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{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{use British English Oxford spelling|date=November 2017}}
{{use British English Oxford spelling|date=November 2017}}
{{short description|Anarchist school of thought}}
{{short description|Anarchist school of thought}}
[[File:Queer anarchism flag.svg|thumb|261x261px|A diagonally bisected pink and black flag, similar to other [[anarchist symbolism]], is often associated with queer anarchism.]]
{{anarchism sidebar|schools}}
{{anarchism sidebar|schools}}
'''Queer anarchism''', or '''anarcha-queer''', is an [[Anarchist schools of thought|anarchist school of thought]] that advocates [[anarchism]] and [[social revolution]] as a means of [[queer liberation]] and abolition of hierarchies such as [[homophobia]], [[lesbophobia]], [[transmisogyny]], [[biphobia]], [[transphobia]], [[aphobia (disambiguation)|aphobia]], [[heteronormativity]], [[patriarchy]], and the [[gender binary]].
'''Queer anarchism''', or '''anarcha-queer''', is an [[anarchist school of thought]] that advocates [[anarchism]] and [[social revolution]] as a means of [[queer liberation]] and abolition of hierarchies such as [[homophobia]], [[lesbophobia]], [[transmisogyny]], [[biphobia]], [[transphobia]], [[heteronormativity]], [[patriarchy]], and the [[gender binary]]. People who campaigned for [[LGBT rights]] both outside and inside the anarchist and [[LGBT]] movements include [[John Henry Mackay]],<ref>"The story of one person's struggle against intolerance and repression during the early 20th century homosexual emancipation movement in Germany. Mackay is a very interesting figure in both anarchist and homosexual circles."[http://www.akpress.org/1997/items/anarchistoflove Hubert Kennedy. ''Anarchist Of Love: The Secret Life Of John Henry Mackay.''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322023715/http://www.akpress.org/1997/items/anarchistoflove |date=March 22, 2012 }}</ref> [[Adolf Brand]] and [[Daniel Guérin]].<ref>"Although by 1968 he could be seen as the “grandfather of the French homosexual movement” , Daniel Guérin has always been better known outside gay circles for his rôle in the revolutionary movement. On the revolutionary left of the Socialist Party in the 1930s, he was later heavily influenced by Trotsky, before becoming attracted to the libertarian communist wing of the anarchist movement." [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/David_Berry__For_a_dialectic_of_homosexuality_and_revolution.html David Berry. "For a dialectic of homosexuality and revolution"]</ref> [[Individualist anarchism|Individualist anarchist]] Adolf Brand published ''[[Der Eigene]]'' from 1896 to 1932 in [[Berlin]], the first sustained journal dedicated to gay issues.<ref>[[Karl Heinrich Ulrichs]] had begun a journal called ''Uranus'' in 1870, but only one issue ("Prometheus") was published. (Kennedy, Hubert, ''Karl Heinrich Ulrichs: First Theorist of Homosexuality'', In: 'Science and Homosexualities', ed. Vernon Rosario (pp. 26–45). New York: Routledge, 1997.</ref><ref name="williamapercy7">{{Cite book| edition = First| publisher = Mackay Society| last = Kennedy| first = Hubert| title = Anarchist of Love: The Secret Life of John Henry Mackay p.7| date = 1983-01-01}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
=== Early history ===
[[File:John Henry Mackay.gif|thumb|left|140px|[[John Henry Mackay]], German [[individualist anarchist]] advocate of [[LGBT rights]]]]
Anarchism's foregrounding of individual freedoms made for a natural defense of homosexuality in the eyes of many, both inside and outside of the anarchist movement. In ''{{lang|de|Das Kuriositäten-Kabinett}}'' (1923), [[Emil Szittya]] wrote about homosexuality that "very many anarchists have this tendency. Thus I found in Paris a Hungarian anarchist, Alexander Sommi, who founded a homosexual anarchist group on the basis of this idea". His view is confirmed by [[Magnus Hirschfeld]] in his 1914 book ''{{lang|de|Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes}}'': "In the ranks of a relatively small party, the anarchist, it seemed to me as if proportionately more homosexuals and effeminates are found than in others".<ref>[[Magnus Hirschfeld|Hirschfeld, Magnus]], 1914. ''Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes'' (Berlin: Louis Marcus)</ref> Italian anarchist [[Luigi Bertoni]] (who Szittya also believed to be homosexual) observed: "Anarchists demand freedom in everything, thus also in sexuality. Homosexuality leads to a healthy sense of [[Philosophy of Max Stirner|egoism]], for which every anarchist should strive".

In [[Oscar Wilde]]'s ''[[The Soul of Man under Socialism]]'', he passionately advocates for an [[egalitarian]] society where wealth is shared by all while warning of the dangers of [[authoritarian socialism]] that would crush individuality.<ref name="theanarchistlibrary1">[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Kristian_Williams__The_Soul_of_Man_Under..._Anarchism_.html Kristian Williams. "The Soul of Man Under... Anarchism?"]</ref> He later commented: "I think I am rather more than a Socialist. I am something of an Anarchist, I believe".<ref>According to his biographer Neil McKenna, Wilde was part of a secret organization that aimed to legalize homosexuality, and was known among the group as a leader of "the Cause". (McKenna, Neil. 2003. ''The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde''.)</ref> In August 1894, Wilde wrote to his lover Lord Alfred Douglas to tell of "a dangerous adventure". He had gone out sailing with two lovely boys—Stephen and Alphonso—and they were caught in a storm. "We took five hours in an awful gale to come back! [And we] did not reach pier till eleven o’clock at night, pitch dark all the way, and a fearful sea. [...] All the fishermen were waiting for us". Tired, cold and "wet to the skin", the three men immediately "flew to the hotel for hot brandy and water", but there was a problem as the law stood in the way: "As it was past ten o’clock on a Sunday night the proprietor could not sell us any brandy or spirits of any kind! So he had to give it to us. The result was not displeasing, but what laws!". Wilde finishes the story: "Both Alphonso and Stephen are now anarchists, I need hardly say".<ref name="theanarchistlibrary1"/>

[[File:Adolf Brand ca. 1930.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Adolf Brand]], early German anarchist activist for the rights of male homosexuals]]
[[Anarcho-syndicalism|Anarcho-syndicalist]] writer Ulrich Linse wrote about "a sharply outlined figure of the Berlin individualist anarchist cultural scene around 1900", the "precocious [[Johannes Holzmann]]" (known as [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604010355/http://libcom.org/history/articles/1882-1914-senna-hoy/index.php Senna Hoy]): "an adherent of free love, [Hoy] celebrated homosexuality as a 'champion of culture' and engaged in the struggle against [[Paragraph 175]]".<ref>Linse, Ulrich, ''Individualanarchisten, Syndikalisten, Bohémiens,'' in "Berlin um 1900", ed. Gelsine Asmus (Berlin: Berlinische Galerie, 1984)</ref> The young Hoy (born 1882) published these views in his weekly magazine {{lang|de|Kampf}} (''Struggle'') from 1904, which reached a circulation of 10,000 the following year. He decided to devote himself entirely to writing and political activism from an anarchist standpoint. In 1904, he published a booklet entitled "Das dritte Geschlecht" ("The Third Gender"). In it, he attacked homophobia, laying most of the blame on religion. Above all, the text was intended to be educational and covered evolution, biology and issues then facing homosexuals. From 1904 to 1905, Holzmann edited the journal ''Der Kampf: Zeitschrift für gesunden Menschenverstand'' (''The Struggle: Journal for Common Sense''). Though it was not published by any particular organization, the journal was anarchist in outlook. In addition to fictional stories, ''Der Kampf'' published articles on various topics, including many about homosexuality. Among its writers were [[Else Lasker-Schüler]], [[Peter Hille]], and [[Erich Mühsam]] and, at its best, it had a circulation of up to 10,000. During this time, Holzmann wrote an article entitled "Die Homosexualität als Kulturbewegung" ("Homosexuality as a Cultural Movement"). He argued that the right to privacy entailed that "no one has the right to intrude in the private matters of another, to meddle in another's personal views and orientations, and that ultimately it is no one's business what two freely consenting adults do in their homes." He attacked [[Paragraph 175]] of the German criminal code which criminalized homosexual acts.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1300/J082v29n02_05| issn = 0091-8369| volume = 29| issue = 2–3| pages = 117–154| last = Fähnders| first = Walter| title = Anarchism and Homosexuality in Wilhelmine Germany| journal = Journal of Homosexuality| access-date = 2020-12-12| date = 1995-11-27| url = https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v29n02_05| pmid = 8666752}}</ref>

German anarchist [[Psychotherapy|psychotherapist]] [[Otto Gross]] also wrote extensively about same-sex sexuality in both men and women and argued against its discrimination.<ref>Gottfried Heuer. [http://www.ottogross.org/english/documents/BiographicalSurvey.html "Otto Gross (1877–1920) – Biographical Survey"].</ref> [[Heterosexual]] anarchist [[Robert Reitzel]] (1849–1898) spoke positively of homosexuality from the beginning of the 1890s in his German-language journal ''[[Der arme Teufel]]'' (Detroit).

[[John Henry Mackay]] was an individualist anarchist known in the anarchist movement as an important early follower and propagandizer of the philosophy of [[Max Stirner]].<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50614F7395A15738DDDA90A94DC405B878CF1D3 "IDEAS OF MAX STIRNER.; First English Translation of His Book, "The Ego and His Own" – His Attack on Socialism – The Most Revolutionary Book Ever Published." by JAMES HUNEKER]</ref> Alongside this, Mackay was also an early signer of Magnus Hirschfeld's "Petition to the Legislative Bodies of the German Empire" for "a revision of the anti-homosexual paragraph 175 (his name appeared in the first list published in 1899)".<ref name="williamapercy12">{{Cite book| edition = First| publisher = Mackay Society| last = Kennedy| first = Hubert| title = Anarchist of Love: The Secret Life of John Henry Mackay p.12| date = 1983-01-01}}</ref><ref>[http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Hubert_kennedy.pdf Hubert Kennedy. ''Anarchist Of Love: The Secret Life Of John Henry Mackay.''pg. 12]</ref> He also kept a special interest about Oscar Wilde and was outraged at his imprisonment for homosexual activity.<ref name="williamapercy12"/> Nevertheless, Mackay entered into conflict with Hirschfeld and his organization the Scientific Humanitarian Committee.<ref name="williamapercy8">{{Cite book| edition = First| publisher = Mackay Society| last = Kennedy| first = Hubert| title = Anarchist of Love: The Secret Life of John Henry Mackay, p.8| date = 1983-01-01}}</ref>

The individualist anarchist [[Adolf Brand]] was originally a member of Hirschfeld's Scientific Humanitarian Committee, but formed a break-away group. Brand and his colleagues, known as the ''Gemeinschaft der Eigenen'' ("Community of [[Self-ownership|Self-owners]]"), were also heavily influenced by the writings of Stirner.<ref name="williamapercy7"/> [[File:Der Eigene - 1896.jpg|right|thumb|140px|''[[Der Eigene]]'', [[Max Stirner|stirnerist]] pioneer gay activist publication]]They were opposed to Hirschfeld's medical characterization of homosexuality as the domain of an "intermediate sex".<ref>New York: Howard Fertig, 1985.</ref> Ewald Tschek, another homosexual anarchist writer of the era, regularly contributed to Adolf Brand's journal ''{{lang|de|[[Der Eigene]]}}'' and wrote in 1925 that Hirschfeld's Scientific Humanitarian Committee was a danger to the German people, caricaturing Hirschfeld as "Dr. Feldhirsch". Although Mackay was closer in views to Brand and his "Community of Self-owners" in some respects as compared to Hirschfeld's Scientific Humanitarian Committee, nevertheless he did not agree with Brand's antifeminism and almost misogynistic views believing his "anarchist principle of equal freedom to all certainly applied to women as well as men".<ref name="williamapercy35">{{Cite book| edition = First| publisher = Mackay Society| last = Kennedy| first = Hubert| title = Anarchist of Love: The Secret Life of John Henry Mackay p.35| date = 1983-01-01}}</ref>

''{{lang|de|[[Der Eigene]]}}'' was the first [[gay]] journal in the world, published from 1896 to 1932 by Brand in Berlin. Brand contributed many poems and articles himself. Other contributors included [[Benedict Friedlaender]], [[Hanns Heinz Ewers]], [[Erich Mühsam]], [[Kurt Hiller]], [[Ernst Burchard]], John Henry Mackay, [[Theodor Lessing]], [[Klaus Mann]] and [[Thomas Mann]] as well as artists [[Wilhelm von Gloeden]], [[Fidus]] and [[Sascha Schneider]]. After the rise to power by the Nazis, Brand became a victim of persecution and had his journal closed.

The Ukrainian anarchist military leader [[Nestor Makhno]] was known to employ [[disguise]]s as part of his guerilla tactics. His most commonly assumed disguise involved putting on makeup and [[Drag (clothing)|dressing as a woman]], so that he could survey enemy positions without detection.<ref>{{cite book|first=Alexej|last=Nikolaev |title=First among Equals |language=ru|page=124|year=1947|asin=B0719CM1ZT|location=Moscow}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Alexandre|last=Skirda|title=Nestor Makhno: Anarchy's Coassack|chapter=28: Nestor Makhno's Personality: Character Traits and Idiosyncrasies|page=296|translator= Paul Sharkey|isbn=1-902593-68-5 |year=2004|publisher=AK Press|location=Edinburgh|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Mujeres votando en las elecciones de 1945.jpg|thumb|[[Mujeres Libres]], queer feminist anarchist organization during the [[Spanish Civil War]]]]
The prominent American anarchist [[Emma Goldman]] was also an outspoken critic of [[homophobia|prejudice against homosexuals]]. Her belief that social liberation should extend to gay men and lesbians was virtually unheard of at the time, even among anarchists.<ref>{{cite book |last=Katz|first=Jonathan Ned|author-link=Jonathan Ned Katz|title=[[Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A.]]|year=1992|location=New York City|publisher=Penguin Books|pages=376–380}}</ref> As [[Magnus Hirschfeld]] wrote, "she was the first and only woman, indeed the first and only American, to take up the defense of homosexual love before the general public".<ref name="hirschfeld">Goldman, Emma (1923). "Offener Brief an den Herausgeber der Jahrbücher über Louise Michel" with a preface by Magnus Hirschfeld. ''Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen'' 23: 70. Translated from German by James Steakley. Goldman's original letter in English is not known to be extant.</ref> In numerous speeches and letters, she defended the right of gay men and lesbians to love as they pleased and condemned the fear and stigma associated with homosexuality. As Goldman wrote in a letter to Hirschfeld: "It is a tragedy, I feel, that people of a different sexual type are caught in a world which shows so little understanding for homosexuals and is so crassly indifferent to the various gradations and variations of gender and their great significance in life".<ref name="hirschfeld"/>

Despite these supportive stances, the anarchist movement of the time certainly was not free of homophobia and an editorial in an influential Spanish anarchist journal from 1935 argued that an anarchist should not even associate with homosexuals, let alone be one: "If you are an anarchist, that means that you are more morally upright and physically strong than the average man. And he who likes inverts is no real man, and is therefore no real anarchist".<ref>Quoted in Cleminson, Richard. 1995. ''Male inverts and homosexuals: Sex discourse in the Anarchist Revista Blanca'', Published in [[Gert Hekma]] et al. (eds.)"Gay men and the sexual history of the political left" by Harrington Park Press 1995, {{ISBN|978-1-56023-067-0}}.</ref>

[[File:Luic San Saorn 1933.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lucía Sánchez Saornil]], prominent Spanish [[anarcha-feminist]] militant, leader of the collective [[Mujeres Libres]] and lesbian writer]]
[[Lucía Sánchez Saornil]] was a main founder of the Spanish [[anarcha-feminist]] federation [[Mujeres Libres]] who was open about being a [[lesbian]].<ref>[http://wzar.unizar.es/siem/articulos/Premios/MujeresLibres.pdf "basta pensar en el lesbianismo de Lucía Sánchez Saornil"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402065947/http://wzar.unizar.es/siem/articulos/Premios/MujeresLibres.pdf|date=2 April 2012}}</ref> At a young age, she began writing poetry and associated herself with the emerging [[Ultraist movement|Ultraist]] literary movement. By 1919, she had been published in a variety of journals, including ''Los Quijotes'', ''Tableros'', ''Plural'', ''Manantial'' and ''La Gaceta Literaria''. Working under a male [[pen name]], she was able to explore lesbian themes<ref>"R. Fue una época transgresora, emergió el feminismo y la libertad sexual estuvo en el candelero. Hay rastreos de muchas lesbianas escritoras: Carmen Conde[primera académica de número], Victorina Durán, Margarita Xirgu, Ana María Sagi, la periodista Irene Polo, Lucía Sánchez Saornil, fundadora de Mujeres Libres[sección feminista de CNT]... Incluso existía un círculo sáfico en Madrid como lugar de encuentro y tertulia.P. ¿Se declaraban lesbianas?R. Había quien no se escondía mucho, como Polo o Durán, pero lesbiana era un insulto, algo innombrable. Excepto los poemas homosexuales de Sánchez Saornil, sus textos no eran explícitos para poder publicarlos, así que hay que reinterpretarlos."[http://elpais.com/diario/2007/12/06/paisvasco/1196973608_850215.html "Tener referentes serios de lesbianas elimina estereotipos" by Juan Fernandez at ''El Pais'']</ref> at a time when homosexuality was criminalized and subject to [[censorship]] and punishment. Dissatisfied with the chauvinistic prejudices of fellow [[Second Spanish Republic|Republicans]], Lucía Sánchez Saornil joined with two ''compañeras'', [[Mercedes Comaposada]] and [[Amparo Poch y Gascón]], to form [[Mujeres Libres]] in 1936. Mujeres Libres was an [[autonomous]] anarchist organization for women committed to a "double struggle" of [[women's liberation]] and social revolution. Lucía and other "Free Women" rejected the dominant view that gender equality would emerge naturally from a [[classless society]]. As the Spanish Civil War exploded, Mujeres Libres quickly grew to 30,000 members, organizing women's social spaces, schools, newspapers and daycare programs.

[[File:Existrans 2017 (37599096530).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|{{ill|Existrans|fr}} demonstration, Paris, 2017]]
The writings of the French [[bisexual]] anarchist [[Daniel Guérin]] offer an insight into the tension sexual minorities among the left have often felt. He was a leading figure in the French left from the 1930s until his death in 1988. After [[coming out]] in 1965, he spoke about the extreme hostility toward homosexuality that permeated the left throughout much of the 20th century.<ref>*The [[Parti Communiste Français]] was "hysterically intransigent as far as ’moral behaviour’ was concerned" (''Aragon, victime et profiteur du tabou'', in ''Gai Pied Hebdo'', 4 June 1983, reproduced in ''Homosexualité et Révolution'', pp. 62–3, quote p. 63.);<br />* The trotskyist [[Pierre Lambert]]'s OCI was "completely hysterical with regard to homosexuality"; [[Workers' Struggle|Lutte ouvri<!-- AutoEd: rm unicode ctrl char w/no win-1252 mapping, intent unknown -->re]] was theoretically opposed to homosexuality; as was the [[Communist League|Ligue communiste]], despite their belatedly paying lip service to gay lib. (''à confesse'', Interview with Gérard Ponthieu in Sexpol no. 1 (20 January 1975), pp.10–14.)<br />* Together, Guérin argued, such groups bore a great deal of responsibility for fostering homophobic attitudes among the working class as late as the 1970s. Their attitude was "the most blinkered, the most reactionary, the most antiscientific". (''Etre homosexuel et révolutionnaire'', La Quinzaine littéraire, no. 215, no. spécial : ‘Les homosexualités’ (August 1975), pp. 9–10. Quote p. 10)</ref> "Not so many years ago, to declare oneself a revolutionary and to confess to being homosexual were incompatible", Guérin wrote in 1975.<ref>[[Daniel Guérin|Guérin, Daniel]]. 1975. ''Etre homosexuel et révolutionnaire'', La Quinzaine littéraire, no. 215, no. spécial : ‘Les homosexualités’ (August 1975), pp. 9–10.</ref>

In 1954, Guérin was widely attacked for his study of the [[Kinsey Reports]] in which he also detailed the oppression of homosexuals in France: "The harshest [criticisms] came from Marxists, who tend seriously to underestimate the form of oppression which is antisexual terrorism. I expected it, of course, and I knew that in publishing my book I was running the risk of being attacked by those to whom I feel closest on a political level".<ref>Letter of 27 May 1955, Fonds Guérin, [[La contemporaine|BDIC]], F° Δ 721/carton 12/4, quoted in Chaperon, ‘Le fonds Daniel Guérin et l’histoire de la sexualité’ in Journal de la [[La contemporaine|BDIC]], no.5 (June 2002), p.10</ref> After coming out publicly in 1965, Guérin was abandoned by the left and his papers on sexual liberation were censored or refused publication in left-wing journals.<ref>Berry, David. 2003. ''For a dialectic of homosexuality and revolution.'' Paper for "Conference on "Socialism and Sexuality. Past and present of radical sexual politics", Amsterdam, 3–4 October 2003.</ref> From the 1950s.

[[File:Stockholm Pride Parade - Anarchist block - 2726504058.jpg|thumb|Queer anarchist bloc with banner reading "remember [[Stonewall riots|Stonewall]]"]]
Guérin moved away from [[Marxism–Leninism]] and toward a synthesis of anarchism and [[Marxism]] close to [[platformism]], which allowed for individualism while rejecting capitalism, who would eventually embrace [[anarcho-communism]]. Guérin was involved in the uprising of May 1968 and was a part of the French gay liberation movement that emerged after the events. Decades later, Frédéric Martel described Guérin as the "grandfather of the French homosexual movement".<ref>Frédéric Martel, ''Le rose et le noir. Les homosexuels en France depuis 1968'' (Paris: Seuil, 2000), pp.46.</ref>

In the United States, the influential anarchist thinker [[Paul Goodman (writer)|Paul Goodman]] came out late in his career as bisexual. The freedom with which he revealed in print and in public his romantic and sexual relations with men (notably in a late essay, "Being [[Queer]]"),<ref name="stoehr">{{citation |title=Crazy Hope and Finite Experience: Final Essays of Paul Goodman |editor-first=Taylor |editor-last=Stoehr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1ce-yTHuWMC |first=Paul |last=Goodman |chapter=Being Queer |year=1994 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-88163-266-X |page=103}}</ref> proved to be one of the many important cultural springboards for the emerging [[gay liberation]] movement of the early 1970s.

=== Contemporary history ===
=== Contemporary history ===
[[File:Existrans 2017 (37931460321).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|Anarchist and queer symbolism]]
[[File:Existrans 2017 (37931460321).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|Anarchist and queer symbolism]]
The early gay liberation movement shared many theoretical foundations and philosophies with anarchist movements in the mid twentieth century.<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Benjamin|date=August 2010|title=Bridging the divide between queer theory sage and anarchism|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460710370656|journal=Sexualities|volume=13|issue=4|pages=511–527|doi=10.1177/1363460710370656|issn=1363-4607|via=}}</ref> Chants such as "2-4-6-8, smash the church, smash the state!" were popular around the time of the [[Stonewall riots]], setting the tone for a queer rights movement grounded in anarchist thought.<ref name=":04" /> The two campaigns both focus on rejecting normative thinking and the state in favor of personal liberty and pleasure.<ref name=":04" />
The early gay liberation movement shared many theoretical foundations and philosophies with anarchist movements in the mid twentieth century.{{Sfn|Shepard|2010|p=512}} Chants such as "2-4-6-8, smash the church, smash the state!" were popular around the time of the [[Stonewall riots]], setting the tone for a queer rights movement grounded in anarchist thought.{{Sfn|Shepard|2010|pp=512-513}} The two campaigns both focus on rejecting normative thinking and the state in favor of personal liberty and pleasure.{{Sfn|Shepard|2010|pp=515-518}}


[[Anarchism]] and [[Queer theory]] both reject paternalistic state structures that depend on [[capitalism]] and the [[nuclear family]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Windpassinger|first=Gwendolyn|date=September 2010|title=Queering anarchism in post-2001 Buenos Aires|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1363460710370657|journal=Sexualities|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=495–509|doi=10.1177/1363460710370657|issn=1363-4607|via=}}</ref> Instead, both favor forms of self-determination and the reordering of society.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Benjamin|date=August 2010|title=Bridging the divide between queer theory sage and anarchism|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460710370656|journal=Sexualities|volume=13|issue=4|pages=511–527|doi=10.1177/1363460710370656|issn=1363-4607|via=}}</ref> An example of anarchism and queerness intersecting can be found in those who engage in [[Non-monogamy|non-monogamous]] relationships, these are inherently anarchical, as they are rejecting traditional power structures that shape the nuclear family. This concept has been coined ''Relationship Anarchism''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=De las Heras Gómez|first=Roma|date=December 2018|title=Thinking Relationship Anarchy from a Queer Feminist Approach|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1360780418811965|journal=Sociological Research Online|language=en|volume=24|issue=4|pages=644–660|doi=10.1177/1360780418811965|issn=1360-7804|via=}}</ref>
[[Anarchism]] and [[queer theory]] both reject paternalistic state structures that depend on [[capitalism]] and the [[nuclear family]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Windpassinger |first=Gwendolyn |date=September 2010 |title=Queering anarchism in post-2001 Buenos Aires |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1363460710370657 |journal=Sexualities |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=495–509 |doi=10.1177/1363460710370657 |s2cid=146449179 |issn=1363-4607 |via= |access-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214032638/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1363460710370657 |url-status=live}}</ref> Instead, both favor forms of self-determination and the reordering of society.{{Sfn|Shepard|2010|pp=515-518}} An example of anarchism and queerness intersecting can be found in those who engage in [[Non-monogamy|non-monogamous]] relationships, these are inherently anarchical, as they are rejecting traditional power structures that shape the nuclear family. This concept has been coined ''[[Relationship anarchy|Relationship Anarchism]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De las Heras Gómez |first=Roma |date=December 2018 |title=Thinking Relationship Anarchy from a Queer Feminist Approach |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1360780418811965 |journal=Sociological Research Online |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=644–660 |doi=10.1177/1360780418811965 |s2cid=220124663 |issn=1360-7804 |via= |access-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-date=September 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918063858/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1360780418811965 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Anarcha-queer originated during the second half 20th century among anarchists involved in the gay liberation movement, who viewed anarchism as the road to harmony between [[heterosexuality|heterosexual]]/cis people and [[LGBT]] people. Anarcha-queer has its roots deep in [[queercore]], a form of [[punk rock]] that portrays homosexuality in a positive manner. Like most forms of punk rock, queercore attracts a large anarchist crowd. Anarchists are prominent in [[Queercore#Zines|queercore zines]]. There are two main anarchy-queer groups: [[Queer Mutiny]], a British group with branches in most major cities; and [[Bash Back!]], an American network of queer anarchists. Queer Fist appeared in [[New York City]] and identifies itself as "an anti-assimilationist, [[anti-capitalist]], [[anti-authoritarian]] street action group, came together to provide [[direct action]] and a radical queer and trans-identified voice at the Republican National Convention (RNC) protests".<ref>[http://queerfist.blogspot.com/ Queer Fist blog]</ref>


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=== Activism ===
[[File:Queer Anarchist CSD Berlin 2020 Gamma Fixed.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Queer anarchist banner at [[Christopher Street Day]] parade, Berlin, 2020]]
[[File:Queer Anarchist CSD Berlin 2020 Gamma Fixed.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Queer anarchist banner at [[Christopher Street Day]] parade, Berlin, 2020]]
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Queer anarchists have been active in [[protesting]] and [[activism]], using [[direct action]] against what is seen as homonormative [[consumerism]] and [[pink capitalism]]. Queer anarchists have set up [[Squatting|squats]] and [[autonomous zone]]s as well as urban communities for the queer and LGBT community. Rural communities often rely on social media to grow anarchist movements and networks, due to these communities being geographically isolated from urban centers.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Malenfant |first=Jayne |date=2018 |title=Anarchist Youth in Rural Canada: Technology, Resistance, and the Navigation of Space |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jeu.2018.0020 |journal=Jeunesse: Young People, Texts, Cultures |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=126–151 |doi=10.1353/jeu.2018.0020 |s2cid=158367022 |issn=1920-261X}}</ref> Social networking sites facilitate knowledge transmission that provides alternative ideals to people in rural populations that were previously only available to urban dwellers.<ref name=":03" />
Anarcha-feminist collectives such as the Spanish squat [[Eskalera Karakola]] and the Bolivian [[Mujeres Creando]] give high importance to lesbian and bisexual female issues working on the principles of [[Workers' self-management|autogestion]] and organizes activities based on [[direct action]]. The [[Fag Army]] is a left-wing queer anarchist group in [[Sweden]], which launched its first action on August 18, 2014, when it [[Pieing|pied]] the [[Minister for Health and Social Affairs (Sweden)|Minister for Health and Social Affairs]], [[Christian Democrats (Sweden)|Christian Democrat]] leader [[Göran Hägglund]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelocal.se/20140818/christian-democrat-leader-gets-cake-in-face|title=Christian Democrat leader attacked with cake|date=18 August 2014|work=[[The Local]]|access-date=20 August 2014}}</ref>


⚫
Many queer anarchists embrace the notion of radical [[individualism]], influenced by individual philosophers like [[Max Stirner]]. Organizations like [[AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power|ACT-Up]] a [[Punk subculture|punk]] [[anti-racist]], [[anti-fascist]] organization and supported and composed of queer anarchists organization that has supported queer radicals and direct action.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1363460710370652 |doi=10.1177/1363460710370652 |title=Queer anarchist autonomous zones and publics: Direct action vomiting against homonormative consumerism |year=2010 |last1=Jeppesen |first1=Sandra |journal=Sexualities |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=463–478 |s2cid=144734107 |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-date=September 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922140848/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1363460710370652 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later during the [[1999 Seattle WTO protests|WTO protests]] queer anarchists played a vital role in organizing the mass protests, the protests would lead to the explosion of the [[anti-globalization]] movement.<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |isbn=978-1-85984-653-7 |last1=Highleyman |first1=Liz |last2=Shepard |first2=Benjamin |last3=Hayduk |first3=Ronald |title=From Act Up to the Wto: Urban Protest and Community Building in the Era of Globalization |chapter=Radical queers or queer radicals? Queer activism and the global justice movement |location=London |date=2002}}</ref>
⚫
=== Activism ===
[[File:Moscow march for Nemtsov 2015-03-01 4896.jpg|thumbnail|upright=0.9|left|Queer anarchist and [[anarcha-feminist]] flags at a anti-corruption rally, Moscow, 2015]]
⚫
Queer anarchists have been active in [[protesting]] and [[activism]], using [[direct action]] against what is seen as homonormative [[consumerism]] and [[pink capitalism]]. Queer anarchists have set up [[Squatting|squats]] and [[autonomous zone]]s as well as urban communities for the queer and LGBT community. Rural communities often rely on social media to grow anarchist movements and networks, due to these communities being geographically isolated from urban centers.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last=Malenfant|first=Jayne|date=2018|title=Anarchist Youth in Rural Canada: Technology, Resistance, and the Navigation of Space|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jeu.2018.0020|journal=Jeunesse: Young People, Texts, Cultures|volume=10|issue=2|pages=126–151|doi=10.1353/jeu.2018.0020|issn=1920-261X}}</ref> Social networking sites facilitate knowledge transmission that provides alternative ideals to people in rural populations that were previously only available to urban dwellers.<ref name=":03" />


== "Be Gay, Do Crime" ==
⚫
Many queer anarchists embrace the notion of radical [[individualism]], influenced by individual philosophers like [[Max Stirner]]. Organizations like [[AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power|ACT-Up]] a [[Punk subculture|punk]] [[anti-racist]], [[anti-fascist]] organization and supported and composed of queer anarchists organization that has supported queer radicals and direct action.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1363460710370652|doi = 10.1177/1363460710370652|title = Queer anarchist autonomous zones and publics: Direct action vomiting against homonormative consumerism|year = 2010|last1 = Jeppesen|first1 = Sandra|journal = Sexualities|volume = 13|issue = 4|pages = 463–478|s2cid = 144734107}}</ref> Later during the [[1999 Seattle WTO protests|WTO protests]] queer anarchists played a vital role in organizing the mass protests, the protests would lead to the explosion of the [[anti-globalization]] movement.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Verso Books| isbn = 978-1-85984-653-7| last1 = Highleyman, Liz| last2 = Shepard| first2 = Benjamin| last3 = Hayduk, Ronald| title = From Act Up to the Wto: Urban Protest and Community Building in the Era of Globalization| chapter = Radical queers or queer radicals? Queer activism and the global justice movement| location = London| date = 2002}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Sort blok.jpg|thumb|right|Queer anarchists in Denmark with banner reading "Queer [[solidarity]]"]]
⚫
'''"Be gay, do crime"''' is a slogan popular in contemporary [[Pride parade]]s, LGBT-related protests, and [[graffiti]]. In 2018, it was popularised on [[Twitter]] by a meme created by Io Ascarium of the ABO Comix collective, which sells comics made by other abled LGBTQ+ prisoners.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hudson|first=David|date=August 10, 2016|title=What Does 'Be Gay Do Crime' Mean?|work=Gay Star News|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/what-does-be-gay-do-crime-mean/|access-date=June 30, 2021|archive-date=June 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605172230/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/what-does-be-gay-do-crime-mean/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ascarium describes the phrase as coming "from the communal grab-bag of anti-assimilationist queer slogans. Like '[[ACAB]]' or 'Stonewall was a Riot' it was pulled from the chaotic ether, originated nowhere and belongs to nobody," though [[Google Trends]] suggests interest has existed since at least 2011.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Hudson |first=David |date=August 10, 2018 |title=What does 'Be Gay, Do Crime' mean? |url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/what-does-be-gay-do-crime-mean/ |access-date=July 8, 2020 |work=[[Gay Star News]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=June 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612210912/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/what-does-be-gay-do-crime-mean/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SDUT">{{cite news |last=Peterson |first=Karla |date=September 12, 2020 |title=Queer life gets the comics treatment, courtesy of San Diego's IDW Publishing |language=en |website=The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/columnists/story/2020-09-12/queer-life-gets-the-comics-treatment-courtesy-of-san-diegos-idw-publishing |access-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021131750/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/columnists/story/2020-09-12/queer-life-gets-the-comics-treatment-courtesy-of-san-diegos-idw-publishing |url-status=live}}</ref> The "memeification" of the "be gay do crime" slogan is an example of increased accessibility into anarchist schools of thought.<ref name=":03"/>


⚫
The slogan "Be gay, do crime" is an anti-capitalistic and anti-authoritarian statement, implying that crime and incivility may be necessary to earn equal rights given [[Criminalization of homosexuality|the criminalization of homosexuality]] around the world and that the [[Stonewall riots|Stonewall uprising]] was a riot. Within the anarchist space, the Mary Nardini Gang reflected on their manifesto ''Toward the Queerest Insurrection'' with the book ''Be Gay Do Crime'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Be Gay Do Crime |url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/mary-nardini-gang-be-gay-do-crime |access-date=November 12, 2020 |website=The Anarchist Library |language=en |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111181450/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/mary-nardini-gang-be-gay-do-crime |url-status=live}}</ref> where they affirm "the reality and the continuity of a culture and a history of experiencing outlawness, illegality, and lack of citizenship".<ref>{{cite book |last=Popovici |first=Veda |title=Solidarity in Illegality: How the Corrupt East Is Already a Queer East}}</ref> Mark Bieschke, a curator at the [[GLBT History Museum]], claimed that the slogan is meant to stand against the "polished, corporate narrative of Pride".<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pockets |first=Our Back |title=What "Be Gay, Do Crimes!" means, and why it's important now. |url=https://ourbackpockets.com/blogs/main/be-gay-do-crimes |access-date=July 8, 2020 |website=Our Back Pockets |language=en |archive-date=July 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710200326/https://ourbackpockets.com/blogs/main/be-gay-do-crimes |url-status=live}}</ref>
== In popular culture ==
[[File:Queer_Liberation_Not_Rainbow_Capitalism.jpg|thumb|Queer bloc protesting against rainbow capitalism during [[Dublin Pride]] 2016]]
⚫
'''"Be gay, do crime"''' is a slogan popular in contemporary [[Pride parade]]s, LGBT-related protests, and [[graffiti]]. In 2018, it was popularised on [[Twitter]] by a meme created by Io Ascarium of the ABO Comix collective, which sells comics made by LGBTQ+ prisoners. Ascarium describes the phrase as coming "from the communal grab-bag of anti-assimilationist queer slogans. Like 'ACAB' or 'Stonewall was a Riot' it was pulled from the chaotic ether, originated nowhere and belongs to nobody," though [[Google Trends]] suggests interest has existed since at least 2011.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Hudson|first=David|date=2018-08-10|title=What does 'Be Gay, Do Crime' mean?|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/what-does-be-gay-do-crime-mean/|access-date=2020-07-08|website=Gay Star News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="SDUT2">{{cite news|last=Peterson|first=Karla|date=2020-09-12|title=Queer life gets the comics treatment, courtesy of San Diego's IDW Publishing|language=en|website=The San Diego Union-Tribune|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/columnists/story/2020-09-12/queer-life-gets-the-comics-treatment-courtesy-of-san-diegos-idw-publishing|access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref> The “memeification” of the “be gay do crime” slogan is an example of increased accessibility into anarchist schools of thought.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malenfant|first=Jayne|date=2018|title=Anarchist Youth in Rural Canada: Technology, Resistance, and the Navigation of Space|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jeu.2018.0020|journal=Jeunesse: Young People, Texts, Cultures|volume=10|issue=2|pages=126–151|doi=10.1353/jeu.2018.0020|issn=1920-261X}}</ref>


⚫
American cartooning publication ''[[The Nib]]'' compiled ''Be Gay, Do Comics'', an anthology of short comics "featuring queer history, memoir, and satire", launched on the crowdfunding platform [[Kickstarter]] in November 2019,<ref>{{cite web |last=Helwick |first=Kacy |date=November 23, 2019 |title=Kickstarter: The Nib Launches Campaign for Be Gay, Do Comics: a queer comics anthology |url=https://www.glbtrt.ala.org/reviews/kickstarter-the-nib-launches-campaign-for-be-gay-do-comics-a-queer-comics-anthology/ |access-date=October 20, 2020 |website=American Library Association's Rainbow Round Table |language=en |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021073749/https://www.glbtrt.ala.org/reviews/kickstarter-the-nib-launches-campaign-for-be-gay-do-comics-a-queer-comics-anthology/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and later published for mainstream distribution in September 2020.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Andersen |first=Brian |date=September 28, 2020 |title=New Anthology Be Gay, Do Comics Vividly Depicts the Queer Experience |language=en |magazine=[[The Advocate (magazine)|The Advocate]] |url=https://www.advocate.com/books/2020/9/27/new-anthology-be-gay-do-comics-vividly-depicts-queer-experience |access-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023234732/https://www.advocate.com/books/2020/9/27/new-anthology-be-gay-do-comics-vividly-depicts-queer-experience |url-status=live}}</ref> In the book's foreword, ''Nib'' co-editor [[Mattie Lubchansky]] explained the title as an homage to Ascarium's meme, interpreting it as a reminder that "Queerness has always been transgressive, regardless of its legal status."<ref name="SDUT"/>
⚫
[[File:Sort blok.jpg|thumb|left|Queer anarchists in Denmark with banner reading "Queer [[solidarity]]"]]
⚫
The slogan "Be gay, do crime" is an anti-capitalistic and anti-authoritarian statement, implying that crime and incivility may be necessary to earn equal rights given [[Criminalization of homosexuality|the criminalization of homosexuality]] around the world and that the [[Stonewall riots|Stonewall uprising]] was a riot. Within the anarchist space, the Mary Nardini Gang reflected on their manifesto ''Toward the Queerest Insurrection'' with a book entitled ''Be Gay Do Crime''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Be Gay Do Crime|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/mary-nardini-gang-be-gay-do-crime|access-date=2020-11-12|website=The Anarchist Library|language=en}}</ref> in which they affirm "the reality and the continuity of a culture and a history of experiencing outlawness, illegality, and lack of citizenship."<ref>Popovici, Veda. "Solidarity in Illegality: How the Corrupt East Is Already a Queer East."</ref> Mark Bieschke, a curator at the [[GLBT History Museum]], claimed that the slogan is meant to stand against the "polished, corporate narrative of Pride".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Hudson|first=David|date=2018-08-10|title=What does 'Be Gay, Do Crime' mean?|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/what-does-be-gay-do-crime-mean/|access-date=2020-07-08|website=Gay Star News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pockets|first=Our Back|title=What "Be Gay, Do Crimes!" means, and why it's important now.|url=https://ourbackpockets.com/blogs/main/be-gay-do-crimes|access-date=2020-07-08|website=Our Back Pockets|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Stockholm Pride Parade - Anarchist block.jpg|thumb|Queer anarchists and anarcha-feminists demonstration during [[Stockholm Pride]]]]
⚫
In November 2019, American cartooning publication ''[[The Nib]]'' compiled an anthology of short comics "featuring queer history, memoir, and satire" entitled ''Be Gay, Do Comics'', launching on the crowdfunding platform [[Kickstarter]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Helwick|first=Kacy|date=2019-11-23|title=Kickstarter: The Nib Launches Campaign for Be Gay, Do Comics: a queer comics anthology|url=https://www.glbtrt.ala.org/reviews/kickstarter-the-nib-launches-campaign-for-be-gay-do-comics-a-queer-comics-anthology/|access-date=2020-10-20|website=American Library Association’s Rainbow Round Table|language=en}}</ref> and later published for mainstream distribution in September 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Andersen|first=Brian|date=2020-09-28|title=New Anthology Be Gay, Do Comics Vividly Depicts the Queer Experience|language=en|website=The Advocate|url=https://www.advocate.com/books/2020/9/27/new-anthology-be-gay-do-comics-vividly-depicts-queer-experience|access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref> In the book's foreword, ''Nib'' co-editor Matt Lubchansky explained the title as an homage to Ascarium's meme, interpreting it as a reminder that “Queerness has always been transgressive, regardless of its legal status.”<ref name="SDUT">{{cite news|last=Peterson|first=Karla|date=2020-09-12|title=Queer life gets the comics treatment, courtesy of San Diego's IDW Publishing|language=en|website=The San Diego Union-Tribune|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/columnists/story/2020-09-12/queer-life-gets-the-comics-treatment-courtesy-of-san-diegos-idw-publishing|access-date=2020-10-20}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Portal|Anarchism|LGBT|Society}}
{{Portal|Anarchism|LGBTQ|Society}}
* [[Anarchism and issues related to love and sex]]
* [[Anarchism and issues related to love and sex]]
* [[Communism and homosexuality]]
* [[Communism and LGBT rights]]
* [[Dumba|DUMBA]] – a New York collective living space with Anarcha-queer tendencies
* [[DUMBA]]&nbsp;– a New York collective living space with Anarcha-queer tendencies
* [[Gay Shame]] – a movement self-described as a radical alternative to gay mainstreaming
* [[Gay Shame]]&nbsp;– a movement self-described as a radical alternative to gay mainstreaming
* [[Pink capitalism]]
* [[Rainbow capitalism]]
* [[ACT UP]]
* [[Queeruption]] – a queercore festival where anarchists are prominent
* [[Queeruption]]&nbsp;– a queercore festival where anarchists are prominent
* [[Relationship anarchy]]
* [[Socialism and LGBT rights]]
* [[Socialism and LGBT rights]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Daring |editor1-first=C. B. |editor2-last=Rogue |editor2-first=J. |editor3-last=Shannon |editor3-first=Deric |editor4-last=Volcano |editor4-first=Abbey |year=2012 |title=Queering Anarchism: Addressing and Undressing Power and Desire |publisher=[[AK Press]] |ISBN=978-1-84935-120-1 |lccn=2012914347}} <!-- Uses "queer anarchism" and "anarchaqueer". -->
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Heckerson |editor1-first=Jamie |editor2-last=Clemison |editor2-first=Richard |year=2011 |title=Anarchism & Sexuality: Ethics, Relationships and Power |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VO-rAgAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-203-82844-1 |lccn=2010039814 |via=[[Google Books]]}} <!-- Uses "queer anarchism". -->
* {{cite book |last1=Jeppesen |first1=Sandra |last2=Nazar |first2=Holly |year=2012 |chapter=Genders and Sexualities in Anarchist Movements |editor-first=Ruth |editor-last=Kinna |editor-link=Ruth Kinna |title=The Continuum Companion to Anarchism |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-1-4411-4270-2 |pages=162–191}} <!-- Uses "queer anarchism and anarchaqueer". -->
* {{cite book |last1=Jeppesen |first1=Sandra |last2=Nazar |first2=Holly |chapter=Anarchism and Sexuality |year=2017 |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |editor-first=Nathan |editor-last=Jun |title=Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy |isbn=978-90-04-35689-4 |pages=216–252 |doi=10.1163/9789004356894_010 |url=https://brill.com/view/title/35861}} <!-- Uses "queer anarchism" and "anarchist-feminism" -->
* {{cite book |last=Nicholas |first=Lucy |chapter=Gender and Sexuality |editor1-last=Adams |editor1-first=Matthew S. |editor2-last=Levy |editor2-first=Carl |year=2018 |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism |location=London |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-3319756196 |pages=603–621 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_34 |s2cid=242073896}}<!-- Uses "queer anarchism". -->
* {{Cite journal |last=Shepard |first=Benjamin |date=August 2010 |title=Bridging the divide between queer theory sage and anarchism |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460710370656 |journal=Sexualities |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=511–527 |doi=10.1177/1363460710370656 |s2cid=146813842 |issn=1363-4607 |via= |access-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-date=September 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922140846/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1363460710370656 |url-status=live}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* Lena Eckert. [http://www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/Liminalis/2009/liminalis/Liminalis-2009-Eckert.pdf "Post-Anarchism as a Tool for Queer and Transgender Politics and/or Vice Versa?"]. 1993
* Lena Eckert. [http://www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/Liminalis/2009/liminalis/Liminalis-2009-Eckert.pdf "Post-Anarchism as a Tool for Queer and Transgender Politics and/or Vice Versa?"]. 1993
* [[David Berry (educator)|David Berry]]. [https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/david-berry-for-a-dialectic-of-homosexuality-and-revolution ''For a dialectic of homosexuality and revolution'']. 2003.
* [[David Berry (educator)|David Berry]]. [https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/david-berry-for-a-dialectic-of-homosexuality-and-revolution ''For a dialectic of homosexuality and revolution'']. 2003.
* Terence Kissack. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125010747/http://akpress.org/2007/items/freecomradesakpress ''Free Comrades: Anarchism and Homosexuality in the United States'']. [[AK Press]]. 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-904859-11-6}}
* Terence Kissack. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125010747/http://akpress.org/2007/items/freecomradesakpress ''Free Comrades: Anarchism and Homosexuality in the United States'']. [[AK Press]]. 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-904859-11-6}}
* Fray Baroque & Tegan Eanell (Eds). [https://libcom.org/files/Fray%20Baroque%20and%20Tegan%20Eanelli%20Queer%20Ultraviolence_%20Bashback!%20Anthology.pdf ''Queer Ultraviolence: BashBack! Anthology'']. Ardent Press. 2011
* Fray Baroque & Tegan Eanell (Eds). [https://libcom.org/files/Fray%20Baroque%20and%20Tegan%20Eanelli%20Queer%20Ultraviolence_%20Bashback!%20Anthology.pdf ''Queer Ultraviolence: BashBack! Anthology'']. Ardent Press. 2011
* C. B. Daring; J. Rogue; Deric Shannon and Abbey Volcano (Eds). [http://www.akpress.org/queeringanarchism.html ''Queering Anarchism: Addressing and Undressing Power and Desire'']. AK Press. 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-84935-120-1}}
* The Mary Nardini Gang. [https://contagionpress.com/pocketbooks/be-gay-do-crime/ ''Be Gay Do Crime'']. Contagion Press. 2018
* The Mary Nardini Gang. [https://contagionpress.com/pocketbooks/be-gay-do-crime/ ''Be Gay Do Crime'']. Contagion Press. 2018
* Vikky Storm. [https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/vikky-storm-the-gender-accelerationist-manifesto ''The Gender Accelerationist Manifesto'']. 2019
* Vikky Storm. [https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/vikky-storm-the-gender-accelerationist-manifesto ''The Gender Accelerationist Manifesto'']. 2019
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Queer anarchism}}
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[[Category:LGBT anarchism| ]]
[[Category:LGBTQ anarchism| ]]
[[Category:Anarchism and free love]]
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[[Category:Anarchist schools of thought]]
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[[Category:Issues in anarchism]]
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[[Category:LGBT rights]]
[[Category:LGBTQ rights]]

Latest revision as of 09:33, 29 September 2024

A diagonally bisected pink and black flag, similar to other anarchist symbolism, is often associated with queer anarchism.
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    Queer anarchism, or anarcha-queer, is an anarchist school of thought that advocates anarchism and social revolution as a means of queer liberation and abolition of hierarchies such as homophobia, lesbophobia, transmisogyny, biphobia, transphobia, aphobia, heteronormativity, patriarchy, and the gender binary.

    History

    [edit]

    Contemporary history

    [edit]
    Anarchist and queer symbolism

    The early gay liberation movement shared many theoretical foundations and philosophies with anarchist movements in the mid twentieth century.[1] Chants such as "2-4-6-8, smash the church, smash the state!" were popular around the time of the Stonewall riots, setting the tone for a queer rights movement grounded in anarchist thought.[2] The two campaigns both focus on rejecting normative thinking and the state in favor of personal liberty and pleasure.[3]

    Anarchism and queer theory both reject paternalistic state structures that depend on capitalism and the nuclear family.[4] Instead, both favor forms of self-determination and the reordering of society.[3] An example of anarchism and queerness intersecting can be found in those who engage in non-monogamous relationships, these are inherently anarchical, as they are rejecting traditional power structures that shape the nuclear family. This concept has been coined Relationship Anarchism.[5]

    Activism

    [edit]
    Queer anarchist banner at Christopher Street Day parade, Berlin, 2020

    Queer anarchists have been active in protesting and activism, using direct action against what is seen as homonormative consumerism and pink capitalism. Queer anarchists have set up squats and autonomous zones as well as urban communities for the queer and LGBT community. Rural communities often rely on social media to grow anarchist movements and networks, due to these communities being geographically isolated from urban centers.[6] Social networking sites facilitate knowledge transmission that provides alternative ideals to people in rural populations that were previously only available to urban dwellers.[6]

    Many queer anarchists embrace the notion of radical individualism, influenced by individual philosophers like Max Stirner. Organizations like ACT-Up a punk anti-racist, anti-fascist organization and supported and composed of queer anarchists organization that has supported queer radicals and direct action.[7] Later during the WTO protests queer anarchists played a vital role in organizing the mass protests, the protests would lead to the explosion of the anti-globalization movement.[8]

    "Be Gay, Do Crime"

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    Queer anarchists in Denmark with banner reading "Queer solidarity"

    "Be gay, do crime" is a slogan popular in contemporary Pride parades, LGBT-related protests, and graffiti. In 2018, it was popularised on Twitter by a meme created by Io Ascarium of the ABO Comix collective, which sells comics made by other abled LGBTQ+ prisoners.[9] Ascarium describes the phrase as coming "from the communal grab-bag of anti-assimilationist queer slogans. Like 'ACAB' or 'Stonewall was a Riot' it was pulled from the chaotic ether, originated nowhere and belongs to nobody," though Google Trends suggests interest has existed since at least 2011.[10][11] The "memeification" of the "be gay do crime" slogan is an example of increased accessibility into anarchist schools of thought.[6]

    The slogan "Be gay, do crime" is an anti-capitalistic and anti-authoritarian statement, implying that crime and incivility may be necessary to earn equal rights given the criminalization of homosexuality around the world and that the Stonewall uprising was a riot. Within the anarchist space, the Mary Nardini Gang reflected on their manifesto Toward the Queerest Insurrection with the book Be Gay Do Crime,[12] where they affirm "the reality and the continuity of a culture and a history of experiencing outlawness, illegality, and lack of citizenship".[13] Mark Bieschke, a curator at the GLBT History Museum, claimed that the slogan is meant to stand against the "polished, corporate narrative of Pride".[10][14]

    American cartooning publication The Nib compiled Be Gay, Do Comics, an anthology of short comics "featuring queer history, memoir, and satire", launched on the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter in November 2019,[15] and later published for mainstream distribution in September 2020.[16] In the book's foreword, Nib co-editor Mattie Lubchansky explained the title as an homage to Ascarium's meme, interpreting it as a reminder that "Queerness has always been transgressive, regardless of its legal status."[11]

    See also

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    References

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    1. ^ Shepard 2010, p. 512.
    2. ^ Shepard 2010, pp. 512–513.
    3. ^ a b Shepard 2010, pp. 515–518.
    4. ^ Windpassinger, Gwendolyn (September 2010). "Queering anarchism in post-2001 Buenos Aires". Sexualities. 13 (4): 495–509. doi:10.1177/1363460710370657. ISSN 1363-4607. S2CID 146449179. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
    5. ^ De las Heras Gómez, Roma (December 2018). "Thinking Relationship Anarchy from a Queer Feminist Approach". Sociological Research Online. 24 (4): 644–660. doi:10.1177/1360780418811965. ISSN 1360-7804. S2CID 220124663. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
    6. ^ a b c Malenfant, Jayne (2018). "Anarchist Youth in Rural Canada: Technology, Resistance, and the Navigation of Space". Jeunesse: Young People, Texts, Cultures. 10 (2): 126–151. doi:10.1353/jeu.2018.0020. ISSN 1920-261X. S2CID 158367022.
    7. ^ Jeppesen, Sandra (2010). "Queer anarchist autonomous zones and publics: Direct action vomiting against homonormative consumerism". Sexualities. 13 (4): 463–478. doi:10.1177/1363460710370652. S2CID 144734107. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
    8. ^ Highleyman, Liz; Shepard, Benjamin; Hayduk, Ronald (2002). "Radical queers or queer radicals? Queer activism and the global justice movement". From Act Up to the Wto: Urban Protest and Community Building in the Era of Globalization. London: Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-85984-653-7.
    9. ^ Hudson, David (August 10, 2016). "What Does 'Be Gay Do Crime' Mean?". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
    10. ^ a b Hudson, David (August 10, 2018). "What does 'Be Gay, Do Crime' mean?". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
    11. ^ a b Peterson, Karla (September 12, 2020). "Queer life gets the comics treatment, courtesy of San Diego's IDW Publishing". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
    12. ^ "Be Gay Do Crime". The Anarchist Library. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
    13. ^ Popovici, Veda. Solidarity in Illegality: How the Corrupt East Is Already a Queer East.
    14. ^ Pockets, Our Back. "What "Be Gay, Do Crimes!" means, and why it's important now". Our Back Pockets. Archived from the original on July 10, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
    15. ^ Helwick, Kacy (November 23, 2019). "Kickstarter: The Nib Launches Campaign for Be Gay, Do Comics: a queer comics anthology". American Library Association's Rainbow Round Table. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
    16. ^ Andersen, Brian (September 28, 2020). "New Anthology Be Gay, Do Comics Vividly Depicts the Queer Experience". The Advocate. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.

    Bibliography

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    Further reading

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