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{{Short description|American record label}}{{Redirect|Philadelphia International|the airport|Philadelphia International Airport}}{{redirect|The Sound of Philadelphia|the MFSB song|TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)|other uses}} |
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{{Infobox record label |
{{Infobox record label |
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| name = Philadelphia International Records |
| name = Philadelphia International Records |
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| image_size = 100px |
| image_size = 100px |
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| parent = [[Sony Music Entertainment]] |
| parent = [[Sony Music Entertainment]] |
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| founded = 1971 ( |
| founded = 1971 (53 years ago) |
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| defunct = 2001 |
| defunct = 2001 |
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| founder = [[Kenneth Gamble]], [[Leon Huff]] |
| founder = [[Kenneth Gamble]], [[Leon Huff]] |
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}} |
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'''Philadelphia International Records''' ('''PIR''') was an American record label |
'''Philadelphia International Records''' ('''PIR''') was an American record label based in [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1971 by songwriting and production duo [[Gamble and Huff|Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff]] along with their longtime collaborator [[Thom Bell]]. It was known for showcasing the [[Philadelphia soul]] music genre (also known as Philly soul) that was founded on the gospel, doo-wop and soul music of the time. This sound later marked a prominent and distinct era within the [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] genre.<ref name="pitch">{{Cite web|title = Starter: Philadelphia International Records|url = http://pitchfork.com/features/starter/9198-philadelphia-international-records/|website = Pitchfork|access-date = 2015-12-09|language = en-US}}</ref> During the 1970s, the label released a string of worldwide hits that emphasized lavish orchestral instrumentation, heavy bass and driving percussion. |
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Some of |
Some of its most popular and best selling acts included [[the O'Jays]], [[Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes]], [[Teddy Pendergrass]], [[MFSB]], [[Billy Paul]], [[Patti LaBelle]], and [[Lou Rawls]]. Between 1971 and the early 1980s, the label released more than 170 gold and platinum records.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Recording Industry {{!}} Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia|url = http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/recording-industry/#7416|website = philadelphiaencyclopedia.org|access-date = 2015-12-08|last = Hardy|first = Charles}}</ref> |
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Philadelphia International Records had been mostly defunct since 1987 |
Philadelphia International Records had been mostly defunct since 1987 and finally shut down in 2001. As of 2007, [[Sony Music Entertainment]] owns all rights to the Philadelphia International Records catalogue.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Who Owns the (Philadelphia) Soul of Black Music?|url = http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2014/02/black_owned_philadelphia_international_records_remaining_songs_sold.html|website = The Root|access-date = 2015-12-08|last = Neal|first = Mark|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222131257/http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2014/02/black_owned_philadelphia_international_records_remaining_songs_sold.html|archive-date = 2015-12-22|url-status = dead}}</ref> |
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==Beginning and success== |
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==History== |
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[[Gamble and Huff|Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff]], the founders of Philadelphia International Records, met in 1964 while they were both playing as session musicians for various labels, including Philadelphia based [[Cameo-Parkway Records]], whose building would later become home to Philadelphia International Records recording studio. In 1965, Huff joined Gamble's band, |
[[Gamble and Huff|Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff]], the founders of Philadelphia International Records, met in 1964 while they were both playing as session musicians for various labels, including Philadelphia based [[Cameo-Parkway Records]], whose building would later become home to Philadelphia International Records' recording studio. In 1965, Huff joined Gamble's band, the Romeos, a popular moniker at the time, by replacing future Philadelphia International Records producer and arranger [[Thom Bell]] on piano. Gamble and the Romeos had seen little success playing for their label, Arctic Records, and split up soon after. |
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When the Romeos disbanded, Gamble and Huff |
When the Romeos disbanded, Gamble and Huff started one of the first iterations of Philadelphia International Records (which they named Excel and Gamble) after a visit to [[Motown Records]] in [[Detroit]] to scope out the Motown setup. The success of their biggest signing, [[The Intruders (band)|the Intruders]], brought attention to Gamble and Huff allowing them to create [[Neptune Records]] in 1969. Neptune Records, a more ambitious project for the duo, was financed by [[Chess Records]]; thus they were able to sign later Philadelphia International Records artists [[the O'Jays]] and [[the Three Degrees]]. |
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When Chess Records changed ownership in 1969, Neptune Records folded. Gamble and Huff transferred their signed artists to a new project, Philadelphia International Records.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ffcpop/gamble_and_huff/0?searchId=08a5cb2e-5bcb-11e5-b310-0aea1e3b2a47&result=3|title = The faber companion to 20th century popular music|date = 2001|publisher = Faber and Faber|last = Hardy|first = Phil}}</ref> Looking to attract new black acts to their label, but without the in-house know-how, [[Columbia Records]] was convinced to sign an exclusive production contract with Gamble and Huff's new Philadelphia International Records.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Morrison|first=Jim|title=Forty Years of Philadelphia Sound|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/forty-years-of-philadelphia-sound-326818/|access-date=2020-07-18|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref> The label was set up in connection with Mighty Three/Assorted Music, the music publishing company which was run by Gamble, Huff, and Thom Bell, a Philadelphia producer, to showcase their songs. |
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The label was set up in connection with Mighty Three/Assorted Music, the music publishing company run by Gamble, Huff and another Philadelphia producer, [[Thom Bell]], to showcase their songs. |
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The label's major hits included: "[[TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)]]" by [[MFSB]], featuring [[ |
The label's major hits included: "[[TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)]]" by [[MFSB]], featuring [[the Three Degrees]], 1974 (which was later used as one of the theme tunes for the TV dance-music show ''[[Soul Train]]''); "[[Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now]]" by [[McFadden & Whitehead]] (writers and producers with the label), 1979; "[[Back Stabbers (song)|Back Stabbers]]" and "[[Love Train]]" by the O'Jays, 1972/3; "[[If You Don't Know Me By Now]]" and "[[The Love I Lost]]" by Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, 1972/3; "[[Me and Mrs. Jones]]" by Billy Paul, 1972; "[[When Will I See You Again]]" by the Three Degrees, 1974; and "[[You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine]]" by Lou Rawls, 1976. |
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The label had a distribution deal with [[Sony Music Entertainment|CBS Records]] until 1984. Distribution of the catalog from 1976 |
The label had a distribution deal with [[Sony Music Entertainment|CBS Records]] until 1984. Distribution of the catalog from 1976 onward was taken over by [[EMI Records]], but CBS continued to distribute material which was recorded up to 1976. In 2007, Sony's [[Legacy Recordings]] regained the rights to Philadelphia International's full catalog and the following year, PIR/Legacy released a box set titled ''Love Train: The Sound of Philadelphia''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/20/gamble.huff/?iref=hpmostpop|title=The sound of Philadelphia, heard around the world |website=Cnn.com|access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> |
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Most of the music released by the label was recorded and produced at [[Sigma Sound Studios]] in Philadelphia, with chief engineer and later studio owner [[Joseph Tarsia|Joe Tarsia]] recording many of the sessions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Seay|first1=Toby|title=Capturing That Philadelphia Sound: A Technical Exploration Of Sigma Sound Studios|journal=Journal on the Art of Record Production|date=1 June 2012|issue=6|url=http://arpjournal.com/1834/capturing-that-philadelphia-sound-a-technical-exploration-of-sigma-sound-studios/|access-date=24 December 2014|ref=JARP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105034138/http://arpjournal.com/1834/capturing-that-philadelphia-sound-a-technical-exploration-of-sigma-sound-studios/|archive-date=5 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> More than 30 resident studio musicians, known collectively as [[MFSB]] "Mother Father Sister Brother", were based at this studio and backed up most of |
Most of the music which was released by the label was recorded and produced at [[Sigma Sound Studios]] in Philadelphia, with chief engineer and later studio owner [[Joseph Tarsia|Joe Tarsia]] recording many of the sessions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Seay|first1=Toby|title=Capturing That Philadelphia Sound: A Technical Exploration Of Sigma Sound Studios|journal=Journal on the Art of Record Production|date=1 June 2012|issue=6|url=http://arpjournal.com/1834/capturing-that-philadelphia-sound-a-technical-exploration-of-sigma-sound-studios/|access-date=24 December 2014|ref=JARP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105034138/http://arpjournal.com/1834/capturing-that-philadelphia-sound-a-technical-exploration-of-sigma-sound-studios/|archive-date=5 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> More than 30 resident studio musicians, known collectively as [[MFSB]] ("Mother Father Sister Brother"), were based at this studio and backed up most of the recordings.<ref name=":0" /> Some of the musicians also acted as arrangers, writers, or producers for Philadelphia International as well as for other labels recording in the city. They included [[Bobby Martin (producer)|Bobby Martin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soultracks.com/story-bobby-martin-dies|title=R.I.P. Legendary soul music producer Bobby Martin|date=10 September 2013|website=Soultracks.com|access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{discogs artist|172701|Bobby Martin}}</ref> [[Norman Harris (musician)|Norman Harris]], Thom Bell, [[Ronnie Baker (musician)|Ronnie Baker]], [[Vince Montana]] and, later, Jack Faith, Dexter Wansel, and John Usry. |
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Gamble and Huff worked as independent producers with a series of artists in the late 1960s and early 1970s, including Jerry Butler, [[Wilson Pickett]] and [[Dusty Springfield]]. They also produced [[ |
Gamble and Huff worked as independent producers with a series of artists in the late 1960s and early 1970s, including Jerry Butler, [[Wilson Pickett]], and [[Dusty Springfield]]. They also produced [[the Jacksons]]' first two albums for Epic/CBS after the group left Motown in 1976. The first, titled ''[[The Jacksons (album)|The Jacksons]],'' featured the platinum-selling single "[[Enjoy Yourself (The Jacksons song)|Enjoy Yourself]]", and a second album, ''[[Goin' Places (The Jacksons album)|Goin' Places]],'' followed in 1977. Although they were released on a CBS subsidiary, [[Epic Records|Epic]], both albums and the singles also had a Philadelphia International logo. |
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In 1965, Gamble and Huff started an independent label, |
In 1965, Gamble and Huff started an independent label, Excel Records. It was soon renamed Gamble Records and in 1972, was folded into Philadelphia International as a subsidiary. In 1974, the subsidiary's name was changed to TSOP Records, taken from the title of the 1974 hit single "TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)". Artists for Excel/Gamble/TSOP included [[Dee Dee Sharp]], [[Archie Bell & the Drells]], and [[The People's Choice (band)|the People's Choice]] who had a top 10 single on TSOP in 1976 with "[[Do It Any Way You Wanna]]". Later signings to the Philly International roster in the 1980s and 1990s included [[Patti LaBelle]], [[the Stylistics]], [[Phyllis Hyman]], and [[the Dells]]. |
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Between 1973 and 1975, Gamble and Huff also distributed a boutique label called |
Between 1973 and 1975, Gamble and Huff also distributed a boutique label called Golden Fleece''',''' set up by musicians [[Norman Harris (musician)|Norman Harris]], [[Ronnie Baker (musician)|Ronnie Baker]], and [[Earl Young (drummer)|Earl Young]], which released the second album by [[the Trammps]]. Gamble and Huff also launched a short-lived subsidiary called Thunder Records. Created by Thom Bell, it only had two singles: Derek & Cyndi's "You Bring Out the Best in Me/I'll Do the Impossible for You", which was produced by Bell, and [[Fatback Band]] member Michael Walker's "I Got the Notion, You Got the Motion", produced by his brother and [[The Spinners (American band)|Spinners]] member [[Philippe Wynne]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.discogs.com/label/Thunder+%282%29 |title = Thunder (2)|website=Discogs.com|access-date=October 4, 2021}}</ref> |
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==Later period== |
==Later period== |
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By the mid |
By the mid-1980s, Philadelphia International Records had ended the distribution deal that they had with Columbia. The label was soon after picked up by Capitol/EMI Records. They continued to make hits, including [[Shirley Jones (R&B singer)|Shirley Jones]]' "Do You Get Enough Love", but their most successful years were behind them. In the 1990s, Philadelphia International launched a new subsidiary, Uncensored Records. Featuring [[Damon Williams|Damon]] and No Question, the label releases [[hip hop music]]. Philadelphia International now largely concentrates on licensing its music catalog worldwide and has issued few new recordings since the mid-1980s when Gamble and Huff wound down their studio work together. |
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| ⚫ | In 1989, Gamble and Huff won their first [[Grammy Award]]. [[Simply Red]]'s cover of "[[If You Don't Know Me by Now|If You Don't Know Me By Now]]" which was written by Gamble and Huff, received the [[Grammy Award for Best R&B Song]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Past Winners Search|url = http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=Huff&field_nominee_work_value=&year=1989&genre=All|website =Grammy.com|access-date = 2015-12-09}}</ref> In 1999, Gamble and Huff were awarded the [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Grammy]] from the [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]. In 2008, the duo was inducted in the [[List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees|Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in the non-performer category, joining their band the O'Jays, who were inducted in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum|url = https://rockhall.com/inductees/alphabetical/|website = rockhall.com|access-date = 2015-12-09}}</ref> |
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In the 1990s, Philadelphia International launched a new subsidiary, Uncensored Records. Featuring [[Damon Williams|Damon]] and [[No Question (group)|No Question]], this label releases [[hip hop music]]. Philadelphia International now largely concentrates on licensing its music catalog worldwide and has issued few new recordings since the mid-80s, when Gamble and Huff wound down their studio work together. |
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| ⚫ | In November 2009, PBS aired a two-part special, ''Love Train: The Sound of Philadelphia'', that focuses on Gamble and Huff and the family of Philadelphia International Records artists. The concert was shot with a live audience on June 7, 2008 at the Borgata Hotel and Casino in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]]; it showcased TSOP artists. |
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| ⚫ | In 1989, Gamble and Huff |
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| ⚫ | In February 2010, fire swept through part of the offices on Philadelphia's [[Broad Street (Philadelphia)|Broad Street]]. The building was previously the home of another iconic part of the city's musical heritage, [[Cameo-Parkway Records]], based there during the 1950s and 1960s; it had become a tourist attraction. The fire was started deliberately by a man who had broken into the offices while so intoxicated by alcohol that he had no later recollection of the crime.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120523183821/http://articles.philly.com/2010-07-14/news/24968483_1_extinguisher-fire-alarm-third-floor Philly.com (Philadelphia Inquirer/Daily News website) article on conviction of arsonist], Articles.philly.com, Retrieved 2011-06-09</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In November |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | In February 2010, |
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| ⚫ | The building that housed Philadelphia International Records located on Broad and Spruce Streets was damaged by arson in 2010 and effectively was shut down. It was sold to local developer Dranoff Properties in 2014. On April 18, 2015, demolition started on the building. Dranoff Properties announced plans to build an SLS International Hotel at the site of the building.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/iconic-philadelphia-international-records-building-being-demolished-saturday/65969/|title=Iconic Philadelphia International Records Building Being Demolished|first=Vince|last=Lattanzio|website=Nbcphiladelphia.com|access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> It is now home to the 47-story Arthaus Condominiums, where there is a tribute to Philadelphia International Records on display in the lobby. |
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| ⚫ | In August 2011, in honor of the 40th anniversary of the company, Philadelphia International Records launched |
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| ⚫ | Gamble and Huff have written more than 3,000 songs throughout their careers, making them two of the most efficient and productive songwriters of all time. They continue to write songs together from their homes in [[South Philadelphia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Kenneth Gamble|url = http://www.gamble-huffmusic.com/home2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=99|website =Gamble-huffmusic.com|access-date = 2015-12-09}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The building that housed Philadelphia International Records located on Broad |
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| ⚫ | Gamble and Huff have written |
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| ⚫ | [[Philadelphia soul]], or Philly soul, is a form of soul music that emanated from Philadelphia during the mid-1960s. It provided a smoother alternative to the deep soul of the 1960s while maintaining the soul and emotion of popular R&B of the time.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Philly Soul {{!}} Music Highlights |url = http://www.allmusic.com/style/philly-soul-ma0000002776|website = [[AllMusic]]|access-date = 2015-12-09}}</ref> Philadelphia International Records was one of the most successful labels to capitalize on this new genre with acts such as the O'Jays and Teddy Pendergrass. |
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| ⚫ | Philly soul is known for its incorporation of lush string arrangements along with penetrating brass, and often tells very personal and emotional stories. The world-renowned [[Philadelphia Orchestra]]'s string section was often employed to play on many of Philadelphia International Records' tracks.<ref>{{Cite book|jstor = j.ctt2tv6sv.11|chapter = [Part Three: Introduction]|title = Ladies of Soul|pages = [https://archive.org/details/ladiesofsoul0000free/page/103 103–105]|last1 = Freeland|first1 = David|year = 2001|isbn = 9781578063314|publisher = University Press of Mississippi|chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/ladiesofsoul0000free/page/103}}</ref> Philly soul is often considered a producer's genre, the essence of the genre coming mostly from Gamble, Huff, Bell, and the other producers within PIR. Philly soul, with its driving rhythms, later became an inspiration for the [[disco]] craze of the 1970s. |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | [[Philadelphia soul]], or Philly soul, |
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| ⚫ | Philly |
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==Discography== |
==Discography== |
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|KZ 31794||Dick Jensen||[[Dick Jensen]] || 1973 |
|KZ 31794||Dick Jensen||[[Dick Jensen]] || 1973 |
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|ZX 31991||Save The Children||[[The Intruders (band)|Intruders]] || 1973 |
|ZX 31991||Save The Children (originally released on [[Gamble Records]])||[[The Intruders (band)|Intruders]] || 1973 |
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|KZ 32046||''[[MFSB (album)|MFSB]]''||MFSB || 1973 |
|KZ 32046||''[[MFSB (album)|MFSB]]''||MFSB || 1973 |
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|KZ 32118||Ebony Woman||Billy Paul || 1973 |
|KZ 32118||[[Ebony Woman]] (originally released in 1970 on [[Neptune Records]])||Billy Paul || 1973 |
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|KZ 32119||Feelin' Good |
|KZ 32119||[[Feelin' Good at the Cadillac Club]] (originally released in 1968 on Gamble Records)||Billy Paul || 1973 |
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|KZ 32120||The O'Jays In Philadelphia (originally released in 1970 on [[Neptune Records]])||O'Jays || 1973 |
|KZ 32120||The O'Jays In Philadelphia (originally released in 1970 on [[Neptune Records]])||O'Jays || 1973 |
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|KZ 32859||That's How I'll Be Loving You||[[Bunny Sigler]] || 1974 |
|KZ 32859||That's How I'll Be Loving You||[[Bunny Sigler]] || 1974 |
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|KZ 32952||Live In Europe||Billy Paul || 1974 |
|KZ 32952||[[Live in Europe (Billy Paul album)|Live In Europe]]||Billy Paul || 1974 |
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|KZ/PZQ 32953||The O'Jays Live In London||O'Jays || 1974 |
|KZ/PZQ 32953||The O'Jays Live In London||O'Jays || 1974 |
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|KZ/PZ 33148||''[[To Be True]]''||Harold Melvin & Blue Notes || 1975 |
|KZ/PZ 33148||''[[To Be True]]''||Harold Melvin & Blue Notes || 1975 |
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|KZ 30584||''[[You Will Remember Me]]''||King Cason|| 1975 |
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|KZ 33150||''[[Survival (The O'Jays album)|Survival]]''||O'Jays || 1975 |
|KZ 33150||''[[Survival (The O'Jays album)|Survival]]''||O'Jays || 1975 |
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|KZ 33154||''[[Boogie Down U.S.A.]]''||[[The People's Choice (band)|People's Choice]] || 1975 |
|KZ 33154||''[[Boogie Down U.S.A.]]''||[[The People's Choice (band)|People's Choice]] || 1975 |
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|PZ 33157||Got My Head |
|PZ 33157||[[Got My Head on Straight]]||Billy Paul || 1975 |
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|PZ 33158||''[[Universal Love]]''||MFSB || 1975 |
|PZ 33158||''[[Universal Love]]''||MFSB || 1975 |
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|PZ/PZQ 33807||''[[Family Reunion (album)|Family Reunion]]''||O'Jays || 1975 |
|PZ/PZQ 33807||''[[Family Reunion (album)|Family Reunion]]''||O'Jays || 1975 |
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|PZ/PZQ 33808||''[[Wake Up Everybody]]''||Harold Melvin & Blue Notes || 1975 |
|PZ/PZQ 33808||''[[Wake Up Everybody (Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes album)|Wake Up Everybody]]''||Harold Melvin & Blue Notes || 1975 |
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|PZ 33839||Happy 'Bout The Whole Thing||[[Dee Dee Sharp]] || 1976 |
|PZ 33839||Happy 'Bout The Whole Thing||[[Dee Dee Sharp]] || 1976 |
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|PZ 33841||Could It Be Magic||Anthony White || 1976 |
|PZ 33841||Could It Be Magic||Anthony White || 1976 |
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|PZ 33843||When Love Is New||Billy Paul || 1975 |
|PZ 33843||[[When Love Is New]]||Billy Paul || 1975 |
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|PZ/PZQ 33845||''[[Philadelphia Freedom (album)|Philadelphia Freedom]]''||MFSB || 1975 |
|PZ/PZQ 33845||''[[Philadelphia Freedom (album)|Philadelphia Freedom]]''||MFSB || 1975 |
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|PZ 34079||''[[Life on Mars (Dexter Wansel album)|Life On Mars]]''||[[Dexter Wansel]] || 1976 |
|PZ 34079||''[[Life on Mars (Dexter Wansel album)|Life On Mars]]''||[[Dexter Wansel]] || 1976 |
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|PZ 34110 |
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|Circles |
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|City Limits |
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|1975 |
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|PZ 34122||From North Philly (Live)||[[Dap 'Sugar' Willie]] || 1976 |
|PZ 34122||From North Philly (Live)||[[Dap 'Sugar' Willie]] || 1976 |
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|JZ35036||''[[When You Hear Lou, You've Heard It All]]''||Lou Rawls || 1977 |
|JZ35036||''[[When You Hear Lou, You've Heard It All]]''||Lou Rawls || 1977 |
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|JZ35095||''[[Life Is a Song Worth Singing]]''||Teddy Pendergrass || 1978 |
|JZ35095||''[[Life Is a Song Worth Singing (album)|Life Is a Song Worth Singing]]''||Teddy Pendergrass || 1978 |
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|JZ/PZ 35355||''[[So Full of Love]]''||O'Jays || 1978 |
|JZ/PZ 35355||''[[So Full of Love]]''||O'Jays || 1978 |
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|JZ36024||Time Is Slipping Away||Dexter Wansel || 1979 |
|JZ36024||Time Is Slipping Away||Dexter Wansel || 1979 |
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|JZ36025||Midnight Dancer||Silk|| 1979 |
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|FZ36027||''[[Identify Yourself]]''||O'Jays || 1979 |
|FZ36027||''[[Identify Yourself]]''||O'Jays || 1979 |
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|JZ36774||Shades of Blue||Lou Rawls || 1980 |
|JZ36774||Shades of Blue||Lou Rawls || 1980 |
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|FZ/PZ 37380||''[[The Spirit's in It]]''||Patti |
|FZ/PZ 37380||''[[The Spirit's in It]]''||Patti LaBelle || 1981 |
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|FZ37491||''[[It's Time for Love]]''||Teddy Pendergrass || 1981 |
|FZ37491||''[[It's Time for Love]]''||Teddy Pendergrass || 1981 |
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|FZ/PZ 38518||When Will I See You Again||O'Jays || 1983 |
|FZ/PZ 38518||When Will I See You Again||O'Jays || 1983 |
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|FZ38539||''[[I'm in Love Again]]''||Patti |
|FZ38539||''[[I'm in Love Again]]''||Patti LaBelle || 1983 |
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|FZ38555||Keep It Comin'||Jones Girls || 1984 |
|FZ38555||Keep It Comin'||Jones Girls || 1984 |
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|FZ39367||Love And More||O'Jays || 1984 |
|FZ39367||Love And More||O'Jays || 1984 |
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|FZ40020||''[[Patti (album)|Patti]]''||Patti |
|FZ40020||''[[Patti (album)|Patti]]''||Patti LaBelle || 1985 |
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|ST-53015||Love Fever||The O'Jays || 1985 |
|ST-53015||Love Fever||The O'Jays || 1985 |
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* [http://www.avclub.com/article/philadelphia-soul-29056 Keith Phipps: Philadelphia Soul], avclub.com. |
* [http://www.avclub.com/article/philadelphia-soul-29056 Keith Phipps: Philadelphia Soul], avclub.com. |
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* [http://pitchfork.com/features/starter/9198-philadelphia-international-records/ Nate Patrin: Philadelphia International Records], pitchfork.com. |
* [http://pitchfork.com/features/starter/9198-philadelphia-international-records/ Nate Patrin: Philadelphia International Records], pitchfork.com. |
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* [https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/bobby-martin NAMM Oral History |
* [https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/bobby-martin Bobby Martin Interview] at [[NAMM Oral History Program|NAMM Oral History Collection]] (March 9, 2011) |
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[[Category:Record labels established in 1971]] |
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[[Category:Philadelphia International Records artists| ]] |
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[[Category:Philadelphia International Records albums| ]] |
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[[Category:Soul music record labels]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:12, 31 October 2024
| Philadelphia International Records | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Parent company | Sony Music Entertainment |
| Founded | 1971 (53 years ago) |
| Founder | Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff |
| Defunct | 2001 |
| Distributor(s) | Legacy Recordings (re-issues) |
| Genre | |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Location | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
Philadelphia International Records (PIR) was an American record label based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1971 by songwriting and production duo Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff along with their longtime collaborator Thom Bell. It was known for showcasing the Philadelphia soul music genre (also known as Philly soul) that was founded on the gospel, doo-wop and soul music of the time. This sound later marked a prominent and distinct era within the R&B genre.[1] During the 1970s, the label released a string of worldwide hits that emphasized lavish orchestral instrumentation, heavy bass and driving percussion.
Some of its most popular and best selling acts included the O'Jays, Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, Teddy Pendergrass, MFSB, Billy Paul, Patti LaBelle, and Lou Rawls. Between 1971 and the early 1980s, the label released more than 170 gold and platinum records.[2]
Philadelphia International Records had been mostly defunct since 1987 and finally shut down in 2001. As of 2007, Sony Music Entertainment owns all rights to the Philadelphia International Records catalogue.[3]
Beginning and success
[edit]Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff, the founders of Philadelphia International Records, met in 1964 while they were both playing as session musicians for various labels, including Philadelphia based Cameo-Parkway Records, whose building would later become home to Philadelphia International Records' recording studio. In 1965, Huff joined Gamble's band, the Romeos, a popular moniker at the time, by replacing future Philadelphia International Records producer and arranger Thom Bell on piano. Gamble and the Romeos had seen little success playing for their label, Arctic Records, and split up soon after.
When the Romeos disbanded, Gamble and Huff started one of the first iterations of Philadelphia International Records (which they named Excel and Gamble) after a visit to Motown Records in Detroit to scope out the Motown setup. The success of their biggest signing, the Intruders, brought attention to Gamble and Huff allowing them to create Neptune Records in 1969. Neptune Records, a more ambitious project for the duo, was financed by Chess Records; thus they were able to sign later Philadelphia International Records artists the O'Jays and the Three Degrees.
When Chess Records changed ownership in 1969, Neptune Records folded. Gamble and Huff transferred their signed artists to a new project, Philadelphia International Records.[4] Looking to attract new black acts to their label, but without the in-house know-how, Columbia Records was convinced to sign an exclusive production contract with Gamble and Huff's new Philadelphia International Records.[5] The label was set up in connection with Mighty Three/Assorted Music, the music publishing company which was run by Gamble, Huff, and Thom Bell, a Philadelphia producer, to showcase their songs.
The label's major hits included: "TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)" by MFSB, featuring the Three Degrees, 1974 (which was later used as one of the theme tunes for the TV dance-music show Soul Train); "Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now" by McFadden & Whitehead (writers and producers with the label), 1979; "Back Stabbers" and "Love Train" by the O'Jays, 1972/3; "If You Don't Know Me By Now" and "The Love I Lost" by Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, 1972/3; "Me and Mrs. Jones" by Billy Paul, 1972; "When Will I See You Again" by the Three Degrees, 1974; and "You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine" by Lou Rawls, 1976.
The label had a distribution deal with CBS Records until 1984. Distribution of the catalog from 1976 onward was taken over by EMI Records, but CBS continued to distribute material which was recorded up to 1976. In 2007, Sony's Legacy Recordings regained the rights to Philadelphia International's full catalog and the following year, PIR/Legacy released a box set titled Love Train: The Sound of Philadelphia.[6]
Most of the music which was released by the label was recorded and produced at Sigma Sound Studios in Philadelphia, with chief engineer and later studio owner Joe Tarsia recording many of the sessions.[7] More than 30 resident studio musicians, known collectively as MFSB ("Mother Father Sister Brother"), were based at this studio and backed up most of the recordings.[5] Some of the musicians also acted as arrangers, writers, or producers for Philadelphia International as well as for other labels recording in the city. They included Bobby Martin,[8][9] Norman Harris, Thom Bell, Ronnie Baker, Vince Montana and, later, Jack Faith, Dexter Wansel, and John Usry.
Gamble and Huff worked as independent producers with a series of artists in the late 1960s and early 1970s, including Jerry Butler, Wilson Pickett, and Dusty Springfield. They also produced the Jacksons' first two albums for Epic/CBS after the group left Motown in 1976. The first, titled The Jacksons, featured the platinum-selling single "Enjoy Yourself", and a second album, Goin' Places, followed in 1977. Although they were released on a CBS subsidiary, Epic, both albums and the singles also had a Philadelphia International logo.
In 1965, Gamble and Huff started an independent label, Excel Records. It was soon renamed Gamble Records and in 1972, was folded into Philadelphia International as a subsidiary. In 1974, the subsidiary's name was changed to TSOP Records, taken from the title of the 1974 hit single "TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)". Artists for Excel/Gamble/TSOP included Dee Dee Sharp, Archie Bell & the Drells, and the People's Choice who had a top 10 single on TSOP in 1976 with "Do It Any Way You Wanna". Later signings to the Philly International roster in the 1980s and 1990s included Patti LaBelle, the Stylistics, Phyllis Hyman, and the Dells.
Between 1973 and 1975, Gamble and Huff also distributed a boutique label called Golden Fleece, set up by musicians Norman Harris, Ronnie Baker, and Earl Young, which released the second album by the Trammps. Gamble and Huff also launched a short-lived subsidiary called Thunder Records. Created by Thom Bell, it only had two singles: Derek & Cyndi's "You Bring Out the Best in Me/I'll Do the Impossible for You", which was produced by Bell, and Fatback Band member Michael Walker's "I Got the Notion, You Got the Motion", produced by his brother and Spinners member Philippe Wynne.[10]
Later period
[edit]By the mid-1980s, Philadelphia International Records had ended the distribution deal that they had with Columbia. The label was soon after picked up by Capitol/EMI Records. They continued to make hits, including Shirley Jones' "Do You Get Enough Love", but their most successful years were behind them. In the 1990s, Philadelphia International launched a new subsidiary, Uncensored Records. Featuring Damon and No Question, the label releases hip hop music. Philadelphia International now largely concentrates on licensing its music catalog worldwide and has issued few new recordings since the mid-1980s when Gamble and Huff wound down their studio work together.
In 1989, Gamble and Huff won their first Grammy Award. Simply Red's cover of "If You Don't Know Me By Now" which was written by Gamble and Huff, received the Grammy Award for Best R&B Song.[11] In 1999, Gamble and Huff were awarded the Lifetime Achievement Grammy from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. In 2008, the duo was inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the non-performer category, joining their band the O'Jays, who were inducted in 2005.[12]
In November 2009, PBS aired a two-part special, Love Train: The Sound of Philadelphia, that focuses on Gamble and Huff and the family of Philadelphia International Records artists. The concert was shot with a live audience on June 7, 2008 at the Borgata Hotel and Casino in Atlantic City; it showcased TSOP artists.
In February 2010, fire swept through part of the offices on Philadelphia's Broad Street. The building was previously the home of another iconic part of the city's musical heritage, Cameo-Parkway Records, based there during the 1950s and 1960s; it had become a tourist attraction. The fire was started deliberately by a man who had broken into the offices while so intoxicated by alcohol that he had no later recollection of the crime.[13]
In August 2011, in honor of the 40th anniversary of the company, Philadelphia International Records launched TSOP Soul Radio, an online radio station that airs music and interviews from the Gamble and Huff catalog.
The building that housed Philadelphia International Records located on Broad and Spruce Streets was damaged by arson in 2010 and effectively was shut down. It was sold to local developer Dranoff Properties in 2014. On April 18, 2015, demolition started on the building. Dranoff Properties announced plans to build an SLS International Hotel at the site of the building.[14] It is now home to the 47-story Arthaus Condominiums, where there is a tribute to Philadelphia International Records on display in the lobby.
Gamble and Huff have written more than 3,000 songs throughout their careers, making them two of the most efficient and productive songwriters of all time. They continue to write songs together from their homes in South Philadelphia.[15]
Philly soul
[edit]Philadelphia soul, or Philly soul, is a form of soul music that emanated from Philadelphia during the mid-1960s. It provided a smoother alternative to the deep soul of the 1960s while maintaining the soul and emotion of popular R&B of the time.[16] Philadelphia International Records was one of the most successful labels to capitalize on this new genre with acts such as the O'Jays and Teddy Pendergrass.
Philly soul is known for its incorporation of lush string arrangements along with penetrating brass, and often tells very personal and emotional stories. The world-renowned Philadelphia Orchestra's string section was often employed to play on many of Philadelphia International Records' tracks.[17] Philly soul is often considered a producer's genre, the essence of the genre coming mostly from Gamble, Huff, Bell, and the other producers within PIR. Philly soul, with its driving rhythms, later became an inspiration for the disco craze of the 1970s.
Discography
[edit]Catalog numbers from 1971 to 1985 are part of CBS Records' overall numbering system, and therefore are discontinuous. Albums released from 1986-1990 were part of Capitol/EMI catalog numbering system. Catalog numbers for albums released after 1991 are from Philadelphia International's distribution deal with Zoo Entertainment.
| Catalog | Album | Artist | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| KZ 30580 | Going East | Billy Paul | 1971 |
| KZ 31648 | I Miss You | Harold Melvin & Blue Notes | 1972 |
| KZ 31712 | Back Stabbers | O'Jays | 1972 |
| KZ 31793 | 360 Degrees of Billy Paul | Billy Paul | 1972 |
| KZ 31794 | Dick Jensen | Dick Jensen | 1973 |
| ZX 31991 | Save The Children (originally released on Gamble Records) | Intruders | 1973 |
| KZ 32046 | MFSB | MFSB | 1973 |
| KZ 32118 | Ebony Woman (originally released in 1970 on Neptune Records) | Billy Paul | 1973 |
| KZ 32119 | Feelin' Good at the Cadillac Club (originally released in 1968 on Gamble Records) | Billy Paul | 1973 |
| KZ 32120 | The O'Jays In Philadelphia (originally released in 1970 on Neptune Records) | O'Jays | 1973 |
| KZ 32131 | Super Hits | Intruders | 1973 |
| KZ 32404 | Spiritual Concept | Spiritual Concept | 1973 |
| KZ 32406 | The Three Degrees | Three Degrees | 1973 |
| KZ/ZQ 32407 | Black And Blue | Harold Melvin & Blue Notes | 1973 |
| KZ/PZ/PZQ 32408 | Ship Ahoy | O'Jays | 1973 |
| KZ 32409 | War Of The Gods | Billy Paul | 1973 |
| KZ 32419 | The Ebonys | Ebonys | 1973 |
| KZ/ZQ 32707 | Love is the Message | MFSB | 1973 |
| KZ 32713 | The Sound Of Philadelphia '73 | Various Artists | 1973 |
| KZ 32859 | That's How I'll Be Loving You | Bunny Sigler | 1974 |
| KZ 32952 | Live In Europe | Billy Paul | 1974 |
| KZ/PZQ 32953 | The O'Jays Live In London | O'Jays | 1974 |
| KZ/PZ 33148 | To Be True | Harold Melvin & Blue Notes | 1975 |
| KZ 30584 | You Will Remember Me | King Cason | 1975 |
| KZ 33150 | Survival | O'Jays | 1975 |
| KZ 33152 | Potpourri | Thad Jones & Mel Lewis | 1975 |
| KZ 33153 | Reality | Monk Montgomery | 1974 |
| KZ 33154 | Boogie Down U.S.A. | People's Choice | 1975 |
| PZ 33157 | Got My Head on Straight | Billy Paul | 1975 |
| PZ 33158 | Universal Love | MFSB | 1975 |
| KZ 33162 | International | Three Degrees | 1975 |
| KZ 33249 | Keep Smilin' | Bunny Sigler | 1975 |
| PZ/PZQ 33807 | Family Reunion | O'Jays | 1975 |
| PZ/PZQ 33808 | Wake Up Everybody | Harold Melvin & Blue Notes | 1975 |
| PZ 33839 | Happy 'Bout The Whole Thing | Dee Dee Sharp | 1976 |
| PZ 33840 | The Three Degrees Live | Three Degrees | 1975 |
| PZ 33841 | Could It Be Magic | Anthony White | 1976 |
| PZ 33843 | When Love Is New | Billy Paul | 1975 |
| PZ/PZQ 33845 | Philadelphia Freedom | MFSB | 1975 |
| PZ 33957 | All Things in Time | Lou Rawls | 1976 |
| PZ 33958 | Travelin' In Heavy Traffic | Don Covay | 1976 |
| PZ 34079 | Life On Mars | Dexter Wansel | 1976 |
| PZ 34110 | Circles | City Limits | 1975 |
| PZ 34122 | From North Philly (Live) | Dap 'Sugar' Willie | 1976 |
| PZ 34123 | Unemployment Blues | Force Of Nature | 1976 |
| JE/PE 34229 | The Jacksons | Jacksons | 1976 |
| PZ 34232 | Collectors' Item: All Their Greatest Hits! | Harold Melvin & Blue Notes | 1976 |
| PZ 34238 | Summertime | MFSB | 1976 |
| PZ 34245 | Message in the Music | O'Jays | 1976 |
| PZ 34267 | My Music | Bunny Sigler | 1976 |
| PZ 34323 | Where Will You Go When The Party's Over | Archie Bell & the Drells | 1976 |
| PZ 34346 | Bicentennial Poet | Jean-Claude T. | 1976 |
| PZ 34358 | Get Down With The Philly Jump | Instant Funk | 1976 |
| PZ 34389 | Let 'Em In | Billy Paul | 1976 |
| JZ34390 | Teddy Pendergrass | Teddy Pendergrass | 1977 |
| PZ 34394 | Jean Carn | Jean Carn | 1977 |
| PZ 34437 | What Color Is Love | Dee Dee Sharp | 1977 |
| PZ 34487 | What the World Is Coming To | Dexter Wansel | 1977 |
| PZ 34488 | Unmistakably Lou | Lou Rawls | 1977 |
| PZ 34658 | End Of Phase I | MFSB | 1977 |
| PZ 34659 | Let's Clean Up The Ghetto | Various Artists | 1977 |
| PZ 34684 | Travelin' at the Speed of Thought | O'Jays | 1977 |
| ZX 34728 | Disco Champs | Trammps | 1977 |
| JE/PE 34835 | Goin' Places | Jacksons | 1977 |
| PZ 34855 | Hard Not To Like It | Archie Bell & the Drells | 1977 |
| PZ 34923 | Only The Strong Survive | Billy Paul | 1977 |
| PZ 34940 | Philadelphia Classics | Various Artists | 1977 |
| PZ 34985 | Voyager | Dexter Wansel | 1978 |
| PZ 34986 | Happy To Be With You | Jean Carn | 1978 |
| PGZ 35024/Z 2-35024 | The O'Jays: Collectors' Items | O'Jays | 1977 |
| JZ35036 | When You Hear Lou, You've Heard It All | Lou Rawls | 1977 |
| JZ35095 | Life Is a Song Worth Singing | Teddy Pendergrass | 1978 |
| JZ/PZ 35355 | So Full of Love | O'Jays | 1978 |
| JZ35363 | Turn Me Loose | People's Choice | 1978 |
| JZ35458 | Past, Present And The Futures | Futures | 1978 |
| JZ35509 | Rush Hour | Bobby Rush | 1978 |
| JZ35510 | Nothing Says I Love You Like I Love You | Jerry Butler | 1978 |
| JZ35516 | MFSB: The Gamble & Huff Orchestra | MFSB | 1978 |
| PZ 2-35517 | Live | Lou Rawls | 1978 |
| JZ35756 | First Class | Billy Paul | 1979 |
| JZ35757 | The Jones Girls | Jones Girls | 1979 |
| JZ35758 | Edwin Birdsong | Edwin Birdsong | 1979 |
| JZ35800 | McFadden & Whitehead | McFadden & Whitehead | 1979 |
| FZ36003 | Teddy | Teddy Pendergrass | 1979 |
| JZ/PZ 36006 | Let Me Be Good to You | Lou Rawls | 1979 |
| JZ36007 | Michael Pedicin Jr. | Michael Pedicin Jr. | 1979 |
| JZ36024 | Time Is Slipping Away | Dexter Wansel | 1979 |
| JZ36025 | Midnight Dancer | Silk | 1979 |
| FZ36027 | Identify Yourself | O'Jays | 1979 |
| JZ36036 | Frantique | Frantique | 1979 |
| JZ36096 | Strategy | Archie Bell & the Drells | 1979 |
| JZ36097 | The Force | Force | 1979 |
| JZ36196 | When I Find You Love | Jean Carn | 1979 |
| JZ36294 | Live! Coast to Coast | Teddy Pendergrass | 1979 |
| JZ/PZ 36304 | Sit Down and Talk to Me | Lou Rawls | 1979 |
| JZ36313 | The Harris Machine | Norman Harris | 1980 |
| Z 2-36314 | Best Of Billy Paul | Billy Paul | 1980 |
| JZ36370 | Dee Dee | Dee Dee Sharp | 1980 |
| JZ36413 | The Best Love | Jerry Butler | 1980 |
| JZ36414 | Greetings Of Peace | Futures | 1981 |
| JZ36745 | TP | Teddy Pendergrass | 1980 |
| JZ36758 | Here to Create Music | Leon Huff | 1980 |
| JZ36767 | At Peace with Woman | Jones Girls | 1980 |
| JZ36774 | Shades of Blue | Lou Rawls | 1980 |
| FZ/PZ 37380 | The Spirit's in It | Patti LaBelle | 1981 |
| FZ37491 | It's Time for Love | Teddy Pendergrass | 1981 |
| FZ37627 | Get as Much Love as You Can | Jones Girls | 1981 |
| FZ37683 | Live On Stage | Various Artists | 1982 |
| FZ37684 | Best Of Philadelphia International | Various Artists | 1982 |
| FZ37955 | 1982 | The Stylistics | 1982 |
| FZ37999 | My Favorite Person | O'Jays | 1982 |
| FZ38118 | This One's For You | Teddy Pendergrass | 1982 |
| FZ/PZ 38518 | When Will I See You Again | O'Jays | 1983 |
| FZ38539 | I'm in Love Again | Patti LaBelle | 1983 |
| FZ38555 | Keep It Comin' | Jones Girls | 1984 |
| FZ38646 | Heaven Only Knows | Teddy Pendergrass | 1983 |
| FZ39251 | Greatest Hits | O'Jays | 1984 |
| FZ39252 | Greatest Hits | Teddy Pendergrass | 1984 |
| PZ 39254 | Philadelphia International Dance Classics, Vol. I | Various Artists | 1984 |
| PZ 39255 | Philly Ballads, Volume I | Various Artists | 1984 |
| FZ39285 | Classics | Lou Rawls | 1984 |
| FZ39367 | Love And More | O'Jays | 1984 |
| FZ40020 | Patti | Patti LaBelle | 1985 |
| ST-53015 | Love Fever | The O'Jays | 1985 |
| ST-53028 | The Whitehead Brothers | Kenny & Johnny | 1986 |
| ST-53029 | Living All Alone | Phyllis Hyman | 1986 |
| ST-53031 | Always In The Mood | Shirley Jones | 1986 |
| ST-53036 | Let Me Touch You | O'Jays | 1987 |
| 11006-1 | Prime of My Life | Phyllis Hyman | 1991 |
| 11008-1 | Universe | Universe | 1991 |
| 11023-1 | I Salute You | The Dells | 1992 |
| 11040-1 | I Refuse to Be Lonely | Phyllis Hyman | 1995 |
| 30902 | Forever with You | Phyllis Hyman | 1998 |
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Starter: Philadelphia International Records". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
- ^ Hardy, Charles. "Recording Industry | Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia". philadelphiaencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
- ^ Neal, Mark. "Who Owns the (Philadelphia) Soul of Black Music?". The Root. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
- ^ Hardy, Phil (2001). "The faber companion to 20th century popular music". Faber and Faber.
- ^ a b Morrison, Jim. "Forty Years of Philadelphia Sound". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
- ^ "The sound of Philadelphia, heard around the world". Cnn.com. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- ^ Seay, Toby (1 June 2012). "Capturing That Philadelphia Sound: A Technical Exploration Of Sigma Sound Studios". Journal on the Art of Record Production (6). Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ "R.I.P. Legendary soul music producer Bobby Martin". Soultracks.com. 10 September 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- ^ Bobby Martin discography at Discogs
- ^ "Thunder (2)". Discogs.com. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ "Past Winners Search". Grammy.com. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
- ^ "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum". rockhall.com. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
- ^ Philly.com (Philadelphia Inquirer/Daily News website) article on conviction of arsonist, Articles.philly.com, Retrieved 2011-06-09
- ^ Lattanzio, Vince. "Iconic Philadelphia International Records Building Being Demolished". Nbcphiladelphia.com. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- ^ "Kenneth Gamble". Gamble-huffmusic.com. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
- ^ "Philly Soul | Music Highlights". AllMusic. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
- ^ Freeland, David (2001). "[Part Three: Introduction]". Ladies of Soul. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 103–105. ISBN 9781578063314. JSTOR j.ctt2tv6sv.11.
External links
[edit]- SoundOfPhiladelphia.com
- Gamble-Huff Music
- Kenny Gamble interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' December 2011
- Leon Huff Audio Interview, Soulinterviews.com 2012
- Love Train: The Sound of Philadelphia, audio feature on the Philly Sound, Jan 31, 2009.
- Keith Phipps: Philadelphia Soul, avclub.com.
- Nate Patrin: Philadelphia International Records, pitchfork.com.
- Bobby Martin Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection (March 9, 2011)
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
