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{{Short description|Extinct genus of carnivores}} |
{{Short description|Extinct genus of carnivores}} |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
{{Automatic taxobox |
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|fossil_range = {{Fossil range |
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Miocene}} |
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|image = Dinocrocuta.jpg |
| image = Dinocrocuta gigantea NNHM.jpg |
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|image_caption = ''D. gigantea'' skull |
| image_caption = ''D. gigantea'' skull, [[National Natural History Museum of China]] |
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|taxon = Dinocrocuta |
| taxon = Dinocrocuta |
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|authority = Schmidt-Kittler, |
| authority = Schmidt-Kittler, 1976 |
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|subdivision_ranks = Species |
| subdivision_ranks = Species |
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|subdivision = |
| subdivision = *†''D. algeriensis'' |
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*†''D. |
*†''D. gigantea'' <small>Schlosser, 1903</small> |
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*†''D. |
*†''D. salonicae'' <small>Andrews, 1918</small> |
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*†''D. salonicae'' |
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*†''D. senyureki'' |
*†''D. senyureki'' |
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}} |
}} |
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'''''Dinocrocuta''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[hyena]] |
'''''Dinocrocuta''''' is an [[Extinction|extinct]] [[genus]] of prehistoric [[hyena]]. It lived in [[Asia]] and [[Africa]] during the [[Miocene]] [[Epoch (geology)|epoch]]. It had very strong jaws that were able to crush bones.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Tseng |first1=Z. J. |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01095.x |title=Cranial function in a late Miocene Dinocrocuta gigantea (Mammalia: Carnivora) revealed by comparative finite element analysis |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=96 |pages=51–67 |year=2008 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=RsengBinder2010>{{cite journal |last1=Tseng |first1=Zhijie Jack |last2=Binder |first2=Wendy J. |title=Mandibular biomechanics of ''Crocuta crocuta'', ''Canis lupus'', and the late Miocene ''Dinocrocuta gigantea'' (Carnivora, Mammalia) |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |date=March 2010 |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=683–696 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00555.x}}</ref> |
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It is estimated that their weight was around {{convert|250|kg|lb}} and their height to shoulder was {{convert|110|cm|in}} to {{convert|130|cm|in}}. |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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===Size=== |
===Size=== |
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[[Image:Dinocrocuta_gigantea.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of ''D. gigantea'']] |
[[Image:Dinocrocuta_gigantea.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of ''D. gigantea'']] |
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The largest species, ''D. gigantea'', is known to have reached head-to-body |
The largest [[species]], ''D. gigantea'', is known to have reached head-to-body length of {{convert|1.9|m|abbr=on|ft}} for the largest individuals, with total skull lengths of {{convert|43|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lacmvp.blogspot.com/2008/09/i-am-very-very-impressed.html|title = I am very, very impressed}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2023}} In terms of weight, it was originally stated to have weighed up to {{Convert|380|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Deng |first=Tao |author2=Tseng, Zhijie J. |title=Osteological evidence for predatory behavior of the giant percrocutid (Dinocrocuta gigantea) as an active hunter |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |year=2010 |volume=55 |issue=17 |pages=1790–1794 |doi=10.1007/s11434-010-3031-9|bibcode=2010ChSBu..55.1790D |s2cid=84720997 }}</ref> However, a later study estimated its body mass around {{Convert|200|kg|abbr=on}} for specimen with skull length of {{Convert|32.2|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":1"/> The other species were smaller, but still quite large compared to hyena species alive today. |
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==Distribution== |
==Distribution== |
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''Dinocrocuta'' had a large range and ruled most of the [[Eurasia]] and some parts of Africa. ''D. gigantea'' ranged from Central China to [[Spain]],<ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71031113.pdf |author=Plinio Montoya Bello |date=1994 |title=Los macromamíferos del mioceno superior del área de crevillente (Alicante) |lang=es |trans-title=The macromamimals of the miocene upper crevillente area (Alicante) |publisher=[[University of Valencia]] |via=core.ac.uk}}</ref> and encompassed areas in between, like [[Mongolia]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghaffar |first=Abdul |last2=Yaseen |first2=Riffat |last3=Samiullah |first3=Khizr |last4=Aisha |first4=Qurrateulain |date=6 October 2023 |title=New remains of Dinocrocuta (Percrocutidae; Carnivora) from Markhal, Dhok Pathan Formation, Pakistan |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2023.2263866 |journal=[[Historical Biology]] |language=en |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2263866 |issn=0891-2963 |access-date=19 November 2024 |via=Taylor and Francis Online}}</ref> [[Iran]], [[Turkey]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koufos |first=George D. |last2=Mayda |first2=Serdar |last3=Kaya |first3=Tanju |date=18 August 2017 |title=New carnivoran remains from the Late Miocene of Turkey |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12542-017-0376-2 |journal=[[PalZ]] |language=en |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=131–162 |doi=10.1007/s12542-017-0376-2 |issn=0031-0220 |access-date=3 November 2024 |via=Springer Link}}</ref> [[Bulgaria]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spassov |first=Nikolai |last2=Koufos |first2=George N. |date=15 December 2002 |title=The first appearance of Dinocrocuta gigantea and Machairodus aphanistus (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Miocene of Bulgaria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Spassov-Nikolay/publication/259971226_SPASSOV_N_G_KOUFOS_2002_The_first_appearence_of_Dinocrocuta_gigantea_and_Machairodus_aphanistus_Mammalia_Carnivora_in_the_Miocene_of_Bulgaria_Mitt_Bayer_Staatsslg_Palaont_hist_Geol_42_83-101/links/02e7e52ebe8b623d87000000/SPASSOV-N-G-KOUFOS-2002-The-first-appearence-of-Dinocrocuta-gigantea-and-Machairodus-aphanistus-Mammalia-Carnivora-in-the-Miocene-of-Bulgaria-Mitt-Bayer-Staatsslg-Palaeont-hist-Geol-42-83-101.pdf |journal=Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Historische Geologie |volume=42 |pages=83-101 |access-date=15 November 2024 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> and [[Greece]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257042588 |doi=10.3989/egeol.40560.190 |via=[[ResearchGate]]|title=The Miocene carnivore assemblage of Greece |year=2011 |last1=Koufos |first1=G. D. |journal=Estudios Geológicos |volume=67 |issue=2 |page=291 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248616973 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2004.03.005 |via=[[ResearchGate]]|title=New materials of Dinocrocuta (Percrocutidae, Carnivora) from Lantian, Shaanxi Province, China, and remarks on Chinese Late Miocene biochronology |year=2005 |last1=Zhang |first1=Zhaoqun |journal=Geobios |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=685–689 }}</ref> ''D. algeriensis'' managed to make its way to North Africa, and ''D. senyureki'' originated in the Tibet region.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259971226 |title=The first appearance of Dinocrocuta gigantea and Machairodus aphanistus (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Miocene of Bulgaria |first1=Nikolai |last1=Spassov |first2=George D. |last2=Koufos|journal=Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie|date=2002|volume=42|pages=83–101}}</ref> |
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''Dinocrocuta'' had a large range and ruled most of the Eurasia and some parts of Africa. ''D. gigantea'' ranged from Central China to Spain,<ref>https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71031113.pdf</ref> and encompassed areas in between, like Mongolia, India, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257042588_The_Miocene_carnivore_assemblage_of_Greece?_sg=R2I-t3IJHl1WZYc8MOHQ4BOFKRGHPsVN8A32f-CzxjrE5KqX8sDUGA0V_T7tKP5EH8XVR_BMKuuAvaF7YZYjkDh-TMfrZuq-Ow</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248616973_New_materials_of_Dinocrocuta_Percrocutidae_Carnivora_from_Lantian_Shaanxi_Province_China_and_remarks_on_Chinese_Late_Miocene_biochronology</ref> ''D. algeriensis'' managed to makes its way to North Africa, and ''D. senyureki'' originated in the Tibet region.<ref>https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Mitt-Bayer-Staatsslg-Pal-hist-Geol_42_0083-0101.pdf</ref> |
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==Ecology== |
==Ecology== |
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[[Image:巨鬣狗_Dinocrocuta_gigantea_1.jpg|thumb|left|Lower jaw of ''D. gigantea'']] |
[[Image:巨鬣狗_Dinocrocuta_gigantea_1.jpg|thumb|left|Lower jaw of ''D. gigantea'']] |
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[[File:Amphimachairodus hezhengensis life restoration - Jiangzuo et al 2023.jpg|thumb|right|''Dinocrocuta'' confronting ''[[Amphimachairodus]]'' over a carcass]] |
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''Dinocrocuta'' was an exceptionally powerful predator and scavenger, capable of preying on animals much larger than itself. Though it is currently unknown if ''Dinocrocuta'' was solitary or social, it was probably an able hunter of such animals as the tusked rhinoceros ''[[Chilotherium]]''. ''Chilotherium'', despite its great size, was vulnerable to the giant feliform, particularly when |
''Dinocrocuta'' was an exceptionally powerful predator and scavenger, capable of preying on animals much larger than itself. Though it is currently unknown if ''Dinocrocuta'' was solitary or social, it was probably an able hunter of such animals as the tusked rhinoceros ''[[Chilotherium]]''. ''Chilotherium'', despite its great size, was vulnerable to the giant feliform, particularly when a pregnant female was giving birth, or was injured or sick. A skull and jaw from a female ''Chilotherium'' bears the distinctive bite marks on the forehead from a ''Dinocrocuta''{{'s}} teeth, indicating that the rhino was part of the carnivore's diet. The regrowth of bone on the rhino's injuries also indicate that the ''Dinocrocuta''{{'s}} attempt at predation failed and that the rhinoceros fought off her attacker, managing to escape and heal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udurawane |first=Vasika |title=Giant hyena versus tusked rhino |url=http://www.eartharchives.org/articles/rhino-versus-hyena-skull-biting-in-extinct-predators/ |website=Earth Archives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812214200/http://www.eartharchives.org/articles/rhino-versus-hyena-skull-biting-in-extinct-predators/ |archive-date=2023-08-12 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{Feliformia|Hya.|state=collapsed}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q5278579}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5278579}} |
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[[Category:Miocene feliforms]] |
[[Category:Miocene feliforms]] |
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[[Category:Hyenas]] |
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[[Category:Neogene animals of Asia]] |
[[Category:Neogene animals of Asia]] |
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[[Category:Neogene animals of Africa]] |
[[Category:Neogene animals of Africa]] |
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[[Category:Fossil taxa described in |
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1976]] |
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[[Category:Prehistoric carnivoran genera]] |
[[Category:Prehistoric carnivoran genera]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:25, 22 November 2024
| Dinocrocuta Temporal range:
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| D. gigantea skull, National Natural History Museum of China | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Suborder: | Feliformia |
| Family: | Hyaenidae |
| Genus: | †Dinocrocuta Schmidt-Kittler, 1976 |
| Species | |
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Dinocrocuta is an extinct genus of prehistoric hyena. It lived in Asia and Africa during the Miocene epoch. It had very strong jaws that were able to crush bones.[1][2]
Description
[edit]Size
[edit]
The largest species, D. gigantea, is known to have reached head-to-body length of 1.9 m (6.2 ft) for the largest individuals, with total skull lengths of 43 cm (17 in).[3][unreliable source?] In terms of weight, it was originally stated to have weighed up to 380 kg (840 lb).[4] However, a later study estimated its body mass around 200 kg (440 lb) for specimen with skull length of 32.2 cm (12.7 in).[1] The other species were smaller, but still quite large compared to hyena species alive today.
Distribution
[edit]Dinocrocuta had a large range and ruled most of the Eurasia and some parts of Africa. D. gigantea ranged from Central China to Spain,[5] and encompassed areas in between, like Mongolia, India, Pakistan,[6] Iran, Turkey,[7] Bulgaria,[8] and Greece.[9][10] D. algeriensis managed to make its way to North Africa, and D. senyureki originated in the Tibet region.[11]
Ecology
[edit]
Dinocrocuta was an exceptionally powerful predator and scavenger, capable of preying on animals much larger than itself. Though it is currently unknown if Dinocrocuta was solitary or social, it was probably an able hunter of such animals as the tusked rhinoceros Chilotherium. Chilotherium, despite its great size, was vulnerable to the giant feliform, particularly when a pregnant female was giving birth, or was injured or sick. A skull and jaw from a female Chilotherium bears the distinctive bite marks on the forehead from a Dinocrocuta's teeth, indicating that the rhino was part of the carnivore's diet. The regrowth of bone on the rhino's injuries also indicate that the Dinocrocuta's attempt at predation failed and that the rhinoceros fought off her attacker, managing to escape and heal.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Tseng, Z. J. (2008). "Cranial function in a late Miocene Dinocrocuta gigantea (Mammalia: Carnivora) revealed by comparative finite element analysis". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 96: 51–67. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01095.x.
- ^ Tseng, Zhijie Jack; Binder, Wendy J. (March 2010). "Mandibular biomechanics of Crocuta crocuta, Canis lupus, and the late Miocene Dinocrocuta gigantea (Carnivora, Mammalia)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 158 (3): 683–696. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00555.x.
- ^ "I am very, very impressed".
- ^ Deng, Tao; Tseng, Zhijie J. (2010). "Osteological evidence for predatory behavior of the giant percrocutid (Dinocrocuta gigantea) as an active hunter". Chinese Science Bulletin. 55 (17): 1790–1794. Bibcode:2010ChSBu..55.1790D. doi:10.1007/s11434-010-3031-9. S2CID 84720997.
- ^ Plinio Montoya Bello (1994). Los macromamíferos del mioceno superior del área de crevillente (Alicante) [The macromamimals of the miocene upper crevillente area (Alicante)] (PDF) (PhD) (in Spanish). University of Valencia – via core.ac.uk.
- ^ Ghaffar, Abdul; Yaseen, Riffat; Samiullah, Khizr; Aisha, Qurrateulain (6 October 2023). "New remains of Dinocrocuta (Percrocutidae; Carnivora) from Markhal, Dhok Pathan Formation, Pakistan". Historical Biology: 1–9. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2263866. ISSN 0891-2963. Retrieved 19 November 2024 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
- ^ Koufos, George D.; Mayda, Serdar; Kaya, Tanju (18 August 2017). "New carnivoran remains from the Late Miocene of Turkey". PalZ. 92 (1): 131–162. doi:10.1007/s12542-017-0376-2. ISSN 0031-0220. Retrieved 3 November 2024 – via Springer Link.
- ^ Spassov, Nikolai; Koufos, George N. (15 December 2002). "The first appearance of Dinocrocuta gigantea and Machairodus aphanistus (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Miocene of Bulgaria" (PDF). Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Historische Geologie. 42: 83–101. Retrieved 15 November 2024 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ Koufos, G. D. (2011). "The Miocene carnivore assemblage of Greece". Estudios Geológicos. 67 (2): 291. doi:10.3989/egeol.40560.190 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ Zhang, Zhaoqun (2005). "New materials of Dinocrocuta (Percrocutidae, Carnivora) from Lantian, Shaanxi Province, China, and remarks on Chinese Late Miocene biochronology". Geobios. 38 (5): 685–689. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2004.03.005 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ Spassov, Nikolai; Koufos, George D. (2002). "The first appearance of Dinocrocuta gigantea and Machairodus aphanistus (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Miocene of Bulgaria". Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie. 42: 83–101.
- ^ Udurawane, Vasika. "Giant hyena versus tusked rhino". Earth Archives. Archived from the original on 2023-08-12.