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In algebra, the nilradical of a commutative ring is the ideal consisting of the nilpotent elements:

{\mathfrak {N}}_{R}=\lbrace f\in R\mid f^{m}=0{\text{ for some }}m\in \mathbb {Z} _{>0}\rbrace .

It is thus the radical of the zero ideal. If the nilradical is the zero ideal, the ring is called a reduced ring. The nilradical of a commutative ring is the intersection of all prime ideals.

In the non-commutative ring case the same definition does not always work. This has resulted in several radicals generalizing the commutative case in distinct ways; see the article Radical of a ring for more on this.

The nilradical of a Lie algebra is similarly defined for Lie algebras.

Commutative rings

The nilradical of a commutative ring is the set of all nilpotent elements in the ring, or equivalently the radical of the zero ideal. This is an ideal because the sum of any two nilpotent elements is nilpotent (by the binomial formula), and the product of any element with a nilpotent element is nilpotent (by commutativity). It can also be characterized as the intersection of all the prime ideals of the ring (in fact, it is the intersection of all minimal prime ideals).

Proposition^[1] — Let $R$ be a commutative ring. Then the nilradical ${\mathfrak {N}}_{R}$ of $R$ equals the intersection of all prime ideals of $R.$

Proof

Firstly, the nilradical is contained in every prime ideal. Indeed, if $r\in {\mathfrak {N}}_{R},$ one has $r^{n}=0$ for some positive integer $n.$ Since every ideal contains 0 and every prime ideal that contains a product, here $r^{n}=0,$ contains one of its factors, one deduces that every prime ideal contains $r.$

Conversely, let $f\notin {\mathfrak {N}}_{R};$ we have to prove that there is a prime ideal that does not contains $f.$ Consider the set $\Sigma$ of all ideals that do not contain any power of $f.$ One has $(0)\in \Sigma ,$ by definition of the nilradical. For every chain $J_{1}\subseteq J_{2}\subseteq \dots$ of ideals in $\Sigma ,$ the union ${\textstyle J=\bigcup _{i\geq 1}J_{i}}$ is an ideal that belongs to $\Sigma ,$ since otherwise it would contain a power of $f,$ that must belong to some $J_{i},$ contradicting the definition of $J_{i}.$

So, $\Sigma$ is a partially ordered by set inclusion such that every chain has a least upper bound. Thus, Zorn's lemma applies, and there exists a maximal element ${\mathfrak {m}}\in \Sigma$ . We have to prove that ${\mathfrak {m}}$ is a prime ideal. If it were not prime there would be two elements $g\in R$ and $h\in R$ such that $g\notin {\mathfrak {m}},$ $h\notin {\mathfrak {m}},$ and $gh\in {\mathfrak {m}}$ . By maximality of ${\mathfrak {m}},$ one has ${\mathfrak {m}}+(g)\notin \Sigma$ and ${\mathfrak {m}}+(h)\notin \Sigma .$ So there exist positive integers $r$ and $s$ such that $f^{r}\in {\mathfrak {m}}+(g)$ and $f^{s}\in {\mathfrak {m}}+(h).$ It follows that $f^{r}f^{s}=f^{r+s}\in {\mathfrak {m}}+(gh)={\mathfrak {m}},$ contadicting the fact that ${\mathfrak {m}}$ is in $\Sigma$ . This finishes the proof, since we have proved the existence of a prime ideal that does not contain $f.$

A ring is called reduced if it has no nonzero nilpotent. Thus, a ring is reduced if and only if its nilradical is zero. If R is an arbitrary commutative ring, then the quotient of it by the nilradical is a reduced ring and is denoted by $R_{\text{red}}$ .

Since every maximal ideal is a prime ideal, the Jacobson radical — which is the intersection of maximal ideals — must contain the nilradical. A ring R is called a Jacobson ring if the nilradical and Jacobson radical of R/P coincide for all prime ideals P of R. An Artinian ring is Jacobson, and its nilradical is the maximal nilpotent ideal of the ring. In general, if the nilradical is finitely generated (e.g., the ring is Noetherian), then it is nilpotent.

Noncommutative rings

For noncommutative rings, there are several analogues of the nilradical. The lower nilradical (or Baer–McCoy radical, or prime radical) is the analogue of the radical of the zero ideal and is defined as the intersection of the prime ideals of the ring. The analogue of the set of all nilpotent elements is the upper nilradical and is defined as the ideal generated by all nil ideals of the ring, which is itself a nil ideal. The set of all nilpotent elements itself need not be an ideal (or even a subgroup), so the upper nilradical can be much smaller than this set. The Levitzki radical is in between and is defined as the largest locally nilpotent ideal. As in the commutative case, when the ring is Artinian, the Levitzki radical is nilpotent and so is the unique largest nilpotent ideal. Indeed, if the ring is merely Noetherian, then the lower, upper, and Levitzki radical are nilpotent and coincide, allowing the nilradical of any Noetherian ring to be defined as the unique largest (left, right, or two-sided) nilpotent ideal of the ring.

References

^ Atiyah, Michael; Macdonald, Ian (1994). Introduction to Commutative Algebra. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-40751-5., p.5

Eisenbud, David, "Commutative Algebra with a View Toward Algebraic Geometry", Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 150, Springer-Verlag, 1995, ISBN 0-387-94268-8.
Lam, Tsit-Yuen (2001), A First Course in Noncommutative Rings (2nd ed.), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-95325-0, MR 1838439

Notes

[1] Atiyah, Michael; Macdonald, Ian (1994). Introduction to Commutative Algebra. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-40751-5., p.5

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-In [[algebra]], the '''nilradical''' of a  [[commutative ring]] is the [[ideal_(ring_theory)|ideal]] consisting of the [[nilpotent element]]s of the ring,
+{{Short description|Ideal of the nilpotent elements}}
+In [[algebra]], the '''nilradical''' of a  [[commutative ring]] is the [[ideal_(ring_theory)|ideal]] consisting of the [[nilpotent element]]s:
-:<math>\mathfrak{N}_R=\lbrace f\in R\mid f^m=0\text{ for some }m\in\mathbb{Z}_{>0}\rbrace.</math>
+:<math>\mathfrak{N}_R = \lbrace f \in R \mid f^m=0 \text{ for some } m\in\mathbb{Z}_{>0}\rbrace.</math>
+It is thus the [[radical of an ideal|radical]] of the [[zero ideal]]. If the nilradical is the zero ideal, the ring is called a [[reduced ring]]. The nilradical of a commutative ring is the intersection of all [[prime ideal]]s.
-In the non-commutative ring case the same definition does not always work. This has resulted in several radicals generalizing the commutative case in distinct ways. See the article "[[radical of a ring]]" for more on this.
+In the [[non-commutative ring]] case the same definition does not always work. This has resulted in several [[radical of a ring|radicals]] generalizing the commutative case in distinct ways; see the article [[Radical of a ring]] for more on this.
 The [[nilradical of a Lie algebra]] is similarly defined for [[Lie algebra]]s.
@@ Line 8: / Line 10: @@
 == Commutative rings ==
-The nilradical of a commutative ring is the set of all [[nilpotent element]]s in the ring, or equivalently the [[radical of an ideal|radical]] of the zero ideal. This is an ideal because the sum of any two nilpotent elements is nilpotent (by the [[binomial formula]]), and the product of any element with a nilpotent element is nilpotent (by commutativity). It can also be characterized as the intersection of all the [[prime ideal]]s of the ring (in fact, it is the intersection of all [[minimal prime ideal]]s).
+The nilradical of a commutative ring is the set of all [[nilpotent element]]s in the [[ring (mathematics)|ring]], or equivalently the [[radical of an ideal|radical]] of the [[zero ideal]]. This is an ideal because the sum of any two nilpotent elements is nilpotent (by the [[binomial formula]]), and the product of any element with a nilpotent element is nilpotent (by commutativity). It can also be characterized as the [[intersection (set theory)|intersection]] of all the [[prime ideal]]s of the ring (in fact, it is the intersection of all [[minimal prime ideal]]s).
-{{math theorem|name=Proposition<ref>{{cite book|last1=Atiyah|first1=Michael|last2=Macdonald|first2=Ian|year=1994|title=Introduction to Commutative Algebra|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0-201-40751-5}}, p.5</ref>| ''Let <math>R</math> be a commutative ring. Then <math>\mathfrak{N}_R=\bigcap_{\mathfrak{p}\varsubsetneq R\text{ prime}}\mathfrak{p}.</math>''}}
+{{math theorem|name=Proposition<ref>{{cite book|last1=Atiyah|first1=Michael|author1link = Michael Atiyah|author2link = Ian G. Macdonald|last2=Macdonald|first2=Ian|year=1994|title=Introduction to Commutative Algebra|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0-201-40751-5}}, p.5</ref>| ''Let <math>R</math> be a commutative ring. Then the nilradical <math>\mathfrak{N}_R</math> of <math>R</math> equals the intersection of all prime ideals of <math>R.</math>''}}
-{{Math proof| Let <math>r\in\mathfrak{N}_R</math> and <math>\mathfrak{p}</math> be a prime ideal, then <math>r^n=0</math> for some <math>n\in\mathbb{Z}_{>0}</math>. Thus
+{{Math proof| Firstly, the nilradical is contained in every prime ideal. Indeed, if <math>r \in \mathfrak{N}_R,</math> one has <math>r^n=0</math> for some positive integer <math>n.</math> Since every ideal contains 0 and every prime ideal that contains a product, here <math>r^n=0,</math> contains one of its factors, one deduces that every prime ideal contains <math>r.</math>
+Conversely, let <math>f\notin\mathfrak{N}_R;</math> we have to prove that there is a prime ideal that does not contains <math>f.</math> Consider the set <math>\Sigma</math> of all ideals that do not contain any power of <math>f.</math> One has <math>(0) \in \Sigma,</math> by definition of the nilradical. For every chain <math>J_1\subseteq J_2 \subseteq \dots</math> of ideals in <math>\Sigma,</math> the union <math display=inline>J=\bigcup_{i\geq1} J_i</math> is an ideal that belongs to <math>\Sigma,</math> since otherwise it would contain a power of <math>f,</math> that must belong to some <math>J_i,</math> contradicting the definition of <math>J_i.</math>
+So, <math>\Sigma</math> is a [[partially ordered set|partially ordered]] by set inclusion such that every chain has a [[least upper bound]]. Thus, [[Zorn's lemma]] applies, and there exists a maximal element <math>\mathfrak{m} \in \Sigma</math>. We have to prove that <math>\mathfrak{m}</math> is a prime ideal. If it were not prime there would be two elements <math>g\in R</math> and <math>h\in R</math> such that <math>g\notin\mathfrak{m},</math> <math>h\notin\mathfrak{m},</math> and <math>gh\in\mathfrak{m}</math>. By maximality of <math>\mathfrak{m},</math> one has <math>\mathfrak{m}+(g)\notin\Sigma</math> and <math>\mathfrak{m}+(h)\notin\Sigma.</math> So there exist positive integers <math>r</math> and <math>s</math> such that <math>f^r \in \mathfrak{m}+(g)</math> and <math>f^s \in \mathfrak{m}+(h).</math> It follows that <math>f^rf^s=f^{r+s} \in \mathfrak{m}+(gh)=\mathfrak{m},</math> contadicting the fact that <math>\mathfrak{m}</math> is in <math>\Sigma</math>. This finishes the proof, since we have proved the existence of a prime ideal that does not contain <math>f.</math>}}
-:<math>r^n=r\cdot r^{n-1}=0\in\mathfrak{p}</math>,
+A ring is called [[reduced ring|reduced]] if it has no nonzero nilpotent. Thus, a ring is reduced [[if and only if]] its nilradical is zero. If ''R'' is an arbitrary commutative ring, then the [[quotient ring|quotient]] of it by the nilradical is a reduced ring and is denoted by <math>R_{\text{red}}</math>.
-since <math>\mathfrak p</math> is an ideal, which implies <math>r\in\mathfrak{p}</math> or <math>r^{n-1}\in\mathfrak{p}</math>. In the second case, suppose <math>r^m\in\mathfrak{p}</math> for some <math>m\leq n-1</math>, then <math>r^{m}=r\cdot r^{m-1}\in\mathfrak{p}</math> thus <math>r\in\mathfrak{p}</math> or <math>r^{m-1}\in\mathfrak{p}</math> and, by induction on <math>m\geq1</math>, we conclude <math>r^m\in\mathfrak{p},\,\forall m:0< m\leq n-1</math>, in particular <math>r\in\mathfrak{p}</math>. Therefore <math>r</math> is contained in any prime ideal and <math>\mathfrak{N}_R\subseteq\bigcap_{\mathfrak{p}\varsubsetneq R\text{ prime}}\mathfrak{p}</math>.
-Conversely, we suppose <math>f\notin\mathfrak{N}_R</math> and consider the set <blockquote><math>\Sigma :=\lbrace J\subseteq R\mid J \text{ is an ideal and } f^m\notin J\text{ for all }m\in\mathbb{Z}_{>0}\rbrace</math> </blockquote>which is non-empty, indeed <math>(0)\in \Sigma</math>. <math>\Sigma</math> is partially ordered by <math>\subseteq</math> and any chain <math>J_1\subseteq J_2 \subseteq \dots</math> has an upper bound given by <math>J=\bigcup_{i\geq1} J_i\in\Sigma</math>, indeed: <math>J</math> is an ideal<ref group="Note">See the example application in [[Zorn's lemma#Example application|Zorn's lemma]].</ref> and if <math>f^m\in J</math> for some <math>m</math> then <math>f^m\in J_l</math> for some <math>l</math>, which is impossible since <math>J_l\in\Sigma</math>; thus any chain in <math>\Sigma\ne\emptyset</math> has an upper bound and we can apply [[Zorn's lemma]]: there exists a maximal element <math>\mathfrak{m}\in\Sigma</math>. We need to prove that <math>\mathfrak{m}</math> is a prime ideal: let <math>g,h\notin\mathfrak{m},gh\in\mathfrak{m}</math>, then <math>\mathfrak{m}\varsubsetneq\mathfrak{m}+(g),\mathfrak{m}+(h)\notin\Sigma</math> since <math>\mathfrak{m}</math> is maximal in <math>\Sigma</math>, which is to say, there exist <math>r,s\in\mathbb{Z}_{>0}</math> such that <math>f^r\in\mathfrak{m}+(g),f^s\in\mathfrak{m}+(h)</math>, but then <math>f^rf^s=f^{r+s}\in\mathfrak{m}+(gh)=\mathfrak{m}\in\Sigma</math>, which is absurd. Therefore if <math>f\notin\mathfrak{N}_R</math>, <math>f</math> is not contained in some prime ideal or equivalently <math>R\setminus\mathfrak{N}_R\subseteq \bigcup_{\mathfrak{p}\varsubsetneq R\text{ prime}}(R\setminus\mathfrak{p})</math>  and finally <math>\mathfrak{N}_R\supseteq\bigcap_{\mathfrak{p}\varsubsetneq R\text{ prime}}\mathfrak{p}</math>.}}
+Since every [[maximal ideal]] is a prime ideal, the [[Jacobson radical]] — which is the intersection of maximal ideals — must contain the nilradical. A ring ''R'' is called a [[Jacobson ring]] if the nilradical and Jacobson radical of ''R''/''P'' coincide for all prime ideals ''P'' of ''R''. An [[Artinian ring]] is Jacobson, and its nilradical is the maximal [[nilpotent ideal]] of the ring. In general, if the nilradical is finitely generated (e.g., the ring is [[Noetherian ring|Noetherian]]), then it is [[nilpotent ideal|nilpotent]].
-A ring is called [[reduced ring|reduced]] if it has no nonzero nilpotent. Thus, a ring is reduced if and only if its nilradical is zero. If ''R'' is an arbitrary commutative ring, then the quotient of it by the nilradical is a reduced ring and is denoted by <math>R_{\text{red}}</math>.
-Since every maximal ideal is a prime ideal, the [[Jacobson radical]] — which is the intersection of maximal ideals — must contain the nilradical. A ring ''R'' is called a [[Jacobson ring]] if the nilradical and Jacobson radical of ''R''/''P'' coincide for all prime ideals ''P'' of ''R''. An [[Artinian ring]] is Jacobson, and its nilradical is the maximal nilpotent ideal of the ring. In general, if the nilradical is finitely generated (e.g., the ring is Noetherian), then it is [[Nilpotent ideal|nilpotent]].
 == Noncommutative rings ==
 {{see|Radical of a ring}}
-For noncommutative rings<!-- associative with 1-->, there are several analogues of the nilradical.  The lower nilradical (or [[Reinhold Baer|Baer]]–McCoy radical, or prime radical) is the analogue of the radical of the zero ideal and is defined as the intersection of the prime ideals of the ring.  The analogue of the set of all nilpotent elements is the upper nilradical and is defined as the ideal generated by all nil ideals of the ring, which is itself a nil ideal.  The set of all nilpotent elements itself need not be an ideal (or even a subgroup), so the upper nilradical can be much smaller than this set.  The Levitzki radical is in between and is defined as the largest locally nilpotent ideal<!--, similarly to the [[Hirsch–Plotkin radical]] which reduces to the [[Fitting subgroup]] in the noetherian case-->.  As in the commutative case, when the ring is artinian, the Levitzki radical is nilpotent and so is the unique largest nilpotent ideal.  Indeed, if the ring is merely noetherian, then the lower, upper, and Levitzki radical are nilpotent and coincide, allowing the nilradical of any noetherian ring to be defined as the unique largest (left, right, or two-sided) nilpotent ideal of the ring<!--, {{harv|Lam|2001|loc=§10}} -->.
+For noncommutative rings<!-- associative with 1-->, there are several analogues of the nilradical.  The lower nilradical (or [[Reinhold Baer|Baer]]–McCoy radical, or prime radical) is the analogue of the radical of the zero ideal and is defined as the intersection of the prime ideals of the ring.  The analogue of the set of all nilpotent elements is the upper nilradical and is defined as the ideal generated by all nil ideals of the ring, which is itself a nil ideal.  The set of all nilpotent elements itself need not be an ideal (or even a [[subgroup]]), so the upper nilradical can be much smaller than this set.  The Levitzki radical is in between and is defined as the largest locally nilpotent ideal<!--, similarly to the [[Hirsch–Plotkin radical]] which reduces to the [[Fitting subgroup]] in the noetherian case-->.  As in the commutative case, when the ring is Artinian, the Levitzki radical is nilpotent and so is the unique largest nilpotent ideal.  Indeed, if the ring is merely Noetherian, then the lower, upper, and Levitzki radical are nilpotent and coincide, allowing the nilradical of any Noetherian ring to be defined as the unique largest (left, right, or two-sided) nilpotent ideal of the ring<!--, {{harv|Lam|2001|loc=§10}} -->.
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
 * [[David Eisenbud|Eisenbud, David]], "Commutative Algebra with a View Toward Algebraic Geometry", Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 150, Springer-Verlag, 1995, {{ISBN|0-387-94268-8}}.
-* {{Citation | last1=Lam | first1=Tsit-Yuen | title=A First Course in Noncommutative Rings | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-387-95325-0 |mr=1838439 | year=2001}}
+* {{Citation | last1=Lam | first1=Tsit-Yuen |authorlink = Tsit Yuen Lam| title=A First Course in Noncommutative Rings | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-387-95325-0 |mr=1838439 | year=2001}}
 [[Category:Commutative algebra]]
-[[Category:Ideals]]
+[[Category:Ideals (ring theory)]]
 == Notes ==