Moroccans: Difference between revisions
Total population of Moroccan born and ancestry in Italy Offical Source |
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{{short description|Citizens and nationals of Morocco}} |
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{{about|the contemporary Maghrebi group|other uses|Moroccan (disambiguation)}} |
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{{about|citizens and nationals of Morocco|other uses|Moroccan (disambiguation)|information on the population of Morocco|Demographics of Morocco}} |
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{{pp|small=yes}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=November 2017}} |
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{{EngvarB|date=May 2017}} |
{{EngvarB|date=May 2017}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May |
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}} |
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{{Infobox ethnic group |
{{Infobox ethnic group |
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| group = Moroccans<br/> |
| group = Moroccans<br />{{Nobold|{{lang|ar|المغاربة}} (''al-Maġāriba'')}} |
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| image = Moroccan |
| image = Map of the Moroccan Diaspora in the World.svg |
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| caption = Map of the Moroccan diaspora in the world |
| caption = Map of the [[Moroccan diaspora]] in the world |
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| population = |
| population = '''{{Circa|40 million}}'''{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} |
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| popplace = '''{{flag|Morocco}}'''<br>38,700,000<ref name=HCPclock>{{cite news | title= Horloge de la population | newspaper = Site Institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat Au Plan du Royaume du Maroc | language = fr | url = https://www.hcp.ma/Horloge-de-la-population_a3531.html | year = 2022 | publisher = [[Haut Commissariat au Plan|HCP]] | access-date = 10 October 2022 | last1 = Gauthier | first1 = Christophe }}</ref> |
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| region1 = {{flagcountry|Morocco}} |
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| |
| region1 = |
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| pop1 = |
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| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-09-20|title=World Population Prospects|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/morocco-population/ |website=Population Division - United Nations}}</ref> |
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| ref1 = |
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| region2 = {{flagcountry|France}} |
| region2 = {{flagcountry|France}} |
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| pop2 = 1,314,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/maroc/presentation-du-maroc/|title = Présentation du Maroc}}</ref><ref name=INSEE>{{cite book |title=Répartition des étrangers par nationalité en 2011 |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/figure/etrangersnat.xls |accessdate=4 August 2014 |year=2011 |publisher=INSEE |location=Paris |isbn= |page=}}</ref> |
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| pop2 = 1,314,000 |
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| ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Répartition des étrangers par nationalité|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=etrangersnat|publisher=INSEE|access-date=12 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Être né en France d'un parent immigré|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287#inter1|publisher=INSEE|access-date=12 December 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=IMMFRA12_g_Flot1_pop Fiches thématiques - Population immigrée - Immigrés - Insee Références - Édition 2012], Insee 2012</ref> |
| ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Répartition des étrangers par nationalité|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=etrangersnat|publisher=INSEE|access-date=12 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Être né en France d'un parent immigré|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287#inter1|publisher=INSEE|access-date=12 December 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=IMMFRA12_g_Flot1_pop Fiches thématiques - Population immigrée - Immigrés - Insee Références - Édition 2012], Insee 2012</ref> |
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| region3 = {{flagcountry|Spain}} |
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| pop3 = 1,026,371<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc.es/sociedad/poblacion-residente-espana-2024-nacido-extranjero-numero-20241122112937-nt.html |title=Esta es la población residente en España en 2024 que ha nacido en el extranjero: número de personas según su país de origen |access-date=2024-11-11 |archive-date=2024-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123014340/https://www.abc.es/sociedad/poblacion-residente-espana-2024-nacido-extranjero-numero-20241122112937-nt.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eldebate.com/sociedad/20240926/dispara-inmigracion-marroqui-lidera-ranking-llegadas-espana-desde-extranjero_230678.html |title=Se dispara la llegada de marroquíes: más de un millón residen ya en España y se suman 200.000 en dos años |access-date=2024-09-26 |archive-date=2024-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217124453/https://www.eldebate.com/sociedad/20240926/dispara-inmigracion-marroqui-lidera-ranking-llegadas-espana-desde-extranjero_230678.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p04/provi/l0/&file=0ccaa005.px#!tabs-tabla|title = Población por comunidades y provincias, país de nacimiento, edad (Grupos quinquenales) y sexo}}</ref> |
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| region3 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} |
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| ref3 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lemag.ma/Les-Marocains-1ere-communaute-hors-UE-affiliee-a-la-securite-sociale-espagnole_a80813.html |title=Les Marocains, 1ère communauté hors UE affiliée à la sécurité sociale espagnole |date=20 February 2014 |website=Lemag.ma |access-date=2016-06-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172819/http://www.lemag.ma/Les-Marocains-1ere-communaute-hors-UE-affiliee-a-la-securite-sociale-espagnole_a80813.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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| pop3 = 1,025,000 |
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| region4 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}} |
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| ref3 = <ref>https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/marocco/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.integrazionemigranti.gov.it/Areetematiche/PaesiComunitari-e-associazioniMigranti/Documents/ES_MAROCCO_en.pdf |title=The Moroccan Community |year=2016}}</ref> |
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| pop4 = 530,000 |
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| ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtl.be/info/monde/international/90-secondes-pour-comprendre-pourquoi-beaucoup-de-marocains-sont-venus-s-installer-en-belgique-des-1964-798847.aspx|title=90 secondes pour comprendre pourquoi beaucoup de Marocains sont venus s'installer en Belgique dès 1964|website=Rtl.be|date=2 March 2016|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> |
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| region4 = {{flag|Israel}} |
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| region5 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} |
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| pop5 = 487,249 |
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| ref4 = <ref name=ispop>{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of Israel 2009 - No. 60 Subject 2 - Table NO.24|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_24x&CYear=2009|publisher=Israeli government|access-date=12 December 2011}}</ref> |
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| ref5 = <ref>{{Citation |last=Mahieu |first=Rilke |title=Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Moroccan Citizens Abroad |date=2020 |work=Migration and Social Protection in Europe and Beyond (Volume 3): A Focus on Non-EU Sending States |pages=231–246 |editor-last=Lafleur |editor-first=Jean-Michel |series=IMISCOE Research Series |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_13 |isbn=978-3-030-51237-8 |s2cid=229244954 |editor2-last=Vintila |editor2-first=Daniela|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/marocco/|title=Marocchini in Italia - statistiche e distribuzione per regione}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.integrazionemigranti.gov.it/Areetematiche/PaesiComunitari-e-associazioniMigranti/Documents/ES_MAROCCO_en.pdf |title=The Moroccan Community |year=2016}}</ref> |
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| region5 = {{flagcountry|Spain}} |
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| region6 = {{flagcountry|Israel}} |
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| pop6 = 472,800 |
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| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lemag.ma/Les-Marocains-1ere-communaute-hors-UE-affiliee-a-la-securite-sociale-espagnole_a80813.html |title=Les Marocains, 1ère communauté hors UE affiliée à la sécurité sociale espagnole |date=20 February 2014 |website=Lemag.ma |access-date=2016-06-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172819/http://www.lemag.ma/Les-Marocains-1ere-communaute-hors-UE-affiliee-a-la-securite-sociale-espagnole_a80813.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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| ref6 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה - cbs.gov.il|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/Pages/default.aspx|access-date=2021-08-10|website=www.cbs.gov.il|language=he-IL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-11-13 |title=Statistical Abstract of Israel 2009 - No. 60 Subject 2 - Table No. 24 |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_24x&CYear=2009 |access-date=2022-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113150521/http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_24x&CYear=2009 |archive-date=13 November 2009 }}</ref> |
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| region6 = {{flagcountry|Belgique}} |
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| pop6 = 530 000 |
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| ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtl.be/info/monde/international/90-secondes-pour-comprendre-pourquoi-beaucoup-de-marocains-sont-venus-s-installer-en-belgique-des-1964-798847.aspx|title=90 secondes pour comprendre pourquoi beaucoup de Marocains sont venus s'installer en Belgique dès 1964|website=Rtl.be|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> |
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| region7 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} |
| region7 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} |
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| pop7 = |
| pop7 = 414,186 |
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| ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://statline.cbs.nl/Statweb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37325&D1=a&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0-4,137,152,220,237&D6=0,4,9,14,18-21&HDR=G2,G1,G3,T&STB=G4,G5&VW=T|title=CBS StatLine - Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en herkomstgroepering, 1 januari|website=statline.cbs.nl|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> |
| ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://statline.cbs.nl/Statweb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37325&D1=a&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0-4,137,152,220,237&D6=0,4,9,14,18-21&HDR=G2,G1,G3,T&STB=G4,G5&VW=T|title=CBS StatLine - Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en herkomstgroepering, 1 januari|website=statline.cbs.nl|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> |
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| region8 = {{flagcountry| |
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} |
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| pop8 = |
| pop8 = 240,000 |
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| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Migration-Integration/Tables/migrant-status-selected-countries.html |title=Population in private households by migrant background in the wider sense and by selected countries of birth, selected countries }}</ref> |
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| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://lematin.ma/exclusif/marocains-residants-aux-emirats_soiree-artistique-en-l-honneur-de-la-communaute-marocaine/191749.html |author=Lamiaâ Khalloufi |title=Soirée artistique en l'honneur de la communauté marocaine |date=23 November 2013 |website=Le Matin |access-date=2016-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071115/http://www.lematin.ma/exclusif/marocains-residants-aux-emirats_soiree-artistique-en-l-honneur-de-la-communaute-marocaine/191749.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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| region9 = {{flagcountry|US}} |
| region9 = {{flagcountry|US}} |
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| pop9 = |
| pop9 = 120,402 |
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| ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url= |
| ref9 = <ref name="ACS2020">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006|title=Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=November 30, 2022|archive-url=|archive-date= }}</ref> |
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| region10 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} |
| region10 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} |
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| pop10 = 103,945 |
| pop10 = 103,945 |
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| ref10 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D |title=Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables |author=Statistics Canada |access-date=1 June 2016|author-link=Statistics Canada}}</ref> |
| ref10 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D |title=Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables |author=Statistics Canada |access-date=1 June 2016|author-link=Statistics Canada}}</ref> |
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| region11 = {{flagcountry| |
| region11 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} |
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| pop11 = |
| pop11 = 100,000 |
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| ref11 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://lematin.ma/exclusif/marocains-residants-aux-emirats_soiree-artistique-en-l-honneur-de-la-communaute-marocaine/191749.html |author=Lamiaâ Khalloufi |title=Soirée artistique en l'honneur de la communauté marocaine |date=23 November 2013 |website=Le Matin |access-date=2016-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071115/http://www.lematin.ma/exclusif/marocains-residants-aux-emirats_soiree-artistique-en-l-honneur-de-la-communaute-marocaine/191749.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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| ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Ausländische Bevölkerung und Schutzsuchende nach Regionen und Herkunftsländern|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/Schutzsuchende/Tabellen/StaatsangehoerigkeitSchutzstatus.html|publisher=Statistics Germany|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref> |
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| region12 = {{flagcountry| |
| region12 = {{flagcountry|Libya}} |
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| pop12 = |
| pop12 = 100,000{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} |
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| ref12 = |
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| ref12 = <ref>[https://www.migreat.co.uk/fr/la-communaute-marocaine-au-royaume-uni-n218.html] {{dead link|date=December 2017}}</ref> |
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| region13 = {{flagcountry| |
| region13 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} |
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| pop13 = |
| pop13 = 70,000 |
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| ref13 = <ref |
| ref13 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.migreat.co.uk/fr/la-communaute-marocaine-au-royaume-uni-n218.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 January 2016 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309005012/https://www.migreat.co.uk/fr/la-communaute-marocaine-au-royaume-uni-n218.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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| region14 = {{flagcountry| |
| region14 = {{flagcountry|Algeria}} |
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| pop14 = |
| pop14 = 63,000 |
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| ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www. |
| ref14 = <ref name="K6JWNT">{{cite web |url=http://www.cespi.it/migraction2/FrontSud/Marocains%20estero.pdf |title=Marocains à l'étrangeret etrangers au Maroc |access-date=2016-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215219/http://www.cespi.it/migraction2/FrontSud/Marocains%20estero.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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| |
| region15 = {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}} |
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| |
| pop15 = 60,000 |
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| ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/16555/chomage-arabie-saoudite-irreguliers-sous.html|title=Chômage en Arabie Saoudite : Les MRE irréguliers sous menace d'expulsion|website=Yabiladi.com|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> |
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| ref16 = <ref>http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=daf5d50d-a31c-4045-8bfb-b4801e1c3cf9</ref> |
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| |
| region16 = {{flagcountry|Malaysia}} |
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| |
| pop16 = 48,000{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} |
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| |
| region17 = {{flagcountry|Denmark}} |
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| |
| pop17 = 15,000{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} |
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| region18 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} |
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| pop18 = 11,025 |
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| ref18 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=daf5d50d-a31c-4045-8bfb-b4801e1c3cf9|title = Folkmängden efter födelseland, ålder och kön. År 2000 - 2020}}</ref> |
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| region19 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} |
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| pop19 = 10,500{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} |
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| region20 = {{flagcountry|Qatar}} |
| region20 = {{flagcountry|Qatar}} |
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| pop20 = 9,000 |
| pop20 = 9,000 |
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| ref20 = <ref>{{cite web|last=Snoj|first=Jure|title=Population of Qatar by nationality|url=http://www.bq-magazine.com/economy/2013/12/population-qatar-nationality#|publisher=bq magazine|date=7 December 2014|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020072919/http://www.bq-magazine.com/economy/2013/12/population-qatar-nationality|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
| ref20 = <ref>{{cite web|last=Snoj|first=Jure|title=Population of Qatar by nationality|url=http://www.bq-magazine.com/economy/2013/12/population-qatar-nationality#|publisher=bq magazine|date=7 December 2014|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020072919/http://www.bq-magazine.com/economy/2013/12/population-qatar-nationality|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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| |
| region21 = {{flagcountry|Switzerland}} |
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| |
| pop21 = 7,270 |
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| ref21 = <ref name="K6JWNT" /> |
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| region22 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} |
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| pop22 = 7,000 |
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| ref22 = <ref name="K6JWNT" /> |
| ref22 = <ref name="K6JWNT" /> |
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| region23 = {{flagcountry| |
| region23 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} |
||
| pop23 = |
| pop23 = 4,200 |
||
| ref23 = <ref name="K6JWNT" /> |
| ref23 = <ref name="K6JWNT" /> |
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| region24 = {{flagcountry| |
| region24 = {{flagcountry|Finland}} |
||
| pop24 = 4,106<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rv.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=726cd24d-d0f1-416a-8eec-7ce9b82fd5a4|title = Väestö 31.12. Muuttujina Alue, Taustamaa, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot}}</ref> |
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| pop24 = 4,200 |
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| ref24 = <ref name="K6JWNT" /> |
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| region25 = {{flagcountry|Portugal}} |
| region25 = {{flagcountry|Portugal}} |
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| pop25 = 4,000 |
| pop25 = 4,000 |
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| ref25 = <ref>https://www.ccme.org.ma/ar/actualites-ar/44493</ref> |
| ref25 = <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ccme.org.ma/ar/actualites-ar/44493|title = مجلس الجالية المغربية بالخارج - إفطار جماعي مغربي في لشبونة البرتغالية}}</ref> |
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| region26 = {{flagcountry|Oman}} |
| region26 = {{flagcountry|Oman}} |
||
| pop26 = 4,000 |
| pop26 = 4,000 |
||
| ref26 = <ref name="K6JWNT" /> |
| ref26 = <ref name="K6JWNT" /> |
||
| region27 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}} |
| region27 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}} |
||
| pop27 = 3, |
| pop27 = 3,431 |
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| ref27 = <ref>[https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/ Immigrants in Brazil (2024, in Portuguese)]</ref> |
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| region28 = {{flagcountry|Finland}} |
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| region28 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} |
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| pop28 = 3,465<ref>http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rv.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=726cd24d-d0f1-416a-8eec-7ce9b82fd5a4</ref> |
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| |
| pop28 = 3,400{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} |
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| |
| region29 = {{flagcountry|South Africa}} |
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| |
| pop29 = 2,100{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} |
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| |
| region30 = {{flagcountry|Ivory Coast}} |
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| |
| pop30 = 1,800{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} |
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| |
| region31 = {{flagcountry|Mauritania}} |
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| |
| pop31 = 1,056{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} |
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| languages = Majority: [[Arabic]] ([[Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan]], [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]], [[Hassaniya Arabic|Hassaniya]], [[Algerian Saharan Arabic|Saharan]])<br>Minority: [[Berber languages]] ([[Tashelhit]], [[Tarifit]], [[Central Atlas Tamazight|Tamazight]]) |
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| pop33 = 1,056 |
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| religions = Majority: [[Sunni Islam]]<br />Minority: [[Non-denominational Islam]], [[Shia Islam]], [[Judaism]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-morocco.html | title=Religious Beliefs in Morocco | date=25 April 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.resetdoc.org/story/the-jews-of-morocco-a-journey-through-a-community-become-diaspora/ | title=The Jews of Morocco. A Journey Through a Community Become Diaspora }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/morocco-is-building-bridges-to-connect-its-youth-with-its-moroccan-jewish-cultural-heritage-heres-how/ | title=Morocco is building bridges to connect its youth with its Moroccan Jewish cultural heritage. Here's how | date=2 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/legacy-of-jews-in-MENA/country/morocco | title=World Jewish Congress }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13629395.2021.1974198 | doi=10.1080/13629395.2021.1974198 | title=The international sources of prejudice against Shi'a in the Middle East and North Africa: Original survey evidence from Morocco | date=2023 | last1=Buehler | first1=Matt | last2=Schulhofer-Wohl | first2=Jonah | journal=Mediterranean Politics | volume=28 | issue=3 | pages=463–491 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/shiite-community-becoming-more-vocal-morocco | title=Shiite Community Becoming More Vocal in Morocco | the Washington Institute }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.originaltravel.co.uk/travel-guide/morocco/culture | title=Morocco Culture : Language, Religion, Food - Original Travel }}</ref> |
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| languages = [[Berber languages|Berber]] ([[Tashlhit]], [[Tarifit]], [[Central Atlas Tamazight]], [[Judeo-Berber language|Judeo-Berber]], [[Standard Moroccan Berber]]), [[Arabic]] ([[Moroccan Arabic]], [[Jebli Arabic]], [[Judeo-Moroccan Arabic]], [[Hassaniya Arabic]]), [[Haketia]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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| religions = Predominantly [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Non-denominational Muslim|Nondenominational Islam]],<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|work=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref> [[Sufi Islam|Sufi]]); minority [[Judaism]], [[Shia Islam]], [[Christianity]]<ref>[http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f4361e72.html Morocco: General situation of Muslims who converted to Christianity, and specifically those who converted to Catholicism; their treatment by Islamists and the authorities, including state protection (2008–2011)]. Refworld.org. Retrieved on 12 June 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Erwin Fahlbusch |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ly4DgtT3LkC&pg=PA653 |year=2003 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2415-8 |pages=653– |volume=3}}</ref> |
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| related = Other [[Maghrebis]], [[Berbers]] |
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| native_name = |
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| native_name_lang = ar |
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'''Moroccans''' ({{ |
'''Moroccans''' ({{Langx|ar|المغاربة|translit=al-Maġāriba}}) are the [[Moroccan nationality law|citizens and nationals]] of the [[Morocco|Kingdom of Morocco]]. The country's population is predominantly composed of [[Arabs]] and [[Berbers]] (Amazigh). The term also applies more broadly to any people who share a [[Culture of Morocco|common Moroccan culture and identity]], as well as those who natively speak [[Moroccan Arabic]] or other [[languages of Morocco]].<ref name="CIA WF-2021">{{Cite web |title=Morocco - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=Central Intelligence Agency }}</ref><ref name="peoplegroups-2022">{{Cite web |title=Moroccan Arabs of Morocco |url=https://www.peoplegroups.org/Explore/groupdetails.aspx?peid=11863 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=peoplegroups.org}}</ref> |
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In addition to the approximately 37 million residents of Morocco, there is a large [[Moroccan diaspora]]. Considerable Moroccan populations can be found in [[Moroccans in France|France]], [[Moroccans in Spain|Spain]], [[Moroccans in Belgium|Belgium]], [[Moroccans in Italy|Italy]], and the [[Moroccans in the Netherlands|Netherlands]]; with smaller notable concentrations in other [[Arab world|Arab states]] as well as [[Moroccans in Germany|Germany]], the [[British Moroccans|United Kingdom]], the [[Moroccan Americans|United States]], and [[Moroccan Canadians|Canada]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Mahieu |first=Rilke |title=Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Moroccan Citizens Abroad |date=2020 |work=Migration and Social Protection in Europe and Beyond (Volume 3): A Focus on Non-EU Sending States |series=IMISCOE Research Series |pages=231–246 |editor-last=Lafleur |editor-first=Jean-Michel |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_13 |isbn=978-3-030-51237-8 |s2cid=229244954 |editor2-last=Vintila |editor2-first=Daniela|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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In addition to the 37 million Moroccans in [[Morocco]], there is a large [[Moroccan diaspora]] in [[France]], [[Belgium]], [[Israel]],<ref>http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/02/27/268524.html</ref><ref name=ispop>{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of Israel 2009 - No. 60 Subject 2 - Table NO.24|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_24x&CYear=2009|publisher=Israeli government|access-date=12 December 2011}}</ref> [[Italy]], the [[Moroccan-Dutch|Netherlands]] and [[Moroccans in Spain|Spain]], and a smaller one in [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Moroccan American|United States]], [[Canada]], the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and in other [[Arab states]]. A sizeable part of the Moroccan diaspora is composed of [[Moroccan Jews]]. |
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== Ethnic groups == |
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{{Main|Demographics of Morocco|Arabs|Berbers}} |
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{{Pie chart|caption=Ethnic groups in Morocco (2012)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fs0Fog7XneUC&pg=PA11 |title=The Report: Morocco 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |isbn=978-1-907065-54-5 |pages=11 |language=en}}</ref>|label1=[[Arabs]]|label2=[[Berbers]]|label3=[[Sahrawis]]|value1=67|value2=31|value3=2|color1=DarkGreen|color2=Yellow|color3=Purple|color4=Pink|color5=Cyan}}The [[Haut Commissariat au Plan (Morocco)|Higher Planning Commission]], the country’s state statistics bureau, does not collect data on ethnic demographics, citing the historical difficulty of distinguishing between Arabs and Berbers, even among Berber speakers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=Budget, RSU, langue ... : à la veille du RGPH 2024, Lahlimi fait un dernier point |url=https://ledesk.ma/2024/08/30/budget-rsu-langue-a-la-veille-du-rgph-2024-lahlimi-fait-un-dernier-point/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Le Desk |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Language, Race, and Territory |date=2021 |work=The Invention of the Maghreb: Between Africa and the Middle East |pages=123–169 |editor-last=Hannoum |editor-first=Abdelmajid |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/invention-of-the-maghreb/language-race-and-territory/0BB5D39C95D5CB83F968316FE3417031 |access-date=2024-11-21 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108937337.004 |isbn=978-1-108-83816-0}}</ref> |
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Moroccans are primarily of [[Arabs|Arab]] and [[Berbers|Berber]] origin<ref name="CIA WF-2021" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco Population 2020 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs) |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/morocco-population |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref> as in other neighbouring countries in the [[Maghreb]] region.<ref>Bosch, Elena et al. "Genetic structure of north-west Africa revealed by STR analysis." European Journal of Human Genetics (2000) 8, 360–366. Pg. 365</ref> [[Arabs]] comprise 67% of the population of Morocco, while [[Berbers]] make up 31% and [[Sahrawi people|Sahrawis]] make up 2%.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fs0Fog7XneUC&pg=PA11 |title=The Report: Morocco 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |isbn=978-1-907065-54-5 |pages=11 |language=en}}</ref> However, according to ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', 44% of Moroccans are Arab, 24% are [[Arabized Berber|Arabized Berbers]], 21% are Berbers, and 10% are Mauritanian Moors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2024 |title=Climate of Morocco |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Morocco/Climate#ref214372 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Socially, there are two contrasting groups of Moroccans: those living in the cities and those in the rural areas. Among the rural, several classes have formed such as landowners, peasants, and tenant farmers. Moroccans live mainly in the north and west portions of Morocco. However, they prefer living in the more fertile regions near the Mediterranean Sea. |
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The Arab population of Morocco is a result of the inflow of nomadic Arab tribes from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] since the [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb]] in the 7th century with a major wave in the 11th century.<ref name="stearns">{{cite book |last1=Stearns |first1=Peter N. |title=The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged |last2=Leonard Langer |first2=William |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-395-65237-4 |edition=6 |pages=129–131}}</ref> The major migration to the region by Arab tribes was in the 11th century when the tribes of [[Banu Hilal]] and [[Banu Sulaym]], along with others, were sent by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] to defeat a [[Berbers|Berber]] rebellion and then settle in the [[Maghreb]].<ref name="el-Hasan-2019b" /> Between the [[Nile]] and the [[Red Sea]] were Arab tribes expelled from [[Arabia]] for their turbulence, [[Banu Hilal]] and [[Banu Sulaym]], who often plundered farming areas in the [[Nile Valley]].<ref name="Le Tourneau-1966">{{cite journal |last1=Le Tourneau |first1=Roger |year=1966 |title=Ibn Khaldun, laudateur et contempteur des Arabes |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1966_num_2_1_933 |journal=Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée |volume=2 |pages=155–168 |doi=10.3406/remmm.1966.933 |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> According to [[Ibn Khaldun]], whole tribes set off with women, children, ancestors, animals and camping equipment.<ref name="Le Tourneau-1966" /> These tribes, who arrived in the region of Morocco around the 12th-13th centuries, and later the [[Maqil|Ma'qil]] in the 14th century, contributed to a more extensive ethnic, genetic, cultural, and linguistic Arabization of Morocco over time,<ref name="Nelson-1985" /> especially beyond the major urban centres and the northern regions which were the main sites of Arabization up to that point.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=Peuplement et arabisation au Maghreb occidental : dialectologie et histoire |publisher=Casa de Velazquez |year=1998 |isbn= |editor-last=Aguade |editor-first=Jordi |location=Zaragoza |pages= |editor-last2=Cressier |editor-first2=Patrice |editor-last3=Vicente |editor-first3=Angeles}}</ref><ref name="peoplegroups-2022" /> |
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[[File:Morocco ethno 1973 all.svg|thumb|Ethnic map of Morocco (1973)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco - University of Texas Libraries GeoData |url=https://geodata.lib.utexas.edu/catalog/princeton-fq977x643 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=geodata.lib.utexas.edu}}</ref>]] |
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The Berber population mainly inhabits the mountainous regions of Morocco where some preserve Berber culture, and are split into three groups; [[Rifians|Riffians]], [[Shilha people|Shilha]] and [[Zayanes]], who inhabit the [[Rif|Rif mountains]], [[Anti-Atlas|Anti-Atlas mountains]], and [[Middle Atlas|Middle Atlas mountains]] respectively.<ref name="EB-2022b">{{Cite web |title=Morocco - Climate {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Morocco/Climate |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EB-2022a">{{Cite web |title=Berber {{!}} Definition, People, Languages, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Berbers were an amalgamation of [[Ibero-Maurisian]] and a minority of [[Capsian]] stock blended with a more recent intrusion associated with the [[Neolithic Revolution]].<ref>J. Desanges, "The proto-Berbers" 236–245, at 237, in ''General History of Africa, v.II Ancient Civilizations of Africa'' (UNESCO 1990).</ref> Out of these populations, the proto-[[Berbers|Berber]] tribes formed during the late [[Paleolithic]] era.<ref>Mário Curtis Giordani, ''História da África. Anterior aos descobrimentos'' (Petrópolis, Brasil: Editora Vozes 1985) at 42–43, 77–78. Giordani references Bousquet, ''Les Berbères'' (Paris 1961).</ref> The [[Arabized Berber]]s who constitute about a quarter of the population are the Berbers who were [[Arabization|Arabized]] mainly as a result of the Arab nomad inflow, and have adopted Arab culture and the Arabic language as their native language, especially those who sought the protection of the [[Bedouin]].<ref name="Nelson-1985" /> A small minority of the population is identified as [[Haratin]] and [[Gnawa]],<ref name="Morocco.com-2022">{{Cite web |title=Demographics of Morocco |url=https://www.morocco.com/business/demographics/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Morocco.com |language=en-US}}</ref> These are sedentary agriculturalists of non-Arab and non-Berber origin, who inhabit the southern and eastern oases and speak either Berber or Arabic. Some parts of the population are descendants of refugees who fled Spain after the [[Reconquista]] in the 15th century. The [[Trans-Saharan slave trade]] brought a population of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]ns to Morocco. After the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|founding of Israel]] and start of the [[Arab–Israeli conflict|Arab-Israeli conflict]] in 1948, many [[Jews]] felt compelled to leave Morocco especially after the [[1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada|anti-Jewish riots in Oujda]], and many fled to [[Israel]], [[Europe]], and [[North America]], and by 1967 250,000 Jews left Morocco.<ref name="EB-2022b"/> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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{{Main|History of Morocco}} |
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[[File:Iberomaurisiense-Capsiense.png|thumb|200px|{{legend|#01DFD7|[[Capsian culture]]}}{{legend|#1a8000|Iberomaurusian culture}}]] |
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The first [[anatomically modern humans]] (''[[Homo sapiens sapiens]]'') in North Africa are the makers of the [[Aterian]], a [[Middle Stone Age]] (or [[Middle Paleolithic|Middle Palaeolithic]]) stone tool [[Archaeological industry|culture]]. The earliest Aterian lithic assemblages date to around 145,000 years ago, and were discovered at the site of Ifri n'Ammar in Morocco. This industry was followed by the [[Iberomaurusian]] culture, a backed bladelet industry found throughout the Maghreb. It was originally described in 1909 at the site of Abri Mouillah. Other names for this [[Cro-Magnon]]-associated culture include ''Mouillian'' and ''Oranian''. The [[Epipaleolithic]] Iberomaurusian makers were centred in prehistoric sites, such as [[Taforalt]] and [[Mechta-Afalou]]. They were succeeded by the [[Capsian culture|Capsians]]. The Capsian culture is often thought to have arrived in Africa from the Near East, although it is also suggested that the Iberomaurusians may have been the progenitors of the Capsians. Around 5000 BC, the populations of North Africa were primarily descended from the makers of the Iberomaurusian and Capsian cultures, with a more recent intrusion associated with the [[Neolithic revolution]]. |
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=== Early Arab era (670–1031) === |
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== Ethnic groups == |
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{{Main|Umayyad Caliphate|Idrisid dynasty|Fatimid Caliphate|Caliphate of Córdoba}} |
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Moroccans are primarily of [[Berbers|Berber]] (Amazigh) origin,<ref>Bosch, Elena et al. "Genetic structure of north-west Africa revealed by STR analysis." European Journal of Human Genetics (2000) 8, 360–366. Pg. 365</ref> as in other neighbouring countries in Maghreb region.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Editorial Staff|date=2019-12-30|title=DNA Analysis: Only 4% of Tunisians Are Arabs|url=https://carthagemagazine.com/only-4-of-tunisians-are-arabs/|access-date=2021-01-25|website=Carthage Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Today, Moroccans are considered a mix of [[Arabs|Arab]], Berber, and mixed [[Arab-Berber]]s or [[Arabized Berber]]s, alongside other minority ethnic backgrounds from across the region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morocco Population 2020 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/morocco-population|access-date=2021-01-25|website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref> Ethnic identity is strongly entwined with linguistic identity, meaning that genetic ancestry (or perceived ancestry) is only a secondary determiner of identity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=El Aissati|first=Abderrahman|date=2001|title=Ethnic Identity, Language Shift, and The Amazigh Voice in Morocco and Algeria|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41674983|journal=Race, Gender & Class|volume=8|issue=3|pages=57–69|via=}}</ref> Socially, there are two contrasting groups of Moroccans: those living in the cities and those in the rural areas. Among the rural, several classes have formed such as landowners, peasants, and tenant farmers. Moroccans live mainly in the north and west portions of Morocco. However, they prefer living in the more fertile regions near the Mediterranean Sea. The populations of Morocco were an amalgamation of [[Ibero-Maurisian]] and a minority of [[Capsian]] stock blended with a more recent intrusion associated with the [[Neolithic revolution]].<ref>J. Desanges, "The proto-Berbers" 236–245, at 237, in ''General History of Africa, v.II Ancient Civilizations of Africa'' (UNESCO 1990).</ref> Out of these populations, the proto-[[Berbers|Berber]] tribes formed during the late [[Paleolithic]] era.<ref>Mário Curtis Giordani, ''História da África. Anterior aos descobrimentos'' (Petrópolis, Brasil: Editora Vozes 1985) at 42–43, 77–78. Giordani references Bousquet, ''Les Berbères'' (Paris 1961).</ref> |
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In 670 AD, the first [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Arab conquest of the North African]] coastal plain took place under [[Uqba ibn Nafi]], a general serving under the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], marking the first wave of Arab migration to Morocco. Arab tribes such as [[Banu Muzaina]] migrated, and the Arab Muslims in the region had more impact on the culture of the Maghreb than the region's conquerors before and after them.<ref name="el-Hasan-2019a">{{Cite book |last=el-Hasan |first=Hasan Afif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr2XDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |title=Killing the Arab Spring |date=2019-05-01 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-1-62894-349-8 |pages=82 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054223/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr2XDwAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribe+migration+to+the+maghreb&pg=PA82 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] brought their language, their system of government, and Islam to Morocco and many Berbers converted to Islam. The first independent state in the area of modern Morocco was the [[Emirate of Nekor]], an Arab emirate in north Morocco ruling as a client state of the Umayyad Caliphate.<ref name="Picard-2018">{{Cite book |last=Picard |first=Christophe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KdFDwAAQBAJ&q=himyarit&pg=PA166 |title=Sea of the Caliphs |date=2018-01-21 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-66046-5 |pages=247 |language=en}}</ref> It was founded by the [[Himyarite Kingdom|Himyarite]] descendant [[Salih I ibn Mansur|Salih ibn Mansur]] in 710.<ref name="Picard-2018" /> After the outbreak of the [[Berber Revolt]] in 739, the Berbers formed other independent states such as the [[Midrarid dynasty|Emirate of Sijilmasa]] and the [[Barghawata|Barghawata Confederation]].<ref name="Duby">Georges Duby, ''Atlas Historique Mondial'', Larousse Ed. (2000), pp.220 & 224 ({{ISBN|2702828655}})</ref> |
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After the [[Battle of Fakhkh]] in 786, [[Idris I of Morocco|Idris ibn Abdallah]], who traced his ancestry back to [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], fled from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] to Morocco.<ref name="Eustache1031">''Idris I'', D. Eustache, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. III, ed. B.Lewis, V. L. Menage, C. Pellat and J. Schact, (Brill, 1986), 1031.</ref> He first went to [[Tangier]] before going to [[Volubilis|Walili]] and founding the Arab [[Idrisid dynasty]] in 788, ruling most of Morocco. The Idrisids established [[Fez, Morocco|Fes]] as their capital and Morocco became a centre of Muslim learning and a major [[regional power]]. The Idrisids were ousted in 927 by the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] and their Miknasa allies. After Miknasa broke off relations with the Fatimids in 932, they were removed from power by the [[Maghrawa]] of Sijilmasa in 980.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2018 |title=Idrīsids |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |publisher=Brill Online |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/idrisids-COM_32374?s.num=46&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.start=40&s.q=Basra4 |last=Benchekroun |first=Chafik T. |editor1-last=Fleet |editor1-first=Kate |issn=1873-9830 |quote=The Idrīsids (al-Adārisa) were an ʿAlid dynasty—that is, descendants of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (d. 40/661)—that reigned in the western part of the north Maghrib from 172/788 to 375/985 (although only intermittently in the fourth/tenth century). |editor2-last=Krämer |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-last=Nawas |editor4-first=John |editor5-last=Rowson |editor5-first=Everett |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 973, the [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Caliphate of Cordoba]] under the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]] took over parts of Morocco.<ref name="Abun-Nasr-1987">{{Cite book |last=Abun-Nasr |first=Jamil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&q=A%20history%20of%20the%20Maghrib%20in%20the%20Islamic%20period&pg=PP1 |title=A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0521337674 |location=Cambridge |pages=75}}</ref> |
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===Berber dynasties (1053–1549)=== |
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{{Main|Almoravid dynasty|Almohad Caliphate|Marinid Sultanate}} |
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From the 11th century onwards, a series of dynasties of [[Berbers|Berber]] origin arose.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramirez-Faria |first1=Carlos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PT861 |title=Concise Encyclopaedia of World History |date=2007-01-01 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0775-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Almoravides |encyclopedia=Universalis Encyclopedia |url=http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/almoravides/}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Marīnid dynasty |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/365388/Marinid-dynasty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602202549/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/365388/Marinid-dynasty |archive-date= Jun 2, 2015 }}</ref> Under the [[Almoravid dynasty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418538/North-Africa/46490/The-Maghrib-under-the-Almoravids-and-the-Almohads |title=North Africa :: The Maghrib under the Almoravids and the Almohads |publisher=Britannica|access-date=2011-08-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805103358/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/418538/North-Africa/46490/The-Maghrib-under-the-Almoravids-and-the-Almohads |archive-date= Aug 5, 2011 }}</ref> and the [[Almohad dynasty]] dominated the Maghreb, much of present-day Spain and Portugal, and the western Mediterranean region. In the 13th and 14th centuries the [[Merinid Dynasty|Merinids]] held power in Morocco and strove to replicate the successes of the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohads]] by military campaigns in Algeria and Iberia. They were followed by the [[Wattasid dynasty|Wattasids]]. In the 15th century, the [[Reconquista]] ended Muslim rule in central and southern Iberia and many [[Muslim]]s and [[History of the Jews in Morocco|Jews]] fled to Morocco.<ref name="brit">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/392604/Morocco |title=Morocco – History |publisher=Britannica|access-date=2011-08-01}}</ref> [[Portugal|Portuguese]] efforts to control the Atlantic coast in the 15th century did not greatly affect the interior of Morocco. According to Elizabeth Allo Isichei, "In 1520, there was a [[famine]] in Morocco so terrible that for a long time other events were dated by it. It has been suggested that the population of Morocco fell from 5 to under 3 million between the early sixteenth and nineteenth centuries."<ref>Allo Isichei, Elizabeth (1997). ''[https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican00isic A history of African societies to 1870]''. Cambridge University Press. p. 264. {{ISBN|0-521-45599-5}}</ref> |
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Arabic-speaking Berbers include the [[Jebala people|Jebala]] in the north and [[Sahrawi people|Sahrawiyin]] in the southeast. Berber-speaking groups include the [[Riffians]], [[Shilha people|Shilha]] and [[Zayanes]]. |
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=== Arab dynasties (1549–present) === |
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A small minority of the population is identified as [[Haratin]] and [[Gnawa]], These are sedentary agriculturalists of non-Arab and non-Berber origin, who inhabit the southern and eastern oases and speak either Berber or Arabic. |
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{{Main|Saadi Sultanate|'Alawi dynasty}} |
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The major migration to the region by Arab tribes was in the 11th century when the tribes of [[Banu Hilal]] and [[Banu Sulaym]], along with others, were sent by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] to defeat a [[Berbers|Berber]] rebellion and then settle in the Maghreb.<ref name="el-Hasan-2019b">{{Cite book |last=el-Hasan |first=Hasan Afif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr2XDwAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribe+migration+to+the+maghreb&pg=PA82 |title=Killing the Arab Spring |date=2019-05-01 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-1-62894-349-8 |pages=82 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054223/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr2XDwAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribe+migration+to+the+maghreb&pg=PA82 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> These tribes advanced in large numbers all the way to [[Morocco]], contributing to a more extensive ethnic, genetic, cultural, and linguistic [[Arabization]] in the region.<ref name="Nelson-1985">{{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pqxf5uJMBvkC&dq=arabic+spread+to+the+countryside+morocco&pg=PA14 |title=Morocco, a Country Study |date=1985 |publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army |pages=14 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054257/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pqxf5uJMBvkC&dq=arabic+spread+to+the+countryside+morocco&pg=PA14 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Arab tribes of [[Maqil]] migrated to the Maghreb a century later and even immigrated southwards to [[Mauritania]]. |
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Between the [[Nile]] and the [[Red Sea]] were living Arab tribes expelled from [[Arabia]] for their turbulence, [[Banu Hilal]] and [[Banu Sulaym|Sulaym]], who often plundered farming areas in the [[Nile Valley]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Ibn Khaldun, laudateur et contempteur des Arabes|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1966_num_2_1_933|website=Persee.fr|access-date =1 October 2015}}</ref> According to [[Ibn Khaldun]], whole tribes set off with women, children, ancestors, animals and camping equipment.<ref name=":1" /> These tribes, who arrived in the region of Morocco around the 12th-13th centuries, contributed to a more extensive "[[Arabization]]" of Morocco over time, especially beyond the major urban centres and the northern regions which were the main sites of Arabization up to that point.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Peuplement et arabisation au Maghreb occidental : dialectologie et histoire|publisher=Casa de Velazquez|year=1998|isbn=|editor-last=Aguade|editor-first=Jordi|location=Zaragoza|pages=|editor-last2=Cressier|editor-first2=Patrice|editor-last3=Vicente|editor-first3=Angeles}}</ref> |
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From 1549, a series of [[Arabs|Arab]] dynasties arose. First the [[Saadi Sultanate|Saadian dynasty]]<ref>{{Cite book |first=Mark |last=Greengrass |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002916874 |title=Christendom destroyed : Europe, 1517-1648 |date=2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-197852-9 |pages=503 |oclc=1002916874}}</ref> who ruled from 1549 to 1659, and then the [['Alawi dynasty]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abitbol |first=Michel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1mAPgAACAAJ |title=Histoire du Maroc |date=2009 |publisher=Perrin |isbn=978-2-262-02388-1 |pages=231 |language=fr}}</ref> who remain in power since the 17th century. Both dynasties are [[Sharif]]ian.<ref name="Garcia-Arenal-2012">{{cite book |last1=Garcia-Arenal |first1=Mercedes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xhu9DwAAQBAJ&q=Ahmad+al-Mansur+%3A+the+beginnings+of+modern+Morocco&pg=PP1 |title=Ahmad al-Mansur: the beginnings of modern Morocco |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2012 |isbn=9781780742083}}</ref> |
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Under the Saadian dynasty, the country repulsed [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] incursions and a [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] invasion at the [[battle of Ksar el Kebir]] in 1578. The reign of [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] brought new wealth and prestige to the Sultanate, and a large expedition to West Africa inflicted a crushing defeat on the [[Songhay Empire]] in 1591. However, managing the territories across the [[Sahara]] proved too difficult. After the death of al-Mansur the country was divided among his sons.<ref name="Garcia-Arenal-2012" /> |
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In 1666, Morocco was reunited by the Arab [['Alawi dynasty]], who have been the ruling house of Morocco ever since. Morocco was facing aggression from Spain and the Ottoman Empire lies pressing westward. The 'Alawis succeeded in stabilizing their position, and while the kingdom was smaller than previous ones in the region, it remained quite wealthy. Against the opposition of local tribes [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]] (1672–1727) began to create a unified state.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20091030183303/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572952_8/Morocco.html Morocco (Page 8 of 9)]". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. 2009-11-01.</ref> |
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Morocco was the first nation to recognize the fledgling United States as an independent nation in 1777.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/22/joint-statement-united-states-america-and-kingdom-morocco | work=[[whitehouse.gov]] | title=Joint Statement by the United States of America and the Kingdom of Morocco| via=[[NARA|National Archives]] | date=2013-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5V77mdCXHJcC&pg=PA114 | title=Morocco Foreign Policy and Government Guide| isbn=9780739760000| year=2004| publisher=International Business Publications, USA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=41811 |title = Defense Department News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=41811 |title=Cohen Renews U.S.-Morocco Ties |access-date=2009-03-12 |author=Kozaryn, Linda D.|work=U.S. Department of Defense }}</ref> In the beginning of the [[American Revolution]], American merchant ships in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] were subject to attack by the [[Barbary pirates]]. On 20 December 1777, Morocco's Sultan [[Mohammed III of Morocco|Mohammed III]] declared that American merchant ships would be under the protection of the sultanate and could thus enjoy safe passage. The [[Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship]], signed in 1786, stands as the U.S.'s oldest non-broken friendship [[treaty]].<ref>Roberts, Priscilla H. and Richard S. Roberts, ''Thomas Barclay (1728–1793): Consul in France, Diplomat in Barbary'', Lehigh University Press, 2008, pp. 206–223 {{ISBN|093422398X}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/perfrpt/2002/html/18995.htm |title=Milestones of American Diplomacy, Interesting Historical Notes, and Department of State History |access-date=2007-12-17 |work=U.S. Department of State }}</ref> |
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==Genetic composition== |
==Genetic composition== |
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{{main|Genetic studies on Moroccans}} |
{{main|Genetic studies on Moroccans}} |
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[[File:Y_Hap_EM-81.PNG|thumb|200px|Distribution of the haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|E1b1b-M81]], the most common paternal lineage among Moroccans.]] |
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{| style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable sortable" |
{| style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable sortable" |
||
! Population || Language || ''n'' || [[Haplogroup |
! Population || Language || ''n'' || [[Haplogroup E-Z827|E]]|| [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]] || [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|<big>I</big>]] || [[Haplogroup J-M267|J1]]|| [[haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|L]] || [[Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|N]] || [[Haplogroup R1|R1]]|| [[haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|T]] || Reference |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! |
![[Morocco]] |
||
|AA (Semitic) |
|||
|51 |
|||
|73 |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|20 |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|4 |
|||
|— |
|||
|Onofri et al. 2008<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Onofri |first1=Valerio |last2=Alessandrini |first2=Federica |last3=Turchi |first3=Chiara |last4=Pesaresi |first4=Mauro |last5=Tagliabracci |first5=Adriano |date=2008-08-01 |title=Y-chromosome markers distribution in Northern Africa: High-resolution SNP and STR analysis in Tunisia and Morocco populations |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875176808002059 |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series |series=Progress in Forensic Genetics 12 |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=235–236 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.173 |issn=1875-1768}}</ref> |
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|- |
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![[Arabs]] ([[Morocco]]) |
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|AA (Semitic) |
|||
|87 |
|||
|52.8 |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|26.4 |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2013<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fadhlaoui-Zid |first1=Karima |last2=Haber |first2=Marc |last3=Martínez-Cruz |first3=Begoña |last4=Zalloua |first4=Pierre |last5=Benammar Elgaaied |first5=Amel |last6=Comas |first6=David |date=2013-11-27 |title=Genome-Wide and Paternal Diversity Reveal a Recent Origin of Human Populations in North Africa |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=e80293 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0080293 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3842387 |pmid=24312208|bibcode=2013PLoSO...880293F |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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|- |
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![[Arabs]] ([[Morocco]]) |
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|AA (Semitic) |
|||
|28 |
|||
|14.3 |
|||
|— |
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|3.6 |
|||
|60.7 |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|17.8 |
|||
|— |
|||
|Underhill et al. 2000<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Underhill |first=Peter A |date=December 2000 |title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12263420 |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=26 |issue=3 |page=360|doi=10.1038/81685 |pmid=11062480 |s2cid=12893406 }}</ref> |
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|- |
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![[Arabs]] ([[Morocco]]) |
|||
|| AA (Semitic) |
|| AA (Semitic) |
||
|| 49 |
|| 49 |
||
|| {{nts|72.7}} |
|||
|| — |
|||
|| {{nts|85.5}} |
|||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| {{nts|0.0}} |
|| {{nts|0.0}} |
||
Line 131: | Line 197: | ||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| {{nts|0}} |
|||
|| {{nts|0}} |
|| {{nts|0}} |
||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| Semino 2004<ref>{{Cite journal| |
|| Semino et al. 2004<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Semino|first1=Ornella|last2=Magri|first2=Chiara|last3=Benuzzi|first3=Giorgia|last4=Lin|first4=Alice A.|last5=Al-Zahery|first5=Nadia|last6=Battaglia|first6=Vincenza|last7=Maccioni|first7=Liliana|last8=Triantaphyllidis|first8=Costas|last9=Shen|first9=Peidong|date=2004-05-01|title=Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=74|issue=5|pages=1023–1034|issn=0002-9297|pmc=1181965|pmid=15069642|doi=10.1086/386295}}</ref> |
||
|- |
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![[Berbers]] (North [[Morocco]]) |
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|AA (Berber) |
|||
|63 |
|||
|87 |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|11.1 |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|Bosch et al. 2001<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov2" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
! [[Berbers]] ([[Marrakesh]]) |
! [[Berbers]] ([[Marrakesh]]) |
||
|| AA (Berber) |
|| AA (Berber) |
||
|| 29 |
|| 29 |
||
|| — |
|||
|| {{nts|92.9}} |
|| {{nts|92.9}} |
||
|| — |
|||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| — |
|| — |
||
Line 154: | Line 230: | ||
|| AA (Berber) |
|| AA (Berber) |
||
|| 69 |
|| 69 |
||
|| — |
|||
|| {{nts|87.1}} |
|| {{nts|87.1}} |
||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| 5.8 |
|||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| Cruciani et al. 2004<ref name="Cruciani et al 20042">{{Cite journal|last1=Cruciani|first1=F.|last2=La Fratta|first2=R.|last3=Santolamazza|first3=P.|last4=Sellitto|first4=D.|last5=Pascone|first5=R.|last6=Moral|first6=P.|last7=Watson|first7=E.|last8=Guida|first8=V.|last9=Colomb|first9=E. B.|year=2004|title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out of Africa|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=74|issue=5|pages=1014–1022|doi=10.1086/386294|pmc=1181964|pmid=15042509}}</ref> |
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|| — |
|||
|| — |
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|| Cruciani et al. 2004<ref name="Cruciani et al 2004">{{cite journal | pmc = 1181964 | pmid=15042509 | doi=10.1086/386294 | volume=74 | issue=5 | title=Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa | date=May 2004 | journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. | pages=1014–22 | last1 = Cruciani | first1 = F | last2 = La Fratta | first2 = R | last3 = Santolamazza | first3 = P | display-authors = etal }}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
||
! [[Berbers]] ( |
! [[Berbers]] (South [[Morocco]]) |
||
|| AA (Berber) |
|| AA (Berber) |
||
|| 62 |
|| 62 |
||
|| {{nts|98.5}} |
|||
|| 0 |
|||
|| 98.5% |
|||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| 0 |
|| 0 |
||
|| 10.0 |
|||
|| 0 |
|| 0 |
||
|| 0 |
|| 0 |
||
|| 0 |
|||
|| — |
|||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| 0 |
|| 0 |
||
|| |
|| Bosch et al. 2001<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov2">{{cite journal | pmc=1275654 | year=2001 | last1=Bosch | first1=E. | last2=Calafell | first2=F. | last3=Comas | first3=D. | last4=Oefner | first4=P. J. | last5=Underhill | first5=P. A. | last6=Bertranpetit | first6=J. | title=High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Variation Shows a Sharp Discontinuity and Limited Gene Flow between Northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula | journal=American Journal of Human Genetics | volume=68 | issue=4 | pages=1019–1029 | doi=10.1086/319521 | pmid=11254456 }}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Berber people|Berbers]] ( |
! [[Berber people|Berbers]] (Central [[Morocco]]) |
||
|| AA (Berber) |
|| AA (Berber) |
||
|| 40 |
|| 40 |
||
|| 0 |
|||
|| 93.8 |
|| 93.8 |
||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| 0 |
|| 0 |
||
|| 11.1 |
|||
|| 0 |
|| 0 |
||
|| 0 |
|| 0 |
||
|| 0 |
|||
|| — |
|||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| 0 |
|| 0 |
||
|| Bosch et al. 2001<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov2" /> |
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|| Alvarez et al. 2009<ref name="wiley1">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/ajhb.20888|title=Y-chromosome variation in South Iberia: Insights into the North African contribution|year=2009|last1=Alvarez|first1=Luis|last2=Santos|first2=Cristina|last3=Montiel|first3=Rafael|last4=Caeiro|first4=Blazquez|last5=Baali|first5=Abdellatif|last6=Dugoujon|first6=Jean-Michel|last7=Aluja|first7=Maria Pilar|journal=American Journal of Human Biology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=407–409|pmid=19213004}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
||
! [[Rifians]]<small>{{Better source needed|date=September 2022}}</small> |
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! [[Riffian people|Riffians]] (North [[Morocco]]) |
|||
|| AA (Berber) |
|| AA (Berber) |
||
|| 54 |
|| 54 |
||
|| 0 |
|||
|| 95.9 |
|||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| 0 |
|||
|| 0 |
|||
|| 0 |
|||
|| 0 |
|||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| — |
|| — |
||
|| |
|| — |
||
|| — |
|||
|| Dugoujon et al. 2005<ref name="ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr">J.-M. Dugoujon and G. Philippson (2005) [http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Fulltext/philippson/AUSSOIS_2005_final.pdf The Berbers. Linguistic and genetic diversity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618132155/http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Fulltext/philippson/AUSSOIS_2005_final.pdf |date=18 June 2013 }}. CNRS.</ref> |
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|| — |
|||
|| — |
|||
|| — |
|||
|| Dugoujon 2005<ref name="ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr">J.-M. Dugoujon and G. Philippson (2005) [http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Fulltext/philippson/AUSSOIS_2005_final.pdf The Berbers. Linguistic and genetic diversity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618132155/http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Fulltext/philippson/AUSSOIS_2005_final.pdf |date=18 June 2013 }}. CNRS.</ref> |
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|- |
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![[Sahrawi people|Sahrawi]] ([[Morocco]]) |
|||
|AA (Semitic) |
|||
|89 |
|||
|59.5 |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|20.2 |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
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|Fregel et al. 2009<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fregel |first1=Rosa |last2=Gomes |first2=Verónica |last3=Gusmão |first3=Leonor |last4=González |first4=Ana M. |last5=Cabrera |first5=Vicente M. |last6=Amorim |first6=António |last7=Larruga |first7=Jose M. |date=2009-08-03 |title=Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=181 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-181 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=2728732 |pmid=19650893 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9..181F }}</ref> |
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|- |
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![[Jews]] ([[Morocco]]) |
|||
|AA (Semitic) |
|||
|19 |
|||
|21.1 |
|||
|26.3 |
|||
|— |
|||
|31.5 |
|||
|— |
|||
|— |
|||
|10.5 |
|||
|— |
|||
|Francalacci et al. 2008<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Francalacci |first=Paolo |date=2008 |title=History and geography of human Y-chromosome in Europe: a SNP perspective |journal=Journal of Anthropological Sciences |volume=86 |pages=59–89 |pmid=19934469 |url=http://eprints.uniss.it/2783/1/Francalacci_P_Articolo_2008_History.pdf |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.uniss.it%2F2783%2F1%2FFrancalacci_P_Articolo_2008_History.pdf%2Findex.html#& |archive-date=23 November 2021}}</ref> |
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|} |
|} |
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==Culture== |
==Culture== |
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[[File:Fantasia in Morocco 1.JPG|thumb|200x200px|[[Fantasia (performance)|Taburida]] in Morocco]] |
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{{main|Culture of Morocco}} |
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{{main|Culture of Morocco}}The [[culture of Morocco]] is a blend of [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Berbers|Berber]], [[Jewish culture|Jewish]], and [[Culture of Europe|Western European]] cultures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco: a rich blend of cultures |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/enwiki/static/magical-maroc/morocco-rich-blend-cultures/ |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=The Times & The Sunday Times |language=en}}</ref> Through [[History of Morocco|Moroccan history]], the country had many cultural influences (Europe, Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa). The culture of Morocco shares similar traits with those of neighboring countries, particularly Algeria and Tunisia and to a certain extent Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2015/01/return-morocco-2015120124346751467.html|title=Return to Morocco|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> |
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[[File:Maroc Marrakech Bahia Luc Viatour 3.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A Moroccan ''[[kaftan]]'']] |
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Through [[History of Morocco|Moroccan history]], the country had many cultural influences (Europe, Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa). The culture of Morocco shares similar traits with those of neighboring countries, particularly Algeria and Tunisia and to a certain extent Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2015/01/return-morocco-2015120124346751467.html|title=Return to Morocco|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> |
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Each region possesses its own uniqueness, contributing to the national culture. Morocco has set among its top priorities the protection of its diversity and the preservation of its cultural heritage.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} |
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The traditional dress for men and women is called ''[[djellaba]]'' (جلابة), a long, loose, hooded garment with full sleeves. For special occasions, men also wear a red cap called a bernousse, more commonly known as a [[Fez (hat)|fez]]. Women wear [[kaftan]]s decorated with ornaments. Nearly all men, and most women, wear [[balgha]] (بلغة). These are soft leather slippers with no heel, often dyed yellow. Women also wear high-heeled sandals, often with silver or gold tinsel.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} |
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Each region possesses its own uniqueness, contributing to the national culture. Morocco has set among its top priorities the protection of its diversity and the preservation of its cultural heritage. |
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Moroccan style is a new trend in decoration, which takes its roots from [[Moorish architecture]]. It has been made popular by the vogue of [[Moroccan riad|riad]] renovation in Marrakech. Dar is the name given to one of the most common types of domestic structures in Morocco; it is a home found in a medina, or walled urban area of a city. Dar exteriors are typically devoid of ornamentation and windows, except occasional small openings in secondary quarters, such as stairways and service areas. These piercings provide light and ventilation. |
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The traditional dress for men and women is called ''[[djellaba]]'', a long, loose, hooded garment with full sleeves. For special occasions, men also wear a red cap called a bernousse, more commonly known as a [[fez]]. Women wear [[kaftan]]s decorated with ornaments. Nearly all men, and most women, wear [[balgha]] (بلغه). These are soft leather slippers with no heel, often dyed yellow. Women also wear high-heeled sandals, often with silver or gold tinsel. |
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[[Moroccan cuisine]] primarily consists of a blend of Arab, Berber, and Andalusi influences. It is known for dishes like [[couscous]] and [[pastilla]], among others. Spices such as cinnamon are also used in Moroccan cooking. Sweets like [[halwa]] are popular, as well as other confections. Cuisines from neighbouring areas have also influenced the country's culinary traditions. Additionally, Moroccan craftsmanship has a rich tradition of jewellery-making, pottery, leather-work and woodwork. |
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The [[music of Morocco]] ranges and differs according to the various areas of the country. Moroccan music has a variety of styles from complex sophisticated orchestral music to simple music involving only voice and drums. There are three varieties of folk music: village and ritual music, and the music performed by professional musicians. [[Chaabi (Morocco)|Chaabi]] (الشعبي) is a music consisting of numerous varieties which descend from the multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting. [[Gnawa music|Gnawa]] is a form of music that is mystical. It was gradually brought to Morocco by the Gnawa and later became part of the Moroccan tradition. [[Sufism|Sufi]] brotherhoods ([[tariqa]]s) are common in Morocco, and music is an integral part of their spiritual tradition. This music is an attempt at reaching a trance state which inspires mystical ecstasy. |
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Moroccan style is a new trend in decoration, which takes its roots from [[Moorish architecture]]. It has been made popular by the vogue of [[Moroccan riad|riad]] renovation in Marrakech. Dar is the name given to one of the most common types of domestic structures in Morocco; it is a home found in a medina, or walled urban area of a city. Most Moroccan homes traditionally adhere to the Dar al-Islam, a series of tenets on Islamic domestic life. Dar exteriors are typically devoid of ornamentation and windows, except occasional small openings in secondary quarters, such as stairways and service areas. These piercings provide light and ventilation. |
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[[Moroccan cuisine]] primarily consists of a blend of Berber, Moorish and Iberian/Sephardi Jewish influences. It is known for dishes like [[couscous]] and [[pastilla]], among others. Spices such as cinnamon are also used in Moroccan cooking. Sweets like [[halwa]] are popular, as well as other confections. Cuisines from neighbouring areas have also influenced the country's culinary traditions. |
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Additionally, Moroccan craftsmanship has a rich tradition of jewellery-making, pottery, leather-work and woodwork. |
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The music of Morocco ranges and differs according to the various areas of the country. Moroccan music has a variety of styles from complex sophisticated orchestral music to simple music involving only voice and drums. There are three varieties of Berber folk music: village and ritual music, and the music performed by professional musicians. [[Chaabi (Morocco)|Chaabi]] (الشعبي) is a music consisting of numerous varieties which descend from the multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting. [[Gnawa music|Gnawa]] is a form of music that is mystical. It was gradually brought to Morocco by the Gnawa and later became part of the Moroccan tradition. [[Sufism|Sufi]] brotherhoods ([[Tariqa|tarikas]]) are common in Morocco, and music is an integral part of their spiritual tradition. This music is an attempt at reaching a trance state which inspires mystical ecstasy. |
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==Languages== |
==Languages== |
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{{main|Languages of Morocco}} |
{{main|Languages of Morocco}} |
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[[File:Morocco - Linguistic map.png|right|200px|thumb|Linguistic map of Morocco]] |
[[File:Morocco - Linguistic map.png|right|200px|thumb|Linguistic map of Morocco]] |
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Morocco's official languages are [[ |
Morocco's official languages are [[Modern Standard Arabic]] and [[Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Berber]].<ref name="Const2-011">2011 Constitution of Morocco [http://www.maroc.ma/NR/rdonlyres/EE8E1B01-9C86-449B-A9C2-A98CC88D7238/8650/bo5952F.pdf Full text of the 2011 Constitution (French)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229085131/http://www.maroc.ma/NR/rdonlyres/EE8E1B01-9C86-449B-A9C2-A98CC88D7238/8650/bo5952F.pdf |date=2012-02-29 }}</ref> |
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The majority of the population speaks [[Moroccan Arabic]].<ref name="RGPH 2014">{{cite web |url=http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/Default1/ |title=2014 General Population and Habitat Census|website=rgphentableaux.hcp.ma |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref> According to the 2024 Moroccan census, 92.7% of the population spoke Arabic, whereas 24.8% spoke Berber languages.<ref name="RGPH 2024">{{Cite web |last=Gauthier |first=Christophe |title=كلمة افتتاحية للسيد المندوب السامي للتخطيط بمناسبة الندوة الصحفية الخاصة بتقديم معطيات الإحصاء العام للسكان والسكنى 2024 |url=https://www.hcp.ma/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A9_a4025.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc |language=fr}}</ref> The census also indicated that 99.2%, or almost the entire literate population of Morocco, could read and write in Arabic, while only 1.5% of the population could read and write in Berber. The census also reveals that 80.6% of Moroccans consider Arabic to be their native language, while 18.9% regard any of the various Berber languages as their mother tongue.<ref name="RGPH 2024" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Babas |first=Latifa |date=18 December 2024 |title=How many Moroccans consider Tamazight their mother tongue, and where do they live ? |url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/157719/many-moroccans-consider-tamazight-their.html |work=Yabiladi}}</ref> |
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The majority of the population speaks [[Moroccan Arabic]].<ref name="RGPH 2014">{{cite web |url=http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/Default1/ |title=2014 General Population and Habitat Census|website=rgphentableaux.hcp.ma |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref> More than 12 million Moroccans speak Berber varieties, either as a first language or bilingually with Arabic. Three different Berber dialects are spoken: [[Riffian language|Riff]], [[Shilha language|Shilha]] (Chleuh) and [[Central Atlas Tamazight]]. |
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[[Hassaniya Arabic]] is spoken in the southern part of the country. Morocco has recently included the protection of Hassaniya in the constitution as part of the July 2011 reforms. |
[[Hassaniya Arabic]] is spoken in the southern part of the country, spoken by over 200,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hassaniyya |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mey |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref> Morocco has recently included the protection of [[Hassaniya Arabic|Hassaniya]] in the constitution as part of the [[2011 Moroccan constitutional referendum|July 2011 reforms]]. |
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[[French language|French]] is taught universally and still serves as Morocco's primary language of [[:Category:Companies of Morocco|commerce]] and [[Economy of Morocco|economics]]; it is also |
[[French language|French]] is taught universally and still serves as Morocco's primary language of [[:Category:Companies of Morocco|commerce]] and [[Economy of Morocco|economics]]; it is also used in education, sciences, government and most education fields. |
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[[Spanish language|Spanish]] is also spoken |
[[Spanish language|Spanish]] is also spoken in the northern and southern parts of the country as a secondary foreign language after [[French language|French]]. Meanwhile, [[English language|English]] is increasingly becoming more popular among the educated, particularly in the science fields. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{portal|Morocco}} |
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*[[Moroccan diaspora]] |
*[[Moroccan diaspora]] |
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*[[Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula]] |
*[[Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula]] |
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*[[Morisco]]s |
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*[[Expulsion of the Moriscos]] |
*[[Expulsion of the Moriscos]] |
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*[[List of Moroccans]] |
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*[[Moroccan Americans]] |
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*{{commons category-inline|People of Morocco}} |
*{{commons category-inline|People of Morocco}} |
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*[[List of Moroccans]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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[[Category:Moroccan diaspora]] |
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[[Category:Society of Morocco]] |
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[[Category:Arabs in Morocco]] |
[[Category:Arabs in Morocco]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Arab people]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Morocco]] |
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[[Category:North African people]] |
[[Category:North African people]] |
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[[Category:Maghreb]] |
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[[Category:Moroccan people| ]] |
Latest revision as of 05:03, 23 December 2024
Moroccans (Arabic: المغاربة, romanized: al-Maġāriba) are the citizens and nationals of the Kingdom of Morocco. The country's population is predominantly composed of Arabs and Berbers (Amazigh). The term also applies more broadly to any people who share a common Moroccan culture and identity, as well as those who natively speak Moroccan Arabic or other languages of Morocco.[37][38]
In addition to the approximately 37 million residents of Morocco, there is a large Moroccan diaspora. Considerable Moroccan populations can be found in France, Spain, Belgium, Italy, and the Netherlands; with smaller notable concentrations in other Arab states as well as Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada.[39]
Ethnic groups
The Higher Planning Commission, the country’s state statistics bureau, does not collect data on ethnic demographics, citing the historical difficulty of distinguishing between Arabs and Berbers, even among Berber speakers.[41][42]
Moroccans are primarily of Arab and Berber origin[37][43] as in other neighbouring countries in the Maghreb region.[44] Arabs comprise 67% of the population of Morocco, while Berbers make up 31% and Sahrawis make up 2%.[45] However, according to Encyclopædia Britannica, 44% of Moroccans are Arab, 24% are Arabized Berbers, 21% are Berbers, and 10% are Mauritanian Moors.[46] Socially, there are two contrasting groups of Moroccans: those living in the cities and those in the rural areas. Among the rural, several classes have formed such as landowners, peasants, and tenant farmers. Moroccans live mainly in the north and west portions of Morocco. However, they prefer living in the more fertile regions near the Mediterranean Sea.
The Arab population of Morocco is a result of the inflow of nomadic Arab tribes from the Arabian Peninsula since the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in the 7th century with a major wave in the 11th century.[47] The major migration to the region by Arab tribes was in the 11th century when the tribes of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, along with others, were sent by the Fatimids to defeat a Berber rebellion and then settle in the Maghreb.[48] Between the Nile and the Red Sea were Arab tribes expelled from Arabia for their turbulence, Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, who often plundered farming areas in the Nile Valley.[49] According to Ibn Khaldun, whole tribes set off with women, children, ancestors, animals and camping equipment.[49] These tribes, who arrived in the region of Morocco around the 12th-13th centuries, and later the Ma'qil in the 14th century, contributed to a more extensive ethnic, genetic, cultural, and linguistic Arabization of Morocco over time,[50] especially beyond the major urban centres and the northern regions which were the main sites of Arabization up to that point.[51][38]
The Berber population mainly inhabits the mountainous regions of Morocco where some preserve Berber culture, and are split into three groups; Riffians, Shilha and Zayanes, who inhabit the Rif mountains, Anti-Atlas mountains, and Middle Atlas mountains respectively.[53][54] The Berbers were an amalgamation of Ibero-Maurisian and a minority of Capsian stock blended with a more recent intrusion associated with the Neolithic Revolution.[55] Out of these populations, the proto-Berber tribes formed during the late Paleolithic era.[56] The Arabized Berbers who constitute about a quarter of the population are the Berbers who were Arabized mainly as a result of the Arab nomad inflow, and have adopted Arab culture and the Arabic language as their native language, especially those who sought the protection of the Bedouin.[50] A small minority of the population is identified as Haratin and Gnawa,[57] These are sedentary agriculturalists of non-Arab and non-Berber origin, who inhabit the southern and eastern oases and speak either Berber or Arabic. Some parts of the population are descendants of refugees who fled Spain after the Reconquista in the 15th century. The Trans-Saharan slave trade brought a population of Sub-Saharan Africans to Morocco. After the founding of Israel and start of the Arab-Israeli conflict in 1948, many Jews felt compelled to leave Morocco especially after the anti-Jewish riots in Oujda, and many fled to Israel, Europe, and North America, and by 1967 250,000 Jews left Morocco.[53]
History
Early Arab era (670–1031)
In 670 AD, the first Arab conquest of the North African coastal plain took place under Uqba ibn Nafi, a general serving under the Umayyad Caliphate, marking the first wave of Arab migration to Morocco. Arab tribes such as Banu Muzaina migrated, and the Arab Muslims in the region had more impact on the culture of the Maghreb than the region's conquerors before and after them.[58] The Umayyads brought their language, their system of government, and Islam to Morocco and many Berbers converted to Islam. The first independent state in the area of modern Morocco was the Emirate of Nekor, an Arab emirate in north Morocco ruling as a client state of the Umayyad Caliphate.[59] It was founded by the Himyarite descendant Salih ibn Mansur in 710.[59] After the outbreak of the Berber Revolt in 739, the Berbers formed other independent states such as the Emirate of Sijilmasa and the Barghawata Confederation.[60]
After the Battle of Fakhkh in 786, Idris ibn Abdallah, who traced his ancestry back to Ali ibn Abi Talib, fled from the Arabian Peninsula to Morocco.[61] He first went to Tangier before going to Walili and founding the Arab Idrisid dynasty in 788, ruling most of Morocco. The Idrisids established Fes as their capital and Morocco became a centre of Muslim learning and a major regional power. The Idrisids were ousted in 927 by the Fatimid Caliphate and their Miknasa allies. After Miknasa broke off relations with the Fatimids in 932, they were removed from power by the Maghrawa of Sijilmasa in 980.[62] In 973, the Caliphate of Cordoba under the Umayyads took over parts of Morocco.[63]
Berber dynasties (1053–1549)
From the 11th century onwards, a series of dynasties of Berber origin arose.[64][65][66] Under the Almoravid dynasty[67] and the Almohad dynasty dominated the Maghreb, much of present-day Spain and Portugal, and the western Mediterranean region. In the 13th and 14th centuries the Merinids held power in Morocco and strove to replicate the successes of the Almohads by military campaigns in Algeria and Iberia. They were followed by the Wattasids. In the 15th century, the Reconquista ended Muslim rule in central and southern Iberia and many Muslims and Jews fled to Morocco.[68] Portuguese efforts to control the Atlantic coast in the 15th century did not greatly affect the interior of Morocco. According to Elizabeth Allo Isichei, "In 1520, there was a famine in Morocco so terrible that for a long time other events were dated by it. It has been suggested that the population of Morocco fell from 5 to under 3 million between the early sixteenth and nineteenth centuries."[69]
Arab dynasties (1549–present)
The major migration to the region by Arab tribes was in the 11th century when the tribes of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, along with others, were sent by the Fatimids to defeat a Berber rebellion and then settle in the Maghreb.[48] These tribes advanced in large numbers all the way to Morocco, contributing to a more extensive ethnic, genetic, cultural, and linguistic Arabization in the region.[50] The Arab tribes of Maqil migrated to the Maghreb a century later and even immigrated southwards to Mauritania.
From 1549, a series of Arab dynasties arose. First the Saadian dynasty[70] who ruled from 1549 to 1659, and then the 'Alawi dynasty,[71] who remain in power since the 17th century. Both dynasties are Sharifian.[72]
Under the Saadian dynasty, the country repulsed Ottoman incursions and a Portuguese invasion at the battle of Ksar el Kebir in 1578. The reign of Ahmad al-Mansur brought new wealth and prestige to the Sultanate, and a large expedition to West Africa inflicted a crushing defeat on the Songhay Empire in 1591. However, managing the territories across the Sahara proved too difficult. After the death of al-Mansur the country was divided among his sons.[72]
In 1666, Morocco was reunited by the Arab 'Alawi dynasty, who have been the ruling house of Morocco ever since. Morocco was facing aggression from Spain and the Ottoman Empire lies pressing westward. The 'Alawis succeeded in stabilizing their position, and while the kingdom was smaller than previous ones in the region, it remained quite wealthy. Against the opposition of local tribes Ismail Ibn Sharif (1672–1727) began to create a unified state.[73]
Morocco was the first nation to recognize the fledgling United States as an independent nation in 1777.[74][75][76][77] In the beginning of the American Revolution, American merchant ships in the Atlantic Ocean were subject to attack by the Barbary pirates. On 20 December 1777, Morocco's Sultan Mohammed III declared that American merchant ships would be under the protection of the sultanate and could thus enjoy safe passage. The Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship, signed in 1786, stands as the U.S.'s oldest non-broken friendship treaty.[78][79]
Genetic composition
Population | Language | n | E | G | I | J1 | L | N | R1 | T | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morocco | AA (Semitic) | 51 | 73 | — | — | 20 | — | — | 4 | — | Onofri et al. 2008[80] |
Arabs (Morocco) | AA (Semitic) | 87 | 52.8 | — | — | 26.4 | — | — | — | — | Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2013[81] |
Arabs (Morocco) | AA (Semitic) | 28 | 14.3 | — | 3.6 | 60.7 | — | — | 17.8 | — | Underhill et al. 2000[82] |
Arabs (Morocco) | AA (Semitic) | 49 | 72.7 | — | 0.0 | 20.4 | — | — | 0 | — | Semino et al. 2004[83] |
Berbers (North Morocco) | AA (Berber) | 63 | 87 | — | — | 11.1 | — | — | — | — | Bosch et al. 2001[84] |
Berbers (Marrakesh) | AA (Berber) | 29 | 92.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Semino et al. 2000[85] |
Berbers (Middle Atlas) | AA (Berber) | 69 | 87.1 | — | — | 5.8 | — | — | — | — | Cruciani et al. 2004[86] |
Berbers (South Morocco) | AA (Berber) | 62 | 98.5 | — | 0 | 10.0 | 0 | 0 | — | 0 | Bosch et al. 2001[84] |
Berbers (Central Morocco) | AA (Berber) | 40 | 93.8 | — | 0 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | — | 0 | Bosch et al. 2001[84] |
Rifians[better source needed] | AA (Berber) | 54 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Dugoujon 2005[87] |
Sahrawi (Morocco) | AA (Semitic) | 89 | 59.5 | — | — | 20.2 | — | — | — | — | Fregel et al. 2009[88] |
Jews (Morocco) | AA (Semitic) | 19 | 21.1 | 26.3 | — | 31.5 | — | — | 10.5 | — | Francalacci et al. 2008[89] |
Culture
The culture of Morocco is a blend of Arab, Berber, Jewish, and Western European cultures.[90] Through Moroccan history, the country had many cultural influences (Europe, Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa). The culture of Morocco shares similar traits with those of neighboring countries, particularly Algeria and Tunisia and to a certain extent Spain.[91]
Each region possesses its own uniqueness, contributing to the national culture. Morocco has set among its top priorities the protection of its diversity and the preservation of its cultural heritage.[citation needed]
The traditional dress for men and women is called djellaba (جلابة), a long, loose, hooded garment with full sleeves. For special occasions, men also wear a red cap called a bernousse, more commonly known as a fez. Women wear kaftans decorated with ornaments. Nearly all men, and most women, wear balgha (بلغة). These are soft leather slippers with no heel, often dyed yellow. Women also wear high-heeled sandals, often with silver or gold tinsel.[citation needed]
Moroccan style is a new trend in decoration, which takes its roots from Moorish architecture. It has been made popular by the vogue of riad renovation in Marrakech. Dar is the name given to one of the most common types of domestic structures in Morocco; it is a home found in a medina, or walled urban area of a city. Dar exteriors are typically devoid of ornamentation and windows, except occasional small openings in secondary quarters, such as stairways and service areas. These piercings provide light and ventilation. Moroccan cuisine primarily consists of a blend of Arab, Berber, and Andalusi influences. It is known for dishes like couscous and pastilla, among others. Spices such as cinnamon are also used in Moroccan cooking. Sweets like halwa are popular, as well as other confections. Cuisines from neighbouring areas have also influenced the country's culinary traditions. Additionally, Moroccan craftsmanship has a rich tradition of jewellery-making, pottery, leather-work and woodwork.
The music of Morocco ranges and differs according to the various areas of the country. Moroccan music has a variety of styles from complex sophisticated orchestral music to simple music involving only voice and drums. There are three varieties of folk music: village and ritual music, and the music performed by professional musicians. Chaabi (الشعبي) is a music consisting of numerous varieties which descend from the multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting. Gnawa is a form of music that is mystical. It was gradually brought to Morocco by the Gnawa and later became part of the Moroccan tradition. Sufi brotherhoods (tariqas) are common in Morocco, and music is an integral part of their spiritual tradition. This music is an attempt at reaching a trance state which inspires mystical ecstasy.
Languages
Morocco's official languages are Modern Standard Arabic and Berber.[92]
The majority of the population speaks Moroccan Arabic.[93] According to the 2024 Moroccan census, 92.7% of the population spoke Arabic, whereas 24.8% spoke Berber languages.[94] The census also indicated that 99.2%, or almost the entire literate population of Morocco, could read and write in Arabic, while only 1.5% of the population could read and write in Berber. The census also reveals that 80.6% of Moroccans consider Arabic to be their native language, while 18.9% regard any of the various Berber languages as their mother tongue.[94][95]
Hassaniya Arabic is spoken in the southern part of the country, spoken by over 200,000 people.[96] Morocco has recently included the protection of Hassaniya in the constitution as part of the July 2011 reforms.
French is taught universally and still serves as Morocco's primary language of commerce and economics; it is also used in education, sciences, government and most education fields.
Spanish is also spoken in the northern and southern parts of the country as a secondary foreign language after French. Meanwhile, English is increasingly becoming more popular among the educated, particularly in the science fields.
See also
- Moroccan diaspora
- Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula
- Expulsion of the Moriscos
- List of Moroccans
- Moroccan Americans
- Media related to People of Morocco at Wikimedia Commons
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{{cite web}}
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