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Coordinates: 34°00′N 36°30′E / 34°N 36.5°E / 34; 36.5
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{{short description|Mountain range in Syria and Lebanon}}
{{short description|Mountain range in Syria and Lebanon}}
{{Infobox mountain
{{Infobox mountain
|name = Anti-Lebanon Mountains
| name = Anti-Lebanon mountains
|photo = Hermonsnow.jpg
| photo = Hermonsnow.jpg
|photo_caption = [[Mount Hermon]], highest point in the Anti-Lebanon range, looking north from [[Mount Bental]]
| photo_caption = [[Mount Hermon]], the highest point in the Anti-Lebanon range, looking north from [[Mount Bental]]
|map_caption = Satellite image of [[Lebanon]]. The snow-covered areas nearer the coast are the [[Mount Lebanon|Mount Lebanon range]] and the snow-covered areas further inland are the Anti-Lebanon mountain range.
| map_caption = Satellite image of [[Lebanon]]. The snow-covered areas nearer the coast are the [[Mount Lebanon|Mount Lebanon range]] and the snow-covered areas further inland are the Anti-Lebanon mountain range.
|location = [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Golan Heights]] (controlled by Israel)
| location = [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]]
|elevation_m = 2814
| elevation_m = 2814
|other_name = جبال لبنان الشرقية|highest=[[Mount Hermon]]
| other_name = جبال لبنان الشرقية
| highest = [[Mount Hermon]]
|map_image = Satellite image of Lebanon in March 2002.jpg
| map_image = Satellite image of Lebanon in March 2002.jpg
|length_km = 150
| length_km = 150
|range_coordinates= {{Coord|34|N|36.5|E|region:SY|display=inline,title}}}}
| range_coordinates = {{Coord|34|N|36.5|E|region:SY|display=inline,title}}
}}


The '''Anti-Lebanon Mountains''' ({{lang-ar|جبال لبنان الشرقية|Jibāl Lubnān ash-Sharqiyyah|Eastern Mountains of Lebanon}}; [[Lebanese Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|جبال الشرقية}}, {{transl|ar|Jbel esh-Shar'iyyeh}}, "Eastern Mountains"; {{lang-he|מול הלבנון}}) are a southwest-northeast-trending [[mountain range]] that forms most of the [[Lebanon–Syria border|border between Syria and Lebanon]]. The border is largely defined along the crest of the range. Most of the range lies in [[Syria]].
The '''Anti-Lebanon mountains''' ({{langx|ar|جبال لبنان الشرقية|Jibāl Lubnān ash-Sharqiyyah|eastern mountains of Lebanon}}) are a southwest–northeast-trending, c. {{convert|150|km|0|abbr=off}} long [[mountain range]] that forms most of the [[Lebanon–Syria border|border between Syria and Lebanon]]. The border is largely defined along the crest of the range. Most of the range lies in [[Syria]].


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
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==Geology==
==Geology==
The Anti-Lebanon range is approximately {{convert|150|km|0|abbr=off}} in length. To the south, the range adjoins the lower-laying Golan Heights plateau, but includes the highest peaks, namely [[Mount Hermon]] (''Jabal el-Shaykh'', in Arabic), at 2,814 metres, and Ta'la't Musa, at 2,669 metres. These peaks, on the [[Lebanese-Syrian border]], are snow-covered for much of the year.
The Anti-Lebanon range is approximately {{convert|150|km|0|abbr=off}} in length. To the south, the range adjoins the lower-lying [[Golan Heights]] plateau, but includes the highest peaks, namely [[Mount Hermon]] (''Jabal el-Shaykh'', in Arabic), at 2,814 metres, and Ta'la't Musa, at 2,669 metres. These peaks, on the [[Lebanese-Syrian border]], are snow-covered for much of the year.


Anti-Lebanon mountains are an [[anticline]]. Their predominant rocks are [[limestone]] and [[chalk]] from the [[Jurassic]] period.
Anti-Lebanon mountains are an [[anticline]]. Their predominant rocks are [[limestone]] and [[chalk]] from the [[Jurassic]] period.


==Geography==
==Geography==
To the north, they extend to almost the latitude of the Syrian city of [[Homs]]. The mountains end in the south with [[Mount Hermon]], which borders on the [[Golan Heights]]; the Golan Heights are a different [[Geology|geological]] and [[Geomorphology|geomorphological]] entity, but [[Geopolitics|geopolitically]] they are often regarded together with the southern slopes of Mount Hermon, both being part of the Israeli-controlled Golan region. To the west of the Anti-Lebanon lie valleys that separate it from Mount Lebanon in central [[Lebanon]]: [[Beqaa Valley]] in the north and the [[Hasbani River]] valley in the south. To the east, in Syria, lies the [[Geography of Syria#Eastern plateau|Eastern Plateau]], location of the city of [[Damascus]].
To the north, they extend to almost the latitude of the Syrian city of [[Homs]]. The mountains end in the south with [[Mount Hermon]], which borders on the [[Golan Heights]]; the Golan Heights are a different [[Geology|geological]] and [[Geomorphology|geomorphological]] entity, but [[Geopolitics|geopolitically]] they are often regarded together with the southern slopes of Mount Hermon, both being part of [[Israel]]. To the west of the Anti-Lebanon lie valleys that separate it from Mount Lebanon in central [[Lebanon]]: [[Beqaa Valley]] in the north and the [[Hasbani River]] valley in the south. To the east, in Syria, lies the [[Geography of Syria#Eastern plateau|Eastern Plateau]], location of the city of [[Damascus]].


The mountains provide a [[rain shadow]] to the region on their east, such as [[Beqaa Valley]] and even the [[Syrian Desert]], which fall on the [[leeward]] side of the mountains.
The mountains provide a [[rain shadow]] to the region on their east on their leeward side, such as the [[Syrian Desert]].


An important smuggling route between Lebanon and Syria passes through the Anti-Lebanon Mountains.<ref name="menace">{{Cite news |url= http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-hezbollah-20170731-story.html |title= Lebanon's Hezbollah group insists: We're not the 'menace' Trump says we are |last= Bulos |first= Nabih |date= 2017-07-31 |work= Los Angeles Times |access-date= 2017-09-23 |language= en-US |issn= 0458-3035}}</ref>
An important smuggling route between Lebanon and Syria passes through the Anti-Lebanon mountains.<ref name="menace">{{Cite news |url= http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-hezbollah-20170731-story.html |title= Lebanon's Hezbollah group insists: We're not the 'menace' Trump says we are |last= Bulos |first= Nabih |date= 2017-07-31 |work= Los Angeles Times |access-date= 2017-09-23 |language= en-US |issn= 0458-3035}}</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
The area is known for its apricot and cherry trees as well as its stone quarries.<ref name="menace"/> In the mountains, [[amygdalus]] and [[pistachio]] bushes thrive. On the west side small-scale [[deciduous]] forests and isolated [[Temperate coniferous forest|dry coniferous forest]]s with Cilician firs ([[Abies cilicica]]), Lebanon cedars ([[Cedrus libani]]) and Greek juniper ([[Juniperus excelsa]]). Subalpine and alpine plant communities occur over 2500 metres. The grazing by sheep and goats, has led to an increased erosion of the remaining forests and to a substantial deterioration of soil and vegetation. The predominant form of economy is extensive nomadic grazing.
The area is known for its apricot and cherry trees as well as its stone quarries.<ref name="menace"/> In the mountains, [[amygdalus]] and [[pistachio]] bushes thrive. On the west side are small-scale [[deciduous]] forests and isolated [[Temperate coniferous forest|dry coniferous forest]]s with Cilician firs (''[[Abies cilicica]]''), Lebanon cedars (''[[Cedrus libani]]'') and Greek juniper (''[[Juniperus excelsa]]''). Subalpine and alpine plant communities occur over 2,500 metres. The grazing by sheep and goats has led to increased erosion of the remaining forests and substantial deterioration of soil and vegetation. The predominant form of economy is extensive nomadic grazing.


There are various [[Endemism|endemic flora]] found and named after the region (having a [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] that means "of the Anti-Lebanon"). These include ''[[Euphorbia]] antilibanotica'', ''[[Teucrium]] antilibanoticum'', ''[[Valerianella]] antilibanotica'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Mediterranean Endemic Plants |url= http://www.terrestrial-biozones.net/endemic%20floras/Eastern%20Mediterranean%20Endemics.html |publisher= terrestrial-biozones.net |access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> and ''[[Iris antilibanotica]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title= Iris antilibanotica Dinsm. is an accepted name |url= http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-321563 |publisher= theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]]) |access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref>
There are various [[Endemism|endemic flora]] found and named after the region (having a [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] that means "of the Anti-Lebanon"). These include ''[[Euphorbia antilibanotica]]'', ''[[Teucrium antilibanoticum]]'', ''[[Valerianella antilibanotica]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title= Eastern Mediterranean Endemic Plants |url= http://www.terrestrial-biozones.net/endemic%20floras/Eastern%20Mediterranean%20Endemics.html |publisher= terrestrial-biozones.net |access-date= 25 March 2016 |archive-date= 12 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171012030117/http://www.terrestrial-biozones.net/endemic%20floras/Eastern%20Mediterranean%20Endemics.html |url-status= dead}}</ref> and ''[[Iris antilibanotica]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title= Iris antilibanotica Dinsm. is an accepted name |url= http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-321563 |publisher= theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]]) |access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Anti-Lebanon Mountains}}
{{Regions of the world|state=collapsed}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Anti-Lebanon mountains}}
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Syria]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Syria]]

Latest revision as of 19:01, 23 October 2024

Anti-Lebanon mountains
جبال لبنان الشرقية
Mount Hermon, the highest point in the Anti-Lebanon range, looking north from Mount Bental
Highest point
PeakMount Hermon
Elevation2,814 m (9,232 ft)
Dimensions
Length150 km (93 mi)
Geography
Satellite image of Lebanon. The snow-covered areas nearer the coast are the Mount Lebanon range and the snow-covered areas further inland are the Anti-Lebanon mountain range.
LocationSyria, Lebanon, Israel
Range coordinates34°00′N 36°30′E / 34°N 36.5°E / 34; 36.5

The Anti-Lebanon mountains (Arabic: جبال لبنان الشرقية, romanized: Jibāl Lubnān ash-Sharqiyyah, lit. 'eastern mountains of Lebanon') are a southwest–northeast-trending, c. 150 kilometres (93 miles) long mountain range that forms most of the border between Syria and Lebanon. The border is largely defined along the crest of the range. Most of the range lies in Syria.

Etymology

[edit]

Its Western name Anti-Lebanon comes from the Greek and Latin Antilibanus, derived from its position opposite (anti-) and parallel to the Mount Lebanon range (Libanus).

Geology

[edit]

The Anti-Lebanon range is approximately 150 kilometres (93 miles) in length. To the south, the range adjoins the lower-lying Golan Heights plateau, but includes the highest peaks, namely Mount Hermon (Jabal el-Shaykh, in Arabic), at 2,814 metres, and Ta'la't Musa, at 2,669 metres. These peaks, on the Lebanese-Syrian border, are snow-covered for much of the year.

Anti-Lebanon mountains are an anticline. Their predominant rocks are limestone and chalk from the Jurassic period.

Geography

[edit]

To the north, they extend to almost the latitude of the Syrian city of Homs. The mountains end in the south with Mount Hermon, which borders on the Golan Heights; the Golan Heights are a different geological and geomorphological entity, but geopolitically they are often regarded together with the southern slopes of Mount Hermon, both being part of Israel. To the west of the Anti-Lebanon lie valleys that separate it from Mount Lebanon in central Lebanon: Beqaa Valley in the north and the Hasbani River valley in the south. To the east, in Syria, lies the Eastern Plateau, location of the city of Damascus.

The mountains provide a rain shadow to the region on their east on their leeward side, such as the Syrian Desert.

An important smuggling route between Lebanon and Syria passes through the Anti-Lebanon mountains.[1]

Ecology

[edit]

The area is known for its apricot and cherry trees as well as its stone quarries.[1] In the mountains, amygdalus and pistachio bushes thrive. On the west side are small-scale deciduous forests and isolated dry coniferous forests with Cilician firs (Abies cilicica), Lebanon cedars (Cedrus libani) and Greek juniper (Juniperus excelsa). Subalpine and alpine plant communities occur over 2,500 metres. The grazing by sheep and goats has led to increased erosion of the remaining forests and substantial deterioration of soil and vegetation. The predominant form of economy is extensive nomadic grazing.

There are various endemic flora found and named after the region (having a specific epithet that means "of the Anti-Lebanon"). These include Euphorbia antilibanotica, Teucrium antilibanoticum, Valerianella antilibanotica,[2] and Iris antilibanotica.[3]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Bulos, Nabih (2017-07-31). "Lebanon's Hezbollah group insists: We're not the 'menace' Trump says we are". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-09-23.
  2. ^ "Eastern Mediterranean Endemic Plants". terrestrial-biozones.net. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  3. ^ "Iris antilibanotica Dinsm. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). Retrieved 25 March 2016.
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