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{{about||the 1915 American silent romantic comedy film|Gretna Green (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox UK place
{{Infobox UK place
|country = Scotland
| country = Scotland
|official_name= Gretna Green
| official_name = Gretna Green
| static_image_name = Approaching Gretna Green - geograph.org.uk - 2683217.jpg
|gaelic_name=
| gaelic_name =
|scots_name=
| scots_name =
|coordinates = {{coord|55.002|-3.066|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|55.002|-3.066|display=inline,title}}
|os_grid_reference= NY318680
| os_grid_reference = NY318680
|population=
| population =
|unitary_scotland= [[Dumfries and Galloway]]
| unitary_scotland = [[Dumfries and Galloway]]
|lieutenancy_scotland= [[Dumfriesshire|Dumfries]]
| lieutenancy_scotland = [[Dumfriesshire|Dumfries]]
|post_town= GRETNA
| post_town = GRETNA
|postcode_district = DG16
| postcode_district = DG16
|postcode_area= DG
| postcode_area = DG
|dial_code= 01461
| dial_code = 01461
|constituency_westminster= [[Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale (UK Parliament constituency)|Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale]]
|constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Dumfriesshire (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Dumfriesshire]]
| constituency_westminster = [[Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale (UK Parliament constituency)|Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale]]
| constituency_scottish_parliament = [[Dumfriesshire (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Dumfriesshire]]
}}
}}
'''Gretna Green''' is a parish in the southern [[Subdivisions of Scotland|council area]] of [[Dumfries and Galloway]], [[Scotland]], and is situated on the Scottish side of the borders of Scotland and [[England]], defined by the small [[river Sark]], which flows into the estuary of the western contiguous [[Solway Firth]]. It was historically the first village in Scotland, following the old coaching route from [[London]] to [[Edinburgh]].{{cn|date=May 2020}} [[Gretna Green railway station]] serves both Gretna Green and Gretna.<ref name=1:50,000>1:50,000 OS map 85</ref> The [[Quintinshill rail disaster]], the worst rail crash in British history. in which over 220 died, occurred near Gretna Green in 1915.


Gretna Green sits alongside the main town of [[Gretna, Scotland|Gretna]].<ref name=1:50,000/> Both are accessed from the [[A74(M) and M74 motorways|A74(M) motorway]] and are near the border of Scotland with England.<ref name=1:50,000/>
'''Gretna Green''' is a parish in the southern [[Subdivisions of Scotland|council area]] of [[Dumfries and Galloway]], [[Scotland]], close to the town of [[Gretna, Scotland|Gretna]],<ref name=1:50,000/> on the Scottish side of the English-Scottish border.


It is accessed from the [[A74(M) and M74 motorways|A74(M) motorway]].<ref name=1:50,000/>
Gretna Green is most famous for weddings, following the 1754 Marriage Act, which prevented couples under the age of 21 marrying in England or Wales without their parents' consent. As it was still legal in Scotland to marry without such consent, couples began crossing the border in to Scotland.
Historically Gretna Green was on the Glasgow-Carlisle road, a significant early toll road between England and Scotland.


[[Gretna Green railway station]] serves both Gretna Green and Gretna.<ref name=1:50,000>1:50,000 OS map 85</ref> The [[Quintinshill rail disaster]], the worst rail crash in British history, in which over 220 died, occurred near Gretna Green in 1915.
⚫
==Marriage==

Gretna Green is most famous for its "runaway marriages".

⚫
==Marriage==
[[File:Jacobite_broadside_-_Gretna_Green,_Carlisle-_Published_by_Charles_Thurnam.jpg|thumb|300px|Historic view of Gretna Green]]
[[File:Jacobite_broadside_-_Gretna_Green,_Carlisle-_Published_by_Charles_Thurnam.jpg|thumb|300px|Historic view of Gretna Green]]
Gretna's "runaway marriages" began in 1754 when [[Marriage Act 1753|Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act]] came into force in England. Under the Act, if a parent of a person under the age of 21 objected to the minor's marriage, the parent could legally veto the union. The Act tightened the requirements for marrying in England and Wales but did not apply in [[Scotland]], where it was possible for boys to marry at 14 and girls at 12 with or without parental consent (see [[Marriage in Scotland]]). It was, however, only in the 1770s, with the construction of a toll road passing through the hitherto obscure village of Graitney, that Gretna Green became the first easily reachable village over the Scottish border.<ref>Probert, R. (2009) ''Marriage Law and Practice in the Long Eighteenth Century: A Reassessment'' (Cambridge: CUP) ch. 7</ref>
Gretna's "runaway marriages" began in 1754 when [[Clandestine Marriages Act 1753|Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act]] came into force in England. Under the Act, if a parent of a person under the age of 21 objected to the minor's marriage, the parent could legally veto the union. The Act tightened the requirements for marrying in England and Wales but did not apply in [[Scotland]], where it was possible for boys to marry at 14 and girls at 12 with or without parental consent (see [[Marriage in Scotland]]). It was, however, only in the 1770s, with the construction of a toll road passing through the hitherto obscure village of Graitney, that Gretna Green became the first easily reachable village over the Scottish border.<ref>Probert, R. (2009) ''Marriage Law and Practice in the Long Eighteenth Century: A Reassessment'' (Cambridge: CUP) ch. 7</ref>


[[File: Gretna Wedding, 1844.jpg|thumb|An 1844 depiction of a "Gretna wedding", complete with a blacksmith and some of his implements.]]
[[File:Gevel van The Old Blacksmith's shop, voormalige smederij en trouwlocatie, Bestanddeelnr 252-0158.jpg|thumb|1930s photo of the village blacksmiths, "famous for its runaway marriages"]]
Scottish law allowed for "[[Marriage in Scotland|irregular marriages]]", meaning that if a declaration was made before two witnesses, almost anybody had the authority to conduct the marriage ceremony. The blacksmiths in Gretna became known as "anvil priests", culminating with [[Richard Rennison]], who performed 5,147 ceremonies. The local [[blacksmith]] and his [[anvil]] became lasting symbols of Gretna Green weddings.
Scottish law allowed for "[[Marriage in Scotland|irregular marriages]]", meaning that if a declaration was made before two witnesses, almost anybody had the authority to conduct the marriage ceremony. The blacksmiths in Gretna became known as "anvil priests", culminating with [[Richard Rennison]], who performed 5,147 ceremonies. The local [[blacksmith]] and his [[anvil]] became lasting symbols of Gretna Green weddings.


⚫
Victorian chronicler [[Robert Smith Surtees]] described Gretna Green at length in his 1848 ''[[New Monthly Magazine]]'' serial, ''The Richest Commoner in England'': <blockquote><poem>Few of our readers—none we should think of our fair ones—but at some period or other of their lives, have figured to themselves the features of Gretna Green. Few we should think but have pictured to themselves the chaise stained "with the variations of each soil", the galloping bustle of the hurrying postboys, urging their foaming steeds for the last stage that bears them from Carlisle to the border. It is a place whose very name is typical of brightening prospects. The poet sings of the greenest spot on memory's waste, and surely Gretna Green was the particular spot he had under consideration. Gretna Green! The mind pictures a pretty straggling, half Scotch, half English village, with clean white rails, upon a spacious green, and happy rustics in muffin caps, and high cheek bones, looking out for happier couples to congratulate. Then the legend of the blacksmith who forged the links of love, added interest to the place, and invested the whole with fairy feature.
Victorian chronicler [[Robert Smith Surtees]] described Gretna Green at length in his 1848 ''[[New Monthly Magazine]]'' serial, ''The Richest Commoner in England'':
⚫
<blockquote><poem>Few of our readers—none we should think of our fair ones—but at some period or other of their lives, have figured to themselves the features of Gretna Green. Few we should think but have pictured to themselves the chaise stained "with the variations of each soil", the galloping bustle of the hurrying postboys, urging their foaming steeds for the last stage that bears them from Carlisle to the border. It is a place whose very name is typical of brightening prospects. The poet sings of the greenest spot on memory's waste, and surely Gretna Green was the particular spot he had under consideration. Gretna Green! The mind pictures a pretty straggling, half Scotch, half English village, with clean white rails, upon a spacious green, and happy rustics in muffin caps, and high cheek bones, looking out for happier couples to congratulate. Then the legend of the blacksmith who forged the links of love, added interest to the place, and invested the whole with fairy feature.


How much better, brighter, more promising, in short, a Gretna Green marriage sounds than a [[Coldstream]] or [[Lamberton, Berwickshire|Lamberton]] toll-bar one! and yet they are equally efficacious. Gretna Green indeed, is as superior in reality as it is in name. It looks as if it were the capital of the God of Love, while the others exhibit the bustling, trading, money-making pursuits of matter-of-fact life. Though we dare say Gretna Green is as unlike what most people fancy, still we question that any have gone away disappointed. It is a pretty south country-looking village, much such as used to exist in the old days of posting and coaching. A hall house converted into an hotel, and the dependents located in the neighbouring cottages. Gretna Hall stands a little apart from the village on the rise of what an Englishman would call a gentle eminence, and a Scotchman a dead flat, and is approached by an avenue of stately trees, while others are plentifully dotted about, one on the east side, bearing a board with the name of the house, the host and high-priest, "Mr. Linton". There is an air of quiet retirement about it that eminently qualifies it for its holy and hospitable purpose.</poem></blockquote>
How much better, brighter, more promising, in short, a Gretna Green marriage sounds than a [[Coldstream]] or [[Lamberton, Berwickshire|Lamberton]] toll-bar one! and yet they are equally efficacious. Gretna Green indeed, is as superior in reality as it is in name. It looks as if it were the capital of the God of Love, while the others exhibit the bustling, trading, money-making pursuits of matter-of-fact life. Though we dare say Gretna Green is as unlike what most people fancy, still we question that any have gone away disappointed. It is a pretty south country-looking village, much such as used to exist in the old days of posting and coaching. A hall house converted into an hotel, and the dependents located in the neighbouring cottages. Gretna Hall stands a little apart from the village on the rise of what an Englishman would call a gentle eminence, and a Scotchman a dead flat, and is approached by an avenue of stately trees, while others are plentifully dotted about, one on the east side, bearing a board with the name of the house, the host and high-priest, "Mr. Linton". There is an air of quiet retirement about it that eminently qualifies it for its holy and hospitable purpose.</poem></blockquote>


Since 1929, both parties in Scotland have had to be at least 16 years old, but they still may marry without parental consent. In [[England and Wales]], the age for marriage is now 16 with parental consent and 18 without. Of the three forms of [[Marriage in Scotland#Irregular and common-law marriages|irregular marriage]] that had existed under Scottish law, all but the last were abolished by the Marriage (Scotland) Act 1939, which came in force from 1 July 1940. Prior to this act, any citizen was able to witness a public promise.
Since 1929, both parties in Scotland have had to be at least 16 years old, but they still may marry without parental consent. Since April 2022 in [[England and Wales]], the minimum age for marriage is now 18 irrespective of parental consent.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-61228240 | location =UK | title= New law raises minimum marriage age to 18 in England and Wales | publisher= The BBC | work = News |date=2022-04-26 |access-date=2022-04-26}}</ref> Of the three forms of [[Marriage in Scotland#Irregular and common-law marriages|irregular marriage]] that had existed under Scottish law, all except cohabitation by habit&nbsp;and repute were abolished by the Marriage (Scotland) Act 1939.


Gretna's two blacksmiths' shops and countless inns and [[smallholding]] became the backdrops for tens of thousands of weddings. Today there are several wedding venues in and around Gretna Green, from former churches to purpose-built chapels. The services at all the venues are always performed over an iconic blacksmith's anvil.
Gretna's two blacksmiths' shops and countless inns and [[smallholding]] became the backdrops for tens of thousands of weddings. Today there are several wedding venues in and around Gretna Green, from former churches to purpose-built chapels. The services at all the venues are always performed over an iconic blacksmith's anvil.
Line 42: Line 48:
In [[common law]], a "Gretna Green marriage" came to mean, in general, a marriage transacted in a jurisdiction that was not the residence of the parties being married, to avoid restrictions or procedures imposed by the parties' home jurisdiction.<ref>{{Citation | last = Black | title = Law Dictionary}}.</ref> A notable "Gretna" marriage was the second marriage in 1826 of [[Edward Gibbon Wakefield]] to the young heiress Ellen Turner, called the [[Shrigley abduction]] (his first marriage was also to an heiress, but the parents wanted to avoid a public scandal).{{Citation needed|date= May 2010}} Other towns in which quick, often surreptitious marriages could be obtained came to be known as "Gretna Greens".<ref>''E.g.'', ''State v. Clay'', 182 Md. 639, 642, 35 A.2d 821, 822–23 (1944).</ref> In the United States, these have included [[Elkton, Maryland]],<ref>''Greenwald v. State'', 221 Md. 235, 238, 155 A.2d 894, 896 (1959).</ref> [[Reno]] and, later, [[Las Vegas weddings|Las Vegas]].
In [[common law]], a "Gretna Green marriage" came to mean, in general, a marriage transacted in a jurisdiction that was not the residence of the parties being married, to avoid restrictions or procedures imposed by the parties' home jurisdiction.<ref>{{Citation | last = Black | title = Law Dictionary}}.</ref> A notable "Gretna" marriage was the second marriage in 1826 of [[Edward Gibbon Wakefield]] to the young heiress Ellen Turner, called the [[Shrigley abduction]] (his first marriage was also to an heiress, but the parents wanted to avoid a public scandal).{{Citation needed|date= May 2010}} Other towns in which quick, often surreptitious marriages could be obtained came to be known as "Gretna Greens".<ref>''E.g.'', ''State v. Clay'', 182 Md. 639, 642, 35 A.2d 821, 822–23 (1944).</ref> In the United States, these have included [[Elkton, Maryland]],<ref>''Greenwald v. State'', 221 Md. 235, 238, 155 A.2d 894, 896 (1959).</ref> [[Reno]] and, later, [[Las Vegas weddings|Las Vegas]].


In 1856 Scottish law was changed to require 21 days' residence for marriage, and a further law change was made in 1940. The residential requirement was lifted in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4711708.stm | location =UK | title = Valentine's Day influx at Gretna | publisher= The BBC | work = News |date=2006-02-14 |access-date=2010-02-04}}</ref> Other Scottish border villages used for such marriages were [[Coldstream Bridge]], [[Lamberton, Borders, Scotland|Lamberton]], [[Mordington]] and Paxton Toll.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = Demon | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061015030128/http://www.original-indexes.demon.co.uk/intros/SCT-001.htm | archive-date = 2006-10-15 | url = http://www.original-indexes.demon.co.uk/intros/SCT-001.htm | place = UK | contribution = Runaway Marriages at the toll house, Coldstream Bridge | title = Original indexes}}.</ref>
In 1856 Scottish law was changed due to a measure passed in Parliament by [[Alexander Colquhoun-Stirling-Murray-Dunlop]] to require 21 days' residence for marriage, and a further law change was made in 1940. The residential requirement was lifted in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4711708.stm | location =UK | title = Valentine's Day influx at Gretna | publisher= The BBC | work = News |date=2006-02-14 |access-date=2010-02-04}}</ref> Other Scottish border villages used for such marriages were [[Coldstream Bridge]], [[Lamberton, Borders, Scotland|Lamberton]], [[Mordington]] and Paxton Toll, and [[Portpatrick]] for people coming from Ireland.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = Demon | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061015030128/http://www.original-indexes.demon.co.uk/intros/SCT-001.htm | archive-date = 2006-10-15 | url = http://www.original-indexes.demon.co.uk/intros/SCT-001.htm | place = UK | contribution = Runaway Marriages at the toll house, Coldstream Bridge | title = Original indexes}}.</ref>


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
* In ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]'' by [[Jane Austen]], when Lydia Bennet elopes with [[George Wickham]] she leaves behind a note stating that their intended destination is Gretna Green, though later they are found cohabitating in London, having not in fact traveled to Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1342/1342-h/1342-h.htm |title=Pride and Prejudice | first = Jane | last = Austen |publisher=Project Gutenberg |access-date=2011-02-02}}</ref>
* In ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]'' by [[Jane Austen]], when Lydia Bennet elopes with [[George Wickham]] she leaves behind a note stating that their intended destination is Gretna Green, though later they are found cohabitating in London, having not in fact travelled to Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1342/1342-h/1342-h.htm |title=Pride and Prejudice | first = Jane | last = Austen |publisher=Project Gutenberg |access-date=2011-02-02}}</ref>
* In the Leo Sayer song [[Moonlighting (Leo Sayer song)|Moonlighting]] a young couple elopes, driving through the night and exulting in the final line, "we're only ten miles to Gretna, they're three hundred behind."
* In Season 3, Episode 5 of the [[BBC]] series ''[[You Rang, M'Lord?]]'', two of the characters elope to Gretna Green. This then prompts two other characters to elope in a similar manner. However, they are stopped before they reach Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0752046/|title=Gretna Green or Bust|date=8 December 1991|via=IMDb}}</ref>
* In Season 3, Episode 5 of the [[BBC]] series ''[[You Rang, M'Lord?]]'', two of the characters elope to Gretna Green. This then prompts two other characters to elope in a similar manner. However, they are stopped before they reach Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0752046/|title=Gretna Green or Bust|date=8 December 1991|via=IMDb}}</ref>
* In Episode 3 of the Amazon Series ''[[Doctor Thorne (TV series)|Doctor Thorne]]'' the character Frank makes a joke about him and Mary running off to marry in Gretna Green.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/|title=Springfield! Springfield!|website=www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk}}</ref>
* In Season 6, Episode 20 of the BBC series ''[[Waterloo Road (TV series)|Waterloo Road]]'', student Jonah Kirby elopes with teacher and Head of Spanish, Francesca 'Cesca' Montoya, to Gretna Green in order to get married.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1874360/|title=Episode #6.20|date=6 April 2011|via=IMDb}}</ref>
* In Season 2, Episode 7 of the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] series ''[[Downton Abbey]]'', Lady Sybil Crawley tries to elope to Gretna Green with chauffeur Tom Branson.
⚫
* In Season 5, Episode 6 of ''[[Poldark (2015 TV series)|Poldark]]'', Geoffrey Charles and Cecily Hanson try to flee to Gretna Green.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/entertainment/tv/poldark-episode-6-review-the-series-slowly-sinks-in-the-west-but-do-viewers-really-care/ar-AAFYYho|title=Poldark episode 6 review: the series slowly sinks in the west - but do viewers really care?|publisher=MSN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/aug/18/poldark-series-five-episode-six-recap-theres-jeopardy-everywhere|title=Poldark series five, episode six recap – there's jeopardy everywhere!|date=18 August 2019|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
* In Episode 3 of the ITV series ''[[Doctor Thorne (TV series)|Doctor Thorne]]'', adapted from the [[Anthony Trollope]] [[Doctor Thorne|novel of the same name]], the character Frank makes a joke about him and Mary running off to marry in Gretna Green.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5497116/?ref_=ttep_ep3|title=Episode #1.3|date=20 March 2016|via=IMDb}}</ref>
⚫
*In Season 1 of the Netflix series Bridgerton, Colin Bridgerton and Marina Thompson plan to run away to Gretna Green for a quick wedding, though the scheme ultimately falls through.
⚫
* In Season 5, Episode 6 of the BBC series ''[[Poldark (2015 TV series)|Poldark]]'', Geoffrey Charles and Cecily Hanson try to flee to Gretna Green.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/entertainment/tv/poldark-episode-6-review-the-series-slowly-sinks-in-the-west-but-do-viewers-really-care/ar-AAFYYho|title=Poldark episode 6 review: the series slowly sinks in the west - but do viewers really care?|publisher=MSN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/aug/18/poldark-series-five-episode-six-recap-theres-jeopardy-everywhere|title=Poldark series five, episode six recap – there's jeopardy everywhere!|date=18 August 2019|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
⚫
* In Season 1 of the [[Netflix]] series ''[[Bridgerton]]'', Colin Bridgerton and Marina Thompson plan to run away to Gretna Green for a quick wedding, though the scheme ultimately falls through.
* In ''[[Half A Sixpence]]'' the two main characters (Arthur Kipps and Ann) marry at Gretna Green.
* In the 1967 French film ''[[Les grandes vacances (film)|Les Grandes Vacances]]'' with ''[[Louis de Funes]]'', the young couple elopes to Gretna Green to marry without their parents' consent.
* Gretna Green is revealed to be the hometown of the character James Spooner in Season 6 Episode 1 of the podcast ''[[My Dad Wrote a Porno]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://play.acast.com/s/mydadwroteaporno/s6e1-dustandscrub-scrubanddust|title=S6E1 - 'Dust and Scrub, Scrub and Dust' }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 61: Line 73:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
⚫
* {{Citation | publisher = Ordnance | title = Survey Landranger Map | number = 85 | place = UK | ISBN = 0-319-22685-9}} — 1:50,000 scale (1.25&nbsp;inches to 1 mile).

{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Gretna}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Gretna Green}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Gretna Green}}
⚫
* {{Citation | publisher = Ordnance | title = Survey Landranger Map | date = 27 November 2003 | number = 85 | place = UK | isbn = 0-319-22685-9}} — 1:50,000 scale (1.25&nbsp;inches to 1 mile).
⚫
{{Wedding}}


{{Sister bar|auto=y|voy=y}}
⚫
{{Wedding}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


Latest revision as of 18:53, 28 November 2024

For the 1915 American silent romantic comedy film, see Gretna Green (film).

Gretna Green
Gretna Green is located in Dumfries and Galloway
Gretna Green
Gretna Green
Location within Dumfries and Galloway
OS grid referenceNY318680
Council area
Lieutenancy area
CountryScotland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townGRETNA
Postcode districtDG16
Dialling code01461
PoliceScotland
FireScottish
AmbulanceScottish
UK Parliament
Scottish Parliament
List of places
UK
Scotland
55°00′07″N 3°03′58″W / 55.002°N 3.066°W / 55.002; -3.066

Gretna Green is a parish in the southern council area of Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, close to the town of Gretna,[1] on the Scottish side of the English-Scottish border.

It is accessed from the A74(M) motorway.[1] Historically Gretna Green was on the Glasgow-Carlisle road, a significant early toll road between England and Scotland.

Gretna Green railway station serves both Gretna Green and Gretna.[1] The Quintinshill rail disaster, the worst rail crash in British history, in which over 220 died, occurred near Gretna Green in 1915.

Gretna Green is most famous for its "runaway marriages".

Marriage

[edit]
Historic view of Gretna Green

Gretna's "runaway marriages" began in 1754 when Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act came into force in England. Under the Act, if a parent of a person under the age of 21 objected to the minor's marriage, the parent could legally veto the union. The Act tightened the requirements for marrying in England and Wales but did not apply in Scotland, where it was possible for boys to marry at 14 and girls at 12 with or without parental consent (see Marriage in Scotland). It was, however, only in the 1770s, with the construction of a toll road passing through the hitherto obscure village of Graitney, that Gretna Green became the first easily reachable village over the Scottish border.[2]

An 1844 depiction of a "Gretna wedding", complete with a blacksmith and some of his implements.
1930s photo of the village blacksmiths, "famous for its runaway marriages"

Scottish law allowed for "irregular marriages", meaning that if a declaration was made before two witnesses, almost anybody had the authority to conduct the marriage ceremony. The blacksmiths in Gretna became known as "anvil priests", culminating with Richard Rennison, who performed 5,147 ceremonies. The local blacksmith and his anvil became lasting symbols of Gretna Green weddings.

Victorian chronicler Robert Smith Surtees described Gretna Green at length in his 1848 New Monthly Magazine serial, The Richest Commoner in England:

Few of our readers—none we should think of our fair ones—but at some period or other of their lives, have figured to themselves the features of Gretna Green. Few we should think but have pictured to themselves the chaise stained "with the variations of each soil", the galloping bustle of the hurrying postboys, urging their foaming steeds for the last stage that bears them from Carlisle to the border. It is a place whose very name is typical of brightening prospects. The poet sings of the greenest spot on memory's waste, and surely Gretna Green was the particular spot he had under consideration. Gretna Green! The mind pictures a pretty straggling, half Scotch, half English village, with clean white rails, upon a spacious green, and happy rustics in muffin caps, and high cheek bones, looking out for happier couples to congratulate. Then the legend of the blacksmith who forged the links of love, added interest to the place, and invested the whole with fairy feature.

How much better, brighter, more promising, in short, a Gretna Green marriage sounds than a Coldstream or Lamberton toll-bar one! and yet they are equally efficacious. Gretna Green indeed, is as superior in reality as it is in name. It looks as if it were the capital of the God of Love, while the others exhibit the bustling, trading, money-making pursuits of matter-of-fact life. Though we dare say Gretna Green is as unlike what most people fancy, still we question that any have gone away disappointed. It is a pretty south country-looking village, much such as used to exist in the old days of posting and coaching. A hall house converted into an hotel, and the dependents located in the neighbouring cottages. Gretna Hall stands a little apart from the village on the rise of what an Englishman would call a gentle eminence, and a Scotchman a dead flat, and is approached by an avenue of stately trees, while others are plentifully dotted about, one on the east side, bearing a board with the name of the house, the host and high-priest, "Mr. Linton". There is an air of quiet retirement about it that eminently qualifies it for its holy and hospitable purpose.

Since 1929, both parties in Scotland have had to be at least 16 years old, but they still may marry without parental consent. Since April 2022 in England and Wales, the minimum age for marriage is now 18 irrespective of parental consent.[3] Of the three forms of irregular marriage that had existed under Scottish law, all except cohabitation by habit and repute were abolished by the Marriage (Scotland) Act 1939.

Gretna's two blacksmiths' shops and countless inns and smallholding became the backdrops for tens of thousands of weddings. Today there are several wedding venues in and around Gretna Green, from former churches to purpose-built chapels. The services at all the venues are always performed over an iconic blacksmith's anvil.

Elsewhere

[edit]

In common law, a "Gretna Green marriage" came to mean, in general, a marriage transacted in a jurisdiction that was not the residence of the parties being married, to avoid restrictions or procedures imposed by the parties' home jurisdiction.[4] A notable "Gretna" marriage was the second marriage in 1826 of Edward Gibbon Wakefield to the young heiress Ellen Turner, called the Shrigley abduction (his first marriage was also to an heiress, but the parents wanted to avoid a public scandal).[citation needed] Other towns in which quick, often surreptitious marriages could be obtained came to be known as "Gretna Greens".[5] In the United States, these have included Elkton, Maryland,[6] Reno and, later, Las Vegas.

In 1856 Scottish law was changed due to a measure passed in Parliament by Alexander Colquhoun-Stirling-Murray-Dunlop to require 21 days' residence for marriage, and a further law change was made in 1940. The residential requirement was lifted in 1977.[7] Other Scottish border villages used for such marriages were Coldstream Bridge, Lamberton, Mordington and Paxton Toll, and Portpatrick for people coming from Ireland.[8]

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  • In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, when Lydia Bennet elopes with George Wickham she leaves behind a note stating that their intended destination is Gretna Green, though later they are found cohabitating in London, having not in fact travelled to Scotland.[9]
  • In the Leo Sayer song Moonlighting a young couple elopes, driving through the night and exulting in the final line, "we're only ten miles to Gretna, they're three hundred behind."
  • In Season 3, Episode 5 of the BBC series You Rang, M'Lord?, two of the characters elope to Gretna Green. This then prompts two other characters to elope in a similar manner. However, they are stopped before they reach Scotland.[10]
  • In Season 6, Episode 20 of the BBC series Waterloo Road, student Jonah Kirby elopes with teacher and Head of Spanish, Francesca 'Cesca' Montoya, to Gretna Green in order to get married.[11]
  • In Season 2, Episode 7 of the ITV series Downton Abbey, Lady Sybil Crawley tries to elope to Gretna Green with chauffeur Tom Branson.
  • In Episode 3 of the ITV series Doctor Thorne, adapted from the Anthony Trollope novel of the same name, the character Frank makes a joke about him and Mary running off to marry in Gretna Green.[12]
  • In Season 5, Episode 6 of the BBC series Poldark, Geoffrey Charles and Cecily Hanson try to flee to Gretna Green.[13][14]
  • In Season 1 of the Netflix series Bridgerton, Colin Bridgerton and Marina Thompson plan to run away to Gretna Green for a quick wedding, though the scheme ultimately falls through.
  • In Half A Sixpence the two main characters (Arthur Kipps and Ann) marry at Gretna Green.
  • In the 1967 French film Les Grandes Vacances with Louis de Funes, the young couple elopes to Gretna Green to marry without their parents' consent.
  • Gretna Green is revealed to be the hometown of the character James Spooner in Season 6 Episode 1 of the podcast My Dad Wrote a Porno.[15]

See also

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  • Ower Bogie, an expression used in Scotland to describe a wedding conducted by a magistrate
  • Peak Forest, a village in England known as the 'Gretna Green of Derbyshire' because marriages could be performed without banns
  • Las Vegas weddings, where marriage licences are easy and quick to obtain
  • Gretna Green railway station, the local railway station reopened in 1993

References

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  1. ^ a b c 1:50,000 OS map 85
  2. ^ Probert, R. (2009) Marriage Law and Practice in the Long Eighteenth Century: A Reassessment (Cambridge: CUP) ch. 7
  3. ^ "New law raises minimum marriage age to 18 in England and Wales". News. UK: The BBC. 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  4. ^ Black, Law Dictionary.
  5. ^ E.g., State v. Clay, 182 Md. 639, 642, 35 A.2d 821, 822–23 (1944).
  6. ^ Greenwald v. State, 221 Md. 235, 238, 155 A.2d 894, 896 (1959).
  7. ^ "Valentine's Day influx at Gretna". News. UK: The BBC. 14 February 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
  8. ^ "Runaway Marriages at the toll house, Coldstream Bridge", Original indexes, UK: Demon, archived from the original on 15 October 2006.
  9. ^ Austen, Jane. "Pride and Prejudice". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  10. ^ "Gretna Green or Bust". 8 December 1991 – via IMDb.
  11. ^ "Episode #6.20". 6 April 2011 – via IMDb.
  12. ^ "Episode #1.3". 20 March 2016 – via IMDb.
  13. ^ "Poldark episode 6 review: the series slowly sinks in the west - but do viewers really care?". MSN.
  14. ^ "Poldark series five, episode six recap – there's jeopardy everywhere!". The Guardian. 18 August 2019.
  15. ^ "S6E1 - 'Dust and Scrub, Scrub and Dust'".

Further reading

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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Gretna Green".
  • Survey Landranger Map, UK: Ordnance, 27 November 2003, ISBN 0-319-22685-9 — 1:50,000 scale (1.25 inches to 1 mile).
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