Indigenous peoples of South America: Difference between revisions

Indigenous peoples of South America
Total population
	approx. 18 million
Regions with significant populations
Peru	5.9 million (2017)
Bolivia	4.1 million (2012)
Chile	2.4 million (2017)
Brazil	1.7 million (2022)
Colombia	1.9 million (2018)
Argentina	1.3 million (2022)
Ecuador	1.3 million (2023)
Venezuela	724,592 (2011)
Paraguay	117,150 (2012)
Guyana	78,492 (2012)
Uruguay	76,452 (2021)
Suriname	20,344 (2012)
French Guiana	approx. 19,000
Languages
	Indigenous languages of the Americas, including Quechua, Aymara, Guarani, Mapuche
Religion
	Native American religions; Christianity; Others;

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In South America, Indigenous peoples comprise the Pre-Columbian peoples and their descendants, as contrasted with people of European ancestry and those of African descent. In Spanish, indigenous peoples are referred to as pueblos indígenas (lit. 'indigenous peoples'), or pueblos nativos (lit. 'native peoples'). The term aborigen (lit. 'aborigine') is used in Argentina, and pueblos aborígenes (lit. 'aboriginal peoples') is commonly used in Colombia. The English term Amerindian (short for "Indians of the Americas") is often used in the Guianas. Latin Americans of mixed European and Indigenous descent are usually referred to as mestizos (Spanish) and mestiços (Portuguese), while those of mixed African and Indigenous ancestry are referred to as zambos.

It is believed that the first human populations of South America either arrived from Asia into North America via the Bering Land Bridge and migrated southwards or alternatively from Polynesia across the Pacific.^[15]^[16]^[17] The earliest generally accepted archaeological evidence for human habitation in South America dates to 14,000 years ago, and is located at the Monte Verde site in southern Chile.^[18] The descendants of these first inhabitants would become the indigenous populations of South America.

Before the Spanish colonization of the Americas, many of the indigenous peoples of South America were hunter-gatherers and indeed many still are, especially in the Amazon rainforest. Others, especially the Andean cultures, practised sophisticated agriculture, utilized advanced irrigation and kept domesticated livestock, such as llamas and alpacas.^[19]^[20]^[21]

The only South American country that presently has a majority-Indigenous population is Bolivia, with 62% of Bolivians identifying as a member of an Indigenous group.^[22]

South American indigenous peoples include:

References

^ "Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 214. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
^ "Características de la Población – Censo 2012" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística. p. 103. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
^ "Síntesis de Resultados Censo 2017" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. p. 16. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
^ "Censo Demográfico 2022: Identificação étnico-racial da população, por sexo e idade" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
^ "Población Indígena de Colombia" (PDF) (in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
^ "Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2022: Población indígena o descendiente de pueblos indígenas u originarios" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC). Retrieved 2024-03-07.
^ "Presentación de Resultados Nacionales" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
^ "Resultados Población Indígena" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
^ "Tierra y territorio, fundamentos de vida de los pueblos indígenas, 2012" (PDF) (in Spanish). Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos. p. 20. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
^ "Final 2012 Census Compendium 2" (PDF). Bureau of Statistics. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-05. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
^ "Población por sexo y principal ascendencia étnico racial, según departamento". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived from the original (XLS) on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
^ "Demografische en Sociale Karakteristieken en Migratie" (PDF) (in Dutch). Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek. p. 46. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
^ Aupetit, Mathilde. "Les populations indigènes de la Guyane française: une mémoire environnementale essentielle à protéger" (in French). Retrieved 2021-05-03.
^ Zerries, Otto (1987). "South American Indian Religions: An Overview". In Mircea Eliade (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 13. Translated by John Maressa. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-909840-8 – via Encyclopedia.com.
^ "Study confirms Bering land bridge flooded later than previously believed". cyberwest.com. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
^ Gongora, J.; et al. (July 28, 2008). "Indo-European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by mtDNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (30): 10308–10313. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801991105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2492461. PMID 18663216.
^ "Journal of the Polynesian Society: Notes And Queries, P 255-258". www.jps.auckland.ac.nz. Archived from the original on 2017-05-20. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
^ Hey, Jody (2005-05-24). "On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas". PLOS Biology. 3 (6): e193. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030193. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 1131883. PMID 15898833.
^ Earls, John. "The Character of Inca and Andean Agriculture" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
^ "4.1 Raised beds and waru waru cultivation". www.oas.org. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
^ Pinedo, Javier Blossiers. "AGRICULTURA DE LADERAS A TRAVÉS DE ANDENES, PERÚ" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Bolivia". The CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2017-02-24.

External links

ATLILLA – Association for Teaching and Learning Indigenous Languages of Latin America

[census2017-1] "Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 214. Retrieved 2021-04-30.

[2] "Características de la Población – Censo 2012" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística. p. 103. Retrieved 2021-04-30.

[3] "Síntesis de Resultados Censo 2017" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. p. 16. Retrieved 2021-04-30.

[4] "Censo Demográfico 2022: Identificação étnico-racial da população, por sexo e idade" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 2024-02-01.

[dane.gov.co-5] "Población Indígena de Colombia" (PDF) (in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 2021-05-01.

[6] "Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2022: Población indígena o descendiente de pueblos indígenas u originarios" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC). Retrieved 2024-03-07.

[7] "Presentación de Resultados Nacionales" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-30.

[8] "Resultados Población Indígena" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2021-05-01.

[9] "Tierra y territorio, fundamentos de vida de los pueblos indígenas, 2012" (PDF) (in Spanish). Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos. p. 20. Retrieved 2021-04-30.

[10] "Final 2012 Census Compendium 2" (PDF). Bureau of Statistics. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-05. Retrieved 2021-05-02.

[11] "Población por sexo y principal ascendencia étnico racial, según departamento". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived from the original (XLS) on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 2021-05-02.

[12] "Demografische en Sociale Karakteristieken en Migratie" (PDF) (in Dutch). Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek. p. 46. Retrieved 2021-05-02.

[13] Aupetit, Mathilde. "Les populations indigènes de la Guyane française: une mémoire environnementale essentielle à protéger" (in French). Retrieved 2021-05-03.

[Zerries-14] Zerries, Otto (1987). "South American Indian Religions: An Overview". In Mircea Eliade (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 13. Translated by John Maressa. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-909840-8 – via Encyclopedia.com.

[15] "Study confirms Bering land bridge flooded later than previously believed". cyberwest.com. Retrieved 2017-02-22.

[16] Gongora, J.; et al. (July 28, 2008). "Indo-European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by mtDNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (30): 10308–10313. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801991105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2492461. PMID 18663216.

[17] "Journal of the Polynesian Society: Notes And Queries, P 255-258". www.jps.auckland.ac.nz. Archived from the original on 2017-05-20. Retrieved 2017-02-22.

[18] Hey, Jody (2005-05-24). "On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas". PLOS Biology. 3 (6): e193. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030193. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 1131883. PMID 15898833.

[19] Earls, John. "The Character of Inca and Andean Agriculture" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.

[20] "4.1 Raised beds and waru waru cultivation". www.oas.org. Retrieved 2017-02-22.

[21] Pinedo, Javier Blossiers. "AGRICULTURA DE LADERAS A TRAVÉS DE ANDENES, PERÚ" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[22] "Bolivia". The CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2017-02-24.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Pre-Columbian peoples of South America and their descendants}}
+{{Short description|none}}
 {{Infobox ethnic group
-| group            = Indigenous peoples of South America
+| pop              = {{Approximately|18 million}}
-| image            =
-| caption          =
-| pop              = '''Approximately 32 million'''
 | regions          =
+| region1          = {{flag|Peru}}
+| pop1             = 5.9 million (2017)
+| ref1             = <ref name="census2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf#page=216 |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico|page=214 |access-date= 2021-04-30 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|language=es}}</ref>
 | region2          = {{flag|Bolivia}}
-| pop2             = 7.02 million (2016 est.)
+| pop2             = 4.1 million (2012)
-| ref2             = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=23 February 2011}}</ref>
+| ref2             = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bolivia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Caracteristicas_de_Poblacion_2012.pdf#page=105 |title=Características de la Población – Censo 2012 |page=103 |access-date= 2021-04-30|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística|language=es}}</ref>
-| region3          = {{flag|Peru}}
+| region3          = {{flag|Chile}}
-| pop3             = 5.9 million (2017)
+| pop3             = 2.4 million (2017)
-| ref3             = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |access-date=22 September 2018}}</ref>
+| ref3             = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2017.cl/descargas/home/sintesis-de-resultados-censo2017.pdf#page=16 |title=Síntesis de Resultados Censo 2017 |page=16 |access-date=2021-04-30 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas |language=es}}</ref>
-| region5          = {{flag|Ecuador}}
+| region4          = {{flag|Brazil}}
-| pop5             = 1 million (2021 est.)
+| pop4             = 1.7 million (2022)
+| ref4             = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/3105/cd_2022_etnico_racial.pdf#page=43|title=Censo Demográfico 2022: Identificação étnico-racial da população, por sexo e idade|access-date=2024-02-01|publisher=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística|language=pt|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227080331/https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/3105/cd_2022_etnico_racial.pdf#page=43|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| ref5             = <ref>{{cite web |title=South America :: Ecuador — The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador/ |website=www.cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref>
-| region7          = {{flag|Chile}}
+| region5          = {{flag|Colombia}}
-| pop7             = 1 million (2012)
+| pop5             = 1.9 million (2018)
-| ref7             = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://estudios.anda.cl/recursos/censo_2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621143846/http://estudios.anda.cl/recursos/censo_2012.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-21 |title= Censo 2012 - Síntesis de Resultados |language=es |website=estudios.anda.cl}}</ref>
+| ref5             = <ref name="dane.gov.co">{{cite web|url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/grupos-etnicos/presentacion-grupos-etnicos-2019.pdf#page=8 |title=Población Indígena de Colombia |access-date= 2021-05-01 |publisher=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística |language=es}}</ref>
-| region9          = {{flag|Colombia}}
+| region6          = {{flag|Argentina}}
-| pop9             = 1 million (2005)
+| pop6             = 1.3 million (2022)
+| ref6             = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://censo.gob.ar/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/censo2022_poblacion_indigena.pdf#page=26|title=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2022: Población indígena o descendiente de pueblos indígenas u originarios|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC)|language=es|access-date=2024-03-07}}</ref>
-| ref9             = <ref>DANE 2005 National Census</ref>
-| region10         = {{flag|Argentina}}
+| region7          = {{flag|Ecuador}}
-| pop10            = 1.00 million (2016 est.)
+| pop7             = 1.3 million (2023)
+| ref7             = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censoecuador.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Presentacio%CC%81n_Nacional_1%C2%B0entrega-4.pdf#page=33|title=Presentación de Resultados Nacionales|access-date=2023-10-30|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos|language=es|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031022341/https://www.censoecuador.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Presentacio%CC%81n_Nacional_1%C2%B0entrega-4.pdf#page=33|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| ref10            = <ref>{{cite web |title=South America :: Argentina — The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/argentina/ |website=www.cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)}}</ref>
-| region11         = {{flag|Brazil}}
+| region8          = {{flag|Venezuela}}
-| pop11            = 997,963 (2010)
+| pop8             = 724,592 (2011)
+| ref8             = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gov.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/ResultadosBasicos.pdf#page=7|title=Resultados Población Indígena|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística|access-date=2021-05-01|language=es|archive-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123112140/http://www.ine.gov.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/ResultadosBasicos.pdf#page=7|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-| ref11            = <ref>{{cite news| url=http://indigenas.ibge.gov.br/graficos-e-tabelas-2 | title=2010 Census graphics of Brazil government | date=2015-02-09 | work=IBGE(Brazilian Institute of Geograph and Statistic}}</ref>
-| region12         = {{flag|Venezuela}}
+| region9          = {{flag|Paraguay}}
-| pop12            = 524,000
+| pop9             = 117,150 (2012)
-| ref12            = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Venezuela.pdf|title=About this Collection|work=The Library of Congress|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref>
+| ref9             = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.gov.py/Publicaciones/Biblioteca/documento/0b43_Tierra%20y%20territorio.%20Fundamentos%20de%20vida%20de%20los%20pueblos%20indigenas.pdf#page=20 |title=Tierra y territorio, fundamentos de vida de los pueblos indígenas, 2012|page=20 |access-date=2021-04-30 |publisher=Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos|language=es}}</ref>
-| region16         = {{flag|Paraguay}}
+| region10         = {{flag|Guyana}}
-| pop16            = 455,035
+| pop10            = 78,492 (2012)
-| ref16            = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |title=8 LIZCANO |access-date=2014-05-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920172933/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref>
+| ref10            = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Final_2012_Census_Compendium2.pdf#page=5|title=Final 2012 Census Compendium 2|page=5|publisher=Bureau of Statistics|access-date=2021-05-02|archive-date=2021-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105002255/https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Final_2012_Census_Compendium2.pdf#page=5|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-| region19         = {{flag|Guyana}}
+| region11         = {{flag|Uruguay}}
-| pop19            = c. 60,000
+| pop11            = 76,452 (2021)
+| ref11            = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.gub.uy/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=80122e2a-ce2e-490b-921a-618f74fd8141&groupId=10181|title=Población por sexo y principal ascendencia étnico racial, según departamento|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística|format=XLS|access-date=2021-05-02|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119210956/https://www.ine.gub.uy/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=80122e2a-ce2e-490b-921a-618f74fd8141&groupId=10181|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-| ref19            = <ref name=docs>{{cite book|last1=Colchester|first1=Marcus|last2=Rose|first2=Jean La|last3=James|first3=Kid|title=La minería y los amerindios en Guyana|url=http://www.nsi-ins.ca/english/pdf/guyana/guyana_exec_sum_spa.pdf|year=2002|publisher=North-South Institute|language=es|isbn=978-1-896770-44-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208000712/http://www.nsi-ins.ca/english/pdf/guyana/guyana_exec_sum_spa.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-08 |trans-title=Mining and Amerindians in Guyana}}</ref>
-| region22         = {{flag|French Guiana}}
+| region12         = {{flag|Suriname}}
-| pop22            = c. 19,000
+| pop12            = 20,344 (2012)
+| ref12            = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://statistics-suriname.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Publicatie-Census-8-Volume-1-Demografische-en-Sociale-Karakteristieken-en-Migratie.pdf#page=46|title=Demografische en Sociale Karakteristieken en Migratie|page=46|publisher=Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek|access-date=2021-05-02|language=nl}}</ref>
-| ref22            = <ref>{{cite web | title=Indigene: Guayana Francesa | website=Indigene | url=http://www.indigene.de/30.html?&L=2 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820071429/http://www.indigene.de/30.html?&L=2 | archive-date=August 20, 2011 | url-status=live | language=es}}</ref>
-| region23         = {{flag|Suriname}}
+| region13         = {{Flagicon image|Flag of French Guiana.svg}} [[French Guiana]]
-| pop23            = c. 12,000–24,000
+| pop13            = {{Approximately|19,000}}
+| ref13            = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mediaterre.org/actu,20200831192428,8.html|title=Les populations indigènes de la Guyane française: une mémoire environnementale essentielle à protéger|first=Mathilde|last=Aupetit|language=fr|access-date=2021-05-03}}</ref>
-| ref23            =
-| languages        = [[Indigenous languages of the Americas]], English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Dutch
+| languages        = [[Indigenous languages of the Americas]], including Quechua, Aymara, Guarani, Mapuche
 | religions        = {{plainlist|
+*[[Native American religions]]<ref name="Zerries">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1987 |surname=Zerries |given=Otto |entry=South American Indian Religions: An Overview |translator=John Maressa |entry-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/south-american-indian-religions-overview |editor=Mircea Eliade |editor-link=Mircea Eliade |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Religion |place=New York |publisher=Macmillan |volume=13 |isbn=0-02-909840-8 |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]]}}</ref>
-*[[Native American religion]]
 *[[Christianity]]
 *Others
 }}
-| related          =
 }}
-[[File:Macri con Félix Diaz.jpg|thumb|Native rights activist [[Félix Díaz (cacique)|Félix Díaz]] meets Argentine President [[Mauricio Macri]].]]
+[[File:Macri con Félix Diaz.jpg|thumb|Native rights activist [[Félix Díaz (cacique)|Félix Díaz]] meets Argentine president [[Mauricio Macri]].]]
 [[File:Baile de cortejo Wayuu.jpg|thumb|Indigenous peoples in Colombia]]
+In [[South America]], [[Indigenous peoples]] comprise the [[Pre-Columbian era|Pre-Columbian]] peoples and their descendants, as contrasted with people of European ancestry and those of African descent. In Spanish, indigenous peoples are referred to as {{lang|es|pueblos indígenas}} ({{lit.|indigenous peoples}}), or {{lang|es|pueblos nativos}} ({{lit.|native peoples}}). The term {{lang|es|aborigen}} ({{lit.|aborigine}}) is used in [[Argentina]], and {{lang|es|pueblos aborígenes}} ({{lit|aboriginal peoples}}) is commonly used in [[Colombia]]. The English term ''Amerindian'' (short for "Indians of the Americas") is often used in [[the Guianas]]. [[Latin Americans]] of [[multiracial people|mixed]] European and Indigenous descent are usually referred to as {{lang|es|[[mestizo]]s}} (Spanish) and {{lang|pt|[[mestiço]]s}} (Portuguese), while those of mixed African and Indigenous ancestry are referred to as {{lang|es|[[zambos]]}}.
-The '''indigenous peoples of South America''' or '''South American indigenous peoples''', are the [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] peoples of [[South America]] and their descendants. These peoples contrast with South Americans of European ancestry and those of African descent.
+It is believed that the first human populations of South America either arrived from [[Asia]] into [[North America]] via the [[Bering Land Bridge]] and migrated southwards or alternatively from [[Polynesia]] across the Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cyberwest.com/v9scwst1/|title=Study confirms Bering land bridge flooded later than previously believed|website=cyberwest.com|language=en|access-date=2017-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last1=Gongora | first1=J. | last2=Rawlence | first2=N. J. | last3=Mobegi | first3=V. A. | last4=Jianlin | first4=H. | last5=Alcalde | first5=J. A. | last6=Matus | first6=J. T. | last7=Hanotte | first7=O. | last8=Moran | first8=C. | last9=Austin | first9=J. J. | last10=Ulm | first10=S. | last11=Anderson | first11=A. J. | last12=Larson | first12=G. | last13=Cooper | first13=A. | title=Indo-European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by mtDNA | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume=105 | issue=30 | date=July 28, 2008 | issn=0027-8424 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0801991105 | pages=10308–10313 | pmid=18663216 | pmc=2492461 |display-authors=1| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Journal of the Polynesian Society: Notes And Queries, P 255-258|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=1242|website=www.jps.auckland.ac.nz|access-date=2017-02-22|archive-date=2017-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520233112/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=1242|url-status=dead}}</ref> The earliest generally accepted archaeological evidence for human habitation in South America dates to 14,000 years ago, and is located at the [[Monte Verde]] site in southern [[Chile]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hey|first=Jody|date=2005-05-24|title=On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas|journal=PLOS Biology|volume=3|issue=6|pages=e193|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030193|issn=1545-7885|pmc=1131883|pmid=15898833 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The descendants of these first inhabitants would become the indigenous populations of South America.
-In Spanish, indigenous people are often referred to as ''indígenas'' or ''pueblos indígenas'' (lit. indigenous peoples). They may also be called ''pueblos nativos'' or ''nativos'' (lit. native peoples). The term ''aborigen'' (lit. aborigine) is used in [[Argentina]] and ''pueblos aborígenes'' (lit. aboriginal peoples) is commonly used in [[Colombia]]. The English term "Amerindian" (short for "Indians of the Americas") is often used in [[the Guianas]]. [[Latin Americans]] of [[multiracial people|mixed]] European and indigenous descent are usually referred to as [[mestizo]]s (Spanish) and [[mestiço]]s (Portuguese).
+Before the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]], many of the indigenous peoples of South America were [[hunter-gatherer]]s and indeed many still are, especially in the [[Amazon rainforest]]. Others, especially the [[Andean civilization|Andean cultures]], practised sophisticated agriculture, utilized advanced irrigation and kept [[Domestication|domesticated livestock]], such as [[llama]]s and [[alpaca]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://macareo.pucp.edu.pe/~jearls/documentosPDF/theCharacter.PDF|title=The Character of Inca and Andean Agriculture|last=Earls|first=John|access-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517014832/http://macareo.pucp.edu.pe/~jearls/documentosPDF/theCharacter.PDF|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/Unit/oea59e/ch27.htm|title=4.1 Raised beds and waru waru cultivation|website=www.oas.org|access-date=2017-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rlc.fao.org/es/tierra/pdf/capta/siste5.pdf |title=AGRICULTURA DE LADERAS A TRAVÉS DE ANDENES, PERÚ |last=Pinedo |first=Javier Blossiers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214103311/http://www.rlc.fao.org/es/tierra/pdf/capta/siste5.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |url-status=bot: unknown |lang=es |access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref>
-It is believed that the first human populations of South America either arrived from [[Asia]] into [[North America]] via the [[Bering Land Bridge]] and migrated southwards or alternatively from [[Polynesia]] across the Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cyberwest.com/v9scwst1/|title=Study confirms Bering land bridge flooded later than previously believed|website=cyberwest.com|language=en|access-date=2017-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last=Gongora | first=J. | last2=Rawlence | first2=N. J. | last3=Mobegi | first3=V. A. | last4=Jianlin | first4=H. | last5=Alcalde | first5=J. A. | last6=Matus | first6=J. T. | last7=Hanotte | first7=O. | last8=Moran | first8=C. | last9=Austin | first9=J. J. | last10=Ulm | first10=S. | last11=Anderson | first11=A. J. | last12=Larson | first12=G. | last13=Cooper | first13=A. | title=Indo-European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by mtDNA | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume=105 | issue=30 | date=Jul 28, 2008 | issn=0027-8424 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0801991105 | pages=10308–10313 | pmid=18663216 | pmc=2492461 |display-authors=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Journal of the Polynesian Society: Notes And Queries, P 255-258|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=1242|website=www.jps.auckland.ac.nz}}</ref> The earliest generally accepted archaeological evidence for human habitation in South America dates to 14,000 years ago, the [[Monte Verde]] site in Southern [[Chile]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hey|first=Jody|date=2005-05-24|title=On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas|journal=PLOS Biology|volume=3|issue=6|pages=e193|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030193|issn=1545-7885|pmc=1131883|pmid=15898833}}</ref> The descendants of these first inhabitants would become the indigenous populations of South America.
+The only South American country that presently has a majority-Indigenous population is Bolivia, with 62% of Bolivians identifying as a member of an Indigenous group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia/|title=Bolivia|work=The CIA World Factbook|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref>
-Before the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]], many of the indigenous peoples of South America were [[hunter-gatherer]]s and indeed many still are, especially in the [[Amazon rainforest|Amazonian area]]. Others, especially the [[Inca Empire|Andean cultures]], practised sophisticated [[agriculture]], utilized [[Irrigation|advanced irrigation]] and kept [[Domestication|domesticated livestock]], such as [[llama]]s and [[alpaca]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://macareo.pucp.edu.pe/~jearls/documentosPDF/theCharacter.PDF|title=The Character of Inca and Andean Agriculture|last=Earls|first=John|access-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517014832/http://macareo.pucp.edu.pe/~jearls/documentosPDF/theCharacter.PDF|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/Unit/oea59e/ch27.htm|title=4.1 Raised beds and waru waru cultivation|website=www.oas.org|access-date=2017-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rlc.fao.org/es/tierra/pdf/capta/siste5.pdf |title=AGRICULTURA DE LADERAS A TRAVÉS DE ANDENES, PERÚ |last=Pinedo |first=Javier Blossiers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214103311/http://www.rlc.fao.org/es/tierra/pdf/capta/siste5.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref>
-In the present day, there are two South American countries where indigenous peoples constitute the largest ethnic group. These are Peru, where 45% are indigenous and Bolivia, where 62% of people identify as feeling a part of some indigenous group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref>
 South American indigenous peoples include:
@@ Line 72: / Line 69: @@
 *[[Indigenous peoples in Colombia]]
 *[[Indigenous peoples in Ecuador]]
-*[[Indigenous peoples in Guyana|Indigenous peoples in French Guiana]]
+*[[Demographics of French Guiana|Indigenous peoples in French Guiana]]
 *[[Indigenous peoples in Guyana]]
 *[[Indigenous peoples in Paraguay]]
@@ Line 81: / Line 78: @@
 ==See also==
-* [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
+* [[Indigenous peoples of North America]]
+* [[Native American religions]]
 * [[Wars involving indigenous peoples of South America]]
 * [[List of indigenous peoples]]
@@ Line 96: / Line 94: @@
 {{Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
 {{Indigenous peoples by continent}}
+{{Americas topic|Indigenous peoples of}}
+{{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Indigenous Peoples In South America}}

v t e Indigenous peoples in South America
Sovereign states	Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela
Dependencies and other territories	Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

v t e Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Sovereign states	Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela
Dependencies and territories	Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saba Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands
North America Central America Caribbean South America

Authority control databases
International	FAST
National	United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Taiwan Latvia Croatia Argentina Israel