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{{short description|Monastic tradition in Hinduism}}
{{short description|Monastic tradition in Hinduism}}
{{Citation style|date=June 2024}}
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{{Hinduism}}
{{Hinduism}}


'''Dashanami ''' ([[IAST]] ''{{IAST|Daśanāmi Saṃpradāya}}'' "Tradition of Ten Names"), also known as the '''Order of [[Swami|Swamis]]''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.crystalclarity.com/yogananda/chapter-24/|title=Autobiography of a Yogi - Chpt 24: I Become a Monk of the Swami Order - pg 218|last=Yogananda|first=Paramhansa|date=1946|website=www.CrystalClarity.com}}</ref> is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] monastic tradition of "single-staff [[sannyasa|renunciation]]" (''ēka daṇḍi saṃnyāsī'')<ref>''Journal of the Oriental Institute'' (pp 301), by Oriental Institute (Vadodara, India).</ref><ref>Govind Sadashiv Ghurye, ''Indian Sadhus''</ref><ref>Lalit Kishore Lal Srivastava, ''Advaitic Concept of Jīvanmukti''</ref> generally associated with the [[Vedanta]] tradition and organized in its present form by 8th-century AD theologian [[Adi Shankara]].
The '''Daśanāmi Sampradaya''' ([[IAST]]: ''{{IAST|Daśanāmī Saṃpradāya}}'' "Tradition of Ten Names"), also known as the '''Order of Swamis''',{{sfn|Yogananda|1946|p=218}} is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] monastic tradition of "single-staff [[sannyasa|renunciation]]" (''ēka daṇḍi saṃnyāsī'')<ref>''Journal of the Oriental Institute'' (pp 301), by Oriental Institute (Vadodara, India).{{fcn|date=June 2024}}</ref><ref>Govind Sadashiv Ghurye, ''Indian Sadhus''.{{fcn|date=June 2024}}</ref><ref>Lalit Kishore Lal Srivastava, ''Advaitic Concept of Jīvanmukti''.{{fcn|date=June 2024}}</ref> Ēkadandis were already known during what is sometimes referred to as "Golden Age of Hinduism" (ca. 320-650 CE).{{sfn|Michaels|2004|pp=40-41}} According to hagiographies composed in the 14th-17th century, the Daśanāmi Sampradaya was established by Vedic scholar and teacher [[Adi Shankara]]charya (9th cent. CE), organizing a section of the Ekadandi monks under an umbrella grouping of ten names and the four cardinal mathas of the [[Advaita Vedanta]] tradition.<ref group=web name="MonasticTradition"/> However, the association of the Dasanāmis with the Shankara maṭhas remained nominal.<ref group=web name="MonasticTradition"/>


A swami, as the monk is called, is a renunciate who seeks to achieve spiritual union with the ''swa'' (Self). In formally renouncing the world, he or she generally wears [[ochre]], [[Saffron (color)|saffron]] or orange-colored robes as a symbol of non-attachment to worldly desires, and may choose to roam independently or join an ashram or other spiritual organizations, typically in an ideal of selfless service.<ref name=":0" /> Upon initiation, which can only be done by another existing Swami, the renunciate receives a new name (usually ending in ''ananda,'' meaning 'supreme bliss') and takes a title which formalizes his connection with one of the ten subdivisions of the Swami Order. A swami's name has a dual significance, representing the attainment of supreme bliss through some divine quality or state (i.e. love, wisdom, service, yoga), and through a harmony with the infinite vastness of nature, expressed in one of the ten subdivision names: ''Giri'' (mountain)'', Puri'' (tract)'', Bhāratī'' (land)'', Vana'' (forest)'', Āraṇya'' (forest)'', Sagara'' (sea)'', Āśrama (''spiritual exertion)'', Sarasvatī'' (wisdom of nature)'', Tīrtha'' (place of pilgrimage)'','' and ''Parvata'' (mountain). A swami is not necessarily a [[yogi]], although many swamis can and do practice yoga as a means of spiritual liberation; experienced swamis may also take disciples.<ref name=":0" />


Dashanami Sannyāsins are associated mainly with the four [[matha|maṭha]]s, established in four corners of India by Shankara himself; however, the association of the Dasanāmis with the Shankara maṭhas remained nominal.<ref name="MonasticTradition" group="web">[http://sanskrit.org/monastic-tradition/ Devasthananam, ''Sankara Acarya Biography: Monastic Tradition'']</ref> The early swamis, elevated into the order as disciples of Shankara, were sannyāsins who embraced sannyas either after marriage or without getting married.


== Ēkadaṇḍis ==
Single-staff renunciates are distinct in their practices from [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] ''trishuldhari'' or "[[trident]]-wielding renunciates" and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] traditions of ''Tridandi'' sannyāsis.<ref>A. C. Bhaktivedānta Swāmi, ''Śrīmad Bhāgavatam''</ref>{{refn|group=note|The ''Tridandi sannyāsin''s continue to wear the [[sacred thread]] after renunciation, while ''Ekadandi sannyāsin''s do not.}}{{refn|group=note|Ek means "one", ekadandi means "of single staff", tridandi means "of three staffs".}}
[[File:Dandi Sanyasi, a Hindu ascetic, in Eastern Bengal in the 1860s.jpg|thumb|upright|Dandi Sanyasi, a Hindu ascetic, in Eastern Bengal in the 1860s|left]]
{{See also|History of India#Gupta rule|l1=Gupta rule|History of Hinduism#Gupta and Pallava Empires|l2=Gupta and Pallava period}}


Ēkadandis were already known during what is sometimes referred to as "Golden Age of Hinduism" (ca. 320-650 CE).{{sfn|Michaels|2004|pp=40-41}} The Ēkadaṇḍis existed in the Tamil speaking area during the southern-Indian [[Pandyan dynasty]] (3rd century BCE - 16th century CE) and the Southern-Indian [[Pallava dynasty]] (2nd - 9th centuries CE). Being wandering monastics, they were not settled in the [[brahmadeya]]s or settlement areas for Brahmins. There existed tax free bhiksha-bogams for feeding the Ēkadaṇḍi ascetics in the ancient Tamil speaking territory.<ref>Shanmuga Velayutham Subramanian, ''Heritage of the Tamils: temple arts'', p. 154.{{fcn|date=June 2024}}</ref>
==History==
[[File:Sannyasi’ a Saiva mendicant - Tashrih al-aqvam (1825), f.363v - BL Add. 27255.jpg|thumb|Sannyasi, a Saiva mendicant - ''Tashrih al-aqvam'" (1825)]]


Ēkadaṇḍis and Tridandis were also active in Eastern India, and appear to have existed there during the Northern-Indian Gupta Empire (320 to 550 CE ).<ref>Bhagwati Charan Verma, ''Socio-religious, Economic, Literary Condition of Bihar''.{{fcn|date=June 2024}}</ref>
=== Ēkadaṇḍis ===
Ēkadandis were already known during what is sometimes referred to as "Golden Age of Hinduism" (ca. 320-650 CE{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=40-41}})


According to R. Tirumalai, "There appears to have been no sectarian segregation of the Shaiva (Ēkadaṇḍi) and [[Sri Vaishnavism|Srivaishnava]] (Tridandi Sannyāsins)".<ref>R. Tirumalai, ''The Pandyan Townships: The Pandyan townships, their organisation and functioning''.{{fcn|date=June 2024}}</ref>
====Golden Age of Hinduism====
:''See also [[History of India#Gupta rule|Gupta rule]] and [[History of Hinduism#Gupta and Pallava period|Gupta and Pallava period]]


Professor Kiyokazu Okita and Indologist [[B. N. K. Sharma]] says, Sannyasis in the lineage of [[Advaita]] of [[Adi Shankara]] and the Sannyasis in the lineage of [[Dvaita]] of [[Madhvacharya]] are all Ēkadaṇḍis.{{sfn|Okita|2014|p=48}}
The "Golden Age of Hinduism"{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=40-41}} (ca. 320-650 CE{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=40-41}}) flourished during the [[Gupta Empire]]{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=40}} (320 to 550 CE) until the fall of the [[Harsha]]{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=40}} (606 to 647 CE). During this period, power was centralized, along with a growth of long distance trade, standardization of legal procedures, and a general spread of literacy.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=40}} [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhism]] flourished, but orthodox [[Śrauta|Shrauta]] [[Hinduism]] was rejuvenated by the patronage of the Gupta dynasty.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=687}} The position of the Brahmans was reinforced{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=40}} and the first Hindu temples emerged during the late Gupta age.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=40}} The [[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]], which probably reached its final form by the early Gupta period (c. 4th century),<ref>Van Buitenen; The Mahabharata&nbsp;– 1; The Book of the Beginning. Introduction (Authorship and Date)</ref> already mentions "ēkadaṇḍi" and "tridaṇḍi".<ref>Swāmi Parmeshwarānand, ''Encyclopaedia of Śaivism'', p.82</ref>


== Establishment of the Dasanami Sampradaya ==
====Wandering Ēkadaṇḍi ascetics====
[[File:Vidyashankara Temple at Shringeri.jpg|thumb|(Vidyashankara temple) at [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]], [[Shringeri]], [[Karnataka]]]]
[[File:Dandi Sanyasi, a Hindu ascetic, in Eastern Bengal in the 1860s.jpg|thumb|Dandi Sanyasi, a Hindu ascetic, in Eastern Bengal in the 1860s|left]]
The Ēkadaṇḍis existed in the Tamil country during the south-Indian [[Pandyan dynasty]] (3rd century BCE - 16th century CE) and the South-Indian [[Pallava dynasty]] (2nd - 9th centuries CE).{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} Being wandering monastics, they were not settled in the [[brahmadeya]]s or settlement areas for Brahmins.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} There existed tax free bhiksha-bogams for feeding the Ēkadaṇḍi ascetics in the ancient Tamil country.<ref>Shanmuga Velayutham Subramanian, ''Heritage of the Tamils: temple arts'', p.154</ref>

Ēkadaṇḍis and Tridandis were also active in Eastern India, and appear to have existed there during the North-Indian Gupta Empire (320 to 550 CE ).<ref>Bhagwati Charan Verma, ''Socio-religious, Economic, Literary Condition of Bihar''</ref>

According to R. Tirumalai, "There appears to have been no sectarian segregation of the Shaiva (Ēkadaṇḍi) and [[Sri Vaishnavism|Srivaishnava]] (Tridandi Sannyāsins)".<ref>R. Tirumalai, ''The Pandyan Townships : The Pandyan townships, their organisation and functioning''</ref>

===Establishment of the Dasanami Sampradaya===
{{See also|Sampradaya|Parampara}}
{{See also|Sampradaya|Parampara}}
[[File:Vidyashankara Temple at Shringeri.jpg|thumb|(Vidyashankara temple) at [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]], [[Shringeri]]]]

At the beginning of what is referred to as "Late classical Hinduism",{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41-43}} which lasted from 650 till 1100 CE,{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41-43}} Shankara established the Dasanami Sampradaya.

====Late-Classical Hinduism====
:''See also [[History of India#Late Middle Kingdoms - The Late-Classical Age|Late-Classical Age]] and [[History of Hinduism#Middle Ages|Hinduism Middle Ages]]

After the end of the Gupta Empire and the collapse of the Harsha Empire, power became decentralized in India. Several larger kingdoms emerged, with "countless vassal states":{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}} in the east the [[Pala Empire]]{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}} (770-1125 CE{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}}), in the west and north the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratihara]]{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}} (7th-10th century{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}}), in the southwest the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]]{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}} (752-973{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}}), in the Dekkhan the [[Chalukya dynasty]]{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}} (7th-8th century{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}}), and in the south the Pallava dynasty{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}} (7th-9th century{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}}) and the [[Chola dynasty]]{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}} (9th century{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}}).

The kingdoms were ruled via a feudal system. Smaller kingdoms were dependent on the protection of the larger kingdoms. "The great king was remote, was exalted and deified",{{sfn|michaels|2004|p=41}} as reflected in the [[Tantra|Tantric]] [[Mandala]], which could also depict the king as the centre of the mandala.{{sfn|White|2000|p=25-28}}

The disintegration of central power also lead to regionalization of religiosity, and religious rivalry.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=42}}{{refn|group=note|This resembles the development of [[Chinese Chán]] during the [[Chinese Chán#An Lu-shan rebellion|An Lu-shan rebellion]] and the [[Chinese Chán#Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960/979)|Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960/979)]], during which power became decentralized and new Chán-schools emerged.{{sfn|McRae|2003}}}} Local cults and languages were enhanced, and the influence of "Brahmanic ritualistic Hinduism"{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=42}} was diminished.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=42}} Rural and devotional movements arose, along with Shaivism, [[Vaisnavism]], [[Bhakti]] and [[Tantra]],{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=42}} though "sectarian groupings were only at the beginning of their development".{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=42}} Religious movements had to compete for recognition by the local lords.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=42}} Buddhism lost its position, and began to disappear in India.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=42}}


According to tradition, [[Adi Shankara]] (9th cent. CE) established the Dasanami Sampradaya. Shankara came to be presented as an incarnation of [[Shiva]] in the 14th century,{{sfn|Clark|2006|pp=218, 220, 224}}<ref group=web name="MonasticTradition"/> to facilitate the adoption of his teachings by previously Saiva-oriented ''mathas'' in the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. From the 14th century onwards hagiographies were composed, in which he is portrayed as establishing the Daśanāmi Sampradaya,{{sfn|Clark|2006|pp=224-225}} organizing a section of the Ekadandi monks under an umbrella grouping of ten names.<ref group=web name="MonasticTradition"/> Several other Hindu monastic and Ekadandi traditions remained outside the organisation of the Dasanāmis.<ref>Karigoudar Ishwaran, ''Ascetic Culture''.{{fcn|date=June 2024}}</ref><ref>Wendy Sinclair-Brull, ''Female Ascetics''.{{fcn|date=June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Rose">{{cite book |last1=Rose |first1=H.A. |last2=Ibbetson |first2=Denzil |last3=Maclagan |first3=Edward |year=|title=Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province|publisher=|page=857}}{{fcn|date=June 2024}}</ref>
====Establishment====
[[File:Shankaracharya of Puri.jpg|thumb|H.H. Jagadguru Swami Nischalananda Saraswati, The Shankaracharya of Puri]]
Shankara, himself considered to be an incarnation of [[Shiva]],<ref group=web name ="MonasticTradition" /> established the Dashanami Sampradaya, organizing a section of the Ēkadaṇḍi monastics under an umbrella grouping of ten names.<ref group=web name="MonasticTradition" /> Several other Hindu monastic and Ēkadaṇḍi traditions remained outside the organization of the Dasanāmis.<ref>Karigoudar Ishwaran, ''Ascetic Culture''</ref><ref>Wendy Sinclair-Brull, ''Female Ascetics''</ref><ref name="Rose">H.A. Rose, Ibbetson, Denzil Ibbetson Sir, and Maclagan, ''Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province'', page 857</ref>


Adi Shankara organized the Hindu monastics of these ten sects or names under four maṭhas or monasteries, with headquarters at [[Dvārakā]] in the west, [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannathadham Puri]] in the east, [[Sringeri]] in the south and [[Badrinath|Badrikashrama]] in the north.<ref group=web name ="MonasticTradition" /> Each maṭha was headed by one of his four main disciples, who each continued the Vedanta Sampradaya.
According to these hagiographies, Adi Shankara organized the Hindu monastics of these ten sects or names under four maṭhas or monasteries, with headquarters at [[Dvārakā]] in the west, [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannathadham Puri]] in the east, [[Sringeri]] in the south and [[Badrinath|Badrikashrama]] in the north.<ref group=web name="MonasticTradition"/> Each maṭha was headed by one of his four main disciples, who each continued the Vedanta Sampradaya.


Monastics of these ten orders differ in part in their beliefs and practices, and a section of them is not considered to be restricted to specific changes made by Shankara. While the Dasanāmis associated with the Shankara maṭhas follow the procedures enumerated by Adi Śankara, some of these orders remained partly or fully independent in their belief and practices; and outside the official control of the Shankara maṭhas.
Monastics of these ten orders differ in part in their beliefs and practices, and a section of them is not considered to be restricted to specific changes made by Shankara. While the Dasanāmis associated with the Shankara maṭhas follow the procedures enumerated by Adi Śankara, some of these orders remained partly or fully independent in their belief and practices; and outside the official control of the Shankara maṭhas.


The association of the Dasanāmis with the [[Smarta tradition|Smartha tradition]] or Advaita Vedānta is not all-embracing. One example is the Kriyā Yoga tradition that considers itself eclectic (see: [[Eclecticism]]), with ancient<ref group=web name="kalyanagiri">[http://www.kataragama.org/docs/kalyanagiri.htm Kalyanagiri]</ref> unchangeable beliefs, and outside the ambit of differences in the understanding of [[Vedanta]]. Other examples are the Tantric Avadhūta Sampradāyas and Ekadaṇḍi sannyāsa traditions outside the control of the Shankara maṭhas<ref name="Rose" /> The Dasanāmis or Ēkadaṇḍis also founded, and continue to found or affiliate themselves with, maṭhas, ashrams and temples outside the control of the Shankara maṭhas.<ref group=web name="kalyanagiri" /><ref group=web>[http://www.prajnanamission.org/AboutUs.shtml Prajnana Mission]</ref>
The association of the Dasanāmis with the [[Smarta tradition]] or Advaita Vedānta is not all-embracing. One example is the Kriyā Yoga tradition that considers itself eclectic (see: [[Eclecticism]]), with ancient<ref group=web name="kalyanagiri">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kataragama.org/docs/kalyanagiri.htm |title=Kalyanagiri |access-date=4 May 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608142519/http://kataragama.org/docs/kalyanagiri.htm |archive-date=8 June 2009}}</ref> unchangeable beliefs, and outside the ambit of differences in the understanding of [[Vedanta]]. Other examples are the Tantric Avadhūta Sampradāyas and Ekadaṇḍi sannyāsa traditions outside the control of the Shankara maṭhas.<ref name="Rose"/> The Dasanāmis or Ēkadaṇḍis also founded, and continue to found or affiliate themselves with, maṭhas, ashrams and temples outside the control of the Shankara maṭhas.<ref group=web name="kalyanagiri" /><ref group=web>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prajnanamission.org/AboutUs.shtml |title=Prajnana Mission |access-date=3 May 2009 |archive-date=9 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709083022/http://www.prajnanamission.org/AboutUs.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>


The Advaita Sampradāya is not a [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] sect,<ref group=web name ="MonasticTradition" />{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=782-783}} despite the historical links with Shaivism:
The Advaita Sampradāya is not a [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] sect,<ref group=web name="MonasticTradition"/>{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|pp=782-783}} despite the historical links with Shaivism:
{{quote|Advaitins are non-sectarian, and they advocate worship of Siva and Visnu equally with that of the other deities of Hinduism, like Sakti, Ganapati and others.<ref group=web name ="MonasticTradition" />}}
{{blockquote|Advaitins are non-sectarian, and they advocate worship of Siva and Visnu equally with that of the other deities of Hinduism, like Sakti, Ganapati and others.<ref group=web name="MonasticTradition"/>}}


Nevertheless, contemporary Shankaracaryas have more influence among Saiva communities than among Vaisnava communities.<ref group=web name ="MonasticTradition" /> The greatest influence of the gurus of the Advaita tradition has been among followers of the Smartha tradition, who integrate the domestic Vedic ritual with devotional aspects of Hinduism.<ref group=web name ="MonasticTradition" />
Nevertheless, contemporary Shankaracaryas have more influence among Saiva communities than among Vaisnava communities.<ref group=web name="MonasticTradition"/> The greatest influence of the gurus of the Advaita tradition has been among followers of the Smartha tradition, who integrate the domestic Vedic ritual with devotional aspects of Hinduism.<ref group=web name="MonasticTradition"/>


According to Nakamura, these maṭhas contributed to the influence of Shankara, which was "due to institutional factors".{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=680}} The maṭhas which he built exist until today, and preserve the teachings and influence of Shankara, "while the writings of other scholars before him came to be forgotten with the passage of time".{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=680-681}}
According to Nakamura, these maṭhas contributed to the influence of Shankara, which was "due to institutional factors".{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=680}} The maṭhas which he built exist until today, and preserve the teachings and influence of Shankara, "while the writings of other scholars before him came to be forgotten with the passage of time".{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|pp=680-681}}


The table below gives an overview of the four ''Amnaya maṭhas'' founded by Adi Shankara, and their details.<ref group=web>{{cite web|url=http://www.sringerisharadapeetham.org/html/History/amnaya.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626233820/http://www.sringerisharadapeetham.org/html/History/amnaya.html|archive-date=2006-06-26 |title=Adi Shankara's four Amnaya Peethams |access-date= 2006-08-20}}</ref>
The table below gives an overview of the four ''Amnaya maṭhas'' founded by Adi Shankara, and their details.<ref group=web>{{cite web |title=Adi Shankara's four Amnaya Peethams |url= http://www.sringerisharadapeetham.org/html/History/amnaya.html |access-date= 2006-08-20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060626233820/http://www.sringerisharadapeetham.org/html/History/amnaya.html|archive-date=2006-06-26}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
![[Guru-shishya tradition|Shishya]]<br>(lineage)
![[Guru-shishya tradition|Shishya]]<br />(lineage)
!Direction
!Direction
![[Matha|{{IAST|Maṭha}}]]
![[Matha|{{IAST|Maṭha}}]]
Line 104: Line 81:
|}
|}


===Expansion of the Dasanāmi Sampradāya===
== Expansion of the Dasanāmi Sampradāya ==
According to the tradition in Kerala, after Shankara's ''samādhi'' at Vadakkunnathan Temple, his disciples founded four maṭhas in Thrissur, namely [[Naduvil Madhom, Thrissur|Naduvil Madhom]], Thekke Madhom, Idayil Madhom and Vadakke Madhom.
According to the tradition in Kerala, after Shankara's ''samādhi'' at Vadakkunnathan Temple, his disciples founded four maṭhas in Thrissur, namely [[Naduvil Madhom, Thrissur|Naduvil Madhom]], Thekke Madhom, Idayil Madhom and Vadakke Madhom.


According to Pandey, the ēkadaṇḍis or Dasanāmis had established monasteries in India and Nepal in the 13th and 14th century.<ref group=web>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Pandey,+Ram+Niwas+2059+VS.+The+Mathas+of+Dasanami+Sanyasis+of...-a0183984498 The maṭhas of Dasanami Sanyasis of Lalitpur, Kathmandu Valley]</ref>
According to Pandey, the ēkadaṇḍis or Dasanāmis had established monasteries in India and Nepal in the 13th and 14th century.<ref group=web>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Pandey,+Ram+Niwas+2059+VS.+The+Mathas+of+Dasanami+Sanyasis+of...-a0183984498 |title=The maṭhas of Dasanami Sanyasis of Lalitpur, Kathmandu Valley |access-date=29 January 2013 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514033241/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Pandey%2c+Ram+Niwas+2059+VS.+The+Mathas+of+Dasanami+Sanyasis+of...-a0183984498 |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Naga Sadhus akharas===
== Naga Sadhus akharas ==
{{anchor | Shri Panchadashanam Juna Akhara | Shri Panchayati Mahanirwani Akhara | Shri Taponidhi Niranjani Akhara | Shri Taponidhi Anand Akhara | Shri Panchayati Atal Akhara | Shri Panchadashnam Awahan Akhara | Shri Pancha Agni Akhara | Shri Panchayati Akhara | Naga Sadhus}}
{{anchor | Shri Panchadashanam Juna Akhara | Shri Panchayati Mahanirwani Akhara | Shri Taponidhi Niranjani Akhara | Shri Taponidhi Anand Akhara | Shri Panchayati Atal Akhara | Shri Panchadashnam Awahan Akhara | Shri Pancha Agni Akhara | Shri Panchayati Akhara | Naga Sadhus}}


[[File:Naga baba.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Naga [[Sadhu]] performing ritual bath at [[Triveni Sangam|Sangam]] during [[Prayag Kumbh Mela|Prayagraj Ardh Kumbhmela]] 2007]]
[[File:Naga baba.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Naga [[Sadhu]] performing ritual bath at [[Triveni Sangam|Sangam]] during [[Prayag Kumbh Mela|Prayagraj Ardh Kumbhmela]] 2007]]
In the 16th century, [[Madhusūdana Sarasvatī|Madhusudana Saraswati]] of [[Bengal]] organised a section of the Naga ([[naked]]) tradition of armed [[Sannyasa|sannyasis]] in order to protect Hindus from the tyranny of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rulers. These are also called [[Goswami]], Gusain, Gussain, [[Gosain]], [[Gossain]], Gosine, Gosavi, Sannyāsi.
In the 16th century, [[Madhusūdana Sarasvatī|Madhusudana Saraswati]] of [[Bengal]] organised a section of the Naga ([[naked]]) tradition of armed [[Sannyasa|sannyasis]] in order to protect Hindus from the tyranny of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rulers.


Warrior-ascetics could be found in Hinduism from at least the 1500s and as late as the 1700s,<ref>A history of Dasnami Naga Sanyasis, Sir [[Jadunath Sarkar]], Sri Panchayati Akhara Mahanirvani, Allahabad, http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/9526/5/Chapter%201_1%20-%20108p.pdf</ref> although tradition attributes their creation to [[Shankaracharya|Sankaracharya]]<ref group=web>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-15/allahabad/36352194_1_naga-sadhu-akharas-hindus Nagas: Once were warriors. Gautam Siddharth, TNN Jan 15, 2013]</ref>
Warrior-ascetics could be found in Hinduism from at least the 1500s and as late as the 1700s,<ref>{{citation |title=Dasnami Sannyasis: History of Hindu monachism |others=Sir [[Jadunath Sarkar]], Sri Panchayati Akhara Mahanirvani, Allahabad |url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/9526/5/Chapter%201_1%20-%20108p.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230111/http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/9526/5/Chapter%201_1%20-%20108p.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> although tradition attributes their creation to [[Shankaracharya|Sankaracharya.]]<ref group=web>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Nagas-Once-were-warriors/articleshow/18026313.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-15/allahabad/36352194_1_naga-sadhu-akharas-hindus |archive-date=2013-12-03|title=Nagas: Once were warriors |author=Gautam Siddharth |work=Times of India |url-status=live |date=Jan 15, 2013}}</ref>


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Some examples of [[Akhara]] currently are the [[Juna Akhara]] of the Dashanami Naga, [[Niranjani Akhara]], [[Anand Akhara]], [[Atal Akhara]], [[Awahan Akhara]], [[Agni Akhara]] and [[Nirmal Panchayati Akhara]] at Allahabad.<ref group=web>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/25spec1.htm Prem Panicker, ''Where did the Akharas come from?'']</ref> Each akhara is divided into sub-branches and traditions. An example is the [[Dattatreya Akhara]] (Ujjain) of the naked sadhus of Juna Naga establishment.<ref group=web>[http://www.divinerevelation.org/KumbhMelaUjjain.html divinerevelation.org, ''Kumbh Melas in Haridwar and Ujjain'']</ref>
Some examples of [[Akhara]] currently are the [[Juna Akhara]] of the Dashanami Naga, [[Niranjani Akhara]], [[Anand Akhara]], [[Atal Akhara]], [[Awahan Akhara]], [[Agni Akhara]] and [[Nirmal Panchayati Akhara]] at Prayagraj.<ref group=web>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/25spec1.htm |title=Prem Panicker, ''Where did the Akharas come from?'' |access-date=4 May 2009 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021102550/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/25spec1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Each akhara is divided into sub-branches and traditions. An example is the [[Dattatreya Akhara]] (Ujjain) of the naked sadhus of Juna Naga establishment.<ref group=web>{{Cite web |url=http://www.divinerevelation.org/KumbhMelaUjjain.html |website=divinerevelation.org |title=Kumbh Melas in Haridwar and Ujjain |access-date=4 May 2009 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726000717/http://www.divinerevelation.org/KumbhMelaUjjain.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


The naga sadhus generally remain in the ambit of non-violence presently, though some sections are also known to practice the sport of [[Indian wrestling]]. The Dasanāmi sannyāsins practice the Vedic and yogic Yama principles of [[ahimsā]] (non-violence), [[satya]] (truth), [[asteya]] (non-stealing), [[aparigraha]] (non-covetousness) and [[Brahmacarya|brahmacārya]] (celibacy / moderation).
The naga sadhus generally remain in the ambit of non-violence presently, though some sections are also known to practice the sport of [[Indian wrestling]]. The Dasanāmi sannyāsins practice the Vedic and yogic Yama principles of [[ahimsā]] (non-violence), [[satya]] (truth), [[asteya]] (non-stealing), [[aparigraha]] (non-covetousness) and [[Brahmacarya|brahmacārya]] (celibacy / moderation).


The naga sadhus are prominent at [[Kumbh Mela|Kumbh mela]], where the order in which they enter the water is fixed by tradition. After the Juna [[akhara]], the Niranjani and Mahanirvani Akhara proceed to their bath. Ramakrishna Math Sevashram are almost the last in the procession.<ref>Naga sadhus steal the show at Kumbh, Nandita Sengupta, TNN Feb 13, 2010://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-13/india/28140014_1_naga-sadhus-juna-akhara-holy-dip</ref>
The naga sadhus are prominent at [[Kumbh Mela|Kumbh mela]], where the order in which they enter the water is fixed by tradition. After the Juna [[akhara]], the Niranjani and Mahanirvani Akhara proceed to their bath. Ramakrishna Math Sevashram are almost the last in the procession.<ref group=web>{{cite news |title=Naga sadhus steal the show at Kumbh |author=Nandita Sengupta |work=Times of India |date=Feb 13, 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Naga-sadhus-steal-the-show-at-Kumbh/articleshow/5567211.cms}}</ref>


==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==


===Parampara===
===Parampara===
In the Indian religious and philosophical traditions, all knowledge is traced back to the gods and to the [[Rishi]]s who primarily heard the [[Vedas]] by [[meditation]].

In the Indian religious and philosophical traditions, all knowledge is traced back to the gods and to the [[Rishi]]s who primarily received the [[Vedas]] as revelations.


The current Acaryas, the heads of the maṭhas, trace their authority back to the four main disciples of Shankara,<ref group=web name="parampara" /> and each of the heads of these four maṭhas takes the title of [[Shankaracharya]] ("the learned Shankara") after Adi Shankara.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
The current Acaryas, the heads of the maṭhas, trace their authority back to the four main disciples of Shankara,<ref group=web name="parampara" /> and each of the heads of these four maṭhas takes the title of [[Shankaracharya]] ("the learned Shankara") after Adi Shankara.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}


The Advaita guru-[[paramparā]] (''Lineage of Gurus in Non-dualism'') begins with the mythological time of the '''Daiva-paramparā''', followed by the vedic seers of the '''Ṛṣi-paramparā''', and the '''Mānava-paramparā''' of historical times and personalities:<ref group=web name="parampara">{{cite web|url=http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/advaita-parampara.html |title=The Advaita Vedânta Home Page&nbsp;— Advaita Parampara |publisher=Advaita-vedanta.org |date=1999-05-05 |access-date=2012-09-10}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The following [[Sanskrit]] [[verse (poetry)|Verse]] among [[Smartism|Smarthas]] provides the list of the early teachers of the [[Vedanta]] in their order:<ref group=web>[http://www.vidya-ashramvidyaorder.org/index.V.html Under Page: BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ABOUT SANKARA AND GAUDAPAD]</ref><ref>Book: Shri Gowdapadacharya & Shri Kavale Math (A Commemoration volume). P. 38.</ref>
The Advaita guru-[[paramparā]] (''Lineage of Gurus in Non-dualism'') begins with the mythological time of the '''Daiva-paramparā''', followed by the vedic seers of the '''Ṛṣi-paramparā''', and the '''Mānava-paramparā''' of historical times and personalities:<ref group=web name="parampara">{{cite web |url=http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/advaita-parampara.html |title=The Advaita Parampara |website=Advaita-vedanta.org |date=1999-05-05 |access-date=2012-09-10 |archive-date=29 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729062751/http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/advaita-parampara.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The following [[Sanskrit]] [[verse (poetry)|Verse]] among [[Smartism|Smarthas]] provides the list of the early teachers of the [[Vedanta]] in their order:<ref group=web>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vidya-ashramvidyaorder.org/index.V.html |title=BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ABOUT SANKARA AND GAUDAPAD |website=AshramVidyaOrder |access-date=3 January 2019 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809145405/http://vidya-ashramvidyaorder.org/index.V.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Shri Gowdapadacharya & Shri Kavale Math (A Commemoration volume) |page=38}}{{fcn|date=June 2024}}</ref>


"नारायणं पद्मभुवं वशिष्ठं शक्तिं च तत्पुत्रं पराशरं च व्यासं शुकं गौडपादं महान्तं गोविन्दयोगीन्द्रं अथास्य शिष्यम्<br/>
"नारायणं पद्मभुवं वशिष्ठं शक्तिं च तत्पुत्रं पराशरं च व्यासं शुकं गौडपादं महान्तं गोविन्दयोगीन्द्रं अथास्य शिष्यम्<br/>
श्री शंकराचार्यं अथास्य पद्मपादं च हस्तामलकं च शिष्यम् तं तोटकं वार्त्तिककारमन्यान् अस्मद् गुरून् सन्ततमानतोऽस्मि <br>''अद्वैत गुरु परंपरा स्तोत्रम्"<br/>
श्री शंकराचार्यं अथास्य पद्मपादं च हस्तामलकं च शिष्यम् तं तोटकं वार्त्तिककारमन्यान् अस्मद् गुरून् सन्ततमानतोऽस्मि <br />अद्वैत गुरु परंपरा स्तोत्रम्"<br/>
"[[Vishnu|nārāyanam]] padmabhuvam [[vasishta]]m [[Shakti Maharishi|sakti]]m ca tat-putram [[Parashara|parāśaram]] ca<br/>
"[[Vishnu|nārāyanam]] padmabhuvam [[vasishta]]m [[Shakti Maharishi|sakti]]m ca tat-putram [[Parashara|parāśaram]] ca<br/>
[[Vyasa|vyāsam]] [[śuka]]m [[gauḍapāda]] mahāntam [[Govinda Bhagavatpada|govinda]] yogīndram athāsya śiṣyam<br>
[[Vyasa|vyāsam]] [[śuka]]m [[gauḍapāda]] mahāntam [[Govinda Bhagavatpada|govinda]] yogīndram athāsya śiṣyam<br />
[[Adi Shankara|śri śankarācārya]]m athāsya [[padmapāda]]m ca [[hastāmalaka]]m ca śiṣyam<br>
[[Adi Shankara|śri śankarācārya]]m athāsya [[padmapāda]]m ca [[hastāmalaka]]m ca śiṣyam<br />
tam [[Totakacharya|trotakam]] [[Suresvara|vārtikakāra]]m-anyān asmad gurūn santatamānato’smi<br>Advaita-Guru-Paramparā-Stotram",<br/>
tam [[Totakacharya|trotakam]] [[Suresvara|vārtikakāra]]m-anyān asmad gurūn santatamānato’smi<br />Advaita-Guru-Paramparā-Stotram",<br/>
The above advaita guru paramparā verse salute the prominent gurus of advaita, starting from [[Nārāyaṇa]] through [[Adi Sankara]] and his disciples, up to the Acharyas of today.}}
The above advaita guru paramparā verse salute the prominent gurus of advaita, starting from [[Nārāyaṇa]] through [[Adi Sankara]] and his disciples, up to the Acharyas of today.}}


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===Ten Names===
===Ten Names===
Hindus who enter sannyāsa in the ēkadaṇḍi tradition take up one of the ten names associated with this [[Sampradaya]]: Giri, Puri, Bhāratī, Vana/Ban, Āraṇya, Sagara, Āśrama, Sarasvatī, Tīrtha, and Parvata.<ref group=web>[http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/ad-today.html The Dashanami Sampradaya- the Monastic Tradition]</ref><ref group=web name="MonasticTradition" />
Hindus who enter sannyāsa in the ēkadaṇḍi tradition take up one of the ten names associated with this [[Sampradaya]]: Giri, Puri, Bhāratī, Vana/Ban, Āraṇya, Sagara, Āśrama, Sarasvatī, Tīrtha, and Parvata.<ref group=web>{{Cite web |url=http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/ad-today.html |title=The Dashanami Sampradaya – the Monastic Tradition |website=Advaita-vedanta.org |access-date=18 June 2006 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706131203/http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/ad-today.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref group=web name="MonasticTradition" /> Sanyasis of [[Advaita Vedanta]] and [[Dvaita Vedanta]] belong to ēkadaṇḍi tradition.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=525}}

One thing to be noted, the surname "Natha" is not given to dashnami sanyasis, this title is given to Natha Yogis who take sanyasa under the tradition of Natha Shaivism, which, is very close to the Siddhanta of Advaita Vedanta's monism.

===Swami's===
A swami, as the monk is called, is a renunciate who seeks to achieve spiritual union with the ''swa'' (Self). In formally renouncing the world, he or she generally wears [[ochre]], [[Saffron (color)|saffron]] or orange-colored robes as a symbol of non-attachment to worldly desires, and may choose to roam independently or join an ashram or other spiritual organizations, typically in an ideal of selfless service.{{sfn|Yogananda|1946|p=218}} Upon initiation, which can only be done by another existing Swami, the renunciate receives a new name (usually ending in ''ananda,'' meaning 'supreme bliss') and takes a title which formalizes his connection with one of the ten subdivisions of the Swami Order. A swami's name has a dual significance, representing the attainment of supreme bliss through some divine quality or state (i.e. love, wisdom, service, yoga), and through a harmony with the infinite vastness of nature, expressed in one of the ten subdivision names: ''Giri'' (mountain)'', Puri'' (tract)'', Bhāratī'' (land)'', Vana'' (forest)'', Āraṇya'' (forest)'', Sagara'' (sea)'', Āśrama (''spiritual exertion)'', Sarasvatī'' (wisdom of nature)'', Tīrtha'' (place of pilgrimage)'','' and ''Parvata'' (mountain). A swami is not necessarily a [[yogi]], although many swamis can and do practice yoga as a means of spiritual liberation; experienced swamis may also take disciples.{{sfn|Yogananda|1946|p=218}}

Single-staff renunciates are distinct in their practices from [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] ''trishuladhari'' or "[[trident]]-wielding renunciates" and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] traditions of ''Tridandi'' sannyāsis.<ref>A. C. Bhaktivedānta Swāmi, ''Śrīmad Bhāgavatam''.{{fcn|date=June 2024}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The ''Tridandi sannyāsin''s wear the sacred thread after renunciation, while ''Ekadandi sannyāsin''s do not.}}{{refn|group=note|Ek means "one", ekadandi means "of single staff", tridandi means "of three staffs".}}


==Standardised List of Dasanāmīs in Wikipedia==
==Standardised List of Dasanāmīs in Wikipedia==
This section enumerates, in standardised manner, members of the Dasanāmī Order with articles in Wikipedia, listing each under his formal title and name, without the use of the honorifics{{refn|group=note|e.g.: [[Sri|śrī]], shri, shrii, shree, śrī śrī, śrī śrī śrī, śrīla, śrīman, [[-ji|jī]], jiew, joo, jiu, swāmījī, mahātma, mahārsi, mahāyogī, mahāsaya, mahārāj, mahārājjī, prabhu, prabhujī, mahāprabhu, gurudev, gurujī, guru mahārāj jī, sāheb, sāhebjī, bābā, bābājī, mā, māta, mātajī, bhagvan, prabhupāda, bhaktipāda. Aside from these, "Paramahamsa" is also one of the most abused honorifics. Many unfit characters want to claim it; many adoring disciples apply it to their guru. It was used by the [[ISKCON guru system|ISKCON rtvik/guru-ācāryas]]. However, the case of Swāmī Yogānanda Giri is a unique one, since his appellation "Paramahansa" was not given to him by adoring disciples.}} so cherished by fawning devotees and disciples. The word "swāmī" here is not an honorific. It is the title of an initiated member of the Dasanāmī Order. Entries are listed in standard form: TITLE (SWĀMĪ) + PERSONAL NAME + SUB-ORDER NAME. A few entries have the additional title (not honorific) of "Jagadguru Śankarācārya" which designates either one of the four supreme leaders of the order (somewhat similar to the position of Pope in Catholic Christianity). "[[Mahant|Mahanta]]" is an administrative title designating an organizational position or office assigned to certain persons.
This section enumerates, in standardised manner, members of the Dasanāmī Order with articles in Wikipedia, listing each under his formal title and name, without the use of the honorifics{{refn|group=note|e.g.: [[Sri|śrī]] and variations thereof, [[-ji|jī]] and variations thereof, swāmījī, mahātma, mahārsi, mahāyogī, mahāsaya, mahārāj, mahārājjī, [[paramahamsa]], prabhu, prabhujī, mahāprabhu, gurudev, gurujī, guru mahārāj jī, sāheb, sāhebjī, bābā, bābājī, mā, māta, mātajī, bhagvan, prabhupāda, bhaktipāda.}} used by devotees and disciples. The word "Swāmī" here is not an honorific. It is the title of an initiated member of the Dasanāmī Order. Entries are listed in standard form: TITLE (Swāmī) + PERSONAL NAME + SUB-ORDER NAME. A few entries have the additional title (not honorific) of "Jagadguru Śankarācārya" which designates either one of the four supreme leaders of the order (somewhat similar to the position of Pope in Catholic Christianity). "[[Mahant]]a" is an administrative title designating an organizational position or office assigned to certain persons.

===A===
===A===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Name
! width=25% | Name
! Notability
! Notability
|-
|-
|[[Abhayananda|Swāmī Abhayānanda Puri]]||French American initiate of Vivekānanda.
|[[Abhayananda|Swāmī Abhayānanda Puri]]||French American initiate of Vivekānanda.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Abhedananda|Swāmī Abhedānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Rāmakrsna.[https://vedantasociety.net/abhedananda]
|[[Swami Abhedananda|Swāmī Abhedānanda Puri]]||Disciple of [[Ramakrishna]].<ref group=web>{{cite web | url=https://vedantasociety.net/abhedananda | title=Abhedananda }}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Sri Abhinava Vidyatirtha|Swāmī Abhinavavidyā Tīrtha]]||[[Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri]].
|[[Abhinava Vidyatirtha|Swāmī Abhinavavidyā Tīrtha]]||[[Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri]].
|-
|-
|[[Achalananda|Swāmī Achalānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Vivekānanda.
|[[Achalananda|Swāmī Achalānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Vivekānanda.
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|[[Bijoy Krishna Goswami|Swāmī Achyutananda Sarasvatī]]||Gaudiya Vaisnava teacher.
|[[Bijoy Krishna Goswami|Swāmī Achyutananda Sarasvatī]]||Gaudiya Vaisnava teacher.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Adbhutananda|Swāmī Adbhutānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Rāmakrsna.
|[[Swami Adbhutananda|Swāmī Adbhutānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Ramakrishna.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Adidevananda|Swāmī Adidevānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
|[[Swami Adidevananda|Swāmī Adidevānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Advaitananda (Buro Gopal)|Swāmī Advaitānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Rāmakrsna.
|[[Swami Advaitananda (Buro Gopal)|Swāmī Advaitānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Ramakrishna.
|-
|-
|[[Agehananda Bharati|Swāmī Agehānanda Bhāratī]]||Austrian American intellectual and expert on Indian languages and phonology.[https://whowaswho-indology.info/742/bharati-agehananda-leopold-fischer-swami/][https://library.syr.edu/digital/guides_sua/html/sua_bharati_a.htm][http://www.autodidactproject.org/quote/bharati1.html]
|[[Agehananda Bharati|Swāmī Agehānanda Bhāratī]]||Austrian American intellectual and expert on Indian languages and phonology.<ref group=web>{{cite web | url=https://whowaswho-indology.info/742/bharati-agehananda-leopold-fischer-swami/ | title=BHARATI, Agehananda (Leopold Fischer) – Persons of Indian Studies by Prof. Dr. Klaus Karttunen | date=6 February 2017 }}</ref><ref group=web>{{cite web | url=https://library.syr.edu/digital/guides_sua/html/sua_bharati_a.htm | title=Agehananda Bharati Papers an inventory of his papers at the Syracuse University Archives }}</ref><ref group=web>{{cite web | url=http://www.autodidactproject.org/quote/bharati1.html | title=Ralph Dumain: "The Autodidact Project": Quotes: Swami Agehananda Bharati on Hindu Fascism & Western Infatuation }}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Agnivesh|Swāmī Agnivesha Sarasvatī]]||Activist; reformer; interfaith dialog advocate.[http://swamiagnivesh.com/]
|[[Agnivesh|Swāmī Agnivesha Sarasvatī]]||Social activist, well known for his protest against bonded labor.<ref group=web>{{Cite web|url=http://swamiagnivesh.com/|title=Swami Agnivesh|website=swamiagnivesh.com}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Akhandananda|Swāmī Akhandānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Rāmakrsna.
|[[Akhandananda|Swāmī Akhandānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Ramakrishna.
|-
|-
|[[Akhilananda|Swāmī Akhilānanda Puri]]||Founder of Vedanta Society of Providence and Ramakrishna Vedanta Society of Boston.
|[[Akhilananda|Swāmī Akhilānanda Puri]]||Founder of Vedanta Society of Providence and Ramakrishna Vedanta Society of Boston.
|-
|-
|[[Akshobhya Tirtha|Swāmī Akshobhya Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita|Dvaitavādin]].
|[[Akshobhya Tirtha|Swāmī Akshobhya Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin.
|-
|-
|[[Madhvacharya|Swāmī Ānanda Tīrtha]]||Preceptor of [[Dvaita]].
|[[Madhvacharya|Swāmī Ānanda Tīrtha]]||Preceptor of [[Dvaita]].
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|-
|-
|[[Swami Atmasthananda|Swāmī Ātmasthānanda Puri]]||President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
|[[Swami Atmasthananda|Swāmī Ātmasthānanda Puri]]||President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
|-
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Name
! width=25% | Name
! Notability
! Notability
|-
|-
|[[Sri Bharati Tirtha|Swāmī Bhāratī Tīrtha]]||Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
|[[Bharathi Tirtha|Swāmī Bhāratī Tīrtha]]||Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha|Swāmī Bhāratīkrsna Tīrtha]]||Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Puri and scholar of [[Indian mathematics]]. First Śankarācārya to visit the West. Authored ''[[Vedic Mathematics (book)|Vedic Mathematics]]''.
|[[Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha|Swāmī Bhāratīkrsna Tīrtha]]||Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Puri and scholar of [[Indian mathematics]]. First Śankarācārya to visit the West. Authored ''[[Vedic Mathematics (book)|Vedic Mathematics]]''.
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|-
|-
|[[Swami Bhuteshananda|Swāmī Bhuteshānanda Puri]]||President of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]].
|[[Swami Bhuteshananda|Swāmī Bhuteshānanda Puri]]||President of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]].
|-
|[[Swami Bodhananda Saraswati|Swāmī Bodhānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of Sivānanda.
|-
|-
|[[Bodhendra Saraswathi|Swāmī Bodhendra Sarasvatī]]||Pīthādhipati of Kamakoti Math, [[Kanchipuram]].
|[[Bodhendra Saraswathi|Swāmī Bodhendra Sarasvatī]]||Pīthādhipati of Kamakoti Math, [[Kanchipuram]].
|-
|-
|[[Brahmananda Saraswati|Swāmī Brahmānanda Sarasvatī]]||Highly-respected Jagadguru Śankarācārya of [[Jyotirmath|Jyotirmāyā Pītha]], Badrināth.
|[[Brahmananda Saraswati|Swāmī Brahmānanda Sarasvatī]]||Highly respected Jagadguru Śankarācārya of [[Jyotirmath|Jyotirmāyā Pītha]], Badrināth.
|-
|-
|}
|}
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! Notability
|-
|[[Chandrachudhendra Saraswati II|Swāmī Chandrachudhendra Sarasvatī]]||Pīthādhipati of Kamakoti Math, [[Kanchipuram]].
|-
|-
|[[Chandrasekhara Bharati III|Swāmī Candrasekhara Bhāratī]]||[[Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri]].
|[[Chandrasekhara Bharati III|Swāmī Candrasekhara Bhāratī]]||[[Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri]].
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|[[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati|Swāmī Chandrasekharendra Sarasvatī]]||Pīthādhipati of [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]], [[Kanchipuram]]. Featured in [[Paul Brunton]]'s ''A Search in Secret India''.
|[[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati|Swāmī Chandrasekharendra Sarasvatī]]||Pīthādhipati of [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]], [[Kanchipuram]]. Featured in [[Paul Brunton]]'s ''A Search in Secret India''.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Chidananda Saraswati|Swāmī Chidānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of [[Sivananda Saraswati|Svāmī Śivānanda Sarasvatī]]. President of [[Divine Life Society]]. Interfaith advocate and friend of [[Thích Nhất Hạnh]].
|[[Swami Chidananda Saraswati|Swāmī Chidānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of [[Sivananda Saraswati|Swāmī Śivānanda Sarasvatī]]. President of [[Divine Life Society]]. Interfaith advocate and friend of [[Thích Nhất Hạnh]].
|-
|-
|[[Swami Chidanand Saraswati|Swāmī Chidānanda Sarasvatī]]||Founder of temples in Australia, Canada, Europe, and the USA.
|[[Swami Chidanand Saraswati|Swāmī Chidānanda Sarasvatī]]||Founder of temples in Australia, Canada, Europe, and the USA.
|-
|-
|[[Gurumayi Chidvilasananda|Swāmī Chidvilasānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple and designated successor of [[Muktananda|Muktānanda]]. Sister of Nityānanda.[https://www.siddhayoga.org/gurumayi-chidvilasananda]
|[[Gurumayi Chidvilasananda|Swāmī Chidvilasānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple and designated successor of [[Muktananda|Muktānanda]]. Sister of Nityānanda.<ref group=web>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siddhayoga.org/gurumayi-chidvilasananda|title=The Guru - Gurumayi Chidvilasananda}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Chinmayananda|Swāmī Chinmāyānanda Sarasvatī]]||Hindu missionary. Disciple of [[Sivananda Saraswati|Svāmī Śivānanda Sarasvatī]] and [[Tapovan Maharaj|Svāmī Tapovanam Giri]]. Founder of [[Chinmaya Mission]].[http://www.chinmayamission.com/who-we-are/swami-chinmayananda/]
|[[Chinmayananda|Swāmī Chinmāyānanda Sarasvatī]]||Hindu missionary. Disciple of [[Sivananda Saraswati|Swāmī Śivānanda Sarasvatī]] and [[Tapovan Maharaj|Swāmī Tapovanam Giri]]. Founder of [[Chinmaya Mission]].<ref group=web>{{cite web | url=http://www.chinmayamission.com/who-we-are/swami-chinmayananda/ | title=Swami Chinmayananda &#124; }}</ref>
|-
|-
|}
|}
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{| class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
! Name
! width=25% | Name
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! Notability
|-
|-
|[[Dayananda Saraswati|Swāmī Dayānanda Sarasvatī]]||Socio-religious reformer. Founder of the [[Arya Samaj]].
|[[Dayananda Saraswati|Swāmī Dayānanda Sarasvatī]]||Socio-religious reformer. Founder of the [[Arya Samaj]].
|-
|-
|[[Dayananda Saraswati (Chinmaya Mission)|Swāmī Dayānanda Sarasvatī]]||Vedānt ācārya. Founder of Arsha Vidya Gurukulam.[https://www.dayananda.org/swami-dayananda.html]
|[[Dayananda Saraswati (Chinmaya Mission)|Swāmī Dayānanda Sarasvatī]]||Vedānt ācārya. Founder of Arsha Vidya Gurukulam.<ref group="web">[https://www.dayananda.org/swami-dayananda.html]</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Dhanraj Giri|Swāmī Dhanarāja Giri]]||Advaita Vedānta ācārya. Founder of the highly-prestigious Kailash Ashram, Rishikesh.
|[[Dhanraj Giri|Swāmī Dhanarāja Giri]]||Advaita Vedānta ācārya. Founder of the highly-prestigious Kailash Ashram, Rishikesh.
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|-
|-
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|[[Swami Gambhirananda|Swāmī Gambhirānanda Puri]]||President of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]].
|[[Swami Gambhirananda|Swāmī Gambhirānanda Puri]]||President of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]].
|-
|-
|[[Trailanga Swami|Swāmī Ganapati Sarasvatī]]||Long-lived yogī of Benāres.[https://mahasarameditation.com/trailanga-swami/][https://www.amazon.com/Trailanga-Shankari-Mataji-Paramanand-Saraswati/dp/1499166583#reader_1499166583]
|[[Trailanga Swami|Swāmī Ganapati Sarasvatī]]||Long-lived yogī of Benāres.<ref group="web">[https://mahasarameditation.com/trailanga-swami/]</ref><ref group=web>{{cite book | isbn=978-1499166583 | title=Trailanga Swami and Shankari Mataji | last1=Saraswati | first1=Paramanand | date=3 June 2014 | publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform }}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Ganesh Baba|Swāmī Ganeshānanda Sarasvatī]]||Yoga teacher. Pupil and sannyās initiate of [[Sivananda Saraswati|Swāmī Śivānanda Sarasvatī]]. Pupil of Swāmī Suraj Giri.
|[[Ganesh Baba|Swāmī Ganeshānanda Sarasvatī]]||Yoga teacher. Pupil and sannyās initiate of [[Sivananda Saraswati|Swāmī Śivānanda Sarasvatī]]. Pupil of Swāmī Suraj Giri.
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|[[Swami Ghanananda (Ramakrishna Mission)|Swāmī Ghanānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk who was active in Europe.
|[[Swami Ghanananda (Ramakrishna Mission)|Swāmī Ghanānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk who was active in Europe.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Ghanananda (Ghana)|Swāmī Ghanānanda Sarasvatī]]||Ghanaian disciple of Svāmī Krishnānanda Sarasvatī. Possibly the first Black African convert to Hinduism.
|[[Swami Ghanananda (Ghana)|Swāmī Ghanānanda Sarasvatī]]||Ghanaian disciple of Swāmī Krishnānanda Sarasvatī. Possibly the first Black African convert to Hinduism.
|-
|-
|[[Yogamaharishi Swami Gitananda|Swāmī Gītānanda Giri]]||Indian Canadian physician. Yoga teacher; Mahanta of the Brighu Order; "Lion of Pondicherry".
|[[Yogamaharishi Swami Gitananda|Swāmī Gītānanda Giri]]||Indian Canadian physician. Yoga teacher; Mahanta of the Brighu Order; "Lion of Pondicherry".
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{| class="wikitable"
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! Name
! width=25% | Name
! Notability
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|-
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|[[Swami Hariharananda Aranya|Swāmī Hariharānanda Āranya]]||Noted [[Samkhya]] Yogī
|[[Swami Hariharananda Aranya|Swāmī Hariharānanda Āranya]]||Noted [[Samkhya]] Yogī
|-
|-
|[[Hariharananda Giri|Swāmī Hariharānanda Giri]]||Kriyā Yoga teacher. Pupil of Śrījukteśvara, Bhupendranāth Sanyal, Yogānanda, Satyānanda, and Bijoy Krishna.[https://www.kriya.org/guru/paramahamsa-hariharananda/en]
|[[Hariharananda Giri|Swāmī Hariharānanda Giri]]||Kriyā Yoga teacher. Pupil of Śrījukteśvara, Bhupendranāth Sanyal, Yogānanda, Satyānanda, and Bijoy Krishna.<ref group=web>{{cite web | url=https://www.kriya.org/guru/paramahamsa-hariharananda/en | title=Our Lineage - Paramahamsa Hariharananda - Kriya Yoga International }}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Swami Karpatri|Swāmī Hariharānanda Sarasvatī]]||Respected Vedānt ācārya. Disciple of Svāmī Brahmānanda Sarasvatī. Met Yogānanda at the [[Kumbh Mela]].
|[[Swami Karpatri|Swāmī Hariharānanda Sarasvatī]]||Respected Vedānt ācārya. Disciple of Swāmī Brahmānanda Sarasvatī. Met Yogānanda at the [[Kumbh Mela]].
|-
|-
|}
|}
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
! Name
! width=25% | Name
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! Notability
|-
|-
|[[Isvara Puri|Swāmī Isvara Puri]]||[[Dvaita|Dvaitavādin]].
|[[Isvara Puri|Swāmī Isvara Puri]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin.
|-
|-
|}
|}

===J===
===J===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Name
! width=25% | Name
! Notability
! Notability
|-
|-
|[[Swami Janakananda|Swāmī Janakānanda Sarasvatī]]||Danish disciple of [[Satyananda Saraswati|Svāmī Satyānanda Sarasvatī]]; founder of Skandinavisk Yoga och Meditationsskola.
|[[Swami Janakananda|Swāmī Janakānanda Sarasvatī]]||Danish disciple of [[Satyananda Saraswati|Swāmī Satyānanda Sarasvatī]]; founder of Skandinavisk Yoga och Meditationsskola.
|-
|-
|[[Jayatirtha|Swāmī Jaya Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita|Dvaitavādin]].
|[[Jayatirtha|Swāmī Jaya Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin.
|-
|-
|[[Adavi Jayatirthacharya|Swāmī Jaya Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita|Dvaitavādin]].
|[[Adavi Jayatirthacharya|Swāmī Jaya Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin.
|-
|-
|[[Jayendra Saraswathi|Swāmī Jayendra Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of Svāmī Chandrasekharendra Sarasvatī. Pīthādhipati of Kamakoti Math, [[Kanchipuram]].
|[[Jayendra Saraswathi|Swāmī Jayendra Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of Swāmī Chandrasekharendra Sarasvatī. Pīthādhipati of Kamakoti Math, [[Kanchipuram]].
|-
|-
|[[Alambazar Math|Swāmī Jītātmānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
|[[Alambazar Math|Swāmī Jītātmānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
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{| class="wikitable"
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|[[Swami Kirtidananda|Swāmī Kirtidānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
|[[Swami Kirtidananda|Swāmī Kirtidānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Krishnananda|Swāmī Krishnānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of Śivānanda; General Secretary of Divine Life Society, 1963-2001.[https://www.swami-krishnananda.org/about.html][https://www.swami-krishnananda.org/books_2.html]
|[[Swami Krishnananda|Swāmī Krishnānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of Śivānanda; General Secretary of Divine Life Society, 1963–2001.<ref group=web>{{cite web | url=https://www.swami-krishnananda.org/about.html | title=About Swami Krishnananda }}</ref><ref group=web>{{cite web | url=https://www.swami-krishnananda.org/books_2.html | title=EBooks on Yoga, Meditation and Spiritual Practice by Swami Krishnananda }}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Swami Kriyananda|Swāmī Kriyānanda Giri]]||American disciple of Yogānanda. Founder of Ananda [[World Brotherhood Colonies]].
|[[Swami Kriyananda|Swāmī Kriyānanda Giri]]||American disciple of Yogānanda. Founder of Ananda [[World Brotherhood Colonies]].
|-
|-
|[[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Swāmī Kṛṣṇacaitanya Bhāratī]]||Vaisnava teacher and scholar of Bengal; regarded as an [[avatar|avatār]] in [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Bangla Vaisnavism]]. Called "Caitanya Mahaprabhu" by devotees.[https://www.learnreligions.com/sri-chaitanya-mahaprabhu-bio-1770329]
|[[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Swāmī Kṛṣṇacaitanya Bhāratī]]||Vaisnava scholar and teacher. Foremost historical figure of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Bangla Vaisnavism]]. Regarded as an [[avatar|avatār]] and called "Caitanya Mahaprabhu" by devotees.<ref group=web>{{cite web | url=https://www.learnreligions.com/sri-chaitanya-mahaprabhu-bio-1770329 | title=Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486–1534) }}</ref>
|-
|-
|}
|}

===L===
===L===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Name
! width=25% | Name
! Notability
! Notability
|-
|-
|[[Swami Lakshmanananda|Swāmī Laksmanānanda Sarasvatī]]||Humanitarian social relief worker of [[Odisha|Orissa]]. [[Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda|assassinated]] by suspected Christian Maoists.
|[[Swami Lakshmanananda|Swāmī Laksmanānanda Sarasvatī]]||Humanitarian social relief worker of [[Odisha|Orissa]]. [[Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda|Assassinated]] by suspected Christian Maoists.
|-
|-
|[[Sripadaraja|Swāmī Laksmīnārāyana Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita|Dvaitavādin]].
|[[Sripadaraja|Swāmī Laksmīnārāyana Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin.
|-
|-
|}
|}

===M===
===M===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Name
! width=25% | Name
! Notability
! Notability
|-
|-
|[[Swami Madhavananda|Swāmī Madhavānanda Puri]]||President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
|[[Swami Madhavananda|Swāmī Madhavānanda Puri]]||President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
|-
|-
|[[Madhavendra Puri|Swāmī Madhavendra Puri]]||[[Dvaita|Dvaitavādin]]. Disciple of [[Lakshmipati Tirtha]].
|[[Madhavendra Puri|Swāmī Madhavendra Puri]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. Disciple of [[Lakshmipati Tirtha]].
|-
|-
|[[Madhusūdana Sarasvatī|Swāmī Madhusūdana Sarasvatī]]||Teacher of Advaita Vedānta.
|[[Madhusūdana Sarasvatī|Swāmī Madhusūdana Sarasvatī]]||Teacher of Advaita Vedānta.
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|-
|-
|}
|}

===N===
===N===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
! Name
! width=25% | Name
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! Notability
|-
|-
Line 406: Line 389:
|[[Swami Nikhilananda|Swāmī Nikhilānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monastic; Vedānta teacher in the USA.
|[[Swami Nikhilananda|Swāmī Nikhilānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monastic; Vedānta teacher in the USA.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Niranjanananda (Niranjan Maharaj)|Swāmī Nirañjanānanda Puri]]||One of the six disciples of Rāmakrsna who were regarded as iśvarakoti.[https://belurmath.org/swami-niranjanananda/]
|[[Swami Niranjanananda (Niranjan Maharaj)|Swāmī Nirañjanānanda Puri]]||One of the six disciples of Ramakrishna who were regarded as iśvarakoti.<ref group="web">[https://belurmath.org/swami-niranjanananda/]</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Niranjanananda Saraswati|Swāmī Nirañjanānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of Satyānanda; head of Bihar School of Yoga.[https://archive.org/details/SwamiNiranjanandaSaraswatiPranaAndPranayama][https://archive.org/details/SwamiNiranjanandaSaraswatiPranaAndPranayama]
|[[Niranjanananda Saraswati|Swāmī Nirañjanānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of Satyānanda; head of Bihar School of Yoga.<ref group="web">[https://archive.org/details/SwamiNiranjanandaSaraswatiPranaAndPranayama]</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Swami Nirmalananda|Swāmī Nirmalānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Rāmakrsna.
|[[Swami Nirmalananda|Swāmī Nirmalānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Ramakrishna.
|-
|-
|[[Nischayananda|Swāmī Nischayānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Vivekānanda.
|[[Nischayananda|Swāmī Nischayānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Vivekānanda.
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
! Name
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! Notability
|-
|-
|[[Maud MacCarthy (Omananda Puri)|Swāmī Omānanda Puri]]|| Irish violinist, singer, theosophist, writer, poet, esoteric teacher and authority on Indian music.
|[[Maud MacCarthy (Omananda Puri)|Swāmī Omānanda Puri]]|| Irish violinist, singer, Theosophist, writer, poet, esoteric teacher and authority on Indian music.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Omanand Saraswati|Swāmī Omānanda Sarasvatī]]||Educator.
|[[Swami Omanand Saraswati|Swāmī Omānanda Sarasvatī]]||Educator.
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{| class="wikitable"
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|-
! Name
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! Notability
|-
|-
Line 454: Line 437:
|[[Pranavanda Saraswathi|Swāmī Pranavānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of Śivānanda; Yoga-Vedānta teacher, Divine Life Society, Malaysia.
|[[Pranavanda Saraswathi|Swāmī Pranavānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of Śivānanda; Yoga-Vedānta teacher, Divine Life Society, Malaysia.
|-
|-
|[[Baburam Maharaj (Swami Premananda)|Swāmī Premānanda Puri]]||One of the six disciples of Rāmakrsna who were regarded as iśvarakoti.
|[[Baburam Maharaj (Swami Premananda)|Swāmī Premānanda Puri]]||One of the six disciples of Ramakrishna who were regarded as iśvarakoti.
|-
|-
|[[Puran Puri|Swāmī Purana Puri]]||An 18th century Indian ascetic monk and traveller who visited many places including Sri Lanka, Moscow, Yemen & Tibet.
|[[Madhvacharya|Swāmī Purnaprajñā Tīrtha]]||Preceptor of [[Dvaita|Dvaitavāda]].
|-
|[[Madhvacharya|Swāmī Purnaprajñā Tīrtha]]||Founder and Preceptor of [[Dvaita]]vāda.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Purushottamananda|Swāmī Purushottamānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
|[[Swami Purushottamananda|Swāmī Purushottamānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
! Name
! width=25% | Name
! Notability
! Notability
|-
|-
|[[Raghavendra Swami|Swāmī Raghavendra Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita|Dvaitavādin]].
|[[Raghavendra Swami|Swāmī Raghavendra Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin and Pīthādhipati.
|-
|-
|[[Raghaveshwara Bharathi|Swāmī Raghaveshwara Bhāratī]]||Advaita Vedāntin. 36th Jagadguru of Sri Ramachandrapura Math, Hosanagara, Shimoga, Karnātaka.
|[[Raghaveshwara Bharathi|Swāmī Raghaveshwara Bhāratī]]||Advaita Vedāntin. 36th Jagadguru of Sri Ramachandrapura Math, Hosanagara, Shimoga, Karnātaka.
|-
|-
|[[Raghuttama Tirtha|Swāmī Raghuttama Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita|Dvaitavādin]].
|[[Raghuttama Tirtha|Swāmī Raghuttama Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 14th Pīthādhipati of [[Uttaradi Math]].
|-
|-
|[[Swami Rama|Swāmī Rāma Bhāratī]]||Yogī; founder of [[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy|Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy]], Honesdale, Pennsylvania.
|[[Swami Rama|Swāmī Rāma Bhāratī]]||Yogī; founder of [[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy|Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy]], Honesdale, Pennsylvania.
Line 478: Line 463:
|[[Rama Tirtha|Swāmī Rāma Tīrtha]]||Teacher of "Practical Vedanta".
|[[Rama Tirtha|Swāmī Rāma Tīrtha]]||Teacher of "Practical Vedanta".
|-
|-
|[[Swami Ramakrishnananda|Swāmī Rāmakrishnānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Rāmakrsna.
|[[Swami Ramakrishnananda|Swāmī Rāmakrishnānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Ramakrishna.
|-
|-
|[[Ramakrishna|Swāmī Rāmakrsna Puri]]||Temple priest, ascetic, mystic of Bengal. Regarded as an avatār (a "descent" or physical incarnation of God) by devotees.
|[[Ramakrishna|Swāmī Ramakrishna Puri]]||Temple priest, ascetic, mystic of Bengal. Regarded as an avatār (a "descent" or physical incarnation of God) by devotees.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Ramanand Tirtha|Swāmī Rāmānanda Tīrtha]]||Activist in Hyderābād.
|[[Swami Ramanand Tirtha|Swāmī Rāmānanda Tīrtha]]||Activist in Hyderābād.
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
! Name
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! Notability
! Notability
|-
|-
|[[Sri Sacchidananda Bharati I|Swāmī Saccidānanda Bhāratī]]||Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
|[[Sri Sacchidananda Bharati I|Swāmī Saccidānanda Bhāratī]]||Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
|-
|[[Sri Sacchidananda Bharati III|Swāmī Saccidānanda Bhāratī]]||Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
|-
|-
|[[Sri Sacchidananda Shivabhinava Nrusimha Bharati|Swāmī Saccidānandaśivābhinavanrsiṃha Bhāratī]]||Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
|[[Sri Sacchidananda Shivabhinava Nrusimha Bharati|Swāmī Saccidānandaśivābhinavanrsiṃha Bhāratī]]||Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
Line 512: Line 495:
|[[Sahajananda|Swāmī Sahajānanda Sarasvatī]]||South African spiritual teacher. Disciple of Śivānanda.
|[[Sahajananda|Swāmī Sahajānanda Sarasvatī]]||South African spiritual teacher. Disciple of Śivānanda.
|-
|-
|[[Samyamindra Thirtha|Swāmī Samyamindra Tīrtha]]||Mathadhipati of Kashi Math.
|[[Swami Samarpanananda|Swāmī Samarpanānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
|-
|-
|[[Samyamindra Thirtha|Swāmī Samyamindra Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 21st Mathadhipati of Kashi Math.
|[[Swami Saradananda (Sarat Maharaj)|Swāmī Śaradānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Rāmakrsna. Author of the ''[[Sri Ramakrishna, the Great Master|Śrī Śrī Rāmakrsna Līlaprasanga]]'', the lead biography of Rāmakrsna.
|-
|[[Swami Saradananda (Sarat Maharaj)|Swāmī Śaradānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Ramakrishna. Author of the ''[[Sri Ramakrishna, the Great Master|Śrī Śrī Ramakrishna Līlaprasanga]]'', the lead biography of Ramakrishna.
|-
|[[Swami Sarvapriyananda|Swāmī Sarvapriyānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk. Resident of Vedanta Society of New York.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Satchidananda|Swāmī Satchidānanda Sarasvatī]]||Yoga teacher. Disciple of Śivānanda. Founder of Sivananda Ashram (Sri Lanka) and Satchidananda Ashrams (USA).
|[[Swami Satchidananda|Swāmī Satchidānanda Sarasvatī]]||Yoga teacher. Disciple of Śivānanda. Founder of Sivananda Ashram (Sri Lanka) and Satchidananda Ashrams (USA).
|-
|-
|[[Satchidanandendra Saraswati|Swāmī Satcidānandendra Sarasvatī]]||Vedānt ācārya.
|[[Satchidanandendra Saraswati|Swāmī Satcidānandendra Sarasvatī]]||Vedānt ācārya.
|-
|[[Satyabhinava Tirtha|Swāmī Satyābhinava Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 21st Pīthādhipati of [[Uttaradi Math]].
|-
|[[Satyabodha Tirtha|Swāmī Satyabodha Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 25th Pīthādhipati of [[Uttaradi Math]].
|-
|[[Satyadharma Tirtha|Swāmī Satyadharma Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 28th Pīthādhipati of [[Uttaradi Math]].
|-
|[[Satyadhyana Tirtha|Swāmī Satyadhyāna Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 38th Pīthādhipati of [[Uttaradi Math]].
|-
|[[Satyajnana Tirtha|Swāmī Satyajñāna Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 37th Pīthādhipati of [[Uttaradi Math]].
|-
|[[Swami Satyamitranand|Swāmī Satyamitrānanda Giri]]||Founder of Bharat Mata Mandir, a temple in Haridwar.
|-
|-
|[[Satyananda Giri|Swāmī Satyānanda Giri]]||Kriyā Yoga teacher. Disciple of Śrījukteśvara.
|[[Satyananda Giri|Swāmī Satyānanda Giri]]||Kriyā Yoga teacher. Disciple of Śrījukteśvara.
Line 524: Line 523:
|[[Satyananda Saraswati|Swāmī Satyānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of Śivānanda; founder of [[Bihar School of Yoga]].
|[[Satyananda Saraswati|Swāmī Satyānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of Śivānanda; founder of [[Bihar School of Yoga]].
|-
|-
|[[Satyanatha Tirtha|Swāmī Satyanātha Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita|Dvaitavādin]].
|[[Satyanatha Tirtha|Swāmī Satyanātha Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 20th Pīthādhipati of [[Uttaradi Math]].
|-
|-
|[[Satyapramoda Tīrtha|Swāmī Satyapramoda Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita|Dvaitavādin]].
|[[Satyanidhi Tirtha|Swāmī Satyanidhi Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 19th Pīthādhipati of [[Uttaradi Math]].
|-
|-
|[[Satyatma Tirtha|Swāmī Satyātmā Tīrtha]]||42nd pontiff of [[Uttaradi Matha]].
|[[Satyapramoda Tīrtha|Swāmī Satyapramoda Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 41st Pīthādhipati of [[Uttaradi Math]].
|-
|[[Satyapriya Tirtha|Swāmī Satyapriya Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 24th Pīthādhipati of [[Uttaradi Math]].
|-
|[[Satyatma Tirtha|Swāmī Satyātmā Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 42nd Pīthādhipati of [[Uttaradi Math]].
|-
|[[Satyavara Tirtha|Swāmī Satyavara Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 27th Pīthādhipati of [[Uttaradi Math]].
|-
|[[Satyavijaya Tirtha|Swāmī Satyavijaya Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 23rd Pīthādhipati of [[Uttaradi Math]].
|-
|-
|[[Swami Shambhavananda|Swāmī Shambhavānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
|[[Swami Shambhavananda|Swāmī Shambhavānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
Line 538: Line 545:
|[[Shantananda Saraswati|Swāmī Shantānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of Śivānanda. Spiritual guide in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
|[[Shantananda Saraswati|Swāmī Shantānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of Śivānanda. Spiritual guide in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Shivananda|Swāmī Shivānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Rāmakrsna and 2nd President of the Ramakrishna Order.[https://vedanta.org/2009/monthly-readings/mahapurush-maharaj-swami-shivananda/]
|[[Swami Shivananda|Swāmī Shivānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Ramakrishna and 2nd President of the Ramakrishna Order.<ref group=web>{{cite web | url=https://vedanta.org/2009/monthly-readings/mahapurush-maharaj-swami-shivananda/ | title=Mahapurush Maharaj: Swami Shivananda &#124; Vedanta Society of Southern California | date=May 2009 }}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Swami Shivom Tirtha|Swāmī Shivom Tīrtha]]||[[Siddhayoga]] teacher.
|[[Swami Shivom Tirtha|Swāmī Shivom Tīrtha]]||[[Siddhayoga]] teacher.
Line 550: Line 557:
|[[Swami Sivananda Radha|Swāmī Śivānanda Rādhā Sarasvatī]]||Canadian yoga teacher. Disciple of Śivānanda.
|[[Swami Sivananda Radha|Swāmī Śivānanda Rādhā Sarasvatī]]||Canadian yoga teacher. Disciple of Śivānanda.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Smaranananda|Swāmī Smaranānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk. President of the Ramakrishna Order.[https://belurmath.org/presidents-of-ramakrishna-math-and-ramakrishna-mission/]
|[[Swami Smaranananda|Swāmī Smaranānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk. President of the Ramakrishna Order.<ref group=web>{{cite web | url=https://belurmath.org/presidents-of-ramakrishna-math-and-ramakrishna-mission/ | title=The President of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission }}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Yukteswar Giri|Swāmī Śrījukteśvara Giri]]||Kriyā Yoga adept. Astrologer. Disciple of Shyāmacharan Lahirī. Guru of Yogānanda.
|[[Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri|Swāmī Śrījukteśvara Giri]]||Kriyā Yoga adept. Astrologer. Disciple of Shyāmacharan Lahirī. Guru of Yogānanda.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Subodhananda|Swāmī Subodhānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Rāmakrsna.
|[[Swami Subodhananda|Swāmī Subodhānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Ramakrishna.
|-
|-
|[[Sudhindra Tirtha (Kashi Math)|Swāmī Sudhindra Tīrtha]]||Mathadhipati of Kashi Math.
|[[Sudhindra Tirtha (Kashi Math)|Swāmī Sudhindra Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 20th Mathadhipati of Kashi Math.
|-
|-
|[[Sukrathindra Thirtha|Swāmī Sukrathindra Tīrtha]]||Mathadhipati of Kashi Math.
|[[Sukhabodhananda|Swāmī Sukhabodhānanda Sarasvatī]]||Teacher of scripture.
|-
|[[Sukrathindra Thirtha|Swāmī Sukrathindra Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 19th Mathadhipati of Kashi Math.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Swahananda|Swāmī Swahānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
|[[Swami Swahananda|Swāmī Swahānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
Line 566: Line 575:
|[[Swaroopanand Saraswati|Swāmī Swarūpānanda Sarasvatī]]||Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Jyotirmāyā and Dwarka Pītha.
|[[Swaroopanand Saraswati|Swāmī Swarūpānanda Sarasvatī]]||Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Jyotirmāyā and Dwarka Pītha.
|-
|-
|[[Swaroopanandendra Saraswati|Swāmī Swarūpānandendra Sarasvatī]]||Founder of Visakha Sri Sarada Pitha.
|}
|}


Line 571: Line 581:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Name
! width=25% | Name
! Notability
! Notability
|-
|-
|[[Swami Tapasyananda|Swāmī Tapasyānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
|[[Swami Tapasyananda|Swāmī Tapasyānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
|-
|-
|[[Tapovan Maharaj|Swāmī Tapovanam Giri]] ||Reclusive yogī of Uttar Kashi.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110319002444/http://www.chinmayamission.com/swami-tapovan.php]
|[[Tapovan Maharaj|Swāmī Tapovanam Giri]] ||Reclusive yogī of Uttar Kashi.<ref group="web">{{cite web | url=http://www.chinmayamission.com/swami-tapovan.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319002444/http://www.chinmayamission.com/swami-tapovan.php | archive-date=19 March 2011 | title=Swami Tapovan Maharaj }}</ref>
|-
|[[Swami Tathagatananda|Swāmī Tathāgatānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Tejomayananda|Swami Tejomayananda Saraswati]]||Current Head of Chinmaya Mission Worldwide.
|[[Swami Tejomayananda|Swami Tejomayananda Saraswati]]||Current Head of Chinmaya Mission Worldwide.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Trigunatitananda|Swāmī Trigunatitānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Rāmakrsna.
|[[Swami Trigunatitananda|Swāmī Trigunatitānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Ramakrishna.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Turiyananda (Hari Maharaj)|Swāmī Turiyānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Rāmakrsna.
|[[Swami Turiyananda (Hari Maharaj)|Swāmī Turiyānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Ramakrishna.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Tyagananda|Swāmī Tyagānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk. Hindu chaplain of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].
|[[Swami Tyagananda|Swāmī Tyagānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk. Hindu chaplain of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].
|-
|-
|}
|}



===V===
===V===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Name
! width=25% | Name
! Notability
! Notability
|-
|-
|[[Vadiraja Tirtha|Swāmī Vadirāja Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita|Dvaitavādin]].
|[[Vadiraja Tirtha|Swāmī Vadirāja Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 20th Pīthādhipati of [[Sodhe]] Math.
|-
|-
|[[Vasudevanand Saraswati|Swāmī Vasudevānanda Sarasvatī]]||Wandering monk, spiritual teacher, author.
|[[Vasudevanand Saraswati|Swāmī Vasudevānanda Sarasvatī]]||Wandering monk, spiritual teacher, author.
|-
|[[Vedanidhi Tirtha|Swāmī Vedanidhi Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 17th Pīthādhipati of [[Uttaradi Math]].
|-
|-
|[[Swami Venkatesananda|Swāmī Venkateśānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of Śivānanda; founder of Sivananda Ashrams in South Africa and Mauritius.
|[[Swami Venkatesananda|Swāmī Venkateśānanda Sarasvatī]]||Disciple of Śivānanda; founder of Sivananda Ashrams in South Africa and Mauritius.
Line 606: Line 619:
|-
|-
|[[Vidyatmananda|Swāmī Vidyātmānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
|[[Vidyatmananda|Swāmī Vidyātmānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk.
|-
|[[Vidyadhisha Tirtha|Swāmī Vidyādhīśa Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin. 16th Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
|-
|-
|[[Vijayendra Saraswati Swamigal|Swāmī Vijayendra Sarasvatī]]||Disciple and designated successor of Jayendra Sarasvatī.
|[[Vijayendra Saraswati Swamigal|Swāmī Vijayendra Sarasvatī]]||Disciple and designated successor of Jayendra Sarasvatī.
|-
|-
|[[Vijayendra Tirtha|Swāmī Vijayendra Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita|Dvaitavādin]].
|[[Vijayendra Tirtha|Swāmī Vijayendra Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Vijnanananda|Swāmī Vijñānānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Rāmakrsna.
|[[Swami Vijnanananda|Swāmī Vijñānānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Ramakrishna.
|-
|-
|[[Vimalananda|Swāmī Vimalānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Vivekānanda.
|[[Vimalananda|Swāmī Vimalānanda Puri]]||Disciple of Vivekānanda.
Line 623: Line 638:
|[[Swami Vishnu Tirtha|Swāmī Vishnu Tīrtha]]||[[Siddhayoga]] teacher.
|[[Swami Vishnu Tirtha|Swāmī Vishnu Tīrtha]]||[[Siddhayoga]] teacher.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Vishnu-devananda|Swāmī Vishnudevānanda Sarasvatī]]||Yogī. Peace activist. Most famous disciple of [[Sivananda Saraswati|Svāmī Śivānanda Sarasvatī]] (the two of them are the most well-known members of the Sarasvati sub-order). Founder of the worldwide Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres. Authored ''[[The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga]]''. Airplane pilot.
|[[Swami Vishnu-devananda|Swāmī Vishnudevānanda Sarasvatī]]||Yogī. Peace activist. Most famous disciple of [[Sivananda Saraswati|Swāmī Śivānanda Sarasvatī]] (the two of them are the most well-known members of the Sarasvati sub-order). Founder of the worldwide Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres. Authored ''[[The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga]]''. Airplane pilot.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Vishuddhananda|Swāmī Vishuddhānanda Puri]]||President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
|[[Swami Vishuddhananda|Swāmī Vishuddhānanda Puri]]||President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Line 629: Line 644:
|[[Vishwadevanand Puri|Swāmī Vishwadevānanda Puri]]||Teacher of Advaita Vedānta.
|[[Vishwadevanand Puri|Swāmī Vishwadevānanda Puri]]||Teacher of Advaita Vedānta.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Vivekananda|Swāmī Vivekānanda Puri]]||Most famous of [[disciples of Ramakrishna]] (the two of them are the most well-known members of the Puri sub-order). Most famous figure at first [[Parliament of the World's Religions]] (Chicago, 1893). Organizer of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]]. One of the six disciples of Rāmakrsna who were regarded as iśvarakoti.
|[[Swami Vivekananda|Swāmī Vivekānanda Puri]]||Most famous of [[disciples of Ramakrishna]] (the two of them are the most well-known members of the Puri sub-order). Most famous figure at first [[Parliament of the World's Religions]] (Chicago, 1893). Organizer of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]]. One of the six disciples of Ramakrishna who were regarded as iśvarakoti.
|-
|-
|[[Vyasatirtha|Swāmī Vyāsa Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita|Dvaitavādin]].
|[[Vyasatirtha|Swāmī Vyāsa Tīrtha]]||[[Dvaita]]vādin.
|-
|-
|[[Vyasachala Mahadevendra Saraswati|Swāmī Vyāsachalamahādevendra Sarasvatī]]||Pīthādhipati of Kamakoti Math, [[Kanchipuram]].
|[[Vyasachala Mahadevendra Saraswati|Swāmī Vyāsachalamahādevendra Sarasvatī]]||Pīthādhipati of Kamakoti Math, [[Kanchipuram]].
Line 640: Line 655:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Name
! width=25% | Name
! Notability
! Notability
|-
|-
|[[Swami Yatiswarananda|Swāmī Yatīśwarānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk. Spiritual teacher and meditation instructor.
|[[Swami Yatiswarananda|Swāmī Yatīśwarānanda Puri]]||Ramakrishna monk. Spiritual teacher and meditation instructor.
|-
|-
|[[Paramahansa Yogananda|Swāmī Yogānanda Giri]]<ref>Known by honorific "Paramahansa."</ref>||Founder of [[Self-Realization Fellowship]]. Author of ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]''.
|[[Paramahansa Yogananda|Swāmī Yogānanda Giri]]||Disciple of Svāmī Śrīyukteśwara Giri. Founder of [[Self-Realization Fellowship]]. Author of ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]''. Known by honorific "Paramahansa."
|-
|-
|[[Swami Yogananda Giri|Swāmī Yogānanda Giri]]||Leading Hindu of Italy. Disciple of Gītānanda.
|[[Swami Yogananda Giri|Swāmī Yogānanda Giri]]||Leading Hindu of Italy. Disciple of Gītānanda.
|-
|-
|[[Swami Yogananda (Yogin Maharaj)|Swāmī Yogānanda Puri]]||One of the six disciples of Rāmakrsna who were regarded as iśvarakoti.
|[[Swami Yogananda (Yogin Maharaj)|Swāmī Yogānanda Puri]]||One of the six disciples of Ramakrishna who were regarded as iśvarakoti.
|-
|[[Swami Yogeshwarananda|Swāmī Yogeśwarānanda Sarasvatī]]||Himalayan Yogi and founder of [[Yoga Niketan Ashram]] in Rishikesh. Author of ''[[The Science of the Soul]]''. Known by honorific "Paramahamsa."
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}
{{reflist|group=note|30em}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Written references===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Web-references===
{{reflist|group=web}}


==Sources==
==Sources==
;Printed sources
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =McRae | first =John | year =2003 | title =Seeing Through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism | publisher =The University Press Group Ltd | ISBN =9780520237988}}
* {{Citation | last =Clark | first =Matthew | year =2006 | title =The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs. The Integration Of Ascetic Lineages Into An Order | publisher =BRILL}}
* {{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, 3rd Edition|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000 }}
* {{Citation | last =McRae | first =John | year =2003 | title =Seeing Through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism | publisher =The University Press Group Ltd | isbn =9780520237988}}
* {{Citation | last =Michaels | first =Axel | year =2004 | title =Hinduism. Past and present | place =Princeton, New Jersey | publisher =Princeton University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Michaels | first =Axel | year =2004 | title =Hinduism. Past and present | place =Princeton, New Jersey | publisher =Princeton University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Nakamura | first =Hajime | year =2004 | title =A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part Two | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited}}
* {{Citation | last =Nakamura | first =Hajime | year =2004 | title =A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part Two | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited}}
* {{cite book |last=Okita |first=Kiyokazu |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9X1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |title=Hindu Theology in Early Modern South Asia: The Rise of Devotionalism and the Politics of Genealogy |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198709268}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=White |editor-first=David Gordon |year=2000 |title=Tantra in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-05779-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yogananda|first=Paramhansa|date=1946 |chapter-url=https://www.crystalclarity.com/yogananda/chapter-24/ |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |chapter=Chapter 24: I Become a Monk of the Swami Order |via=www.CrystalClarity.com |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406174301/http://www.crystalclarity.com/yogananda/chapter-24/|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}

;Web-sources
{{reflist|group=web|refs=
<!-- "MonasticTradition" -->
<ref group=web name="MonasticTradition">{{Cite web |title=Sankara Acarya Biography: Monastic Tradition |date=25 December 2011 |url=http://sanskrit.org/monastic-tradition/ |access-date=24 August 2016 |archive-date=28 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828015906/http://sanskrit.org/monastic-tradition/ |url-status=live |website=Devasthananam}}</ref>
}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.sringeri.net/ Sringeri Math]
* [http://www.sringeri.net/ Sringeri Math]
* [http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/ad-today.html advaita-vedanta.org, ''Danasami Sampradya- The monastic tradition'']
* [http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/ad-today.html Advaita-vedanta.org, ''Danasami Sampradya – The monastic tradition'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120508091224/http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Shankara/shankar4.html Devasthanam, ''The Monastic Tradition'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120508091224/http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Shankara/shankar4.html Devasthanam, ''The Monastic Tradition'']


{{Hindudharma}}
{{Hindudharma}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasanami Sampradaya}}
[[Category:Hindu denominations]]
[[Category:Hindu denominations]]
[[Category:Hindu monasticism]]
[[Category:Hindu monasticism]]

Latest revision as of 08:22, 19 December 2024

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The Daśanāmi Sampradaya (IAST: Daśanāmī Saṃpradāya "Tradition of Ten Names"), also known as the Order of Swamis,[1] is a Hindu monastic tradition of "single-staff renunciation" (ēka daṇḍi saṃnyāsī)[2][3][4] Ēkadandis were already known during what is sometimes referred to as "Golden Age of Hinduism" (ca. 320-650 CE).[5] According to hagiographies composed in the 14th-17th century, the Daśanāmi Sampradaya was established by Vedic scholar and teacher Adi Shankaracharya (9th cent. CE), organizing a section of the Ekadandi monks under an umbrella grouping of ten names and the four cardinal mathas of the Advaita Vedanta tradition.[web 1] However, the association of the Dasanāmis with the Shankara maṭhas remained nominal.[web 1]


Ēkadaṇḍis

[edit]
Dandi Sanyasi, a Hindu ascetic, in Eastern Bengal in the 1860s
See also: Gupta rule and Gupta and Pallava period

Ēkadandis were already known during what is sometimes referred to as "Golden Age of Hinduism" (ca. 320-650 CE).[5] The Ēkadaṇḍis existed in the Tamil speaking area during the southern-Indian Pandyan dynasty (3rd century BCE - 16th century CE) and the Southern-Indian Pallava dynasty (2nd - 9th centuries CE). Being wandering monastics, they were not settled in the brahmadeyas or settlement areas for Brahmins. There existed tax free bhiksha-bogams for feeding the Ēkadaṇḍi ascetics in the ancient Tamil speaking territory.[6]

Ēkadaṇḍis and Tridandis were also active in Eastern India, and appear to have existed there during the Northern-Indian Gupta Empire (320 to 550 CE ).[7]

According to R. Tirumalai, "There appears to have been no sectarian segregation of the Shaiva (Ēkadaṇḍi) and Srivaishnava (Tridandi Sannyāsins)".[8]

Professor Kiyokazu Okita and Indologist B. N. K. Sharma says, Sannyasis in the lineage of Advaita of Adi Shankara and the Sannyasis in the lineage of Dvaita of Madhvacharya are all Ēkadaṇḍis.[9]

Establishment of the Dasanami Sampradaya

[edit]
(Vidyashankara temple) at Sringeri Sharada Peetham, Shringeri, Karnataka
See also: Sampradaya and Parampara

According to tradition, Adi Shankara (9th cent. CE) established the Dasanami Sampradaya. Shankara came to be presented as an incarnation of Shiva in the 14th century,[10][web 1] to facilitate the adoption of his teachings by previously Saiva-oriented mathas in the Vijayanagara Empire. From the 14th century onwards hagiographies were composed, in which he is portrayed as establishing the Daśanāmi Sampradaya,[11] organizing a section of the Ekadandi monks under an umbrella grouping of ten names.[web 1] Several other Hindu monastic and Ekadandi traditions remained outside the organisation of the Dasanāmis.[12][13][14]

According to these hagiographies, Adi Shankara organized the Hindu monastics of these ten sects or names under four maṭhas or monasteries, with headquarters at Dvārakā in the west, Jagannathadham Puri in the east, Sringeri in the south and Badrikashrama in the north.[web 1] Each maṭha was headed by one of his four main disciples, who each continued the Vedanta Sampradaya.

Monastics of these ten orders differ in part in their beliefs and practices, and a section of them is not considered to be restricted to specific changes made by Shankara. While the Dasanāmis associated with the Shankara maṭhas follow the procedures enumerated by Adi Śankara, some of these orders remained partly or fully independent in their belief and practices; and outside the official control of the Shankara maṭhas.

The association of the Dasanāmis with the Smarta tradition or Advaita Vedānta is not all-embracing. One example is the Kriyā Yoga tradition that considers itself eclectic (see: Eclecticism), with ancient[web 2] unchangeable beliefs, and outside the ambit of differences in the understanding of Vedanta. Other examples are the Tantric Avadhūta Sampradāyas and Ekadaṇḍi sannyāsa traditions outside the control of the Shankara maṭhas.[14] The Dasanāmis or Ēkadaṇḍis also founded, and continue to found or affiliate themselves with, maṭhas, ashrams and temples outside the control of the Shankara maṭhas.[web 2][web 3]

The Advaita Sampradāya is not a Shaiva sect,[web 1][15] despite the historical links with Shaivism:

Advaitins are non-sectarian, and they advocate worship of Siva and Visnu equally with that of the other deities of Hinduism, like Sakti, Ganapati and others.[web 1]

Nevertheless, contemporary Shankaracaryas have more influence among Saiva communities than among Vaisnava communities.[web 1] The greatest influence of the gurus of the Advaita tradition has been among followers of the Smartha tradition, who integrate the domestic Vedic ritual with devotional aspects of Hinduism.[web 1]

According to Nakamura, these maṭhas contributed to the influence of Shankara, which was "due to institutional factors".[16] The maṭhas which he built exist until today, and preserve the teachings and influence of Shankara, "while the writings of other scholars before him came to be forgotten with the passage of time".[17]

The table below gives an overview of the four Amnaya maṭhas founded by Adi Shankara, and their details.[web 4]

Shishya
(lineage) 		Direction Maṭha Mahāvākya Veda Sampradaya
Padmapāda East Govardhana Pīṭhaṃ Prajñānam brahma (Consciousness is Brahman) Rig Veda Bhogavala
Sureśvara South Sringeri Śārada Pīṭhaṃ Aham brahmāsmi (I am Brahman) Yajur Veda Bhūrivala
Hastāmalakācārya West Dvāraka Pīṭhaṃ Tattvamasi (That thou art) Sama Veda Kitavala
Toṭakācārya North Jyotirmaṭha Pīṭhaṃ Ayamātmā brahma (This Atman is Brahman) Atharva Veda Nandavala

Expansion of the Dasanāmi Sampradāya

[edit]

According to the tradition in Kerala, after Shankara's samādhi at Vadakkunnathan Temple, his disciples founded four maṭhas in Thrissur, namely Naduvil Madhom, Thekke Madhom, Idayil Madhom and Vadakke Madhom.

According to Pandey, the ēkadaṇḍis or Dasanāmis had established monasteries in India and Nepal in the 13th and 14th century.[web 5]

Naga Sadhus akharas

[edit]

Naga Sadhu performing ritual bath at Sangam during Prayagraj Ardh Kumbhmela 2007

In the 16th century, Madhusudana Saraswati of Bengal organised a section of the Naga (naked) tradition of armed sannyasis in order to protect Hindus from the tyranny of the Mughal rulers.

Warrior-ascetics could be found in Hinduism from at least the 1500s and as late as the 1700s,[18] although tradition attributes their creation to Sankaracharya.[web 6]

Some examples of Akhara currently are the Juna Akhara of the Dashanami Naga, Niranjani Akhara, Anand Akhara, Atal Akhara, Awahan Akhara, Agni Akhara and Nirmal Panchayati Akhara at Prayagraj.[web 7] Each akhara is divided into sub-branches and traditions. An example is the Dattatreya Akhara (Ujjain) of the naked sadhus of Juna Naga establishment.[web 8]

The naga sadhus generally remain in the ambit of non-violence presently, though some sections are also known to practice the sport of Indian wrestling. The Dasanāmi sannyāsins practice the Vedic and yogic Yama principles of ahimsā (non-violence), satya (truth), asteya (non-stealing), aparigraha (non-covetousness) and brahmacārya (celibacy / moderation).

The naga sadhus are prominent at Kumbh mela, where the order in which they enter the water is fixed by tradition. After the Juna akhara, the Niranjani and Mahanirvani Akhara proceed to their bath. Ramakrishna Math Sevashram are almost the last in the procession.[web 9]

Characteristics

[edit]

Parampara

[edit]

In the Indian religious and philosophical traditions, all knowledge is traced back to the gods and to the Rishis who primarily heard the Vedas by meditation.

The current Acaryas, the heads of the maṭhas, trace their authority back to the four main disciples of Shankara,[web 10] and each of the heads of these four maṭhas takes the title of Shankaracharya ("the learned Shankara") after Adi Shankara.[citation needed]

The Advaita guru-paramparā (Lineage of Gurus in Non-dualism) begins with the mythological time of the Daiva-paramparā, followed by the vedic seers of the Ṛṣi-paramparā, and the Mānava-paramparā of historical times and personalities:[web 10][note 1]

Daiva-paramparā
Ṛṣi-paramparā
Mānava-paramparā

Ten Names

[edit]

Hindus who enter sannyāsa in the ēkadaṇḍi tradition take up one of the ten names associated with this Sampradaya: Giri, Puri, Bhāratī, Vana/Ban, Āraṇya, Sagara, Āśrama, Sarasvatī, Tīrtha, and Parvata.[web 12][web 1] Sanyasis of Advaita Vedanta and Dvaita Vedanta belong to ēkadaṇḍi tradition.[20]

One thing to be noted, the surname "Natha" is not given to dashnami sanyasis, this title is given to Natha Yogis who take sanyasa under the tradition of Natha Shaivism, which, is very close to the Siddhanta of Advaita Vedanta's monism.

Swami's

[edit]

A swami, as the monk is called, is a renunciate who seeks to achieve spiritual union with the swa (Self). In formally renouncing the world, he or she generally wears ochre, saffron or orange-colored robes as a symbol of non-attachment to worldly desires, and may choose to roam independently or join an ashram or other spiritual organizations, typically in an ideal of selfless service.[1] Upon initiation, which can only be done by another existing Swami, the renunciate receives a new name (usually ending in ananda, meaning 'supreme bliss') and takes a title which formalizes his connection with one of the ten subdivisions of the Swami Order. A swami's name has a dual significance, representing the attainment of supreme bliss through some divine quality or state (i.e. love, wisdom, service, yoga), and through a harmony with the infinite vastness of nature, expressed in one of the ten subdivision names: Giri (mountain), Puri (tract), Bhāratī (land), Vana (forest), Āraṇya (forest), Sagara (sea), Āśrama (spiritual exertion), Sarasvatī (wisdom of nature), Tīrtha (place of pilgrimage), and Parvata (mountain). A swami is not necessarily a yogi, although many swamis can and do practice yoga as a means of spiritual liberation; experienced swamis may also take disciples.[1]

Single-staff renunciates are distinct in their practices from Shaiva trishuladhari or "trident-wielding renunciates" and Vaishnava traditions of Tridandi sannyāsis.[21][note 3][note 4]

Standardised List of Dasanāmīs in Wikipedia

[edit]

This section enumerates, in standardised manner, members of the Dasanāmī Order with articles in Wikipedia, listing each under his formal title and name, without the use of the honorifics[note 5] used by devotees and disciples. The word "Swāmī" here is not an honorific. It is the title of an initiated member of the Dasanāmī Order. Entries are listed in standard form: TITLE (Swāmī) + PERSONAL NAME + SUB-ORDER NAME. A few entries have the additional title (not honorific) of "Jagadguru Śankarācārya" which designates either one of the four supreme leaders of the order (somewhat similar to the position of Pope in Catholic Christianity). "Mahanta" is an administrative title designating an organizational position or office assigned to certain persons.

A

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Abhayānanda Puri French American initiate of Vivekānanda.
Swāmī Abhedānanda Puri Disciple of Ramakrishna.[web 13]
Swāmī Abhinavavidyā Tīrtha Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
Swāmī Achalānanda Puri Disciple of Vivekānanda.
Swāmī Achyutananda Sarasvatī Gaudiya Vaisnava teacher.
Swāmī Adbhutānanda Puri Disciple of Ramakrishna.
Swāmī Adidevānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Advaitānanda Puri Disciple of Ramakrishna.
Swāmī Agehānanda Bhāratī Austrian American intellectual and expert on Indian languages and phonology.[web 14][web 15][web 16]
Swāmī Agnivesha Sarasvatī Social activist, well known for his protest against bonded labor.[web 17]
Swāmī Akhandānanda Puri Disciple of Ramakrishna.
Swāmī Akhilānanda Puri Founder of Vedanta Society of Providence and Ramakrishna Vedanta Society of Boston.
Swāmī Akshobhya Tīrtha Dvaitavādin.
Swāmī Ānanda Tīrtha Preceptor of Dvaita.
Swāmī Ānandānanda Puri Gandhian activist.
Swāmī Ashokānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Atmabodhendra Sarasvatī Pīthādhipati of Kamakoti Math, Kanchipuram.
Swāmī Ātmājñānānanda Puri American Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Ātmasthānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.

B

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Bhāratī Tīrtha Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
Swāmī Bhāratīkrsna Tīrtha Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Puri and scholar of Indian mathematics. First Śankarācārya to visit the West. Authored Vedic Mathematics.
Swāmī Bhaskarānanda Sarasvatī Scholar and anchorite of Benāres.
Swāmī Bhūmānanda Tīrtha Social reformer. Teacher of Bhagavad Gita and Bhagavata Purana.
Swāmī Bhuteshānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Bodhendra Sarasvatī Pīthādhipati of Kamakoti Math, Kanchipuram.
Swāmī Brahmānanda Sarasvatī Highly respected Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Jyotirmāyā Pītha, Badrināth.

C

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Candrasekhara Bhāratī Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
Swāmī Chandrasekharendra Sarasvatī Pīthādhipati of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham, Kanchipuram. Featured in Paul Brunton's A Search in Secret India.
Swāmī Chidānanda Sarasvatī Disciple of Swāmī Śivānanda Sarasvatī. President of Divine Life Society. Interfaith advocate and friend of Thích Nhất Hạnh.
Swāmī Chidānanda Sarasvatī Founder of temples in Australia, Canada, Europe, and the USA.
Swāmī Chidvilasānanda Sarasvatī Disciple and designated successor of Muktānanda. Sister of Nityānanda.[web 18]
Swāmī Chinmāyānanda Sarasvatī Hindu missionary. Disciple of Swāmī Śivānanda Sarasvatī and Swāmī Tapovanam Giri. Founder of Chinmaya Mission.[web 19]

D

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Dayānanda Sarasvatī Socio-religious reformer. Founder of the Arya Samaj.
Swāmī Dayānanda Sarasvatī Vedānt ācārya. Founder of Arsha Vidya Gurukulam.[web 20]
Swāmī Dhanarāja Giri Advaita Vedānta ācārya. Founder of the highly-prestigious Kailash Ashram, Rishikesh.

G

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Gahanānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Gambhirānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Ganapati Sarasvatī Long-lived yogī of Benāres.[web 21][web 22]
Swāmī Ganeshānanda Sarasvatī Yoga teacher. Pupil and sannyās initiate of Swāmī Śivānanda Sarasvatī. Pupil of Swāmī Suraj Giri.
Swāmī Gangadharendra Sarasvatī Teacher of Advaita Vedānta.
Swāmī Ghanānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk who was active in Europe.
Swāmī Ghanānanda Sarasvatī Ghanaian disciple of Swāmī Krishnānanda Sarasvatī. Possibly the first Black African convert to Hinduism.
Swāmī Gītānanda Giri Indian Canadian physician. Yoga teacher; Mahanta of the Brighu Order; "Lion of Pondicherry".
Swāmī Gñānānanda Giri Long-lived yogī. Guru of French Catholic monastic Abhishiktānanda.

H

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Haridāsa Giri Disciple of Swāmī Gñānānanda Giri.
Swāmī Hariharānanda Āranya Noted Samkhya Yogī
Swāmī Hariharānanda Giri Kriyā Yoga teacher. Pupil of Śrījukteśvara, Bhupendranāth Sanyal, Yogānanda, Satyānanda, and Bijoy Krishna.[web 23]
Swāmī Hariharānanda Sarasvatī Respected Vedānt ācārya. Disciple of Swāmī Brahmānanda Sarasvatī. Met Yogānanda at the Kumbh Mela.

I

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Isvara Puri Dvaitavādin.

J

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Janakānanda Sarasvatī Danish disciple of Swāmī Satyānanda Sarasvatī; founder of Skandinavisk Yoga och Meditationsskola.
Swāmī Jaya Tīrtha Dvaitavādin.
Swāmī Jaya Tīrtha Dvaitavādin.
Swāmī Jayendra Sarasvatī Disciple of Swāmī Chandrasekharendra Sarasvatī. Pīthādhipati of Kamakoti Math, Kanchipuram.
Swāmī Jītātmānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.

K

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Kalyanānanda Puri Disciple of Vivekānanda.
Swāmī Kesavānanda Bhāratī Mahānta/Pīthādhipati of Edneer Math, Kasaragod district, Kerala.
Swāmī Kesavānanda Tīrtha Yogī of Vrindāban.
Swāmī Kirtidānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Krishnānanda Sarasvatī Disciple of Śivānanda; General Secretary of Divine Life Society, 1963–2001.[web 24][web 25]
Swāmī Kriyānanda Giri American disciple of Yogānanda. Founder of Ananda World Brotherhood Colonies.
Swāmī Kṛṣṇacaitanya Bhāratī Vaisnava scholar and teacher. Foremost historical figure of Bangla Vaisnavism. Regarded as an avatār and called "Caitanya Mahaprabhu" by devotees.[web 26]

L

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Laksmanānanda Sarasvatī Humanitarian social relief worker of Orissa. Assassinated by suspected Christian Maoists.
Swāmī Laksmīnārāyana Tīrtha Dvaitavādin.

M

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Madhavānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Madhavendra Puri Dvaitavādin. Disciple of Lakshmipati Tirtha.
Swāmī Madhusūdana Sarasvatī Teacher of Advaita Vedānta.
Swāmī Mahādevendra Sarasvatī Pīthādhipati of Kamakoti Math, Kanchipuram.
Swāminī Māyātitānanda Sarasvatī Ayurveda teacher.
Swāmī Muktānanda Sarasvatī Meditation teacher. Founded the SYDA (Siddha Yoga Dham) organization, with several ashrams and centers. Author.

N

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Narahari Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. Disciple of Swāmī Ānanda Tīrtha.
Swāmī Nārāyanānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk. Rāja yoga teacher in Denmark.
Swāmī Nigamānanda Sarasvatī Bhakta, gyānī, yogī, tantrika of Eastern India.
Swāmī Nikhilānanda Puri Ramakrishna monastic; Vedānta teacher in the USA.
Swāmī Nirañjanānanda Puri One of the six disciples of Ramakrishna who were regarded as iśvarakoti.[web 27]
Swāmī Nirañjanānanda Sarasvatī Disciple of Satyānanda; head of Bihar School of Yoga.[web 28]
Swāmī Nirmalānanda Puri Disciple of Ramakrishna.
Swāmī Nischayānanda Puri Disciple of Vivekānanda.
Swāmī Nrsimha Sarasvatī Sage of Mahārāshtra. Regarded as an incarnation of the legendary sage Dattātreya.

O

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Omānanda Puri Irish violinist, singer, Theosophist, writer, poet, esoteric teacher and authority on Indian music.
Swāmī Omānanda Sarasvatī Educator.

P

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Padmanabha Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. Disciple of Swāmī Ānanda Tīrtha.
Swāmī Paramānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk. Vedānta teacher in the USA.
Swāmī Prabhavānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk. Vedānta teacher in the USA.
Swāmī Prakāshānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk; Vedānta teacher in the USA.
Swāmī Prakāshānanda Sarasvatī Rādhā-Krsna devotee, convict and fugitive in the USA. Disciple of Rādhā-Krsna bhakta Kripālu "Mahārāj."
Swāmī Prakāshānanda Sarasvatī Hindu teacher in Trinidad.
Swāmī Prameyānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swami Pranavānanda Giri Founder of Bharat Sevashram Sangha.
Swāmī Pranavānanda Sarasvatī Disciple of Śivānanda; Yoga-Vedānta teacher, Divine Life Society, Malaysia.
Swāmī Premānanda Puri One of the six disciples of Ramakrishna who were regarded as iśvarakoti.
Swāmī Purana Puri An 18th century Indian ascetic monk and traveller who visited many places including Sri Lanka, Moscow, Yemen & Tibet.
Swāmī Purnaprajñā Tīrtha Founder and Preceptor of Dvaitavāda.
Swāmī Purushottamānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.

R

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Raghavendra Tīrtha Dvaitavādin and Pīthādhipati.
Swāmī Raghaveshwara Bhāratī Advaita Vedāntin. 36th Jagadguru of Sri Ramachandrapura Math, Hosanagara, Shimoga, Karnātaka.
Swāmī Raghuttama Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 14th Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
Swāmī Rāma Bhāratī Yogī; founder of Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy, Honesdale, Pennsylvania.
Swāmī Rāma Tīrtha Teacher of "Practical Vedanta".
Swāmī Rāmakrishnānanda Puri Disciple of Ramakrishna.
Swāmī Ramakrishna Puri Temple priest, ascetic, mystic of Bengal. Regarded as an avatār (a "descent" or physical incarnation of God) by devotees.
Swāmī Rāmānanda Tīrtha Activist in Hyderābād.
Swāmī Ranganāthānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission and a great Vedantin.
Swāmī Rudrānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk in Fiji.
Swāmī Rudrānanda Sarasvatī American spiritual teacher.

S

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Saccidānanda Bhāratī Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
Swāmī Saccidānandaśivābhinavanrsiṃha Bhāratī Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
Swāmī Sadānanda Puri Disciple of Vivekānanda.
Swāmī Sadaśivendra Sarasvatī Scholar, yogī-siddha, poet, avadhūta; mentioned in Yogānanda's Autobiography of a Yogi.
Swāmī Sahajānanda Sarasvatī Indian nationalist.
Swāmī Sahajānanda Sarasvatī South African spiritual teacher. Disciple of Śivānanda.
Swāmī Samarpanānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Samyamindra Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 21st Mathadhipati of Kashi Math.
Swāmī Śaradānanda Puri Disciple of Ramakrishna. Author of the Śrī Śrī Ramakrishna Līlaprasanga, the lead biography of Ramakrishna.
Swāmī Sarvapriyānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk. Resident of Vedanta Society of New York.
Swāmī Satchidānanda Sarasvatī Yoga teacher. Disciple of Śivānanda. Founder of Sivananda Ashram (Sri Lanka) and Satchidananda Ashrams (USA).
Swāmī Satcidānandendra Sarasvatī Vedānt ācārya.
Swāmī Satyābhinava Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 21st Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
Swāmī Satyabodha Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 25th Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
Swāmī Satyadharma Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 28th Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
Swāmī Satyadhyāna Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 38th Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
Swāmī Satyajñāna Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 37th Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
Swāmī Satyamitrānanda Giri Founder of Bharat Mata Mandir, a temple in Haridwar.
Swāmī Satyānanda Giri Kriyā Yoga teacher. Disciple of Śrījukteśvara.
Swāmī Satyānanda Sarasvatī Disciple of Śivānanda; founder of Bihar School of Yoga.
Swāmī Satyanātha Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 20th Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
Swāmī Satyanidhi Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 19th Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
Swāmī Satyapramoda Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 41st Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
Swāmī Satyapriya Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 24th Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
Swāmī Satyātmā Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 42nd Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
Swāmī Satyavara Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 27th Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
Swāmī Satyavijaya Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 23rd Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
Swāmī Shambhavānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Shankarānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Shankarānanda Sarasvatī American disciple of Muktānanda.
Swāmī Shantānanda Sarasvatī Disciple of Śivānanda. Spiritual guide in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Swāmī Shivānanda Puri Disciple of Ramakrishna and 2nd President of the Ramakrishna Order.[web 29]
Swāmī Shivom Tīrtha Siddhayoga teacher.
Swāmī Shraddhānanda Sarasvatī Hindu social activist. Assassinated by a Muslim.
Swāmī Shuddhānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Śivānanda Sarasvatī Founded Divine Life Society and Yoga-Vedanta Forest Academy, Rishikesh; authored 200 books.
Swāmī Śivānanda Rādhā Sarasvatī Canadian yoga teacher. Disciple of Śivānanda.
Swāmī Smaranānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk. President of the Ramakrishna Order.[web 30]
Swāmī Śrījukteśvara Giri Kriyā Yoga adept. Astrologer. Disciple of Shyāmacharan Lahirī. Guru of Yogānanda.
Swāmī Subodhānanda Puri Disciple of Ramakrishna.
Swāmī Sudhindra Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 20th Mathadhipati of Kashi Math.
Swāmī Sukhabodhānanda Sarasvatī Teacher of scripture.
Swāmī Sukrathindra Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 19th Mathadhipati of Kashi Math.
Swāmī Swahānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Swarūpānanda Puri Disciple of Vivekānanda.
Swāmī Swarūpānanda Sarasvatī Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Jyotirmāyā and Dwarka Pītha.
Swāmī Swarūpānandendra Sarasvatī Founder of Visakha Sri Sarada Pitha.

T

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Tapasyānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Tapovanam Giri Reclusive yogī of Uttar Kashi.[web 31]
Swāmī Tathāgatānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swami Tejomayananda Saraswati Current Head of Chinmaya Mission Worldwide.
Swāmī Trigunatitānanda Puri Disciple of Ramakrishna.
Swāmī Turiyānanda Puri Disciple of Ramakrishna.
Swāmī Tyagānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk. Hindu chaplain of Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

V

[edit]
Name Notability
Swāmī Vadirāja Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 20th Pīthādhipati of Sodhe Math.
Swāmī Vasudevānanda Sarasvatī Wandering monk, spiritual teacher, author.
Swāmī Vedanidhi Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 17th Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
Swāmī Venkateśānanda Sarasvatī Disciple of Śivānanda; founder of Sivananda Ashrams in South Africa and Mauritius.
Swāmī Vidyānāthānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk and mathematician.
Swāmī Vidyāranya Tīrtha Jagadguru Śankarācārya of Śrngeri.
Swāmī Vidyātmānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk.
Swāmī Vidyādhīśa Tīrtha Dvaitavādin. 16th Pīthādhipati of Uttaradi Math.
Swāmī Vijayendra Sarasvatī Disciple and designated successor of Jayendra Sarasvatī.
Swāmī Vijayendra Tīrtha Dvaitavādin.
Swāmī Vijñānānanda Puri Disciple of Ramakrishna.
Swāmī Vimalānanda Puri Disciple of Vivekānanda.
Swāmī Vipulānanda Puri Srī Lankān Ramakrishna monastic and Hindu revivalist.
Swāmī Virajānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Vireshwarānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Vishnu Tīrtha Siddhayoga teacher.
Swāmī Vishnudevānanda Sarasvatī Yogī. Peace activist. Most famous disciple of Swāmī Śivānanda Sarasvatī (the two of them are the most well-known members of the Sarasvati sub-order). Founder of the worldwide Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres. Authored The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga. Airplane pilot.
Swāmī Vishuddhānanda Puri President of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Swāmī Vishwadevānanda Puri Teacher of Advaita Vedānta.
Swāmī Vivekānanda Puri Most famous of disciples of Ramakrishna (the two of them are the most well-known members of the Puri sub-order). Most famous figure at first Parliament of the World's Religions (Chicago, 1893). Organizer of the Ramakrishna Mission. One of the six disciples of Ramakrishna who were regarded as iśvarakoti.
Swāmī Vyāsa Tīrtha Dvaitavādin.
Swāmī Vyāsachalamahādevendra Sarasvatī Pīthādhipati of Kamakoti Math, Kanchipuram.

Y

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Name Notability
Swāmī Yatīśwarānanda Puri Ramakrishna monk. Spiritual teacher and meditation instructor.
Swāmī Yogānanda Giri Disciple of Svāmī Śrīyukteśwara Giri. Founder of Self-Realization Fellowship. Author of Autobiography of a Yogi. Known by honorific "Paramahansa."
Swāmī Yogānanda Giri Leading Hindu of Italy. Disciple of Gītānanda.
Swāmī Yogānanda Puri One of the six disciples of Ramakrishna who were regarded as iśvarakoti.
Swāmī Yogeśwarānanda Sarasvatī Himalayan Yogi and founder of Yoga Niketan Ashram in Rishikesh. Author of The Science of the Soul. Known by honorific "Paramahamsa."

Notes

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  1. ^ The following Sanskrit Verse among Smarthas provides the list of the early teachers of the Vedanta in their order:[web 11][19] "नारायणं पद्मभुवं वशिष्ठं शक्तिं च तत्पुत्रं पराशरं च व्यासं शुकं गौडपादं महान्तं गोविन्दयोगीन्द्रं अथास्य शिष्यम्
    श्री शंकराचार्यं अथास्य पद्मपादं च हस्तामलकं च शिष्यम् तं तोटकं वार्त्तिककारमन्यान् अस्मद् गुरून् सन्ततमानतोऽस्मि
    अद्वैत गुरु परंपरा स्तोत्रम्"
    "nārāyanam padmabhuvam vasishtam saktim ca tat-putram parāśaram ca
    vyāsam śukam gauḍapāda mahāntam govinda yogīndram athāsya śiṣyam
    śri śankarācāryam athāsya padmapādam ca hastāmalakam ca śiṣyam
    tam trotakam vārtikakāram-anyān asmad gurūn santatamānato’smi
    Advaita-Guru-Paramparā-Stotram",
    The above advaita guru paramparā verse salute the prominent gurus of advaita, starting from Nārāyaṇa through Adi Sankara and his disciples, up to the Acharyas of today.
  2. ^ the famous redactor of the vedas, he is also traditionally identified with Bādarāyaṇa, the composer of the Brahmasūtras
  3. ^ The Tridandi sannyāsins wear the sacred thread after renunciation, while Ekadandi sannyāsins do not.
  4. ^ Ek means "one", ekadandi means "of single staff", tridandi means "of three staffs".
  5. ^ e.g.: śrī and variations thereof, jī and variations thereof, swāmījī, mahātma, mahārsi, mahāyogī, mahāsaya, mahārāj, mahārājjī, paramahamsa, prabhu, prabhujī, mahāprabhu, gurudev, gurujī, guru mahārāj jī, sāheb, sāhebjī, bābā, bābājī, mā, māta, mātajī, bhagvan, prabhupāda, bhaktipāda.

References

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  1. ^ a b c Yogananda 1946, p. 218.
  2. ^ Journal of the Oriental Institute (pp 301), by Oriental Institute (Vadodara, India).[full citation needed]
  3. ^ Govind Sadashiv Ghurye, Indian Sadhus.[full citation needed]
  4. ^ Lalit Kishore Lal Srivastava, Advaitic Concept of Jīvanmukti.[full citation needed]
  5. ^ a b Michaels 2004, pp. 40–41.
  6. ^ Shanmuga Velayutham Subramanian, Heritage of the Tamils: temple arts, p. 154.[full citation needed]
  7. ^ Bhagwati Charan Verma, Socio-religious, Economic, Literary Condition of Bihar.[full citation needed]
  8. ^ R. Tirumalai, The Pandyan Townships: The Pandyan townships, their organisation and functioning.[full citation needed]
  9. ^ Okita 2014, p. 48.
  10. ^ Clark 2006, pp. 218, 220, 224.
  11. ^ Clark 2006, pp. 224–225.
  12. ^ Karigoudar Ishwaran, Ascetic Culture.[full citation needed]
  13. ^ Wendy Sinclair-Brull, Female Ascetics.[full citation needed]
  14. ^ a b Rose, H.A.; Ibbetson, Denzil; Maclagan, Edward. Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province. p. 857.[full citation needed]
  15. ^ Nakamura 2004, pp. 782–783.
  16. ^ Nakamura 2004, p. 680.
  17. ^ Nakamura 2004, pp. 680–681.
  18. ^ Dasnami Sannyasis: History of Hindu monachism (PDF), Sir Jadunath Sarkar, Sri Panchayati Akhara Mahanirvani, Allahabad, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  19. ^ Shri Gowdapadacharya & Shri Kavale Math (A Commemoration volume). p. 38.[full citation needed]
  20. ^ Sharma 2000, p. 525.
  21. ^ A. C. Bhaktivedānta Swāmi, Śrīmad Bhāgavatam.[full citation needed]

Sources

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Printed sources
  • Clark, Matthew (2006), The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs. The Integration Of Ascetic Lineages Into An Order, BRILL
  • Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti (2000). A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, 3rd Edition. Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint). ISBN 978-8120815759.
  • McRae, John (2003), Seeing Through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism, The University Press Group Ltd, ISBN 9780520237988
  • Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
  • Nakamura, Hajime (2004), A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part Two, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
  • Okita, Kiyokazu (2014). Hindu Theology in Early Modern South Asia: The Rise of Devotionalism and the Politics of Genealogy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198709268.
  • White, David Gordon, ed. (2000). Tantra in Practice. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05779-8.
  • Yogananda, Paramhansa (1946). "Chapter 24: I Become a Monk of the Swami Order". Autobiography of a Yogi. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019 – via www.CrystalClarity.com.
Web-sources
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Sankara Acarya Biography: Monastic Tradition". Devasthananam. 25 December 2011. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  2. ^ a b "Kalyanagiri". Archived from the original on 8 June 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
  3. ^ "Prajnana Mission". Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  4. ^ "Adi Shankara's four Amnaya Peethams". Archived from the original on 26 June 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  5. ^ "The maṭhas of Dasanami Sanyasis of Lalitpur, Kathmandu Valley". Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  6. ^ Gautam Siddharth (15 January 2013). "Nagas: Once were warriors". Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
  7. ^ "Prem Panicker, Where did the Akharas come from?". Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
  8. ^ "Kumbh Melas in Haridwar and Ujjain". divinerevelation.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
  9. ^ Nandita Sengupta (13 February 2010). "Naga sadhus steal the show at Kumbh". Times of India.
  10. ^ a b "The Advaita Parampara". Advaita-vedanta.org. 5 May 1999. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  11. ^ "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ABOUT SANKARA AND GAUDAPAD". AshramVidyaOrder. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  12. ^ "The Dashanami Sampradaya – the Monastic Tradition". Advaita-vedanta.org. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2006.
  13. ^ "Abhedananda".
  14. ^ "BHARATI, Agehananda (Leopold Fischer) – Persons of Indian Studies by Prof. Dr. Klaus Karttunen". 6 February 2017.
  15. ^ "Agehananda Bharati Papers an inventory of his papers at the Syracuse University Archives".
  16. ^ "Ralph Dumain: "The Autodidact Project": Quotes: Swami Agehananda Bharati on Hindu Fascism & Western Infatuation".
  17. ^ "Swami Agnivesh". swamiagnivesh.com.
  18. ^ "The Guru - Gurumayi Chidvilasananda".
  19. ^ "Swami Chinmayananda |".
  20. ^ [1]
  21. ^ [2]
  22. ^ Saraswati, Paramanand (3 June 2014). Trailanga Swami and Shankari Mataji. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1499166583.
  23. ^ "Our Lineage - Paramahamsa Hariharananda - Kriya Yoga International".
  24. ^ "About Swami Krishnananda".
  25. ^ "EBooks on Yoga, Meditation and Spiritual Practice by Swami Krishnananda".
  26. ^ "Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486–1534)".
  27. ^ [3]
  28. ^ [4]
  29. ^ "Mahapurush Maharaj: Swami Shivananda | Vedanta Society of Southern California". May 2009.
  30. ^ "The President of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission".
  31. ^ "Swami Tapovan Maharaj". Archived from the original on 19 March 2011.
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