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→Brazil: The mentioned points are not ultraconservative but simply conservative. This is not indicative of whether or not all policies of the parties are ultraconservative however. The linkage 'like' incorrectly implies the equivalence of the mentioned conservative ideas to their ultraconservative versions (social and political suppression of people identifying as LGBT, social alienation of people taking abortion, violence due to anti-secularism, etc.)
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{{short description|Christianity-affiliated religious nationalism}}
{{Short description|Christianity-affiliated religious nationalism}}
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{{Christianity}}
{{Nationalism sidebar|expanded=types}}
[[File:Krist spred 3.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Christendom]] by A.D. 600 after its [[Spread of Christianity|spread to Africa and Europe]] from the [[Middle East]].]]
'''Christian nationalism''' is [[Christianity]]-affiliated [[religious nationalism]]. Christian nationalists primarily focus on internal politics, such as passing laws that reflect their view of Christianity and its role in political and social life. In countries with a [[state Church]], Christian nationalists, in seeking to preserve the status of a [[Christian state]], uphold an [[antidisestablishmentarian]] position.<ref name="Bloomberg1989">{{cite book |last1=Bloomberg |first1=Charles |title=Christian Nationalism and the Rise of the Afrikaner Broederbond in South Africa, 1918-48 |date=1989 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-10694-3 |page=xxiii-11 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jenkins2019">{{cite web |last1=Jenkins |first1=Jack |title=Christian leaders condemn Christian nationalism in new letter |url=https://religionnews.com/2019/08/02/christian-leaders-condemn-christian-nationalism-in-new-letter/ |publisher=[[Religion News Service]] |access-date=14 March 2020 |language=en |date=2 August 2019 |quote=Christian nationalism demands Christianity be privileged by the State...}}</ref><ref name="Kymlicka2018">{{cite web |last1=Kymlicka |first1=Will |title=Is there a Christian Pluralist Approach to Immigration? |url=https://www.cardus.ca/comment/article/is-there-a-christian-pluralist-approach-to-immigration/ |publisher=Comment Magazine |access-date=14 March 2020 |language=en |date=19 April 2018 |quote=As against both Christian nationalists who wanted an established church and French-republican-style secular nationalists who wanted a homogenous public square devoid of religion, Dutch pluralists led by Kuyper defended a model of institutional pluralism or "sphere sovereignty."}}</ref> Christian nationalists have emphasized a recovery of territory in which Christianity formerly flourished, historically to establish a Pan-Christian state out of the countries within [[Christendom]].<ref name="USE2005"/><ref name="Snyder1990"/>


'''Christian nationalism''' is a form of [[religious nationalism]] that focuses on promoting the Christian views of its followers, in order to achieve prominence or [[Christian supremacy|dominance]] in political and social life.<ref name="Socrel 2021">{{cite journal |author1-last=Perry |author1-first=Samuel L. |author2-last=Whitehead |author2-first=Andrew L. |author3-last=Grubbs |author3-first=Joshua B. |date=Winter 2021 |title=Save the Economy, Liberty, and Yourself: Christian Nationalism and Americans' Views on Government COVID-19 Restrictions |editor-last=Baker |editor-first=Joseph O. |journal=[[Sociology of Religion (journal)|Sociology of Religion]] |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] on behalf of the [[Association for the Sociology of Religion]] |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=426–446 |doi=10.1093/socrel/sraa047 |doi-access=free |issn=1759-8818 |s2cid=231699494|pmc=7798614 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Carless |first=Will |date=March 7, 2024 |title=As Trump support merges with Christian nationalism, experts warn of extremist risks |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2024/03/07/trump-christian-nationalism-extremist-threat/72869355007/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US |quote=The concept of Christian nationalism — technically, the belief that the secular government should favor Christianity or even be replaced by it — existed long before Trump’s rise to power.}}</ref>
They actively promote religious (Christian) discourses in various fields of social life, from politics and history, to culture and science; with respect to legislation for example, Christian nationalists advocate [[blue law]]s.<ref name="Moleah1993">{{cite book |last1=Moleah |first1=Alfred T. |title=South Africa: Colonialism, Apartheid and African Dispossession |date=1993 |publisher=Disa Press |isbn=978-0-913255-02-5 |page=377 |language=en}}</ref> Christian nationalists have encouraged [[evangelism]], as well as for families to have more children as a means of increasing the [[Christian population growth]] (cf. ''[[Quiverfull]]'').<ref name="Waylen2007">{{cite book |last1=Waylen |first1=Georgina |title=Engendering Transitions: Women's Mobilization, Institutions and Gender Outcomes |date=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-924803-2 |page=187 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nagin2012">{{cite web |last1=Nagin |first1=Rick |title=Christian nationalists recruiting "child evangelists" in public schools |url=https://peoplesworld.org/article/christian-nationalists-recruiting-child-evangelists-in-public-schools/ |publisher=[[People's World]] |access-date=26 June 2020 |language=en |date=6 February 2012}}</ref> Christian nationalists support the presence of [[Christian symbolism|Christian symbols]] and statuary in the public square, as well as state patronage for the display of religion, such as [[school prayer]] and the exhibition of [[nativity scene]]s during [[Christmastide]] or the [[Christian Cross]] on [[Good Friday]].<ref name="WhiteheadPerry2020">{{cite book |last1=Whitehead |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Perry |first2=Samuel L. |title=Taking America Back for God: Christian Nationalism in the United States |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-005789-3 |pages=7–10 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bean2016">{{cite book |last1=Bean |first1=Lydia |title=The Politics of Evangelical Identity: Local Churches and Partisan Divides in the United States and Canada |date=2016 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17370-2 |page=152 |language=en}}</ref>


==Ideology==
Christian nationalists draw support from the broader [[Christian right]].<ref name="Greenberg2019">{{cite web |last1=Greenberg |first1=Udi |title=Can Christian Democracy Save Us? |url=http://bostonreview.net/philosophy-religion/udi-greenberg-christian-democracy |publisher=[[Boston Review]] |access-date=5 August 2020 |language=en |date=22 October 2019}}</ref> Christian nationalistic movements often have complex leadership structures, depending on the nature of their relationship with local Church institutions. Some movements are lay oriented, with symbolic clerical participation and indirect support from local Church structures, while others are led or strongly influenced by local clergy. The involvement of clergy in various Christian nationalistic movements since the 19th century has led to the development of particular forms of Christian nationalism which are known as ''clerical nationalism'' (also known as clero-nationalism or clerico-nationalism).{{sfn|Feldman|Turda|Georgescu|2008|3, 60, 65-69, 222, 227-231}}
Some branches of Christian nationalism seek to establish an [[Exclusivism|exclusivist]] version of Christianity as the dominant moral and cultural order.<ref name="Baker-2020">{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Joseph O. |last2=Perry |first2=Samuel L. |last3=Whitehead |first3=Andrew L. |date=August 6, 2020 |title=Crusading for Moral Authority: Christian Nationalism and Opposition to Science |journal=Sociological Forum |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=587–607 |doi=10.1111/socf.12619|hdl=1805/26816 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>


Christian nationalism overlaps with but is distinct from [[theonomy]], with it being more populist in character.<ref name="Whitehead-2020">{{cite book |author-last1=Whitehead|author-first1=Andrew L.|author-last2=Perry|author-first2=Samuel L.|date=2020 |title=Taking America Back for God: Christian Nationalism in the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDLNDwAAQBAJ |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190057909 }}</ref>{{Rp|xxi}}
Christian nationalists have often cooperated across [[Christian denomination|denominational lines]], fostering a spirit of [[ecumenism]] in order to advance certain objectives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/italian-jesuit-magazine-criticizes-political-attitudes-some-us-catholics|title=Italian Jesuit magazine criticizes political attitudes of some US Catholics |last=McElwee|first=Joshua J.|date=13 July 2017|publisher=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|language=en|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>


In countries with a [[state church]], Christian nationalists seek to preserve the status of a [[Christian state]].<ref name="Jenkins2019">{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Jack |date=2 August 2019 |title=Christian leaders condemn Christian nationalism in new letter |url=https://religionnews.com/2019/08/02/christian-leaders-condemn-christian-nationalism-in-new-letter/ |publisher=[[Religion News Service]] |access-date=14 March 2020 |quote=Christian nationalism demands Christianity be privileged by the State...}}</ref><ref name="Kymlicka2018">{{cite web |last=Kymlicka |first=Will |date=19 April 2018 |title=Essay: Is there a Christian Pluralist Approach to Immigration? |url=https://comment.org/is-there-a-christian-pluralist-approach-to-immigration/ |access-date=14 March 2020 |work=Comment |publisher=[[Cardus]] |quote=As against both Christian nationalists who wanted an established church and French-republican-style secular nationalists who wanted a homogenous public square devoid of religion, Dutch pluralists led by Kuyper defended a model of institutional pluralism or "sphere sovereignty".}}</ref>
==Pan-Christian nationalism==
[[File:Church of the East in the Middle Ages.svg|thumb|350px|The [[Church of the East]] at its largest extent during the Middle Ages.]]
In the [[Middle Ages]], efforts were made in order to establish a Pan-Christian state by uniting the countries within [[Christendom]].<ref name="Snyder1990">{{cite book |last1=Snyder |first1=Louis L. |title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism |date=1990 |publisher=St. James Press |isbn=978-1-55862-101-5 |page=282 |language=en |quote=Major religions in the past, especially Christianity, have attempted to include all their adherents in a large union, but they have not been successful. Throughout most of the Middle Ages in Western Europe, attempts were made again and again to unite all the Christian world into a kind of Pan-Christianity, which would combine all Christians in a secular-religious state as a successor to the Roman Empire.}}</ref><ref name="Snyder1984">{{cite book |last1=Snyder |first1=Louis Leo |title=Macro-nationalisms: A History of the Pan-movements |date=1984 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-23191-9 |page=129 |language=en |quote=Throughout the better part of the Middle Ages, elaborate attempts were made to create what was, in effect, a Pan-Christianity, an effort to unite "all" the Western Christian world into a successor state of the Roman Empire.}}</ref> Christian nationalism played a role in this era in which Christians felt the impulse to recover lands in which Christianity flourished.<ref name="USE2005">{{cite book |title=Parole de l'Orient, Volume 30 |date=2005 |publisher=Université Saint-Esprit |page=488 |language=en}}</ref> After the rise of Islam, certain parts of North Africa, East Asia, Southern Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East lost Christian control.<ref name="LewisChurchill2008">{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Bernard Ellis |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |title=Islam: The Religion and the People |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-271606-2 |page=76 |language=en}}</ref> In response, Christians across national borders mobilized militarily and a "wave of Christian reconquest achieved the recovery of Spain, Portugal, and southern Italy, but was unable to recover North Africa nor—from a Christian point of view, most painful of all—the Holy Land of Christendom."<ref name="LewisChurchill2008"/>


== By country ==
The [[state atheism]] of the former Eastern Bloc, which brought about a [[Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc|persecution of Christians]], caused a rise in Christian nationalism in the West, as well as [[ecumenism|ecumenical cooperation]] among Christians across [[Christian denomination|denominational lines]].<ref name="Edwards2019">{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Mark Thomas |title=Faith and Foreign Affairs in the American Century |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-7012-1 |page=109 |language=en}}</ref> For example, the United States, in 1956, adopted "[[In God We Trust]]" as its official motto "to differentiate itself from the Soviet Union, its Cold War enemy that was widely seen as promoting atheism."<ref name="Merriman2007">{{cite book |last1=Merriman |first1=Scott A. |title=Religion and the Law in America: An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy |date=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-863-7 |language=en|quote=In 1956, the United States, changed its motto to 'In God We Trust', in large part to differentiate itself from the Soviet Union, its Cold War enemy that was widely seen as promoting atheism.}}</ref> During this time, [[List of Christian human rights non-governmental organisations|Christian human rights non-governmental organisations]], such as [[Voice of the Martyrs]], were founded in order to provide support to Christians persecuted in the Communist Bloc, also engaging in activities such as [[Censorship_of_the_Bible#Bible_smugglers|Bible smuggling]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The St. Croix Review, Volume 34 |date=2001 |publisher=Religion and Society, Incorporated |page=22 |language=en |quote=In 1967, Wurmbrand established Jesus to the Communist World (later Voice of the Martyrs), a bible- smuggling mission and anti-Communist organization based in California ...}}</ref> In the 1990s, the period surrounding the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]] led "a surge in the activity of religious groups and interests among broad segments of the population".<ref name="LokshinaKendall2002">{{cite book |last1=Lokshina |first1=T. |last2=Kendall |first2=A. |title=Nationalism, Xenophobia and Intolerance in Contemporary Russia |date=2002 |publisher=Moscow Helsinki Group |page=26 |language=en |quote=The late 1980s — early 1990s, with the Soviet government shedding the policy of state atheism, marked a surge in the activity of religious groups and interests among broad segments of the population.}}</ref> The revival of the Church occurred in these formerly Communist areas; [[Christian missionaries]] also entered the former Eastern Bloc in order to engage in [[evangelism]] there, winning people back to Christianity.<ref name="Schmidt1991">{{cite web |last1=Schmidt |first1=William E. |title=U.S. Evangelicals Winning Soviet Converts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/07/world/us-evangelicals-winning-soviet-converts.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=26 June 2020 |language=en |date=7 October 1991}}</ref><ref name="Weir2011">{{cite web |last1=Weir |first1=Fred |title=Russia emerges as Europe's most God-believing nation |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2011/0506/Russia-emerges-as-Europe-s-most-God-believing-nation |publisher=[[CS Monitor]] |access-date=26 June 2020 |language=en |date=6 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pieterse |first1=Jan Nederveen |title=Christianity and Hegemony: Religion and Politics on the Frontiers of Social Change |date=1992 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-85496-749-0 |page=298 |language=en |quote=A network of American evangelical organizations, including Youth with a Mission, have targeted Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union for an aggressive evangelization campaign in the 1990s.}}</ref>
=== Brazil ===
In [[Brazil]], Christian nationalism, a result of a [[Catholicism|Catholic]]-[[Evangelical Christianity|Evangelical]] coalition, has a goal of curbing the influence of "moral relativism, social liberalism, alleged neo-Marxism in its various forms, and LBGTQ rights."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barreto |first1=Raimundo |last2=Chaves |first2=João B. |title=Christian nationalism is thriving in Bolsonaro's Brazil |url=https://www.christiancentury.org/article/critical-essay/christian-nationalism-thriving-bolsonaro-s-brazil |website=[[The Christian Century]] |language=en |date=December 1, 2021}}</ref>


==By country==
=== Canada ===
The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] saw a rise in Christian nationalist activity with many groups using anti-lockdown sentiments to expand their reach to more people.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 July 2021|title=COVID-19 conspiracy theories are spreading online like a virus. An inside look at a dangerous misinformation movement that's spilling into the real world|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/investigations/2021/07/22/how-covid-19-conspiracy-theories-are-spreading-online-like-a-virus.html|access-date=23 July 2021|website=thestar.com|language=en}}</ref> The group Liberty Coalition Canada has garnered support from many elected politicians across [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|title=End the Lockdowns Caucus {{!}} Liberty Coalition Canada|url=https://www.libertycoalitioncanada.com/end-the-lockdown-caucus|access-date=12 November 2021|website=Liberty Coalition|language=en}}</ref> In their founding documents they argue that "it is only in Christianized nations that religious freedom has ever flourished."<ref>{{cite web|title=FAQ|url=https://www.niagaradeclaration.ca/faq|access-date=23 July 2021|website=Niagara Declaration|language=en}}</ref> Their rallies have attracted the support of [[Alex Jones]] and Canada First, a spin-off of [[Nick Fuentes]]' group America First.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada First Exposed: Months Inside One of Canada's Biggest, Youngest, and Newest White Supremacist Chatrooms|url=https://www.antihate.ca/canada_first_exposed_tyler_russell|access-date=23 July 2021|website=Canadian Anti-Hate Network|date=29 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Many of Liberty Coalition Canada's leaders are pastors who have racked up millions in potential fines for violating COVID protocols and in many cases express ultra-conservative views.<ref>{{cite web|title=Excommunicated Politicians Partner With Christian Nationalists In COVID Conspiracy Movement |url=https://www.antihate.ca/excommunicated_politicians_partner_with_christian_nationalists_in_covid_conspiracy_movement |access-date=23 July 2021 |website=Canadian Anti-Hate Network |date=18 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
===Brazil===
{{see also|Patriota|Rise of the Evangelical Church in Latin America|Evangelical political parties in Latin America}}
In recent years there has been a growing sentiment of nationalism between both [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] and [[Protestantism|Protestants]] in [[Brazil]].
Politicians like [[Magno Malta]] and [[Jair Bolsonaro]], and political parties like [[Patriota]] promote conservative ideas, like rejection of [[LGBT]] rights, opposition to abortion, and anti-[[secularism]].
Most Christian nationalists in Brazil are in favor of [[ecumenism]], while attacking and rejecting contact with non-Christians, more specifically [[Muslim]]s and [[Atheism|atheists]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://noticias.gospelprime.com.br/sem-estado-laico-somos-cristao-jair-bolsonaro/|title="Sem essa de Estado laico, somos um Estado cristão", afirma Bolsonaro|date=10 February 2017|website=gospelprime.com.br|access-date=21 September 2018|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715181356/https://noticias.gospelprime.com.br/sem-estado-laico-somos-cristao-jair-bolsonaro/|url-status=dead}}</ref>


===Canada===
===Finland===
The far-right and pro-Russian [[Power Belongs to the People]] (VKK) party has been described as Christian nationalist by ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]''.<ref name=HS>{{cite web | url = https://www.hs.fi/sunnuntai/art-2000008449342.html| title = Tapaus Turtiainen| date = January 10, 2021 |work=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]}}</ref> Sanan- ja uskonnonvapaus ry (Freedom of Speech and Religion Association), associated with MP [[Päivi Räsänen]] of the [[Christian Democrats (Finland)|Christian Democrats]], has also supported openly fascist candidates of [[Blue-and-Black Movement]] that seek to ban the LGBT movement and "non-native religions". The association also supports VKK and [[Freedom Alliance (Finland)|Freedom Alliance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/politiikka/a/0369f89b-e5bc-46d0-908d-7d32cb709900|title=Räsäsen tueksi perustettu kristillinen sananvapausjärjestö tuki myös fasistipuolueen ehdokkaita|date=11 May 2024|work=[[Iltalehti]]}}</ref> The Blue-and-Black movement itself is also inspired by the Christian fascist [[Patriotic People's Movement]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Finns Party splinter group dons colours of 1940s fascists |date=13 January 2021 |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finns_party_splinter_group_dons_colours_of_1940s_fascists/11735369 |publisher=[[Finnish Broadcasting Company]]}}</ref> Aforementioned [[Far-right_politics_in_Finland#Contemporary|local far-right pro-Russian parties]] have recruited combatants for the Russian side in Ukraine, who have then after gone to the [[Russian Imperial Movement]]'s training camps in [[St. Petersburg]] and become fighters in the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://demokraatti.fi/vkk-puolue-yrittaa-saada-dosentti-johan-backmanin-eduskuntaan|work=[[Demokraatti]]|date=24 March 2023|title=VKK-puolue yrittää saada dosentti Johan Bäckmanin eduskuntaan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2021/11/29/some-20-finns-fought-against-ukraine-in-donbas-facing-no-consequences-in-finland-media/|title=Some 20 Finns fought against Ukraine in Donbas, facing no consequences in Finland – media|work=[[Euromaidan Press]]|date=13 May 2024|quote="Johan Backman says that he continues to help Finns who have gone to Eastern Ukraine to fight. He does not feel responsible for the people he recruits." Johan Bäckman is an important central figure for Finnish fighters, who had organized their travel from Finland to the Donbas and engaged them in illegal activities there. Janus Kostia Putkonen arrived in Donbas from Moscow via Rostov, southern Russia, in March 2015.}}</ref><ref name=HS/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Itä-Ukrainassa Venäjän puolesta taistelleet suomalaiset kehuskelevat kokemuksillaan – muualla Euroopassa vierastaistelijoita on tuomittu rikoksista|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12153718|work=[[Finnish Broadcasting Company]]|date=January 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wednesday's papers: Neo-nazi training, employment discrimination, fighting swans|url=https://yle.fi/news/3-11393801|work=[[Finnish Broadcasting Company]]|date=January 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Finnish Neo-Nazis attend paramilitary trainings in Russia |url=https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/finland/finnish-neo-nazis-attend-paramilitary-trainings-in-russia/|work=[[European Jewish Congress]]|date=January 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Suomen uusnatsit hankkivat nyt oppia Venäjältä: järjestön koulutuskeskus järjestää haulikko- ja pistooliammuntaa, "partisaanikursseja" ja kieltää kiroilun|url=https://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/art-2000006535647.html|work=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]|date=January 12, 2022}}</ref>
{{see also|Clerico-nationalism}}


===Croatia===
=== Ghana ===
In Ghana, Christian nationalists seek to uphold what they see as "traditional markers of Ghanaian identity including, Christianity, social conservatism, and antagonism to 'progressive' 'Western' ideas, such as LGBTQ+ equality."<ref name="LSE">{{cite web |last1=Haynes |first1=Jeffrey |title=Christian nationalism is a growing force in Ghana |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2023/10/05/christian-nationalism-is-a-growing-force-in-ghana/ |website=[[London School of Economics and Political Science]] |access-date=June 25, 2024 |date=October 5, 2023}}</ref>
{{see also|Croatian Catholic movement|Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše}}


===Germany===
=== Hungary ===
{{Conservatism in Hungary}}
In the background of [[World War I]], German Christian nationalism was reflected by [[Lutheranism]], [[romanticism]], [[idealism]], and [[Immanence]].<ref name="Hoover1989">{{cite book|author=Arlie J. Hoover|title=God, Germany, and Britain in the Great War: A Study in Clerical Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFpoAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-275-93169-8}}</ref>
The [[Kingdom of Hungary]] under the leadership of [[Miklós Horthy]] is often seen by many historians as Christian nationalist in nature. Historian [[István Deák]] described the Horthy regime in the following way:


{{blockquote|Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a "nationalist Christian" policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against [[bolshevism]] and bolshevism's instruments: [[socialism]], [[cosmopolitanism]], and [[Freemasonry]]. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary [[Miklós Horthy|Admiral Horthy]].<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Deák|author-first=István|chapter=Hungary|editor-last=Roger|editor-first=Hans|title=The European Right: A Historical Profile|year=1963|page=364}}</ref>}}
===United Kingdom===
[[File:Westminster-Abbey.JPG|thumb|The coronation of British monarchs, who are styled as the ''[[Defender of the Faith]]'', takes place in [[Westminster Abbey]], a cathedral of the [[Church of England]], which is the [[established church]] of that nation.]]
In the background of [[World War I]], British Christian nationalism was reflected by [[empiricism]], [[Philosophical realism|realism]], and [[individualism]].<ref name="Hoover1989"/>


[[Prime Minister of Hungary|Hungarian Prime Minister]] [[Viktor Orbán]] has often advocated for Christian nationalism, both within [[Hungary]] and as a kind of international movement including Other [[Europe|European]] and [[United States|American]] Christian nationalists.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=David |title=Orbán urges Christian nationalists in Europe and US to 'unite forces' at CPAC |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/04/viktor-orban-cpac-speech |website=The Guardian |date=4 August 2022}}</ref>
===India===
{{Main|All India Conference of Indian Christians}}


===Lebanon===
=== Russia ===
{{Conservatism in Russia|Ideologies}}
The [[Lebanese Front]] was a coalition of mainly Christian parties in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1980s, Christian nationalism was pursued by the Maronite community. The Maronites sought to create a Christian mini-state.<ref name="Schulze1997">{{cite book|author=Kirsten E. Schulze|title=Israel's Covert Diplomacy in Lebanon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PolPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA153|date=27 October 1997|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-37247-4|pages=153–}}</ref> Christian nationalist [[Michel Aoun]] revolted against the Syrian Lebanese regime in 1990, but was defeated with Syrian Army support; all militias aside from the pro-Syrian [[Hezbollah]] were disarmed by 1991.<ref name="Rubin2007">{{cite book|author=Barry Rubin|title=The Truth about Syria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9XRMmmqNzkC&pg=PA121|date=29 May 2007|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-230-60520-6|pages=121–}}</ref> The only party in Lebanon currently representing Christian nationalism is the [[Lebanese Forces Party]].
[[President of Russia]] [[Vladimir Putin]] has been described as a global leader of the Christian nationalist and [[Christian right]] movements.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Michel |first=Casey |date=9 February 2017 |title=How Russia Became the Leader of the Global Christian Right |work=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/02/how-russia-became-a-leader-of-the-worldwide-christian-right-214755/ |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> As President, Putin has increased the power of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] and proclaimed his staunch belief in [[Eastern Orthodoxy]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Paterson |first=Tom |date=9 November 2021 |title=Why Putin Goes to Church |url=https://www.thecambridgelanguagecollective.com/politics-and-society/why-putin-goes-to-church |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=The Cambridge Language Collective |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307212858/https://www.thecambridgelanguagecollective.com/politics-and-society/why-putin-goes-to-church |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as maintaining close contacts with [[Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'|Patriarchs of Moscow and all Rus']] [[Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow|Alexy II]] and [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow|Kirill]].


The [[Russian Imperial Movement]] is a prominent [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] Christian nationalist group that trains militants all over [[Europe]] and has recruited thousands of fighters for its paramilitary group, the Imperial Legion, which is participating in the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|invasion of Ukraine]]. The group also works with the [[Atomwaffen Division]] in order to network with and recruit extremists from the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/russian-imperial-movement-rim/report | title=Russian Imperial Movement (RIM) | work=[[Counter Extremism Project]] | date=6 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mapping Militant Organizations: Russian Imperial Movement |url=https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/russian-imperial-movement |website=Center for International Security and Cooperation |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=28 October 2022 |date=February 2021 }}</ref>
===Poland===
In [[Poland]], nationalism was always characterized by loyalty to the Roman Catholic Church. Groups like the [[National Revival of Poland]] use slogans like ''Wielka Polska Katolicka'' (Great Catholic Poland) and protest vigorously against legalization of [[gay marriage]] and [[abortion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nop.org.pl/2013/05/28/malopolska-za-zyciem/|title=Małopolska za życiem!|website=nop.org.pl|access-date=21 September 2018}}</ref> Conservative religious groups connected with [[Radio Maryja]] are often accused of harboring nationalist and antisemitic attitudes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2004/poland.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 February 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105030845/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2004/poland.htm |archive-date=5 January 2006 }}</ref>


===Romania===
=== Scotland ===
In [[Scotland]], the [[Scottish Family Party]] has been described as Christian nationalist. The party was formed as a push-back movement, based on a rejection of [[LGBT|LGBT+]] topics being taught in schools, with the political party claiming it to be an overly sexualized topic and ideology. They believe it to be an attack on traditional Christian family values, promoted by the [[Scottish National Party]].{{Cn|date=September 2024}}
{{see also|Iron Guard}}


===Russia===
=== South Africa ===
The future leader of the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] and [[Apartheid]] Prime Minister of [[South Africa]], [[B. J. Vorster]] in 1942 declared: "We stand for Christian Nationalism which is an ally of National Socialism. You can call this anti-democratic principle dictatorship if you wish. In Italy, it is called Fascism; in Germany, National Socialism and in South Africa, Christian Nationalism."<ref>{{cite web |title=Christian Nationalism |url=https://samilhistory.com/tag/christian-nationalism/ |website=The Observation Post |access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref>
Religious nationalism characterized by communal adherence to [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] and national Orthodox Churches is found in many states of [[Eastern Europe]] and in the [[Russian Federation]]. Many Russian [[Neo-Fascist]] and [[Neo-Nazi]] groups, such as the [[Russian National Unity]], call for an increased role for the Russian Orthodox Church.


While the National Party was primarily concerned about the nationalist interest of [[Afrikaners]], there was a strong adherence to [[Calvinist]] interpretations of Christianity as the bedrock of the state. Moreover, by advancing ideas of Christian Nationalism, the National Party could incorporate other "nations" in their programme of racial hierarchies and segregation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dubow |first1=Saul |title=Afrikaner Nationalism, Apartheid and the Conceptualization of 'Race' |journal=Journal of African History |date=1992 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=209–237 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700032217 |jstor=182999 |s2cid=145543548 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/182999 |access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref> The [[Dutch Reformed Church]] in South Africa provided much of the theological<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kiewit |first1=Lester |title=NG Kerk is repenting for apartheid |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2019-04-18-00-ng-kerk-is-repenting-for-apartheid/ |access-date=13 July 2023 |publisher=Mail & Guardian |date=18 April 2019}}</ref> and moral justification for Apartheid and the basis for racial hierarchy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Van Slambrouck |first1=Paul |title=South African minister: Why does church back apartheid? |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0813/081348.html |journal=The Christian Science Monitor |access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref>
===Spain===
{{see also|National Catholicism}}


===United States===
=== United States ===
{{Further|Accommodationism in the United States|American civil religion|Project 2025|Christian right|Radical right (United States)#Trumpism|Trumpism#Christian Trumpism}}
[[File:Ten Commandments Monument.jpg|thumb|A monument of the Ten Commandments at the [[Texas State Capitol]]]]
{{Conservatism US}}
{{further|Christian right|Accommodationism|Trumpism#Christian Trumpism}}
==== American ideology ====
Christian nationalism in the United States manifests itself through the promotion of religious art and symbolism in the public square, such as the displaying of the [[Ten Commandments]] and the national motto "[[In God We Trust]]",<ref name="Taylor2019">{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=David |title='In God We Trust' - the bills Christian nationalists hope will 'protect religious freedom' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/14/christian-nationalists-bills-religious-freedom-project-blitz |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=6 June 2019 |language=en |date=14 January 2019|quote=So-called "In God We Trust" bills have already been introduced this year in Alaska, Kentucky, Missouri and South Carolina, which, if they became law, would see the phrase emblazoned on public buildings, hung in schools and displayed on public vehicles including police cars. ... In Texas, a bill allowing teachers to display the Ten Commandments in classrooms will be considered in this state legislature session. ... Laser said there are real concerns about a momentum behind Christian nationalism, which she said Trump has bolstered with the appointment of pro-life Supreme Court judges Brett Kavanaugh and Neil Gorsuch. The only religious advisory board Trump has is an all Evangelical Christian advisory board.}}</ref> which came into force in order to distinguish the United States from the [[state atheism]] of the former [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Merriman2007"/> The [[Foundation for Moral Law]], for example, was founded for this purpose.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Samuel |first1=Stephanie |title=Former Ala. Chief Justice Defends Traditional Marriage |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/former-ala-chief-justice-defends-traditional-marriage.html |publisher=[[The Christian Post]] |access-date=6 June 2019 |language=en |date=21 January 2011}}</ref> The ideology also advocates the view that public policy should be formed strictly by Christian beliefs, such as imposing legal restrictions against [[abortion]].<ref name="Taylor2019"/> Christian nationalists support [[blue laws|Sunday blue laws]] in keeping with traditional [[first-day Sabbatarian]] principles; the [[Lord's Day Alliance]] (LDA) was organized by representatives of various Christian denominations to this end.<ref name="Darrow2005">{{cite book|last=Darrow|first=Clarence|title=Closing Arguments: Clarence Darrow on Religion, Law, and Society|year=2005|publisher=Ohio University Press|language=en |isbn=9780821416327|page=39}}</ref> In 2018, the [[Congressional Prayer Caucus|Congressional Prayer Caucus Foundation]] began [[Project Blitz]] to achieve these goals.<ref name="Taylor2019"/>


Christian nationalism asserts that the United States is a country founded by and for Christians.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Matthew D. |title=The Violent Take it by Force: the Christian movement that is threatening our democracy |date=September 2024 |publisher=[[Broadleaf Books]] |chapter=Chapter 1}}</ref> Christian nationalists in the United States advocate "a fusion of identitarian Christian identity and [[cultural conservatism]] with American civic belonging."<ref name="Socrel 2021"/>{{Rp|3-4}} It has been noted to bear overlap with [[Christian fundamentalism]], [[white supremacy]],<ref name="Perry-2022"/> the [[Seven Mountain Mandate]] movement, and [[Dominion theology|dominionism]].<ref name="Socrel 2021"/>{{Rp|5}} Most researchers have described Christian nationalism as "authoritarian" and "boundary-enforcing" but recent research has focused on how [[Libertarianism|libertarian]], small-government ideology and [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] political economics have become part of the American Christian political identity.<ref name="Socrel 2021"/>{{Rp|3-4}} Christian nationalism also overlaps with but is distinct from [[theonomy]], with it being more populist in character. Theocratic Christians seek to have the Bible inform national laws and have religious leaders in positions of government; while in America, Christian nationalists view the country's founding documents as "divinely inspired" and supernaturally revealed to Christian men to preference Christianity, and are willing to elect impious heads of state if they support right-wing causes.<ref name="Whitehead-2020"/>{{Rp|xxi}}
The [[National Reform Association (United States)|National Reform Association]] is an organization, founded in 1864 and active to this day, that seeks to introduce a [[Christian amendment]] to the Constitution of the United States.<ref name="MillerStoutWilson1988">{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Randall M. |last2=Stout |first2=Harry S. |last3=Wilson |first3=Charles Reagan |title=Religion and the American Civil War |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199923663 |language=en}}</ref> Advocacy groups, such as the [[Alliance Defending Freedom]] and [[First Liberty Institute]], work to defend their view of the free exercise clause of the [[First Amendment]].<ref>{{cite web |title=From Roy Moore To Tax Debate, A Spotlight On Christian Nationalism |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/12/01/567626575/christian-nationalists-taking-political-center-stage |website=NPR.org |access-date=6 June 2019 |language=en |date=1 December 2017}}</ref>


Christian nationalism supports the presence of [[Christian symbolism|Christian symbols]] in the public square, and state patronage for the practice and display of religion, such as [[Christmas]] as a national holiday, [[school prayer]], singing [[God Bless America]], the exhibition of [[nativity scene]]s during [[Christmastide]], and the [[Christian cross|Christian Cross]] on [[Good Friday]].<ref name="Bean2016">{{cite book |last=Bean |first=Lydia |year=2016 |title=The Politics of Evangelical Identity: Local Churches and Partisan Divides in the United States and Canada |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] and [[Woodstock, Oxfordshire]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-17370-2 |page=152}}</ref><ref name="Whitehead-2020"/>{{Rp|7-10}}<ref name=":2" /> Christian nationalism draws political support from the broader [[Christian right]], but not exclusively, given the broad support for observing Christmas as a national holiday in many countries.<ref name="Greenberg2019">{{cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Udi |date=22 October 2019 |title=Can Christian Democracy Save Us? |url=http://bostonreview.net/philosophy-religion/udi-greenberg-christian-democracy |newspaper=[[Boston Review]] |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> During the [[Cold War]], church attendance reached a highpoint in the 1950s, which was also when the United States added phrases like 'Under God' in the [[Pledge of Allegiance]] and on currency, described at the time as a '[[American civil religion|civil religion]]' that was motivated in part to show distance from communism.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2024 |title=Freedom! Joy! Forward! The DNC's Fave Buzzwords, Explained |url=https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/otm/articles/freedom-joy-forward-the-dncs-fave-buzzwords-explained |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=[[On the Media]] |publisher=[[WNYC Studios]] |at=20:00 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McDaniel |first=Eric |date=2022-11-02 |title=Talk of ‘Christian nationalism’ is getting a lot louder – but what does the term really mean? |url=https://theconversation.com/talk-of-christian-nationalism-is-getting-a-lot-louder-but-what-does-the-term-really-mean-192378 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US |quote=The majority of Americans do not embrace Christian nationalism. Even so, its echoes appear everywhere from American flags in church pulpits, to the Pledge of Allegiance, to 'In God We Trust' on money, license plates and government vehicles.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Silk |first=Mark |date=2024-07-16 |title=Hawley's Christian nationalism is the old-time civil religion, weaponized |url=https://religionnews.com/2024/07/16/hawleys-christian-nationalism-is-the-old-time-civil-religion-weaponized/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Religion News Service |language=en-US |quote=Like the insertion of “under God” in the Pledge of Allegiance, “In God We Trust” was made the national motto during the Cold War to pose America’s civil religion against the atheistic communist faith. Hawley’s assault on the left’s alternative civil religion harks back to that historical moment precisely.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanneh |first=Kelefa |date=2023-03-27 |title=How Christian Is Christian Nationalism? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/04/03/how-christian-is-christian-nationalism |access-date=2024-09-03 |work=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X |quote=Judging from church-membership figures, the nineteen-fifties may have been the most pious period in American history; it was the decade when the phrase 'under God' was added to the Pledge of Allegiance (1954), and when 'In God we trust' was adopted as the country’s official motto (1956). By then, politicians were talking less about heathenism and more about a new adversary; many, like Senator Joseph McCarthy, believed that America was 'engaged in a final, all-out battle between Communistic atheism and Christianity.'}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gjelten |first=Tom |date=April 12, 2021 |title=Can America's 'Civil Religion' Still Unite The Country? |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/04/12/985036148/can-americas-civil-religion-still-unite-the-country |work=NPR}}</ref> Christian nationalism also influenced the constitution of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]], which mentioned God overtly in contrast with the US Constitution.<ref name=":262">{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2024 |title=Freedom! Joy! Forward! The DNC's Fave Buzzwords, Explained |url=https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/otm/articles/freedom-joy-forward-the-dncs-fave-buzzwords-explained |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=[[On the Media]] |publisher=[[WNYC Studios]] |at=20:00 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vile |first=John R. |date=October 27, 2024 |title=Christian Nationalism |url=https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/christian-nationalism/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=The Free Speech Center at [[Middle Tennesse State University]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
The [[Christian Liberty Party]] is a political party that sees the United States as a Christian country.<ref>McKeen, Leah A D, "Canadian Christian Nationalism?: The Religiosity and Politics of the Christian Heritage Party of Canada" (2015). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1740.</ref>


Christian nationalism has been linked to prejudice towards minority groups.<ref name="Whitehead-2020"/>{{Rp|4}} Christian nationalism has been loosely defined as a belief that "celebrate[s] and privilege[s] the sacred history, liberty, and rightful rule of white conservatives."<ref name="Li-2023"/>{{Rp|770}} Christian nationalism prioritizes an ethno-cultural, [[Ethno-religious group|ethno-religious]], and [[Ethnic nationalism|ethno-nationalist]] framing around fear of "the other", those being immigrants, racial, and sexual minorities. Studies have associated Christian nationalism with [[xenophobia]], [[homophobia]], [[misogyny]], political tolerance of racists, opposition to [[Interracial marriage|interracial unions]], support for [[Gun politics in the United States|gun rights]], [[Natalism|pronatalism]], and restricting the civil rights of those who fail to conform to traditional ideals of whiteness, citizenship, and Protestantism.<ref name="Upenieks">{{cite journal |author1-last=Upenieks |author1-first=Laura |author2-last=Hill |author2-first=Terrence |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Christian nationalism, religious struggles, and the structural amplification of emotional distress |editor-last= |editor-first= |journal=[[Social Science Quarterly]] |publisher=Published by [[Wiley-Blackwell]] for the Southwestern Social Science Association |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=5–24 |doi=10.1111/ssqu.13327 |doi-access=free |issn=0038-4941 }}</ref>{{Rp|6}} The Christian nationalist belief system includes elements of [[patriarchy]], white supremacy, [[Nativism (politics)|nativism]], and [[heteronormativity]].<ref name="Upenieks"/>{{Rp|7}} It has been associated with a "conquest narrative", [[Premillennialism|premillennial]] [[apocalypticism]], and of frequent "rhetoric of blood, specifically, of blood sacrifice to an angry God."<ref name="Upenieks"/>{{Rp|16}}
Christian nationalists believe that the US is meant to be a Christian nation and want to "take back" the US for God.<ref name=":0" /> Experts say that Christian-associated support for right-wing politicians and social policies, such as legislation related to immigration, gun control and poverty is best understood as Christian nationalism, rather than as [[Evangelicalism in the United States|evangelicalism]] ''per se''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Bailey|first=Sarah Pulliam|date=26 October 2020|title=Seeking power in Jesus’ name: Trump sparks a rise of Patriot Churches|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2020/10/26/trump-christian-nationalism-patriot-church/|access-date=12 November 2020|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Sutton|first=Matthew Avery|date=16 July 2020|title=The Truth About Trump’s Evangelical Support|work=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/158539/truth-trumps-evangelical-support-sarah-posner-jesus-john-wayne-book-review|access-date=12 November 2020|issn=0028-6583}}</ref> Studies of white evangelicals show that, among people who self-identify as evangelical Christians, the more they attend church, the more they pray, and the more they read the Bible, the less support they have for nationalist policies.<ref name=":1" /> Non-nationalistic evangelicals agree ideologically with Christian nationalists in areas such as patriarchal policies, gender roles, and sexuality.<ref name=":1" />


American Christian nationalism is based on a worldview that America is superior to other countries, and that such superiority is divinely established. It posits that only Christians are "true Americans." Christian nationalism also bears overlap with the [[American militia movement]]. The 1992 [[Ruby Ridge|Ruby Ridge standoff]] and the 1993 [[Waco siege]] served as a catalyst for the growth of militia activity among Christian nationalists.<ref name="Perry-2022">{{cite web |last=Perry |first=Samuel |date=August 5, 2022 |title=After Trump, Christian nationalist ideas are going mainstream – despite a history of violence |url=https://theconversation.com/after-trump-christian-nationalist-ideas-are-going-mainstream-despite-a-history-of-violence-188055 |url-status=live |work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601132553/https://theconversation.com/after-trump-christian-nationalist-ideas-are-going-mainstream-despite-a-history-of-violence-188055 |archive-date=June 1, 2024 |access-date=June 16, 2024 |issn=2201-5639}}</ref> Christian nationalists believe that the US is meant to be a Christian nation, and that it was founded as a Christian nation, and want to "take back" the US for God.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Plett Usher |first1=Barbara |title=Christian nationalists—wanting to put God into US government |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-63902626 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=1 January 2023 |date=December 17, 2022}}</ref>
Andrew Whitehead and Samuel Perry summarize Christian nationalism with the following statements:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehead |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Perry|first2=Samuel L.|title=Taking America Back for God: Christian Nationalism in the United States |date=2020 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=7-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDLNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref>
#The federal government should declare the United States a Christian nation.
#The federal government should advocate Christian values.
#The federal government should not enforce the strict separation of church and state.
#The federal government should allow religious symbols in public spaces.
#The success of the United States is part of God's plan.
#The federal government should allow prayer in public schools.


Christian nationalists feel that their values and religion are threatened and marginalized, and fear their freedom to preach their moral values will be no longer dominant at best or outlawed at worst.<ref name="Whitehead-2020"/>{{Rp|5}} Experimental research found that support of Christian nationalism increased when Christian Americans were told of their demographic decline.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Al-Kire |first1=Rosemary |last2=Pasek |first2=Michael H. |last3=Tsang |first3=Jo-Ann |last4=Rowatt |first4=Wade C. |date=November 2021 |title=Christian no more: Christian Americans are threatened by their impending minority status |journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=97 |doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104223 |issn=0022-1031}}</ref> Studies have shown Christian nationalists to exhibit higher levels of anger, depression, anxiety, and emotional distress. It has been theorized that Christian nationalists fear that they are "not living up to" God's expectations, and "fear the wrath and punishment" of not creating the country desired by God.<ref name="Upenieks"/>{{Rp|19-20}}
===Yugoslavia===
The [[Yugoslav National Movement]] (1935–45) has been described as Christian nationalist.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Rebecca Haynes|author2=Martyn Rady|title=In the Shadow of Hitler: Personalities of the Right in Central and Eastern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXsqAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA300|date=30 November 2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-78076-808-3|page=300}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jovan Byford|title=Denial and Repression of Antisemitism: Post-communist Remembrance of the Serbian Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAEauYA7rrMC&pg=PA52|year=2008|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-9776-15-9|page=52}}</ref>


==== Attitudes towards science ====
==See also==
Adherence to Christian nationalism has been associated with high levels of distrust of science, especially parts that are perceived as challenging biblical authority.<ref name="Baker-2020"/> During the [[COVID-19|COVID-19 pandemic]], Christian nationalists frequently [[Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic|opposed measures]] including lockdowns, restrictions on social gatherings and mask-wearing.<ref name="Socrel 2021"/>{{Rp|5}} In a 2020 study, it was found that "even after accounting for sociodemographic, religious, and political characteristics", Christian nationalism was a "leading predictor" that individuals "prioritize the economy and deprioritize the vulnerable" due to a "pervasive ideology that blends Christian identity with conceptions of economic prosperity and individual liberty."<ref name="Socrel 2021"/>{{Rp|16}} Christian nationalism has also been associated with belief in [[conspiracy theories]].<ref name=":5" />

Analysis of Christian nationalists in America found that "Christian nationalism is the strongest predictor that Americans fail to affirm factually correct answers." When asked about Christianity's place in American founding documents, policies, and court decisions, those that embraced Christian nationalism had more confident incorrect answers while those that rejected it had more confident correct answers. A 2021 research article theorized that like conservative Christians that incorrectly answer science questions that are "religiously contested", Christian nationalism inclines individuals to "affirm factually incorrect views about religion in American political history, likely through their exposure to certain disseminators of such misinformation, but also through their allegiance to a particular political-cultural narrative they wish to privilege."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perry |first1=Samuel L. |last2=Braunstein |first2=Ruth |last3=Gorski |first3=Phillip S. |last4=Grubbs |first4=Joshua B. |date=December 7, 2021 |title=Historical Fundamentalism? Christian Nationalism and Ignorance About Religion in American Political History |journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=21–40 |doi=10.1111/jssr.12760}}</ref>

==== Support for political violence ====
Christian nationalism has been linked towards support for political violence. Such support is conditioned by support for conspiratorial information sources, white identity, perceived victimhood, and support for the [[QAnon|QAnon movement]]. A 2021 survey of 1100 U.S. adults found that respondents who combined Christian nationalism with these factors exhibited increased support for political violence.<ref name="Christian-Nationalism-and-Political-Violence">{{cite journal |last1=Armaly |first1=Miles T. |last2=Buckley |first2=David T. |last3=Enders |first3=Adam M. |date=January 4, 2022 |title=Christian Nationalism and Political Violence: Victimhood, Racial Identity, Conspiracy, and Support for the Capitol Attacks |journal=Political Behavior |publisher=Springer Nature |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=937–960 |doi=10.1007/s11109-021-09758-y |pmid=35001995 |issn=0190-9320|quote-pages=952|quote=While Christian nationalism is strongly related to support for specific and abstract political violence on its own, it appears to be most potent when combined with other individual characteristics. ... Christian nationalism in the United States is associated with increased support for political violence like that seen at the U.S. Capitol in January 2021. ... The conditional nature of these effects should not be misunderstood to minimize the extent of the risks associated with Christian nationalism.|pmc=8724742 }}</ref>

On October 12, 2024, during the Jewish holy day of [[Yom Kippur]], tens of thousands of people attended a rally at the [[National Mall]] in Washington, D.C. It was sponsored by Jennifer Donnelly, a marketing professional, and [[Lou Engle]] and other Dominist pro-Trump members of the [[New Apostolic Reformation]] movement. Engle is described by the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] as "an anti-LGBTQ+ extremist". A newsletter mentioned "the Lord's authority over the election process and our nation's leadership", and flyers promoted a meeting by [[Turning Point USA|Turning Point USA Faith]].<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last1=Herman |first1=Alice |title=Thousands rally at Christian nationalist event in DC to 'turn hearts back to God' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/oct/12/jenny-donnelly-anti-trans-christian-nationalist-rally?utm_term=670a56d8115cdcf97e0ea6fd38e5873f&utm_campaign=GuardianTodayUS&utm_source=esp&utm_medium=Email&CMP=GTUS_email |access-date=13 October 2024 |work=The Guardian |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 October 2024}}</ref>

==== History ====
The [[Christian Liberty Party]] and the [[American Redoubt]] movement—both organized and inspired by members of the [[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party]]—are early 21st-century examples of political tendencies rooted in Christian nationalism, with the latter advocating a degree of separatism.<ref>McKeen, Leah A D, "Canadian Christian Nationalism?: The Religiosity and Politics of the Christian Heritage Party of Canada" (2015). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1740.</ref><ref name="Politico-Onishi-interview">{{cite web |last1=Ward |first1=Ian |title='There Is a Real Sense That the Apocalypse Is Coming' |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/01/27/apocalypse-coming-christian-nationalism-00079317 |website=Politico |access-date=3 February 2023 |date=January 27, 2023}}</ref> The New Columbia Movement is an organization in the United States that identifies as being aligned with Christian nationalism.<ref name="Downen2023">{{cite web |last1=Downen |first1=Robert |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/02/24/texas-drag-protests-children/ |title=How Texas activists turned drag events into fodder for outrage|publisher=[[The Texas Tribune]] |access-date=16 May 2023 |language=English |date=24 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joyce |first1=Kathryn |last2=Lorber |first2=Ben |title=Self-Described "Christian Fascist" Movement is Trying to Sabotage LGBTQ Pride Month |url=https://politicalresearch.org/2022/06/14/self-described-christian-fascist-movement-trying-sabotage-lgbtq-pride-month |journal=[[Political Research Associates]] |access-date=16 May 2023 |language=en |date=14 June 2022}}</ref> Another group is the [[New Apostolic Reformation]], which includes Christian nationalist themes in its goal to bring about [[Dominion theology|dominionism]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Many Trump supporters believe God has chosen him to rule |url=https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2023/12/20/many-trump-supporters-believe-god-has-chosen-him-to-rule |publisher=The Economist |access-date=June 16, 2024 |date=December 20, 2023}}</ref>

In the 1980s and 1990s, the religious right in America featured religious traditionalists who advocated for religious liberty, racial equality, democratic values and the separation of church and state while also working to maintain white Protestant dominance. By the mid-1990s and especially following the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attacks]], religious traditionalists gave way to Christian nationalists who sought explicit state favor and the exclusion of national and racial minorities. [[Islamophobia]] soon spread to include Latinos, Asians, and other immigrants as threats to Christian democracy, and Christian nationalists embraced [[ethnic nationalism|ethonationalist]] white nativism and racism. The ethno-nationalist developments saw a majority of white conservative Christians support the presidency of [[Donald Trump]], the [[QAnon|QAnon movement]] and the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]].<ref name="Li-2023">{{cite journal |author1-last=Li |author1-first=Ruiqian |author2-last=Froese |author2-first=Paul |date=August 2, 2023 |title=The Duality of American Christian Nationalism: Religious Traditionalism versus Christian Statism |editor-last=Edwards |editor-first=Korie Little |journal=[[Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion]] |location=Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=[[Society for the Scientific Study of Religion]] |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=770–801 |doi=10.1111/jssr.12868 |doi-access=free |issn=0021-8294 }}</ref>{{Rp|774-776}}

Author Bradley Onishi, a vocal critic of Christian nationalism, has described this theologically infused political ideology as a "national renewal project that envisions a pure American body that is heterosexual, white, native-born, that speaks [[English language|English]] as a first language, and that is thoroughly [[Biblical patriarchy|patriarchal]]."<ref name="Politico-Onishi-interview" /> Commentators say that Christian-associated support for right-wing politicians and social policies, such as legislation which is related to [[immigration]], [[gun control]] and [[poverty]] is best understood as Christian nationalism, rather than [[Evangelicalism in the United States|evangelicalism]] ''per se''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Bailey|first=Sarah Pulliam|date=26 October 2020|title=Seeking power in Jesus' name: Trump sparks a rise of Patriot Churches|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2020/10/26/trump-christian-nationalism-patriot-church/|access-date=12 November 2020|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Sutton|first=Matthew Avery|date=16 July 2020|title=The Truth About Trump's Evangelical Support|magazine=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/158539/truth-trumps-evangelical-support-sarah-posner-jesus-john-wayne-book-review|access-date=12 November 2020|issn=0028-6583}}</ref> Some studies of white evangelicals show that, among people who self-identify as evangelical Christians, the more they attend church, the more they pray, and the more they read the [[Bible]], the less support they have for nationalist (though not socially conservative) policies.<ref name=":1" /> Non-nationalistic evangelicals ideologically agree with Christian nationalists in areas such as gender roles, and sexuality.<ref name=":1" />

A study which was conducted in May 2022 showed that the strongest base of support for Christian nationalism comes from [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] who identify as Evangelical or [[born again]] Christians.<ref name="politico-sept-21-poll">{{cite web |last1=Rouse |first1=Stella |last2=Telhami |first2=Shibley |title=Most Republicans Support Declaring the United States a Christian Nation |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/21/most-republicans-support-declaring-the-united-states-a-christian-nation-00057736 |website=Politico |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927001816/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/21/most-republicans-support-declaring-the-united-states-a-christian-nation-00057736 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |date=September 21, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="the-nation-poll-results">{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=John |authorlink=John Nichols (journalist)|title=Republicans Are Ready to Declare the United States a Christian Nation |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/republicans-christian-nation/ |website=The Nation |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927014652/https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/republicans-christian-nation/ |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |date=September 23, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Of this demographic group, 78% are in favor of formally declaring that the United States should be a Christian nation, versus only 48% of Republicans overall. Age is also a factor, with over 70% of Republicans from the [[Baby Boomer]] and [[Silent Generation]]s supporting the United States officially becoming a Christian nation. According to ''Politico'', the polling also found that sentiments of [[White backlash|white grievance]] are highly correlated with Christian nationalism: "White respondents who say that members of their race have faced more discrimination than others are most likely to embrace a Christian America. Roughly 59% of all Americans who say white people have been discriminated against ... favor declaring the U.S. a Christian nation, compared to 38% of all Americans."<ref name="politico-sept-21-poll" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Smietana |first1=Bob |title=78% of Republican evangelicals want U.S. declared a Christian nation |url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2022/09/23/78-republican-evangelicals-want/ |website=The Salt Lake Tribune |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927024609/https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2022/09/23/78-republican-evangelicals-want/ |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |date=September 23, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[United States Congress|Congresswoman]] [[Marjorie Taylor Greene]] has referred to herself as a Christian nationalist. Fellow congresswoman [[Lauren Boebert]] also expressed support for Christian nationalism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/27/opinions/christian-nationalism-marjorie-taylor-greene-tyler/index.html|title=Opinion: Marjorie Taylor Greene's words on Christian nationalism are a wake-up call|last1=Tyler|first1=Amanda|publisher=CNN|quote="We need to be the party of nationalism and I'm a Christian, and I say it proudly, we should be Christian nationalists," Greene said in an interview while she was attending the Turning Point USA Student Action Summit in Florida. She is not alone in doing so. Greene's embrace of Christian nationalism follows closely after troubling remarks from Colorado Republican Rep. Lauren Boebert: "The church is supposed to direct the government, the government is not supposed to direct the church," she said at a church two days before her primary election (and victory) in late June 2022. "I'm tired of this separation of church and state junk."|date=27 July 2022|accessdate=29 July 2022}}</ref> Politician [[Doug Mastriano]] is a prominent figure in the fundamentalist Christian nationalist movement, and has called the [[Separation of church and state in the United States|separation of church and state]] a myth.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dias |first1=Elizabeth |title=The Far-Right Christian Quest for Power: 'We Are Seeing Them Emboldened' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/us/christian-nationalism-politicians.html |work=The New York Times |date=July 8, 2022|quote=Mr. Mastriano's ascension in Pennsylvania is perhaps the most prominent example of right-wing candidates for public office who explicitly aim to promote Christian power in America. The religious right has long supported conservative causes, but this current wave seeks more: a nation that actively prioritizes their particular set of Christian beliefs and far-right views ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Peter |last2=Bharath |first2=Deepa |title=Christian nationalism on the rise in some GOP campaigns |url=https://apnews.com/article/2022-midterm-elections-pennsylvania-religion-nationalism-8bf7a6115725f508a37ef944333bc145 |publisher=Associated Press |date=May 29, 2022}}</ref>

Andrew Torba, the CEO of the alt-tech platform [[Gab (social network)|Gab]], supported Mastriano's failed 2022 bid for office,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trip |first1=Gabriel |title=Doug Mastriano Faces Criticism Over His Backing From Antisemitic Ally |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/us/politics/doug-mastriano-gab.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121000943/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/us/politics/doug-mastriano-gab.html |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |date=July 27, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> in order to build a grass-roots Christian nationalist political movement to help "take back" government power for "the glory of God"; he has argued that "unapologetic Christian Nationalism is what will save the United States of America".<ref name="NY-Times-Christian-nationalism" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stolberg |first1=Sheryl Gay |title=A Lasting Legacy of Covid: Far-Right Platforms Spreading Health Myths |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/22/us/politics/covid-misinformation-gab.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=25 November 2022 |date=November 22, 2022 }}</ref> Torba is also a proponent of the [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory in the United States|great replacement conspiracy theory]], and he has said that "The best way to stop [[White genocide conspiracy theory|White genocide]] and [[Great Replacement|White replacement]], both of which are demonstrably and undeniably happening, is to get married to a White woman and have a lot of White babies".<ref name="NY-Times-Christian-nationalism" /> White nationalist [[Nick Fuentes]] has also expressed support for Christian nationalism.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Areeba |title='Groyper' guru Nick Fuentes returns to Twitter (briefly): Hateful content keeps flowing |url=https://www.salon.com/2023/01/28/groyper-guru-nick-fuentes-returns-to-twitter-briefly-hateful-content-keeps-flowing/ |website=Salon |access-date=31 January 2023 |date=January 28, 2023 |quote=Fuentes has repeatedly recited antisemitic tropes about alleged Jewish control of the media, and has called for embracing Christian nationalism as official policy in the United States.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzgb4/groyper-young-christian-nationalists-movement |title=They Love Jesus, Bon Iver, and Incels. Inside America's New Ultranationalist Youth Movement |publisher=Vice.com |date= 7 June 2022|accessdate=2022-08-13}}</ref>

Author [[Katherine Stewart (journalist)|Katherine Stewart]] has called the combined ideology and political movement of Christian nationalism "an organized quest for power" and she says that Florida governor [[Ron DeSantis]] has identified with and promoted this system of values in order to gain votes in his bid for political advancement.<ref name="DeSantis-purity-culture">{{cite web |last1=Blumenfeld |first1=Dr. Warren J. |title=Ron DeSantis promotes the 'purity culture' of Christian Nationalism |url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2023/01/ron-desantis-promotes-purity-culture-christian-nationalism/ |website=LGBTQ Nation |access-date=31 January 2023 |date=January 24, 2023}}</ref> According to the ''Tampa Bay Times'', DeSantis has also promoted a civics course for educators, which emphasized the belief that "the nation's founders did not desire a strict [[Separation of church and state in the United States|separation of state and church]]"; the teacher training program also "pushed a [[Original meaning|judicial theory]], favored by legal conservatives like DeSantis, that requires people to [[Originalism|interpret the Constitution as the framers intended]] it, not as a [[Living Constitution|living, evolving document]]".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ceballos |first1=Ana |last2=Brugal |first2=Summer |title=Some teachers alarmed by Florida civics training approach on religion, slavery |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/florida-politics/2022/06/28/some-teachers-alarmed-by-florida-civics-training-approach-on-religion-slavery/ |website=Tampa Bay Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006182806/https://www.tampabay.com/news/florida-politics/2022/06/28/some-teachers-alarmed-by-florida-civics-training-approach-on-religion-slavery/ |archive-date=October 6, 2022 |date=June 28, 2022 |quote=A review of more than 200 pages of the state's presentations show that the founding fathers' intent and the 'misconceptions' about their thinking were a main theme of the training ... Several presentation slides emphasized that it was a 'misconception' that the 'Founders desired strict separation of church and state and the Founders only wanted to protect Freedom of worship.' |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rozsa |first1=Lori |date=July 2, 2022 |title=In trainings, Florida tells teachers that religion belongs in public life |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2022/07/02/desantis-civics-separation-church-state/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715154550/https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2022/07/02/desantis-civics-separation-church-state/ |archive-date=July 15, 2022 |url-status=live |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=October 6, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-07-02 |title=Florida training program: "Misconception" that founders wanted separation of church and state |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/07/02/florida-desantis-civics-church-state-misconception |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref><ref name="the-nation-poll-results" />

Some Christian nationalists also engage in [[spiritual warfare]] and militarized forms of prayers in order to defend and advance their beliefs and political agenda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McAlister |first=Elizabeth |date=2016-01-02 |title=The militarization of prayer in America: White and Native American spiritual warfare |journal=Journal of Religious and Political Practice |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=114–130 |doi=10.1080/20566093.2016.1085239 |s2cid=155833194 |issn=2056-6093|doi-access=free }}</ref> According to [[American Studies]] professor S. Jonathon O'Donnell: "A key idea in spiritual warfare is that demons don't only attack people, as in depictions of demonic possession, but also take control of places and institutions, such as journalism, academia, and both municipal and federal bureaucracies. By doing so, demons are framed as advancing social projects that spiritual warriors see as opposing God's plans. These include advances in reproductive and LGBTQ rights and tolerance for non-Christian [[religion]]s (especially [[Islam]])."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kilgore |first1=Ed |title=Mixing Christianity With Nationalism Is a Recipe for Fascism |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/09/mixing-christianity-with-nationalism-is-a-recipe-for-fascism.html |department=''[[Intelligencer (website)|Intelligencer]]'' (blog) |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |access-date=31 January 2023 |date=September 18, 2022}}</ref>

==== January 6 US Capitol attack and election certification ====
In the wake of the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6 attack on the Capitol]], the term "Christian nationalism" has become synonymous with white Christian [[Identity politics#White identity politics|identity politics]], a belief system that asserts itself as an integral part of [[Nativism in United States politics|American identity]] overall.<ref name="NY-Times-Christian-nationalism">{{cite web |last1=Dias |first1=Elizabeth |title=The Far-Right Christian Quest for Power: 'We Are Seeing Them Emboldened' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/us/christian-nationalism-politicians.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122024635/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/us/christian-nationalism-politicians.html |archive-date=November 22, 2022 |date=July 8, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dalsheim |first1=Joyce |last2=Starrett |first2=Gregory |title=Christian nationalism is getting written out of the story of January 6 |url=https://theconversation.com/christian-nationalism-is-getting-written-out-of-the-story-of-january-6-189440 |website=The Conversation |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004045146/https://theconversation.com/christian-nationalism-is-getting-written-out-of-the-story-of-january-6-189440 |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |date=September 6, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' notes that historically, "Christian nationalism in America has ... encompassed extremist ideologies".<ref name="NY-Times-Christian-nationalism" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Perry |first1=Samuel |title=After Trump, Christian nationalist ideas are going mainstream—despite a history of violence |url=https://theconversation.com/after-trump-christian-nationalist-ideas-are-going-mainstream-despite-a-history-of-violence-188055 |website=The Conversation |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004044515/https://theconversation.com/after-trump-christian-nationalist-ideas-are-going-mainstream-despite-a-history-of-violence-188055 |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |date=August 5, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Critics have argued that Christian nationalism promotes racist tendencies, [[Patriarchy|male violence]], anti-democratic sentiment, and [[Historical negationism|revisionist history]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Sarah |date=2022-06-04 |title=White Christian Nationalism 'Is a Fundamental Threat to Democracy' |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/06/white-christian-nationalism-is-a-threat-to-democracy.html |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=Intelligencer |language=en-us |quote=Combining research with data analysis, Gorski and Perry argue that white Christian nationalists share a set of common anti-democratic beliefs and principles. 'These are beliefs that ... reflect a desire to restore and privilege the myths, values, identity, and authority of a particular ethnocultural tribe,' they write. 'These beliefs add up to a political vision that privileges the tribe. And they seek to put other tribes in their proper place'.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Blake |first1=John |title=An 'imposter Christianity' is threatening American democracy |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/24/us/white-christian-nationalism-blake-cec/index.html |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=CNN |date=24 July 2022 |quote="That ends-justify-the means approach is a key part of White Christian nationalism", says Du Mez. It's why so many rallied behind former President Trump on January 6 ... But with few exceptions, White Christian nationalists do not accept this 'militant masculinity' when exhibited by Black, Middle Eastern and Latino men ... Aggression by people of color 'is seen as a threat to the stability of home and nation,' she writes."}}</ref> Christian nationalism in the United States is also linked to political opposition to [[Gun control#United States|gun control]] laws and strong cultural support for interpretations of the [[Second Amendment]] that protect the [[Right to keep and bear arms in the United States|right of individuals to keep and bear arms]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Perry |first1=Samuel L. |title=School Shootings Confirm That Guns Are the Religion of the Right |url=https://time.com/6181342/school-shootings-christian-right-guns/ |magazine=Time |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004043603/https://time.com/6181342/school-shootings-christian-right-guns/ |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |date=May 25, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Political analyst [[Jared Yates Sexton]] has said: "Republicans recognize that [[QAnon]] and Christian nationalism are invaluable tools" and that these belief systems "legitimize antidemocratic actions, political violence, and widespread oppression", which he calls an "incredible threat" that extends beyond [[Trumpism]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Conley |first1=Julia |title=Majority of Republican Voters Say US Should Be Declared a 'Christian Nation' |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2022/09/21/majority-republican-voters-say-us-should-be-declared-christian-nation |website=Common Dreams |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927021940/https://www.commondreams.org/news/2022/09/21/majority-republican-voters-say-us-should-be-declared-christian-nation |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |date=September 21, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty]] and the [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]] (FFRF) released a 66-page report on February 9, 2022, titled "Christian Nationalism and the January 6, 2021 Insurrection."<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://bjconline.org/jan6report/ |title=Report on Christian nationalism and the January 6 insurrection |last1=Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty |last2=Freedom From Religion Foundation |date=February 9, 2022 |access-date=March 13, 2024 |author1-link=Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty |author2-link=Freedom From Religion Foundation }}</ref> It chronicled the use of Christian imagery and language by protestors on January 6, detailed the "various nonprofit groups, lawmakers and clergy who worked together to adorn Jan. 6 and Donald Trump's effort to overturn his electoral loss with theological fervor," and discussed the important role that race had to play.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boorstein |first=Michelle |date=March 18, 2022 |title=Researchers warn that Christian Nationalists are becoming more radical and are targeting voting |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2022/03/18/white-christian-nationalism-raskin-tlaib-democracy-freethought-secular/ |access-date=September 8, 2023}}</ref> The [[Congressional Freethought Caucus]] hosted a virtual briefing of the report on March 17, 2022, called "God is On Our Side: White Christian Nationalism and the Capitol Insurrection." Speakers included [[Amanda Tyler]], executive director, Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty; [[Samuel L. Perry|Dr. Samuel L. Perry]], Professor of Sociology, University of Oklahoma; Dr. Jemar Tisby, speaker, historian, and author of ''The Color of Compromise: The Truth about the American Church's Complicity in Racism;'' and [[Andrew Seidel]], Vice President of Strategic Communications at [[Americans United for the Separation of Church and State]]. On March 18, 2022, Seidel delivered written testimony to the [[Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol]], and opened by quoting a statement he originally made on September 19, 2019, at the Religion News Association conference in Las Vegas: "Christian Nationalism is the biggest threat to America today. An existential threat to a government of the people, for the people, and by the people."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seidel |first=Andrew |date=March 18, 2022 |title=Christian Nationalism and the Capitol Insurrection |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-DOC-CTRL0000062431/pdf/GPO-J6-DOC-CTRL0000062431.pdf |access-date=September 8, 2023}}</ref>

''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that ''[[God & Country]]'', a documentary film produced by [[Rob Reiner]], was released in early 2024 to "wake up churchgoing American Christians" to the "threat of anti-democratic religious extremism in the United States".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boorstein |first=Michelle |date=2024-01-12 |title='God & Country' film spotlights Christian nationalism's threat to democracy |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2024/01/11/reiner-christian-nationalism-documentary/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

==== Academic debate ====
Responding to media analysis about the effects of [[Trumpism]] and Christian nationalism following the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]], Professor Daniel Strand, writing for ''[[The American Conservative]]'', said that there was a "superficially Christian presence at the January 6 protest" and he criticized claims that Christian nationalism played a central role in the attack on the Capitol. He cited a [[Chicago Project on Security and Threats|University of Chicago]] study which found that "those arrested on January 6 were motivated by the belief that [[Big lie#Donald Trump's false claims of a stolen election|the election was stolen]] and [influenced by] what they call '[[Great Replacement conspiracy theory in the United States|the great replacement]]'&nbsp;" theory. Strand says the study failed to mention "any explicit religious motivation, let alone theological beliefs about America being a Christian nation".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Strand |first1=Daniel |title='Christian Nationalism' Didn't Cause January 6 |url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/christian-nationalism-didnt-cause-january-6/ |website=The American Conservative |access-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006070427/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/christian-nationalism-didnt-cause-january-6/ |archive-date=October 6, 2022 |date=August 24, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pape |first1=Dr. Robert A. |last2=Ruby |first2=Dr. Kevin |title=Understanding the Insurrectionist Movement: January 6 and Beyond |url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/research/apv/insurrectionist_movement/ |website=Chicago Project on Security & Threats at the University of Chicago |access-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006071121/https://cpost.uchicago.edu/research/apv/insurrectionist_movement/ |archive-date=October 6, 2022 |date=July 22, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Whether or not someone should be labeled a Christian nationalist can be contentious, with some scholars arguing that the term is applied to people who do not follow Christian principles or who simply call their political rivals demons.<ref name=":3" /> The ambiguity in what the term means can lead to confusion as to where to draw the line, with researcher Paul Djupe creating the Christian Nationalism Scale to measure how many Christian nationalist beliefs a person had.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Smietana |first=Bob |date=May 17, 2023 |title=What is Christian nationalism, anyway? |url=https://religionnews.com/2023/05/17/what-is-christian-nationalism-anyway/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=[[Religion News Service]] |quote=Green’s comments captured an essential element of Christian nationalism: The idea that America belongs to and exists for the benefit of Christians.}}</ref> Matthew D. Taylor prefers to use the term [[Christian supremacy]] to Christian nationalism citing the anti-democratic tendencies within the movement.<ref name=":4" /> Professor [[Whitney Phillips (author)|Whitney Phillips]] thinks the label is too often applied to a faction who should be referred to as "demonologists" due to the focus on claiming that liberals are satanic and inhabited by demons, which he finds too radical and dangerous to be considered Christian.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Carless |first=Will |date=March 7, 2024 |title=As Trump support merges with Christian nationalism, experts warn of extremist risks |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2024/03/07/trump-christian-nationalism-extremist-threat/72869355007/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> Brian Kaylor believes that some of the rhetoric, such as around comparing Trump to Jesus, would historically be considered blasphemous by many Christians.<ref name=":5" />

==== Statistics ====
The [[Public Religion Research Institute]] found that in 2023, 10% of Americans identified as "adherents" of Christian nationalism, while 20% identified as "sympathizers". In the [[Red states and blue states|red states]] traditionally aligned with the Republican Party these numbers rose to 14% and 24% respectively, while among Trump supporters they further rose to 21% "adherents" and 34% "sympathizers".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2024 |title=Support for Christian Nationalism in All 50 States: Findings from PRRI’s 2023 American Values Atlas |url=https://www.prri.org/research/support-for-christian-nationalism-in-all-50-states/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112152204/https://www.prri.org/research/support-for-christian-nationalism-in-all-50-states/ |archive-date=12 November 2024 |website=PRRI}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Christianity|Conservatism}}
{{Portal|Christianity|Conservatism}}
{{cols|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Antidisestablishmentarian]]
* [[Antisemitism in Christianity]]
* [[Christian democracy]]
* [[Christian democracy]]
* [[Christian fascism]]
* [[Christian fascism]]
* [[Christian fundamentalism]]
* [[Christian fundamentalism]]
* [[Christian population growth]]
* [[Christian Identity]]
* [[Christian Reconstructionist]]
* [[Christian reconstructionism]]
* [[Clerical fascism]]
* [[Christian right]]
* [[Christian supremacy]]
* [[Christian terrorism]]
* [[Christian theology]]
* [[Christianity and violence]]
* [[Dominion theology]]
* [[Dominion theology]]
*''[[The Handmaid's Tale]]''
* [[History of Christian flags]]
* [[Hindutva]]
* [[Military order (religious society)]]
* [[Muscular Christianity]]
* [[Integralism]]
* [[National church]]
* [[Islam and nationalism]]
* [[Political Catholicism]]
* [[Kahanism]]
* [[Quiverfull]]
* [[Neopatriarchy]]
* [[Role of Christianity in civilization]]
* [[Theocracy]]
* [[Theocracy]]
* [[Theonomy]]
* [[Theonomy]]
{{colend}}


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Revd Rob Schenck (October 2024). [https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/09/rob-schenck-confessions-of-a-former-christian-nationalist/ "Confessions of a (Former) Christian Nationalist"] in ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]''
* {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Matthew D. |title=The Violent Take It by Force: The Christian Movement That Is Threatening Our Democracy |date=October 2024 |publisher=[[Broadleaf Books]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Onishi |first=Bradley B. |year=2023 |title=Preparing for War: The Extremist History of White Christian Nationalism—and What Comes Next |location=Minneapolis |publisher=Broadleaf Books |isbn=9781506482163 |oclc=1332780792}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Shortle |first1=Allyson F. |last2=McDaniel |first2=Eric L. |last3=Nooruddin |first3=Irfan |year=2022 |title=The Everyday Crusade: Christian Nationalism in American Politics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781009029445|isbn=978-1-009-02944-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Whitehead |first1=Andrew |author2=Samuel Perry |date=2020 |title=Taking America Back for God: Christian Nationalism in the United States |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0190057886}}
* {{Cite journal |last=O'Donnell |first=Jonathon |year=2020 |editor1-last=Stausberg |editor1-first=Michael |editor1-link=Michael Stausberg |editor2-last=Engler |editor2-first=Steven |editor2-link=Steven Engler |title=The Deliverance of the Administrative State: Deep State Conspiracism, Charismatic Demonology, and the Post-truth Politics of American Christian Nationalism |journal=[[Religion (journal)|Religion]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=696–719 |doi=10.1080/0048721X.2020.1810817 |issn=1096-1151 |s2cid=222094116}}
* {{Cite book |last=Seidel |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Seidel |year=2019 |title=The Founding Myth: Why Christian Nationalism Is Un-American |title-link=The Founding Myth |location=New York |publisher=Sterling Publishing |isbn=978-1-4549-3327-4 |oclc=1100422366}}
* {{Cite book |last=Oltman |first=Adele |year=2012 |title=Sacred Mission, Worldly Ambition: Black Christian Nationalism in the Age of Jim Crow |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_3Nz1eZxUkC |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-4126-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Backhouse |first=Stephen |date=2011 |title=Kierkegaard's Critique of Christian Nationalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4-Z67PqFMQC |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-960472-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=McDonald |first=Marci |date=2010 |title=The Armageddon Factor: The Rise of Christian Nationalism in Canada |url=https://archive.org/details/armageddonfactor0000mcdo |url-access=registration |publisher=Random House of Canada |isbn=978-0-307-36788-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Michelle |year=2007 |title=Kingdom Coming: The Rise of Christian Nationalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2sfEAQAACAAJ |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-32976-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bloomberg |first=Charles |year=1989 |title=Christian Nationalism and the Rise of the Afrikaner Broederbond in South Africa, 1918-48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMqvCwAAQBAJ |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-349-10694-3}}

== External links ==
* [https://projects.propublica.org/christian-nationalism-origins/ The Genesis of Christian Nationalism] (October 26, 2024) by [[ProPublica]]
* [https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/otm/articles/freedom-joy-forward-the-dncs-fave-buzzwords-explained Brooke Gladstone interview of Matthew D. Taylor] (18:23)—''[[On the Media]]'', [[WNYC]] August 21, 2024
* {{Cite web |title=Michael Flynn's Holy War |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/michael-flynns-holy-war/ |website=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]] |publisher=PBS |date=October 18, 2022}}


==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author=Andrew Whitehead and Samuel Perry|title=Taking America Back for God: Christian Nationalism in the United States|date=2020|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0190057886}}
*{{cite book|author=Stephen Backhouse|title=Kierkegaard's Critique of Christian Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4-Z67PqFMQC|date=7 July 2011|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-960472-2}}
*{{cite book|author=Marci McDonald|title=The Armageddon Factor: The Rise of Christian Nationalism in Canada|url=https://archive.org/details/armageddonfactor0000mcdo|url-access=registration|date=11 May 2010|publisher=Random House of Canada|isbn=978-0-307-36788-4}}
*{{cite book|author=Adele Oltman|title=Sacred Mission, Worldly Ambition: Black Christian Nationalism in the Age of Jim Crow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_3Nz1eZxUkC|date=1 January 2012|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-4126-2}}
*{{cite book|author=Charles Bloomberg|title=Christian Nationalism and the Rise of the Afrikaner Broederbond in South Africa, 1918-48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMqvCwAAQBAJ|year=1989|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-10694-3}}
*{{cite book|author=Matthew McCullough|title=The Cross of War: Christian Nationalism and U.S. Expansion in the Spanish–American War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwfxAwAAQBAJ|date=20 August 2014|publisher=University of Wisconsin Pres|isbn=978-0-299-30034-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Michelle Goldberg|title=Kingdom Coming: The Rise of Christian Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2sfEAQAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=W. W. Norton|isbn=978-0-393-32976-6}}
*{{cite book|author=Paul A. Hanebrink|title=In Defense of Christian Hungary: Religion, Nationalism, and Antisemitism, 1890–1944|url=https://archive.org/details/indefenseofchris00hane|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-4485-2}}
*{{cite book|author=Gerald Lyman Kenneth Smith|title=This is Christian Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOV9HAAACAAJ|date=1958|publisher=Christian Nationalist Crusade}}
*{{cite book|author=Walid Phares|title=Lebanese Christian Nationalism: The Rise and Fall of an Ethnic Resistance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdhiQgAACAAJ|date=January 1995|publisher=L. Rienner|isbn=978-1-55587-535-0}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last1=Feldman|editor-first1=Matthew|editor-last2=Turda|editor-first2=Marius|editor-last3=Georgescu|editor-first3=Tudor|title=Clerical Fascism in Interwar Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcfhAQAAQBAJ|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317968993}}
* {{Cite book|last=Novak|first=Viktor|author-link=Viktor Novak|title=Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1jyvQAACAAJ|year=2011|location=Jagodina|publisher=Gambit|isbn=9788676240494}}
* {{Cite book|last=Novak|first=Viktor|author-link=Viktor Novak|title=Magnum Crimen: Half a Century of Clericalism in Croatia|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vF9GMwEACAAJ|year=2011|location=Jagodina|publisher=Gambit|isbn=9788676240494}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Nationalism}}
{{Relpolnav}}

[[Category:Anti-abortion movements]]
[[Category:Anti-LGBTQ and Christianity]]
[[Category:Antisemitism]]
[[Category:Christian nationalism| ]]
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[[Category:Christianity and political ideologies]]
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[[Category:Christianity and politics]]
[[Category:Religious nationalism]]
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[[Category:Conservatism in the United States]]
[[Category:Conservatism]]
[[Category:Dominion theology]]
[[Category:Far-right politics]]
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[[Category:Islamophobia]]

Latest revision as of 18:28, 29 November 2024

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Christian nationalism is a form of religious nationalism that focuses on promoting the Christian views of its followers, in order to achieve prominence or dominance in political and social life.[1][2]

Ideology

Some branches of Christian nationalism seek to establish an exclusivist version of Christianity as the dominant moral and cultural order.[3]

Christian nationalism overlaps with but is distinct from theonomy, with it being more populist in character.[4]: xxi 

In countries with a state church, Christian nationalists seek to preserve the status of a Christian state.[5][6]

By country

Brazil

In Brazil, Christian nationalism, a result of a Catholic-Evangelical coalition, has a goal of curbing the influence of "moral relativism, social liberalism, alleged neo-Marxism in its various forms, and LBGTQ rights."[7]

Canada

The COVID-19 pandemic saw a rise in Christian nationalist activity with many groups using anti-lockdown sentiments to expand their reach to more people.[8] The group Liberty Coalition Canada has garnered support from many elected politicians across Canada.[9] In their founding documents they argue that "it is only in Christianized nations that religious freedom has ever flourished."[10] Their rallies have attracted the support of Alex Jones and Canada First, a spin-off of Nick Fuentes' group America First.[11] Many of Liberty Coalition Canada's leaders are pastors who have racked up millions in potential fines for violating COVID protocols and in many cases express ultra-conservative views.[12]

Finland

The far-right and pro-Russian Power Belongs to the People (VKK) party has been described as Christian nationalist by Helsingin Sanomat.[13] Sanan- ja uskonnonvapaus ry (Freedom of Speech and Religion Association), associated with MP Päivi Räsänen of the Christian Democrats, has also supported openly fascist candidates of Blue-and-Black Movement that seek to ban the LGBT movement and "non-native religions". The association also supports VKK and Freedom Alliance.[14] The Blue-and-Black movement itself is also inspired by the Christian fascist Patriotic People's Movement.[15] Aforementioned local far-right pro-Russian parties have recruited combatants for the Russian side in Ukraine, who have then after gone to the Russian Imperial Movement's training camps in St. Petersburg and become fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War.[16][17][13][18][19][20][21]

Ghana

In Ghana, Christian nationalists seek to uphold what they see as "traditional markers of Ghanaian identity including, Christianity, social conservatism, and antagonism to 'progressive' 'Western' ideas, such as LGBTQ+ equality."[22]

Hungary

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The Kingdom of Hungary under the leadership of Miklós Horthy is often seen by many historians as Christian nationalist in nature. Historian István Deák described the Horthy regime in the following way:

Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a "nationalist Christian" policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against bolshevism and bolshevism's instruments: socialism, cosmopolitanism, and Freemasonry. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary Admiral Horthy.[23]

Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán has often advocated for Christian nationalism, both within Hungary and as a kind of international movement including Other European and American Christian nationalists.[24]

Russia

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President of Russia Vladimir Putin has been described as a global leader of the Christian nationalist and Christian right movements.[25] As President, Putin has increased the power of the Russian Orthodox Church and proclaimed his staunch belief in Eastern Orthodoxy,[26] as well as maintaining close contacts with Patriarchs of Moscow and all Rus' Alexy II and Kirill.

The Russian Imperial Movement is a prominent neo-Nazi Christian nationalist group that trains militants all over Europe and has recruited thousands of fighters for its paramilitary group, the Imperial Legion, which is participating in the invasion of Ukraine. The group also works with the Atomwaffen Division in order to network with and recruit extremists from the United States.[27][28]

Scotland

In Scotland, the Scottish Family Party has been described as Christian nationalist. The party was formed as a push-back movement, based on a rejection of LGBT+ topics being taught in schools, with the political party claiming it to be an overly sexualized topic and ideology. They believe it to be an attack on traditional Christian family values, promoted by the Scottish National Party.[citation needed]

South Africa

The future leader of the National Party and Apartheid Prime Minister of South Africa, B. J. Vorster in 1942 declared: "We stand for Christian Nationalism which is an ally of National Socialism. You can call this anti-democratic principle dictatorship if you wish. In Italy, it is called Fascism; in Germany, National Socialism and in South Africa, Christian Nationalism."[29]

While the National Party was primarily concerned about the nationalist interest of Afrikaners, there was a strong adherence to Calvinist interpretations of Christianity as the bedrock of the state. Moreover, by advancing ideas of Christian Nationalism, the National Party could incorporate other "nations" in their programme of racial hierarchies and segregation.[30] The Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa provided much of the theological[31] and moral justification for Apartheid and the basis for racial hierarchy.[32]

United States

Further information: Accommodationism in the United States, American civil religion, Project 2025, Christian right, Radical right (United States) § Trumpism, and Trumpism § Christian Trumpism
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American ideology

Christian nationalism asserts that the United States is a country founded by and for Christians.[33] Christian nationalists in the United States advocate "a fusion of identitarian Christian identity and cultural conservatism with American civic belonging."[1]: 3–4  It has been noted to bear overlap with Christian fundamentalism, white supremacy,[34] the Seven Mountain Mandate movement, and dominionism.[1]: 5  Most researchers have described Christian nationalism as "authoritarian" and "boundary-enforcing" but recent research has focused on how libertarian, small-government ideology and neoliberal political economics have become part of the American Christian political identity.[1]: 3–4  Christian nationalism also overlaps with but is distinct from theonomy, with it being more populist in character. Theocratic Christians seek to have the Bible inform national laws and have religious leaders in positions of government; while in America, Christian nationalists view the country's founding documents as "divinely inspired" and supernaturally revealed to Christian men to preference Christianity, and are willing to elect impious heads of state if they support right-wing causes.[4]: xxi 

Christian nationalism supports the presence of Christian symbols in the public square, and state patronage for the practice and display of religion, such as Christmas as a national holiday, school prayer, singing God Bless America, the exhibition of nativity scenes during Christmastide, and the Christian Cross on Good Friday.[35][4]: 7–10 [33] Christian nationalism draws political support from the broader Christian right, but not exclusively, given the broad support for observing Christmas as a national holiday in many countries.[36] During the Cold War, church attendance reached a highpoint in the 1950s, which was also when the United States added phrases like 'Under God' in the Pledge of Allegiance and on currency, described at the time as a 'civil religion' that was motivated in part to show distance from communism.[37][38][39][40][41] Christian nationalism also influenced the constitution of the Confederacy, which mentioned God overtly in contrast with the US Constitution.[42][43]

Christian nationalism has been linked to prejudice towards minority groups.[4]: 4  Christian nationalism has been loosely defined as a belief that "celebrate[s] and privilege[s] the sacred history, liberty, and rightful rule of white conservatives."[44]: 770  Christian nationalism prioritizes an ethno-cultural, ethno-religious, and ethno-nationalist framing around fear of "the other", those being immigrants, racial, and sexual minorities. Studies have associated Christian nationalism with xenophobia, homophobia, misogyny, political tolerance of racists, opposition to interracial unions, support for gun rights, pronatalism, and restricting the civil rights of those who fail to conform to traditional ideals of whiteness, citizenship, and Protestantism.[45]: 6  The Christian nationalist belief system includes elements of patriarchy, white supremacy, nativism, and heteronormativity.[45]: 7  It has been associated with a "conquest narrative", premillennial apocalypticism, and of frequent "rhetoric of blood, specifically, of blood sacrifice to an angry God."[45]: 16 

American Christian nationalism is based on a worldview that America is superior to other countries, and that such superiority is divinely established. It posits that only Christians are "true Americans." Christian nationalism also bears overlap with the American militia movement. The 1992 Ruby Ridge standoff and the 1993 Waco siege served as a catalyst for the growth of militia activity among Christian nationalists.[34] Christian nationalists believe that the US is meant to be a Christian nation, and that it was founded as a Christian nation, and want to "take back" the US for God.[46][47]

Christian nationalists feel that their values and religion are threatened and marginalized, and fear their freedom to preach their moral values will be no longer dominant at best or outlawed at worst.[4]: 5  Experimental research found that support of Christian nationalism increased when Christian Americans were told of their demographic decline.[48] Studies have shown Christian nationalists to exhibit higher levels of anger, depression, anxiety, and emotional distress. It has been theorized that Christian nationalists fear that they are "not living up to" God's expectations, and "fear the wrath and punishment" of not creating the country desired by God.[45]: 19–20 

Attitudes towards science

Adherence to Christian nationalism has been associated with high levels of distrust of science, especially parts that are perceived as challenging biblical authority.[3] During the COVID-19 pandemic, Christian nationalists frequently opposed measures including lockdowns, restrictions on social gatherings and mask-wearing.[1]: 5  In a 2020 study, it was found that "even after accounting for sociodemographic, religious, and political characteristics", Christian nationalism was a "leading predictor" that individuals "prioritize the economy and deprioritize the vulnerable" due to a "pervasive ideology that blends Christian identity with conceptions of economic prosperity and individual liberty."[1]: 16  Christian nationalism has also been associated with belief in conspiracy theories.[49]

Analysis of Christian nationalists in America found that "Christian nationalism is the strongest predictor that Americans fail to affirm factually correct answers." When asked about Christianity's place in American founding documents, policies, and court decisions, those that embraced Christian nationalism had more confident incorrect answers while those that rejected it had more confident correct answers. A 2021 research article theorized that like conservative Christians that incorrectly answer science questions that are "religiously contested", Christian nationalism inclines individuals to "affirm factually incorrect views about religion in American political history, likely through their exposure to certain disseminators of such misinformation, but also through their allegiance to a particular political-cultural narrative they wish to privilege."[50]

Support for political violence

Christian nationalism has been linked towards support for political violence. Such support is conditioned by support for conspiratorial information sources, white identity, perceived victimhood, and support for the QAnon movement. A 2021 survey of 1100 U.S. adults found that respondents who combined Christian nationalism with these factors exhibited increased support for political violence.[51]

On October 12, 2024, during the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur, tens of thousands of people attended a rally at the National Mall in Washington, D.C. It was sponsored by Jennifer Donnelly, a marketing professional, and Lou Engle and other Dominist pro-Trump members of the New Apostolic Reformation movement. Engle is described by the Southern Poverty Law Center as "an anti-LGBTQ+ extremist". A newsletter mentioned "the Lord's authority over the election process and our nation's leadership", and flyers promoted a meeting by Turning Point USA Faith.[52]

History

The Christian Liberty Party and the American Redoubt movement—both organized and inspired by members of the Constitution Party—are early 21st-century examples of political tendencies rooted in Christian nationalism, with the latter advocating a degree of separatism.[53][54] The New Columbia Movement is an organization in the United States that identifies as being aligned with Christian nationalism.[55][56] Another group is the New Apostolic Reformation, which includes Christian nationalist themes in its goal to bring about dominionism.[57]

In the 1980s and 1990s, the religious right in America featured religious traditionalists who advocated for religious liberty, racial equality, democratic values and the separation of church and state while also working to maintain white Protestant dominance. By the mid-1990s and especially following the 9/11 attacks, religious traditionalists gave way to Christian nationalists who sought explicit state favor and the exclusion of national and racial minorities. Islamophobia soon spread to include Latinos, Asians, and other immigrants as threats to Christian democracy, and Christian nationalists embraced ethonationalist white nativism and racism. The ethno-nationalist developments saw a majority of white conservative Christians support the presidency of Donald Trump, the QAnon movement and the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[44]: 774–776 

Author Bradley Onishi, a vocal critic of Christian nationalism, has described this theologically infused political ideology as a "national renewal project that envisions a pure American body that is heterosexual, white, native-born, that speaks English as a first language, and that is thoroughly patriarchal."[54] Commentators say that Christian-associated support for right-wing politicians and social policies, such as legislation which is related to immigration, gun control and poverty is best understood as Christian nationalism, rather than evangelicalism per se.[46][58] Some studies of white evangelicals show that, among people who self-identify as evangelical Christians, the more they attend church, the more they pray, and the more they read the Bible, the less support they have for nationalist (though not socially conservative) policies.[58] Non-nationalistic evangelicals ideologically agree with Christian nationalists in areas such as gender roles, and sexuality.[58]

A study which was conducted in May 2022 showed that the strongest base of support for Christian nationalism comes from Republicans who identify as Evangelical or born again Christians.[59][60] Of this demographic group, 78% are in favor of formally declaring that the United States should be a Christian nation, versus only 48% of Republicans overall. Age is also a factor, with over 70% of Republicans from the Baby Boomer and Silent Generations supporting the United States officially becoming a Christian nation. According to Politico, the polling also found that sentiments of white grievance are highly correlated with Christian nationalism: "White respondents who say that members of their race have faced more discrimination than others are most likely to embrace a Christian America. Roughly 59% of all Americans who say white people have been discriminated against ... favor declaring the U.S. a Christian nation, compared to 38% of all Americans."[59][61]

Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene has referred to herself as a Christian nationalist. Fellow congresswoman Lauren Boebert also expressed support for Christian nationalism.[62] Politician Doug Mastriano is a prominent figure in the fundamentalist Christian nationalist movement, and has called the separation of church and state a myth.[63][64]

Andrew Torba, the CEO of the alt-tech platform Gab, supported Mastriano's failed 2022 bid for office,[65] in order to build a grass-roots Christian nationalist political movement to help "take back" government power for "the glory of God"; he has argued that "unapologetic Christian Nationalism is what will save the United States of America".[66][67] Torba is also a proponent of the great replacement conspiracy theory, and he has said that "The best way to stop White genocide and White replacement, both of which are demonstrably and undeniably happening, is to get married to a White woman and have a lot of White babies".[66] White nationalist Nick Fuentes has also expressed support for Christian nationalism.[68][69]

Author Katherine Stewart has called the combined ideology and political movement of Christian nationalism "an organized quest for power" and she says that Florida governor Ron DeSantis has identified with and promoted this system of values in order to gain votes in his bid for political advancement.[70] According to the Tampa Bay Times, DeSantis has also promoted a civics course for educators, which emphasized the belief that "the nation's founders did not desire a strict separation of state and church"; the teacher training program also "pushed a judicial theory, favored by legal conservatives like DeSantis, that requires people to interpret the Constitution as the framers intended it, not as a living, evolving document".[71][72][73][60]

Some Christian nationalists also engage in spiritual warfare and militarized forms of prayers in order to defend and advance their beliefs and political agenda.[74] According to American Studies professor S. Jonathon O'Donnell: "A key idea in spiritual warfare is that demons don't only attack people, as in depictions of demonic possession, but also take control of places and institutions, such as journalism, academia, and both municipal and federal bureaucracies. By doing so, demons are framed as advancing social projects that spiritual warriors see as opposing God's plans. These include advances in reproductive and LGBTQ rights and tolerance for non-Christian religions (especially Islam)."[75]

January 6 US Capitol attack and election certification

In the wake of the January 6 attack on the Capitol, the term "Christian nationalism" has become synonymous with white Christian identity politics, a belief system that asserts itself as an integral part of American identity overall.[66][76] The New York Times notes that historically, "Christian nationalism in America has ... encompassed extremist ideologies".[66][77] Critics have argued that Christian nationalism promotes racist tendencies, male violence, anti-democratic sentiment, and revisionist history.[78][79] Christian nationalism in the United States is also linked to political opposition to gun control laws and strong cultural support for interpretations of the Second Amendment that protect the right of individuals to keep and bear arms.[80]

Political analyst Jared Yates Sexton has said: "Republicans recognize that QAnon and Christian nationalism are invaluable tools" and that these belief systems "legitimize antidemocratic actions, political violence, and widespread oppression", which he calls an "incredible threat" that extends beyond Trumpism.[81]

The Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty and the Freedom From Religion Foundation (FFRF) released a 66-page report on February 9, 2022, titled "Christian Nationalism and the January 6, 2021 Insurrection."[82] It chronicled the use of Christian imagery and language by protestors on January 6, detailed the "various nonprofit groups, lawmakers and clergy who worked together to adorn Jan. 6 and Donald Trump's effort to overturn his electoral loss with theological fervor," and discussed the important role that race had to play.[83] The Congressional Freethought Caucus hosted a virtual briefing of the report on March 17, 2022, called "God is On Our Side: White Christian Nationalism and the Capitol Insurrection." Speakers included Amanda Tyler, executive director, Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty; Dr. Samuel L. Perry, Professor of Sociology, University of Oklahoma; Dr. Jemar Tisby, speaker, historian, and author of The Color of Compromise: The Truth about the American Church's Complicity in Racism; and Andrew Seidel, Vice President of Strategic Communications at Americans United for the Separation of Church and State. On March 18, 2022, Seidel delivered written testimony to the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, and opened by quoting a statement he originally made on September 19, 2019, at the Religion News Association conference in Las Vegas: "Christian Nationalism is the biggest threat to America today. An existential threat to a government of the people, for the people, and by the people."[84]

The Washington Post reported that God & Country, a documentary film produced by Rob Reiner, was released in early 2024 to "wake up churchgoing American Christians" to the "threat of anti-democratic religious extremism in the United States".[85]

Academic debate

Responding to media analysis about the effects of Trumpism and Christian nationalism following the 2020 presidential election, Professor Daniel Strand, writing for The American Conservative, said that there was a "superficially Christian presence at the January 6 protest" and he criticized claims that Christian nationalism played a central role in the attack on the Capitol. He cited a University of Chicago study which found that "those arrested on January 6 were motivated by the belief that the election was stolen and [influenced by] what they call 'the great replacement' " theory. Strand says the study failed to mention "any explicit religious motivation, let alone theological beliefs about America being a Christian nation".[86][87]

Whether or not someone should be labeled a Christian nationalist can be contentious, with some scholars arguing that the term is applied to people who do not follow Christian principles or who simply call their political rivals demons.[2] The ambiguity in what the term means can lead to confusion as to where to draw the line, with researcher Paul Djupe creating the Christian Nationalism Scale to measure how many Christian nationalist beliefs a person had.[88] Matthew D. Taylor prefers to use the term Christian supremacy to Christian nationalism citing the anti-democratic tendencies within the movement.[88] Professor Whitney Phillips thinks the label is too often applied to a faction who should be referred to as "demonologists" due to the focus on claiming that liberals are satanic and inhabited by demons, which he finds too radical and dangerous to be considered Christian.[49] Brian Kaylor believes that some of the rhetoric, such as around comparing Trump to Jesus, would historically be considered blasphemous by many Christians.[49]

Statistics

The Public Religion Research Institute found that in 2023, 10% of Americans identified as "adherents" of Christian nationalism, while 20% identified as "sympathizers". In the red states traditionally aligned with the Republican Party these numbers rose to 14% and 24% respectively, while among Trump supporters they further rose to 21% "adherents" and 34% "sympathizers".[89]

See also

References

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Further reading


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