā dād farmud o Khod dāvar ast
(He (Allah or God) named me justice and he himself is the judge)
Deposition11 February 1979 (1979-02-11) (Iranian revolution)

The Pahlavi dynasty (Persian: دودمان پهلوی) was the last Iranian royal dynasty that ruled for roughly 53 years between 1925 and 1979. The dynasty was founded by Reza Shah Pahlavi, a non-aristocratic Mazanderani soldier[1] in modern times, who took on the name of the Pahlavi language spoken in the pre-Islamic Sasanian Empire to strengthen his nationalist credentials.[2][3][4][5]

The dynasty replaced the Qajar dynasty in 1925 after the 1921 coup d'état, beginning on 14 January 1921 when 42-year-old soldier Reza Khan was promoted by British General Edmund Ironside to lead the British-run Persian Cossack Brigade.[6] About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan's 3,000–4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade reached Tehran in what became known as the 1921 Persian coup d'état.[7][8] The rest of the country was taken by 1923, and by October 1925 the Majlis agreed to depose and formally exile Ahmad Shah Qajar. The Majlis declared Reza Pahlavi as the new Shah of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to the Persian Constitution of 1906.[9] Initially, Pahlavi had planned to declare the country a republic, as his contemporary Atatürk had done in Turkey, but abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition.[10]

The dynasty ruled Iran for 28 years as a form of constitutional monarchy from 1925 until 1953, and following the overthrow of the elected prime minister, for a further 26 years as a more autocratic monarchy until the dynasty was itself overthrown in 1979.

Family background

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See also: Pahlavi family tree

In 1878, Reza Khan was born at the village of Alasht in Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province. His parents were Abbas Ali Khan and Noushafarin Ayromlou.[11][7] His mother was a Muslim immigrant from Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire),[12][13] whose family had emigrated to mainland Qajar Iran after Iran was forced to cede all of its territories in the Caucasus following the Russo-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth.[14] His father was a Mazandarani, commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh Regiment, and served in the Anglo-Persian War in 1856.

Heads of House of Pahlavi

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Name Portrait Family relations Lifespan Entered office Left office
Shahs of Iran
1 Reza Shah Pahlavi Reza Shah Son of Abbas Ali 1878–1944 15 December 1925 16 September 1941
(Abdication)
2 Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Shah Son of Reza Shah 1919–1980 16 September 1941 27 July 1980
(Death)
3 Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran Son of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1960–current 27 July 1980 Incumbent

Consorts

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Picture Name Father Birth Marriage Became Consort Ceased to be Consort Death Spouse
Tadj ol-Molouk Teymūr Khan Ayromlou 1896 1916 15 December 1925 16 September 1941
husband's abdication 		1982 Reza Shah
Esmat Dowlatshahi Gholam Ali Mirza Dowlatshahi 1905 1923 1995
Princess Fawzia of Egypt Fuad I of Egypt 1921 1939 16 September 1941 17 November 1948
divorced 		2013 Mohammad Reza Shah
Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary Khalil Esfandiary-Bakhtiary 1932 12 February 1951 15 March 1958
divorced 		2001
Farah Diba Sohrab Diba 1938 21 December 1959 11 February 1979
husband's deposition 		Alive

Heirs

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Prince Ali-Reza Pahlavi, the heir presumptive until his death in 1954

The former constitution of Iran specifically provided that only a male who was not descended from Qajar dynasty could become the heir apparent.[15] This made all half-brothers of Mohammad Reza ineligible to become heirs to the throne.[15] Until his death in 1954, the Shah's only full brother Ali Reza was his heir presumptive.[15]

The constitution also required the Shah to be of Iranian descent, meaning that his father and mother are Iranian.[16]

Line of succession in February 1979

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Current Line of Succession

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List of crown princes

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Name Portrait Relationship to monarch Became heir Ceased to be heir; reason
Office vacant from 15 December 1925 to 24 April 1926
1 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Shah Eldest son 25 April 1926[17] 16 September 1941

(Became king)

Office vacant from 16 September 1941 to 26 October 1967
2 Reza Pahlavi II Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran Eldest son 1 November 1960 (Proclaimed)[17]

26 October 1967 (Designated)[17]

11 February 1979

(Father deposed)

Royal jewels

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Main articles: Pahlavi Crown, Empress Crown, and Iranian Crown Jewels

Monuments

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Main articles: Mausoleum of Reza Shah and Shahyad Tower

Use of titles

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  • Shâh: Emperor, followed by Shâhanshâh of Iran, with style His Imperial Majesty
  • Shahbânu: Shahbânu or Empress, followed by first name, followed by "of Iran", with style Her Imperial Majesty
  • Valiahd: Crown Prince of Iran, with style His Imperial Highness
  • Younger sons: Prince (Shâhpūr, or King's Son), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style His Imperial Highness.
  • Daughters: Princess (Shâhdokht, or King's Daughter), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style Her Imperial Highness.
  • Children of the monarch's daughter/s use another version of Prince (Vâlâ Gohar, "of superior essence") or Princess (Vâlâ Gohari), which indicate descent in the second generation through the female line, and use the styles His Highness or Her Highness. This is then followed by first name and father's surname, whether he was royal or a commoner. However, the children by the last Shah's sister Fatemeh, who married an American businessman as her first husband, are surnamed Pahlavi Hillyer and do not use any titles.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Aghaie, Kamran Scot (1 December 2011). The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-80078-3.
  2. ^ کوروش, نوروز مرادی; نوری, مصطفی (1388). "سندی نویافته از نیای رضاشاه" (PDF). پیام بهارستان. د۲،س ۱،ش۴.
  3. ^ معتضد, خسرو (1387). تاج های زنانه (چاپ اول ed.). تهران: نشر البرز. pp. 46 47 48 49 50 51 جلد اول. ISBN 9789644425974.
  4. ^ نیازمند, رضا (1387). رضاشاه از تولد تا سلطنت (چاپ ششم ed.). تهران: حکایت قلم نوین. pp. 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 39 40 43 44 45. ISBN 9645925460.
  5. ^ زیباکلام, صادق (1398). رضاشاه (اول ed.). تهران: روزنه،لندن:اچ انداس. pp. 61, 62. ISBN 9781780837628.
  6. ^ Cyrus Ghani; Sīrūs Ghanī (6 January 2001). Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power. I.B.Tauris. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-1-86064-629-4.
  7. ^ a b Zirinsky, Michael P. (1992). "Imperial power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921-1926". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 24 (4): 639–663. doi:10.1017/s0020743800022388. S2CID 159878744. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  8. ^ Brysac, Shareen Blair. "A Very British Coup: How Reza Shah Won and Lost His Throne." World Policy Journal 24, no. 2 (2007): 90–103. Accessed 8 August 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40210096
  9. ^ "Mashallah Ajudani". Ajoudani. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  10. ^ Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric. Iran: A Country Study: A Country Study. Government Printing Office. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8444-1187-3.
  11. ^ Gholam Reza Afkhami (27 October 2008). The Life and Times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-520-25328-5. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  12. ^ Afkhami, Gholam Reza (2009). The Life and Times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 4. (..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother's care in Tehran. (...).
  13. ^ GholamAli Haddad Adel; et al. (2012). The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam. EWI Press. p. 3. (...) His mother, Nush Afarin, was a Georgian Muslim immigrant (...).
  14. ^ Homa Katouzian. "State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis" I.B.Tauris, 2006. ISBN 978-1845112721 p 269
  15. ^ a b c Dareini, Ali Akbar (1999). The rise and fall of the Pahlavi dynasty. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 446. ISBN 81-208-1642-0. 2. The Shah gives another account for his separation with Fawzia. "For reasons still obscure to medical science, Queen Fawzia bore only one child; thus unfortunately no male heir issued from our marriage. Under the Persian Constitution the crown must pass by direct line of descent to a male heir. This rules out not only my daughter but also my three sisters. The Constitution further stipulates that no one descended from the previous Qajar dynasty is eligible to become king. Since two of my father's wives were of Qajar blood, my half-brothers who are their sons are ineligible. In fact I had only one brother not related to the Qajar line, and to my sorrow he was to die in an aeroplane crash in 1954. With these limitations it is no wonder that my advisors felt it important for my wife to bear a son. It is true that the Constitution might have been amended, but the dimate of opinion seemed opposed to tampering with the provisions relating to the royal succession. Besides, I was young and, quite apart from the constitutional factor, I wanted more children. When Queen Fawzia went to Egypt on an extended stay, we decided on a divorce." Please see Mission for My Country His Imperial Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahiavi, Hutchinson and Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London, 1961–1968; pp. 219–220
  16. ^ Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (1976). The Shah: The Glittering Story of Iran and Its People. P. S. Eriksson. p. 49. ISBN 9780839777533.
  17. ^ a b c Curtis, Glenn; Hooglund, Eric (April 2008). Iran, a country study. Washington, D.C., US: Library of Congress. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-8444-1187-3.
[edit]
— Royal house —
House of Pahlavī
Founding year: 1925
Deposition: 1979
Preceded by Ruling house of Iran
15 December 1925 – 11 February 1979 		Vacant
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